Energy Efficiency Legislation: Hearing Committee On Energy and Natural Resources United States Senate

S. HRG.
114166
ENERGY EFFICIENCY LEGISLATION
HEARING
BEFORE THE
COMMITTEE ON
ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
UNITED STATES SENATE
ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
ON

APRIL 30, 2015
asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING
Printed for the use of the

Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00001
Fmt 6011
Sfmt 6011
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00002
Fmt 6019
Sfmt 6019
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
S. HRG. 114166
HEARING
BEFORE THE
COMMITTEE ON
ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
UNITED STATES SENATE
ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
ON

APRIL 30, 2015
(
Printed for the use of the
Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE

WASHINGTON
95273
2016
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office

Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 5121800; DC area (202) 5121800
Fax: (202) 5122104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 204020001
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00003
Fmt 5011
Sfmt 5011
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES
LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska, Chairman

JOHN BARRASSO, Wyoming
MARIA CANTWELL, Washington
JAMES E. RISCH, Idaho
RON WYDEN, Oregon
MIKE LEE, Utah
BERNARD SANDERS, Vermont
JEFF FLAKE, Arizona
DEBBIE STABENOW, Michigan
STEVE DAINES, Montana
AL FRANKEN, Minnesota
BILL CASSIDY, Louisiana
JOE MANCHIN III, West Virginia
CORY GARDNER, Colorado
MARTIN HEINRICH, New Mexico
ROB PORTMAN, Ohio
MAZIE K. HIRONO, Hawaii
JOHN HOEVEN, North Dakota
ANGUS S. KING, JR., Maine
LAMAR ALEXANDER, Tennessee
ELIZABETH WARREN, Massachusetts
SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West Virginia
KAREN K. BILLUPS, Staff Director
PATRICK J. MCCORMICK III, Chief Counsel
CATHERINE CAHILL, Congressional Fellow
ANGELA BECKER-DIPPMANN, Democratic Staff Director
SAM E. FOWLER, Democratic Chief Counsel
ALLEN STAYMAN, Democratic Professional Staff Member
(II)
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00004
Fmt 5904
Sfmt 5904
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
CONTENTS
OPENING STATEMENTS
Page
Murkowski, Hon. Lisa, Chairman, and a U.S. Senator from Alaska ..................
Cantwell, Hon. Maria, Ranking Member, and a U.S. Senator from Washington ....................................................................................................................
Portman, Hon. Rob, a U.S. Senator from Ohio .....................................................
Hoeven, Hon. John, a U.S. Senator from North Dakota ......................................
Gardner, Hon. Cory, a U.S. Senator from Colorado .............................................
Stabenow, Hon. Debbie, a U.S. Senator from Michigan .......................................
1
2
11
16
17
17
WITNESSES
Collins, Hon. Susan M., a U.S. Senator from Maine ............................................
Coons, Hon. Christopher A., a U.S. Senator from Delaware ...............................
Shaheen, Hon. Jeanne, a U.S. Senator from New Hampshire ............................
Schatz, Hon. Brian, a U.S. Senator from Hawaii .................................................
Klobuchar, Hon. Amy, a U.S. Senator from Minnesota ........................................
Hogan, Dr. Kathleen B., Deputy Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency,
Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of
Energy ...................................................................................................................
Crasi, Tony, on behalf of the National Association of Home Builders and
Owner and Founder, The Crasi Company, Inc. .................................................
Gayer, Dr. Ted, Vice President and Director of Economic Studies, Joseph
A. Pechman Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution .....................................
Nadel, Steven, Executive Director, American Council for an Energy-Efficient
Economy ................................................................................................................
Therriault, Hon. Gene, Vice-Chairman, National Association of State Energy
Officials, and Deputy Director, Energy Policy and Outreach, Alaska Energy
Authority ...............................................................................................................
5
7
9
12
14
18
34
73
77
94
ALPHABETICAL LISTING AND APPENDIX MATERIAL SUBMITTED

Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium:
Letter for the Record ........................................................................................
Alexander, Hon. Lamar:
Statement for the Record .................................................................................
Alliance to Save Energy & the American Council for an Energy-Efficient
Economy:
American Chemistry Council:
American Gas Association regarding S. 1029 and S. 869:
American Gas Association, et al., regarding S. 1029:
American Gas Association, et al., regarding S. 869:
American Institute of Architects:
American Public Gas Association:
ASHRAE:
Association of Art Museum Directors:
(III)
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00005
Fmt 5904
Sfmt 5904
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
156
242
243
245
247
252
254
256
263
271
280
IV
Page
Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers:

Big Ass Solutions:
Bristol Bay Native Corporation and CCI Group, LLC:
Business Council for Sustainable Energy:
Callahan, Kateri, President, The Alliance to Save Energy:
Cantwell, Hon. Maria
Opening Statement ...........................................................................................
CenterPoint Energy:
Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America:
Coca-Cola Company:
Collins, Hon. Susan M.:
Consumer Federation of America and National Consumer Law Center:
Consumers Union:
Coons, Hon. Christopher A.:
Crasi, Tony:
Written Testimony ............................................................................................
Responses to Questions for the Record ...........................................................
DNV-GL:
Efficiency First and Home Performance Coalition:
Energy Efficiency Business Group:
Enterprise Community Partners, et al.:
Environmental Defense Fund:
Federal Performance Contracting Coalition:
Gardner, Hon. Cory:
Gayer, Dr. Ted:
Geothermal Exchange Organization:
GoodCents Holdings, Inc.:
Habitat for Humanity:
Hoeven, Hon. John:
Hogan, Dr. Kathleen B.:
Information Technology Industry Council:
Institute for Market Transformation:
Insulation Contractors Association of America:
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00006
Fmt 5904
Sfmt 5904
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
281
285
287
290
295
2
301
304
305
5
308
310
7
34
36
142
313
321
326
329
331
333
17
73
75
146
341
342
348
16
18
21
128
352
356
359
Page
Jewish Federation of North America:

Klobuchar, Hon. Amy:
Leading Builders of America:
Markey, Hon. Edward J.:
Murkowski, Hon. Lisa:
Nadel, Steven:
NAIOP (Commercial Real Estate Development Association):
NAIOP (Commercial Real Estate Development Association) regarding S. 1052:
National Association of Energy Service Companies:
National Association of Manufacturers:
National Association of Realtors:
National Electrical Manufacturers Association:
National Ground Water Association:
National Housing Trust:
National Insulation Association:
National Propane Gas Association:
NiSource, Inc.:
Portland Cement Association:
Memorandum for the Record ...........................................................................
Portman, Hon. Rob:
Public Citizen:
Puget Sound Energy:
Real Estate and Construction Industry:
Retail Industry Leaders Association:
Sanders, Hon. Bernard:
SAVE Act Coalition:
Schatz, Hon. Brian:
Shaheen, Hon. Jeanne:
Stabenow, Hon. Debbie:
Therriault, Hon. Gene:
Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America:
United States Conference of Mayors:
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00007
Fmt 5904
Sfmt 5904
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
360
14
361
365
1
77
79
148
366
367
369
372
374
375
382
383
386
390
393
396
11
398
400
402
407
408
412
12
9
17
94
96
150
415
419
VI
Page
Vermont Energy Investment Corporation:

Vermont Public Service Department:
436
439
The text for each of the bills which were addressed in this hearing can be found on the
committees website at: http://www.energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/hearings-and-businessmeetings?ID=a7ea3045-7029-4e1e-abeb-edf57628ab47.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00008
Fmt 5904
Sfmt 5904
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273

THURSDAY, APRIL 30, 2015
U.S. SENATE,
NATURAL RESOURCES,
Washington, DC.
The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:04 a.m. in room
SD366, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Lisa Murkowski,
Chairman of the Committee, presiding.
COMMITTEE
ON
ENERGY
AND
OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. LISA MURKOWSKI, U.S.

SENATOR FROM ALASKA
The CHAIRMAN. Good morning. We will call to order the Energy

Committee this morning. We are here today to consider a whole
host of bills pertaining to energy efficiency. We will have two panels this morning before the Committee.
One, a panel of Senators who wish to speak about their legislation, and one of subject matter experts who can speak both to the
bills that we are considering today and the broader topic of energy
efficiency overall.
So thank you all for coming and helping us understand the impact of the various bills that we have before us.
This hearing is also an important next step in the development
of the Energy Committees very broad-based energy bill. This is the
first of four legislative hearings that we will hold in the next
month. There will be one hearing for each title we will be considering.
We had a success last week with the Energy Efficiency Improvement Act. It was good to see that that has now moved forward
through the process, and unanimous passage of that legislation, I
think, indicates the level of support for energy efficiency. It also indicates the Senate is really capable of coming together to pass efficiency legislation that saves both energy and money. It is good for
the consumers. It is good for all.
This issue, the issue of energy efficiency, I think, is a good, bipartisan place to start our discussions when we are talking about Federal energy policy. We have 22 bills before us today. I think that
is some measure of the interest that we have in this. Some of the
measures are very well vetted. We have seen them before. We have
Senator Portman and Senator Shaheens Energy Savings and Industrial Competitiveness Act. We have some new ones such as the
Smart Building Acceleration Act and some like the PREPARE Act
which encourages collaboration across many levels of government
and stakeholders. Others are targeted towards a more specific
need. For example, the ceiling fan fix. How much more specific
(1)
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00009
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6633
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
2
could we be than ceiling fans? Several reauthorize established programs and several others require new standards and programs.
Some are voluntary in nature while some are mandatory. Still others seek to make the Federal Government more effective in financing and implementing efficiency projects.
Taken as a whole the bills before us cover a wide variety of efficiency ideas. They offer the potential to reduce energy usage and
costs across our country and throughout our economy. They put forward methods to enhance our leadership on efficiency technologies
and to develop a cadre of professionals to work within the field.
They also seek to protect consumers, manufacturers and the environment from unintended consequences of new or revised standards.
I am pleased that we have witnesses here who can speak to these
many bills as well as the impacts they will have on the government, not only the Federal Government, but our state governments, consumers, the economy and front line project implementers.
It should be an interesting, pretty far-ranging discussion this
morning, but I think it is, again, important that we consider how
we can work to build an energy efficiency title that works for all.
In the interest of efficiency and in light of the measures that we
are going to be considering this morning, I will conclude my comments and turn to the Ranking Member for her comments this
morning. Welcome to our fellow colleagues who have taken time
out of their very busy mornings to come before the Committee, and
we look forward to your comments as well.
Senator Cantwell.
STATEMENT OF HON. MARIA CANTWELL, U.S. SENATOR FROM

WASHINGTON
Senator CANTWELL. Thank you, Madam Chair, and thank you for
holding this first of several legislative hearings on a process to
move us forward on energy policy. Hopefully we will be building a
record here for important steps in crafting legislation that we can
successfully move through both the House and the Senate.
I also want to thank our witnesses today. We are going to hear
from several of our colleagues, and I certainly appreciate Senators
Collins and Coons being here and for their leadership on a variety
of issues related to energy efficiency and continued focus in this
area.
I know our colleague, Senator Klobuchar, is joining us as well.
Yesterday she shared a round table discussion with many energy
efficiency leaders, so we thank her for that as well.
Today we are here to discuss energy efficiency which is, in some
ways, the most obvious of energy sources. Why is that? Well, it is
pretty simple. It is just the math. It is compelling economics. Energy efficiency costs less than half of what it costs for new energy
production. The Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has estimated the cost of energy efficiency is 4.5 cents per kilowatt compared to 12 cents per kilowatt for new production.
In short, energy efficiency as a resource is larger, cheaper, a better job creator and carries lower environmental impacts than the
alternatives. Not only does it save consumers, but it strengthens
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00010
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
3
the economy, builds flexibility in our grid and reduces carbon pollution.
Let me say just a few words about the economic benefits. From
2007 to 2014 national energy use fell 2.4 percent while GDP grew
eight percent. In other words, we experienced an energy productivity increase of 11 percent in eight years. That means for every
electron or molecule of energy consumed in the U.S., we are getting
more and more economic production.
A handful of programs at the U.S. Department of Energy or DOE
are important contributors to this dynamic. DOEs Building Code
program, for example, will help put more than $7.4 billion back
into consumers pockets in 2020 and up to $230 billion by 2040.
This programs original cost was about $100 million from 1992 to
2012. So, basically that is a ratio of $400 in savings for every dollar
spent. I think that is a pretty impressive ROI.
Similarly the Appliance and Equipment Standard programs cost
the nation $40 million annually and on average has reduced our
nations electricity consumption by seven percent below what it
would otherwise have been. In a typical household, energy costs are
about $500 a year less than they would have been if there had not
been this National Appliance Efficiency Standard Program.
So when we discuss these initiatives I think it is important for
my colleagues to remember that it is often the case that successful
Federal programs have been built on the hard work and leadership
of a number of states. The drive towards energy efficiency, at the
time policy makers called it conservation, really began with efforts
on the West Coast.
Californias energy efficiency efforts have helped the state avoid
the need for at least 30 power plants, saved consumers $65 billion
and eliminated carbon pollution equivalent to 5,000,000 cars off the
road.
The Northwest Power Planning Act, which originated in this
Committee, was enacted in 1980 and made conservation the resource of first resort in our regional power plans and even gave rise
to some of the nations first models of conservation code efforts.
Today, some 24 states have laws on their books on energy efficiency resource standardsbinding saving targets for utilities or
similar activities. Once again, I think it is fair to say that the resources that cost consumers less, make our economy more competitive and reduce environmental impacts are always a good thing for
our nation.
So the question before us today is what more can be done to
drive energy efficiency into our economy?
The U.S. economy in the advent of the distributed generation,
dozens of opportunities exist across residential, commercial, industrial and agriculture and government sectors. I think we should
consider a number of approaches to fully leverage these opportunities.
First, we need the right framework and incentives for utilities to
fully embrace the least cost resource. Senator Frankens legislation
that we are going to hear about today, the Federal Energy Efficiency Resource Standard, is one method to drive this outcome. So
I look forward to that topic today.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00011
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
4
In my state, Seattle City Light used a variety of efficiency measures to reduce its load annually by 1.3 megawatts per year which
is the equivalent of a 150 megawatt power plant. So we need to
create similar conditions.
Second, we need a robust Federal commitment to research and
development of new technologies that will continue to lead the way
on energy. Technology innovation is one of the key ways to create
continuous cycles of efficiency, and one example of this is the opportunity of R and D on high performance buildings.
We have major employers that are aggregating and analyzing
business data on their corporate campuses in order to learn where
costs can be cut and to help achieve a carbon reduction goal. I have
introduced legislation to help accelerate this transition to smart
buildings by supporting research on data, on software, and on communication systems.
We also cannot forget the opportunities of efficiency in the transmission and distribution grid. On Tuesday Secretary Moniz was
here to discuss on the Quadrennial Energy Review, and he outlined
several recommendations to create more flexibility, more resilience
and increase energy efficiency.
Third, we must be committed to the network partnership between Federal, state and local institutions. Manufacturers, utilities, consumers and stakeholders, they all play a role in this. The
issue is that we have to have Federal leadership with respect to
things like the appliance standards and continue to lessen regulatory burdens and be a platform for demonstration. Most people
will tell you that the demonstrations we show then enable the private sector to implement them across many different businesses.
There is a lot to be done in driving these outcomes, but I look
forward to working with Chairwoman Murkowski and members of
this Committee, who all have great ideas on putting a good energy
efficiency title in an energy bill.
Thank you.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Senator Cantwell.
Lets start with our good ideas.
We will hear from our colleagues who have taken time from their
busy morning to come before the Committee to present some of the
areas where they feel we can make some headway when it comes
to efficiencies whether it is within our schools, through weatherization programs or the approach that Senators Portman and Shaheen
have brought to the table, clearly leading on this area, a critically
important area of energy efficiency throughout our economies.
We will start this morning with you, Senator Collins, as you
speak to your legislation about retrofitting our schools and the energy savings that we can find there. This was something that we
considered during the budget process, and I think you enjoyed
good, strong, bipartisan support.
I believe Senator Coons was a co-sponsor of that as were many
of us, so thank you for your leadership and if you would like to lead
off this morning? Welcome.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00012
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
STATEMENT OF HON. SUSAN M. COLLINS, U.S. SENATOR FROM

MAINE
Senator COLLINS. Thank you very much, Madam Chairman,

Ranking Member Cantwell, members of this distinguished Committee.
First let me commend you for holding this hearing this morning
to examine so many legislative proposals having to do with the energy efficiency. I have always thought of energy efficiency as being
the low hanging fruit when it comes to reducing energy costs and
having other benefits such as both the Chairman and the Ranking
Member outlined in your opening remarks. Encouraging the adoption of energy efficiency measures is one of the easiest, yet most
effective mechanisms for reducing energy consumption, lessening
pollution and ultimately saving families, businesses, communities
and governments at all levels, money.
I appreciate the opportunity to speak about a bill that I have
sponsored, along with the distinguished Senator from Virginia,
Senator Warner, to streamline the available Federal energy efficiency programs and financing to improve efficiency and lower energy costs for our nations schools.
Before I describe our bill, Senate bill 523, in greater detail, I
would like to very briefly note my strong support for two other bills
that are on your agenda both of which I have co-sponsored and
both of which happen to have the chief sponsors here today which
was not planned in advance.
The first is the Energy Savings and Industrial Competitiveness
Act which is sponsored by Senators Portman and Shaheen which
proposes cost effective mechanisms to support the adoption of off
the shelf technology for buildings, manufacturers and the Federal
Government.
The second is the Weatherization Enhancement in Local Energy
Efficiency Investment and Accountability Act sponsored by Senator
Coons which would reauthorize and enhance two successful and
long standing Federal energy programs, the Weatherization Assistance Program and the State Energy Program.
I am proud to be a co-sponsor of both of these important initiatives.
With regard to energy efficiency in schools there are a number
of Federal initiatives already available to schools to help them become more efficient, but in many cases schools are not taking advantage of these programs. So I set out to find out why.
Well, the answer is that we need to do a better job of helping
school officials learn more easily about what Federal programs and
incentives are available to improve energy efficiency and lower
costs. By providing a streamlined coordinating structured led by
the Department of Energy our bill would help schools navigate the
available Federal programs and financing without authorizing new
programs or funding. Decisions about how best to meet the energy
needs of their schools would appropriately remain in the hands of
states, school boards and local officials.
Specifically our bill establishes the Department of Energy as the
lead agency for coordinating and disseminating information on
these programs. That is going to make a big difference, particularly
to rural schools that do not have the grant writers, the staff, to go
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00013
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
6
and survey the entire Federal Government until they stumble upon
one of these programs.
Our bill would require DOE to review the existing Federal programs which are scattered at the Departments of Agriculture, Energy, Education, Treasury, the IRS, EPA. No wonder schools are
having difficulty in finding how whether these programs exist and
how to access them.
It would also streamline communication and outreach to the
states, local education agencies and schools to help them facilitate
partnerships to support the initiation of these projects.
The Department would also provide technical assistance to help
schools navigate project financing and development to better ensure their successful applications.
Assisting our nations schools, many of which are very old and
in need of energy efficiency upgrades, in tapping into existing Federal programs to lower energy usage and save money is just common sense.
Finally let me note, I see this as the first step. As we have this
coordinating structure we may well decide that some of these programs should be moved to a central agency. GAO has done a little
bit of work on this, but I believe by establishing this coordinating
mechanism that it will enable us to do a better job of helping
schools access these programs. Thank you very much.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Senator Collins.
Senator KING. Madam Chair?
The CHAIRMAN. Senator King.
Senator KING. Unfortunately I have to return to a hearing on the
Ukraine in the Armed Services Committee, but I wanted to commend to the Committee the principle that I followed since arriving
here which is do what she says. [Laughter.]
Senator COLLINS. Thank you, my thanks to the Senator from
Maine.
The CHAIRMAN. Wise words from the Junior Senator from Maine.
We appreciate that, and we appreciate all of your interest in these
issues, Senator King, and your involvement in the Committee.
Senator Collins, thank you for not only being persistent in this
area, but also reminding us that we do have considerable programs
scattered throughout our agencies that are there to help, but so
much of it is knowing how to access.
I think Senator Coons, you know, very keenly, that when we are
talking about the issue of weatherization, we have weatherization
programs scattered all throughout. How we can better collate them
so that we can access them and be more efficient than with what
has already been established is key. So, we appreciate your leadership in this area and look forward to your comments on Senate bill
703.
Senator Collins, I am sure you have places to go, so if you want
to excuse yourself we appreciate you coming by the Committee this
morning.
Senator Coons.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00014
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
STATEMENT OF HON. CHRISTOPHER A. COONS, U.S. SENATOR

FROM DELAWARE
Senator COONS. Thank you, Chairman Murkowski and Ranking

Member Cantwell for the opportunity to testify, and thank you for
holding this hearing on a broad menu of legislation that focuses on
utilizing energy efficiency to help households, businesses and taxpayers to save money on their energy needs. I am pleased to be in
the company of two such experienced and effective and engaged advocates for energy efficiency as Senators Shaheen and Senator Collins.
It is, after all, an area that can unite Democrats and Republicans. Encouraging the use of energy efficiency policies is just common sense. It saves money, enhances our national security, spurs
innovation, creates jobs for local contractors, reduces waste and improves business opportunities. So I am glad to join the conversation
today.
There are a lot of great energy efficiency bills on your agenda.
I would like to speak about four of them briefly, if I might.
The first is a bipartisan bill that I introduced in the last Congress and have reintroduced in this Congress with Senators Collins, Reed of Rhode Island and Shaheen of New Hampshire. It is
the Weatherization Enhancement and Local Energy Efficiency Investment and Accountability Act, otherwise known as S. 703. This
bill reauthorizes two critical energy programs for five more years,
the Weatherization Assistance Program and the State Energy Program. Both programs have been at work in all of our states for decades. These programs link national, state and local interests together in a critical way. They create highly effective public/private
partnerships that have delivered measureable results.
For every dollar invested the Weatherization Assistance Program
returns $2.51 in household savings and has served 7.4 million families including more than a million in just the last four years.
The results are similarly impressive for the State Energy Program where for every Federal dollar invested there is an annual
energy cost savings of more than $7 and nearly $11 in non-Federal
funds have been leveraged. Our bill is not just about reauthorization. It is also about modernization. First, we have cut the authorization levels by more than half from the 2007 Energy bill. Second,
we are proposing a complementary, competitive grant program to
bring in new partners, new approaches and new ideas to ensure
that more homes can be weatherized and that the weatherization
being done is being done more efficiently. All told S. 703 supports
both base programs and enhances them with new ideas and ultimately ensures their long term viability so we can continue making
a difference in our states and communities.
Another key piece of the energy efficiency puzzle is ensuring the
Federal Government better uses energy efficiency and cleaner energy. This can be done through the use of Energy Savings Performance Contracts or ESPCs, well known to many of this Committee.
ESPCs provide valuable ways for public agencies to make investments in energy efficiency at no cost to the taxpayer.
I have been working with a steadfast advocate of ESPCs, Senator
Cory Gardner of Colorado, to advance the energy savings through
Public/Private Partnerships Act.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00015
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
8
As a related issue, as many of you know, we also need to fix
CBOs scoring treatment of ESPCs and several of us here today
have been working to fix that scoring hurdle through this years
budget. If successful, this bill, along with other policy ideas, can be
advanced without running into that artificial hurdle to bring about
many benefits for Federal facilities and programs. It is through efforts like ESPCs that we can put more American electricians and
plumbers and local building contractors to work.
Now the bill that has really been one of the most significant
pieces of energy efficiency legislation offered in Congress in many
years is one with which we are all familiar and to which Senator
Shaheen will speak momentarily, S. 720, the Energy Savings and
Industrial Competiveness Act. I am proud to have been a co-sponsor. Senators Portman and Shaheen have diligently worked to get
several of their provisions recently passed into law, but it is critical
we continue to pass, press for passage, of the entire bill.
Senator Gardner, I was just speaking about our ESPC bill a moment ago.
Last, while energy efficiency is one crucial part of our larger energy challenge, I would briefly like to mention a bill related to the
bigger energy picture. The Administration, as you well know, just
released its Quadrennial Energy Review report which provides a
valuable snapshot of our energy infrastructure needs. Im glad this
Committee held a hearing on the QER just last Tuesday and we
should ensure that this and future Administrations continue to
carry out such reviews to inform the national energy discussion.
That is why I recently introduced S. 1033 with Senator Alexander
to ensure that QERs become codified into law so that each successive Administration follows through on this important audit of our
nations energy policies and needs.
Madam Chair, Ranking Member, members of the Committee, I
would just like to thank you for your leadership and your attention
to the important opportunity that energy efficiency holds for our
country. I am glad energy efficiency continues to be an important,
valuable and bipartisan issue that owes, in no small part, to your
leadership and the collective efforts of many colleagues present
today.
Our energy challenges may be great, but I fervently believe we
can meet them by working together on sound, common sense policies such as the bills discussed today.
Thank you, Madam Chair.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Senator Coons. Know that we look
forward to working with you, not only on the weatherization enhancement but also the other measures that you are clearly engaged on. You have been a cooperative, willing and engaging partner, and we look forward to continuing that.
Next lets go to Senator Shaheen for your comments on the Energy Savings and Industrial Competitiveness Act, an act that you
and Senator Portman have led for years now. As has been noted,
there have been incremental pieces that we have advanced through
the process. I think it is fair to say that when we had these initial
discussions about how you move forward on Shaheen/Portman we
all thought that we were going to be pursuing the low hanging
fruit. We all thought that this was going to be the easy energy bill
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00016
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
9
that we move forward. Unfortunately, due to a host of varying and
complicating factors, that did not prove to be so, but I still believe,
very strongly, that this should be that area where regardless of
where youre coming from on fossil verses renewables verses how
we build out our capacity that when it comes to energy efficiency
we ought to be able to figure out a positive and a constructive path
forward.
I thank you both for your diligence and your continued efforts to
remind us of the opportunities that we have within efficiency. I
look to you, truly, as the leaders.
Senator Shaheen, we will lead off with you and then I would like
to turn to you, Senator Portman, for your comments on your legislation after which we will move down the line to listen to the other
measures that we have in front of us.
Senator Shaheen.
STATEMENT OF HON. JEANNE SHAHEEN, U.S. SENATOR FROM

NEW HAMPSHIRE
Senator SHAHEEN. Thank you, Madam Chair and thank you and
Ranking Member Cantwell for holding this hearing this morning,
to the members of the Committee for all of the great work thats
going on. I am very excited that you are talking about a comprehensive energy bill that is going to start with energy efficiency
because it is, as you both said so eloquently, the cheapest, fastest
way to deal with our energy needs.
I want to just salute my partner in this effort to pass the Energy
Efficiency and Industrial Competitiveness Act, Rob Portman. He
actually had dark hair when we started on this initiative. [Laughter.]
We are both getting older while this is going on. This is legislation that I sometimes call Shaheen/Portman. He calls it Portman/
Shaheen. [Laughter.]
But whatever you want to call it, it is a big step toward a smart,
energy policy for this country. And I just want to thank Senator
Portman for his very productive partnership in this effort.
As you pointed out, Madam Chair, earlier this year with the
Committees assistance and I want to recognize Senator Hoeven,
Senator Klobuchar, and Senator Franken for their effort to help us
pass a targeted version, a mini version of energy efficiency that included three provisions that passed by a voice vote. The House followed suit last week, and the President is going to sign it into law.
It will be the first energy bill that has passed Congress this year.
So I think, hopefully, that bodes well for the opportunity to do
more in energy efficiency.
I do not want to spend a lot of time talking about the legislation
that Senators Coons, Schatz and Collins are all here also to address, but I just have to say I think there are some terrific ideas.
I am proud to co-sponsor a number of those.
I do want to highlight, as Senator Coons did, the bill that he and
Senator Gardner are working on because I think there is tremendous opportunity for us in the Federal Government to save money
through energy savings performance contracts. They are no
brainers, I think, as we look at how we can save money.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00017
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
10
And as, again, everyone has said so eloquently, energy efficiency
is something that we can all get behind. This brings us together
on a bipartisan, bicameral basis.
Now, since the early 70s we have, through efficiency, saved about
or reduced our energy use in this country by about 60 percent. I
think it shows what could be done if we can pass Portman/Shaheen
in this session of Congress.
By 2030 if we pass the legislation the bill would create almost
200,000 jobs, cut carbon emissions by the equivalent of taking
22,000,000 cars off the road and save consumers over $16 billion
a year. So this is a win/win/win.
As the Chair alluded we introduced this bill first in the 112th
Congress, then the 113th Congress. So Im hoping the third time
is a charm. It has tremendous support from all sectors, people who
do not usually all support the same bill, environmental groups,
business groups from the U.S. Chamber to the American Chemistry
Council, to labor organizations because it creates jobs, it reduces
costs to consumers and it is good for saving on pollution.
So, Madam Chair, as the Committee is thinking about moving
this comprehensive energy bill, I hope you will think about the opportunity to mark up and move separately the Energy Savings and
Industrial Competitiveness Act because it has already been vetted,
because this Committee has had a chance to look at it in the last
two Congresses. Im hoping that you will agree with me that it deserves a separate examination that is outside of the comprehensive
energy legislation and then if the Committee feels that you need
to put it back in, I certainly understand that. But I hope that given
all of the work that has been done that you might be willing to consider this as a separate bill outside of the efficiency title in the legislation.
So, again, I thank you for the opportunity to be here, and I look
forward to seeing the great work thats going to come out of this
Committee on a comprehensive energy bill, including efficiency.
Thanks.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Senator Shaheen, and know how
carefully we are reviewing all of this. I think it is worth noting the
three of you at the table here this morning are all former members
of this Committee and have all contributed significantly in the area
of energy. So it is nice to know that you have not lost that interest
just because you moved on out of this Committee room. I would
like to ask
Senator CANTWELL. Madam Chair, if I could just add to that
point.
It is certainly a loss when we lose members from this Committee,
but the fact that so many of them go on to the Appropriations Committee we will make sure we are keeping in contact with them
[Laughter] as it comes to the funding of various energy programs.
Thank you.
The CHAIRMAN. Duly noted.
Senator Portman, as truly a leader for years in this area and
continuing to be so, I would like to invite your comments on the
Energy Savings and Industrial Competitiveness Act. It is hard for
me to say that because we just referred to it as Shaheen/Portman
or Portman/Shaheen and recognize you and your leadership with it.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00018
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
11
STATEMENT OF HON. ROB PORTMAN, U.S. SENATOR FROM

OHIO
Senator PORTMAN. Great.

Well, thank you and thanks Madam Chair, not just for your willingness to hold this hearing today and this is going to be a good
opportunity for us to hear about a lot of great ideas in energy efficiency, but importantly to me, your personal commitment to this
representing a state that produces a lot of energy your motto has
been lets produce more but lets also use what we produce more
efficiently.
I think that is exactly where most Americans are. And what we
can and should do, there is so much potential for us to become
more competitive, to help the environment and create more jobs by
doing so.
Second, thank you for your support of this legislation. From the
start you were one of our original co-sponsors. You have been working with us. It has been on the Floor twice, as you know, and for
really unrelated reasons was not able to get it through. We have
continued to improve the legislation.
I think about, listening to my colleague, Senator Shaheen, talk
about it, we added, I think, ten additional bipartisan provisions the
last go round in the last Congress which not only got us more cosponsors, but a lot more support from the outside. And we continue
to refine the measure. We have now reintroduced it, I think, with
a good, broad, bipartisan support of members but again, importantly taking in great ideas. One, by the way, we would love to include is ESPCs. And the problem with ESPCs in the past has been
we have not been able to get a score that really is consistent with
the reality of the savings that can occur from these contracts.
And I am on the Budget Committee. As the Ranking Member
was saying, it is good to have members on other Committees, and
we were able to get in language in the budget to have CBO properly, I would view, score these.
So this helps us in terms of our costs because as you know
Portman/Shaheen, Shaheen/Portman, we will call it S. 720, does
not have a cost. We eliminate some authorizations at the Department of Energy. We have no mandates in it. I mean, we have been
very careful to keep this group together by not having this be a fiscal problem. With this new ESPC language we will be able to include, I believe, some additional elements there.
By the way, it only applies to the Senate not the House which
could make matters interesting going forward in terms of the ESPC
scoring mechanism, but I am glad we had that little victory and I
appreciate Senator Coons coming today and talking about that.
Also, Senator Collins talked about the coordination of retrofitting
schools, great idea.
I am a co-sponsor of Senator Coons bill but also a co-sponsor of
her bill. Her bill is part of the Portman/Shaheen bill, and we think
that is one of the great opportunities here with regard to the building side and specifically our school buildings.
We are really interested in moving this bill forward, getting it to
the Floor, this time. The third time is a charm having the ability
to have a substantive discussion and to allow people to offer
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00019
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
12
amendments, but also to allow us to actually get something done
that we think can be, not just bipartisan, but bicameral.
Cory Gardner, who just left the House, is here, and he was one
of our leaders in the House. Hopefully he left some folks behind
who understand the importance of this legislation, but we do have
support on both sides of the aisle in the House.
I just want to thank Senator Shaheen. We have worked on this
for three and a half, maybe four years now. As she said, I had dark
hair when this started. [Laughter.] Senator Gardner says that my
hair is lighter because it reflects the sun better which is more energy efficient. [Laughter.] But that was not purposeful.
Senator Shaheen has been a stalwart. Frankly, both of us have
had to work with both of our caucuses on moving this forward because it is a consensus bill. Again, it is a bill that can actually, in
my view, get through to the President for his signature.
We really appreciate your willingness, Madam Chair, to push
that through. I know that you have a personal commitment to this,
but you are also willing to recognize three and a half years of hard
work and over 270 organizations and trade associations and the
fact that this would make a big difference to the equivalent of energy savings that would take 80,000,000 homes off the grid by
2030, cumulative savings, about $100 billion, 190,000 jobs created.
It does a lot of good things. Reducing emissions, cutting carbon
emissions equivalent to taking 22,000,000 homes or 22,000,000 cars
off the road by 2030. It is cost effective, and it adds jobs in places
like my home state of Ohio. The manufacturers are really excited
about it.
We hope this is proof that bipartisanship is not dead on Capitol
Hill because it passed the Committee last Congress with a strong
bipartisan vote of 19 to 3, and I am hopeful we can do that again
this year, get this moving quickly, get that strong show of support
in the Committee which will help us to get it through the Floor and
make this good idea a reality.
The CHAIRMAN. This is all about taking good ideas and turning
them into law. It is a good thing.
Senator Schatz, you have been very engaged in several different
initiatives. This morning you are going to speak to us about the
Utility Energy Services Contract Improvement Act as well as the
PREPARE Act, Promoting Regional Energy Partnerships for Advancing Resilient Energy Systems Act.
Again, we appreciate your leadership here on the Committee and
know that you are taking that interest to the other Committees you
currently serve on. So, welcome back and we are looking forward
to hear your comments this morning.
STATEMENT OF HON. BRIAN SCHATZ, U.S. SENATOR FROM

HAWAII
Senator SCHATZ. Thank you. Good morning, Chair Murkowski,

members of the Committee, I miss you. [Laughter.]
I want to thank you for the chance to address the Committee and
thank you for undertaking this effort to assemble comprehensive
energy legislation in a bipartisan manner. I am especially grateful
that you are beginning this effort with a look at energy efficiency
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00020
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
13
which we all know is the least expensive, most effective way to reduce energy costs.
I am going to take some time to talk about two bills I have introduced that focus on energy efficiency and grid modernization.
The first bill, S. 723, the Utility Energy Service Contracts Improvement Act of 2015, provides parity between two types of energy
savings contracts with Federal agencies. Co-sponsored by Senators
Alexander, Coats and Coons, it is endorsed by the Edison Electric
Institute and the Bristol Bay Native Corporation which has a subsidiary that does a significant amount of work with UESCs.
UESCs are similar to ESPCs. Both are financing vehicles that
allow Federal agencies to invest in efficiency improvements and energy conservation measures to reduce energy use and save money.
The primary difference is that UESCs allow the client to work directly with the utility, an existing relationship, while ESPCs are offered by energy service companies, ESCOs.
Under the current law Federal agencies can enter into energy
savings performance contracts for up to 25 years; however, Congress does not specify guidelines for UESCs leaving the contract
terms up to interpretation. Several agency interpretations have
limited UESCs to only ten years and this has resulted in lost opportunity and significant underutilization and a potential loss of
energy and financial savings to the Federal Government.
Our bipartisan bill does one simple thing. It clarifies that Federal agencies may enter into UESCs of up to 25 years just like
ESPCs provided that the energy savings are measured and guaranteed. It is a simple, common sense bill.
My second bill on the agenda is S. 888, promoting Regional Energy Partnerships for Advancing Resilient Energy Systems Act, the
PREPARE Act. The PREPARE Act is co-sponsored by Senator
Heinrich and has the endorsement of the National Association of
State Energy Offices.
U.S. energy systems and infrastructure are currently in a period
of significant change. The majority of energy assets are ready for
retirement or replacement. Decisions made today will have lasting
impacts over the next 40 to 50 years, and I know Chair Murkowski
knows that as important as national policy is, it is often times public utilities commissions, local utilities, local energy companies,
that make the driving difference in terms of our energy future.
The PREPARE Act recognizes this reality and leverages the DOE
and the national labs to provide direct financial and technical assistance to states and regions that want to strengthen and streamline their energy systems. The bill directs DOE to act as a sort of
consultant to the states, working with key stakeholders to ensure
that planning efforts have the necessary resources and focus.
The PREPARE Act draws on the experience of two successful energy partnership programs. One is the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative initiated by Republican Governor Lingle and President Bush
in 2008. It is underpinned by an agreement between DOE and the
Hawaii State Energy Office. The second is the DOE State Energy
Program which provides funding and technical assistance to state
energy offices to prepare state energy plans and implement energy
efficiency programs. Since its creation in 96 it has delivered energy
cost savings of over $250 million a year, and this legislation is ag-
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00021
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
14
nostic on the direction that individual states and regions should
take with respect to their energy futures. It simply directs the DOE
to utilize its resources to assist in a planning process so that we
modernize our grid and that we have the most efficient and effective energy systems that work for our individual states. It creates
a voluntary program and recognizes the need for long term, holistic
planning.
I want to thank Chair Murkowski for assembling such a good, bipartisan group and for considering this and other excellent pieces
of legislation.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Senator Schatz.
You know, as I listened to your comments and that of the other
members that we have heard so much of this, yes, it is about efficiency. It is also about us doing a good job of understanding what
is out there within our agencies, how we can be more efficient from
just an oversight perspective. Knowing what we have and utilizing
it to its best advantage.
This kind of ties in with what our fourth title in this energy,
overall, energy legislation will be which is accountability, making
sure that what we have in place actually makes sense. What you
have laid out in front of us today is good stuff, and we will look
forward to working with you as well.
Senator SCHATZ. Thank you.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you for coming back to the Committee.
And now, lets go up north a little bit to Minnesota. Our colleague, Senator Klobuchar, is here to talk about energy efficiency
retrofits and how we can best utilize them to gain efficiencies.
Welcome to the Committee, Senator Klobuchar.
STATEMENT OF HON. AMY KLOBUCHAR, U.S. SENATOR FROM

MINNESOTA
Senator KLOBUCHAR. Well, thank you so much, Madam Chair

and thank you to Ranking Member Cantwell and all the members.
I was sitting here hearing about how everyone used to serve on
this Committee. I did not, but I have friends and neighbors on the
Committee including my colleague, Senator Franken, and then
also, of course, my neighbor, Senator Hoeven, who has been the
lead Republican on this bill.
The two of us were also excited to be part of the Shaheen/
Portman Energy Efficiency bill that passed at the end with our
water heater provision that was supported by a lot of the energy
groups on energy efficiency, environmental groups as well as the
rural electrics. We were really glad that is being signed into law
today as part of that package.
I want to thank Senator Stabenow, our Ranking Member on Agriculture, as well as Senator Risch for co-sponsoring this bill. I
know they are both members of this Committee as well as Senator
Blunt and Senator Schatz.
The Non-Profit Energy Efficiency Act provides assistance to nonprofit organizations to help them make their buildings more energy
efficient. I think we all know that these organizations are the heart
of our country. They are places like schools and hospitals, faithbased organizations, youth centers, nonprofit entities, just the kind
of entities that would be interested in having their buildings be
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00022
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
15
more energy efficient. We all know it will help them save money
as they help other people.
They also tend to be located in older buildings, thus many of
these nonprofits are faced with a difficult choice regarding investments in energy efficiency. They are often the first to forego energy
efficiency measures that would save money for them in the long
haul because of their costly, up front, capital investments which divert their scarce resources away from the services they are trying
to provide. They really are perfect for these kinds of grant programs, and because of their tax exempt status nonprofits are currently unable to utilize the existing tax credit or rebate programs
even though they would benefit from them.
So what our bill does is it establishes a pilot program at the U.S.
Department of Energy. Grants can be used for up to $200,000 per
building. The costs of it are offset by other Department of Energy
grants and would be subject to a 50 percent local match requirement.
The bill includes provisions to ensure that the projects achieve
significant amounts of energy savings and are completed in a cost
effective way.
It is also important to note that the bill would not score and that
the funds, again, are a carve out of existing resources that are used
for commercial buildings yet we have all these older buildings that
the nonprofits have been using where they have not been able to
retrofit them.
The legislation is supported by a broad coalition of organizations
including the National Council of Churches, as well as the Union
of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America, the Interfaith Power
and Light, YMCA and there are a number of other faith-based organizations that are big supporters of this.
The bill has a bipartisan House companion. It is being introduced
today by Representative Cartwright, a Democrat from Pennsylvania, and Representative Dold, a Republican from Illinois, and I
think this is an area that has long been overlooked, the ability of
nonprofits to utilize tax credits to retrofit.
I want to thank this Committee for the bipartisan work that
youve done in this area. I think it is actually a very exciting area
for us to move on. We did a few weeks ago, but also to move even
further with some of the bills that are out there, including Senator
Portman, Senator Shaheen, the other one discussed today and all
the work of the Committee members.
Thank you very much.
The CHAIRMAN. Senator Klobuchar, thank you. We all want to
make sure that our nonprofits have what they need, particularly in
times of tough budgets both at the Federal and state levels and the
ways that you can save money is with efficiency, with your energy,
so working with you on this is something that we look forward to
doing.
Senator HOEVEN. Madam Chairman, if I may?
The CHAIRMAN. Senator Hoeven, yes.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00023
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
16
STATEMENT OF HON. JOHN HOEVEN, U.S. SENATOR FROM

NORTH DAKOTA
Senator HOEVEN. I just want to express my thanks to the good

Senator from Minnesota for sponsoring this bill. I am very pleased
to co-sponsor it with her, and of course, the good Senator from
Michigan and others who are on this legislation.
It is bipartisan, and I think it is something that would be very
helpful. We have heard a lot from the nonprofit groups that this
is something they would use. This is one of those programs that
they say, this is what we want. We will use it.
That is important because sometimes we pass legislation, it sets
up programs and they are not used. But this is one that, I think,
will be very much in demand.
I just want to read some of the organizations. Senator Klobuchar
mentioned just a couple, but if I could mention a few more. I think
she mentioned the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of
America, but we also have the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops,
the Association of Art Museum Directors, the Evangelical Lutheran
Church in America, the General Conference of Seventh Day Adventists, Friends of Committee on National Legislation, Jewish
Federation.
Particularly nonprofit religious groups, have really lined up and
said this is something, you know, for our church, our temples,
whatever it is. This is something that can make a big difference for
us.
It is not a huge amount when we say up to $200,000. Of course,
they will have to put in matching dollars, but it is one that really,
I think, would have a big impact and would be used.
And so, again, I want to thank and commend Senator Klobuchar
and ask the Committee for their support on this legislation.
Senator FRANKEN. Madam Chair.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Senator Hoeven. It is important and
something that we would like to include.
I know that members have a great deal of interest in so many
of these bills. I want to give us all a chance to either speak to either Senator Klobuchar and Hoevens bill or others, but I also recognize that we do have a second panel that we want to get to.
Senator FRANKEN. Sure.
The CHAIRMAN. Senator Franken.
Senator FRANKEN. I just wanted to clarify when he says the good
Senator from Minnesota that he was not saying in contrast.
Senator KLOBUCHAR. No, it is not like the Good Witch and the
Bad Witch.
Senator FRANKEN. Yeah. Okay, okay.
Senator KLOBUCHAR. We, no, no, not our friend from North Dakota, no.
Senator FRANKEN. That was it. That was all.
Senator KLOBUCHAR Alright.
The CHAIRMAN. Okay.
I thought you were going to share something really erudite on
this great, great legislation. [Laughter.]
Senator KLOBUCHAR. He can call me Glinda.
Senator FRANKEN. What would the chances of that be? [Laughter.]
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00024
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
17
The CHAIRMAN. Well, all I was thinking was that every church
that I go into is always cold. So I know they are saving energy.
[Laughter.] But we warm it up.
Again, to the members of the Committee, I know that each of us
have many pieces of good legislation that are, perhaps, part of the
22 bills that we are considering today. If you would care to make
brief comments now before the Committee or submit something for
the record, we are certainly happy to allow for that.
Senator Gardner.
STATEMENT OF HON. CORY GARDNER, U.S. SENATOR FROM
COLORADO
Senator GARDNER. Thank you, Madam Chair, and thank you for
this hearing today. I think we are doing some great work, and obviously Senator Coons mentioned some of the work that we are doing
together. I commend him for his leadership when I was in the
House and now in the Senate together on Energy Savings Performance Contracts.
The Federal Government is the largest office holder in the country, somewhere around two billion square feet of office space. We
have got $20 billion worth of potential opportunities when it comes
to savings from energy savings performance contracts, reducing
emissions, creating thousands of private sector jobs, saving the taxpayer money. This is that win/win/win/ trifecta that we do not often
get to talk about.
So, again, thank you for your opportunity today. Senate bill 858,
we are still looking for co-sponsors. Anybody can join this. We are
excited to work on energy savings performance contracts, U.S. goes
to the utility side as well as we continue the good work that we
are pursuing right now on energy efficiency and savings.
The CHAIRMAN. Fabulous, we look forward to that.
I still think we can deal with the air conditioning here in this
building and save a lot of money. That is going to be my next pitch.
Senator Stabenow.
STATEMENT OF HON. DEBBIE STABENOW, U.S. SENATOR

FROM MICHIGAN
Senator STABENOW. Thank you, Madam Chair.

And on the Floor there.
The CHAIRMAN. Yes.
Senator STABENOW. It gets a little free.
I just want to say thank you for holding the hearing, and we look
forward to our second panel.
But you know, for years we have talked about vehicle efficiencies
which are critical in terms of mileage efficiencies and so on. It is
so important I think to stress that about 30 percent of our energy
use is in transportation, very, very important. We have made great
headway there.
But 40 percent is in buildings. And so when we talk about this
and the fact is, as has been said before, at least 22,000,000 vehicles
could be taken off the road by 2030 if we, the equivalent of that,
in terms of energy efficiency in buildings. I want those vehicles actually on the road, purchased vehicles in Michigan.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00025
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
18
But when you look at the capacity to save energy and reduce carbon from addressing these issues, I really hope this will be at the
top of our list. I think it is really important.
Thank you.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Senator Stabenow.
Thank you Senator Klobuchar for joining us this morning before
the Committee.
Lets now go to our second panel and hear from them this morning on these various measures that are before the Committee.
At this time I would ask Dr. Kathleen Hogan to join us.
Dr. Hogan is the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency at the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy at
DOE. Next to her we have Mr. Tony Crasi, who is here on behalf
of the National Association of Home Builders, and he is the owner
of the Crasi Company Incorporated. We also have Dr. Ted Gayer
with us. Mr. Gayer is the Vice President and Director of Economic
Studies at the Brookings Institute. So welcome to you this morning. We have Mr. Steven Nadel, who is the Executive Director for
the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy. He has
been before the Committee before. Welcome back. And we have a
friend of mine and fellow Alaskan, Mr. Gene Therriault, who is
with us, who is the Vice Chairman of the National Association of
State Energy Officials as well as the Deputy Director of the Energy
Policy and Outreach for the Alaska Energy Authority. He has come
a long way to be with us, but his insight on not only those Alaska
related issues, but national issues is greatly appreciated and respected. So, welcome to the Committee this morning.
We will begin with you, Dr. Hogan. If you would give us five
minutes or less, know that your full statement will be included as
part of the record, but we look forward to your comments this
morning.
STATEMENT OF DR. KATHLEEN B. HOGAN, DEPUTY ASSISTANT

SECRETARY FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY, OFFICE OF ENERGY
EFFICIENCY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY, U.S. DEPARTMENT
OF ENERGY
Dr. HOGAN. Thank you and good morning, Madam Chairman

Murkowski, Ranking Member Cantwell and members of the Committee. And thank you for the opportunity to testify today on behalf
of the Department of Energys Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, also known as EERE.
As the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency at
EERE, I oversee DOEs portfolio of energy efficiency activities,
building technologies, advanced manufacturing, weatherization and
intergovernmental programs and Federal energy management program offices, develop and help businesses, consumers and government agencies with innovative, cost effective, energy saving solutions to improve their energy efficiency. And this ranges from higher efficiency products to new ways of designing homes and buildings to new ways of improving the energy intensity and competitiveness of American manufacturers.
We have all spoken to energy efficiency, being a large, low cost
and underutilized U.S. energy resource. Increased energy efficiency
offers savings on energy bills, opportunities for more jobs, improved
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00026
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
19
industrial competitiveness and lower air pollution. And I am very
pleased to be here today and look forward to working with Congress and this Committee in particular to talk about how we can
expand the use of energy efficiency to help address our nations energy challenges.
Ive been asked to testify on 22 energy efficiency bills currently
before the Committee. While the Administration is still reviewing
these bills we certainly do want to express our support for the ongoing bipartisan efforts to promote energy efficiency. And we do
look forward to continuing to work with the Committee with the
range of bill sponsors.
So the Administration does continue its support for the underlying goals of S. 720, the Energy Savings and Industrial Competitiveness Act of 2015 as many of the sections of S. 720 match those
in a similar bill the Administration supported in 2013. Many of the
provisions of S. 720 would support Administrations efforts to
strengthen U.S. competitiveness through significant research and
development investments in manufacturing, innovation and productivity such as the Department of Energys Clean Energy Manufacturing Initiative. And it would complement other Administration
energy efficiency initiatives for our homes, buildings, and industries.
The Department continues to review the changes in S. 720 and
again, looks forward to working with the bills sponsors and this
Committee to cut energy waste, save money and reduce pollution.
The additional bills on the docket today address many important
aspects of energy efficiency today including but not limited to, the
Federal use of energy savings performance contracts, utility energy
savings contracts and Federal energy efficiency efforts more broadly, all of which contribute to reducing the energy intensity of Federal facilities, lowering bills and providing environmental benefits.
They also address energy efficiency for commercial and residential buildings which, as weve heard, consume more than 40 percent
of the nations total energy and actually more than 73 percent of
its electrical energy and of course, continue to represent significant
opportunities for energy and cost savings.
The bills address appliance efficiency standards which are currently saving consumers more than $50 billion annually, and we
know that there are opportunities for additional savings there.
They address reauthorization of the critical Weatherization Assistance Program and state energy program which help low income
households benefit from cost savings as among other benefits, and
they assist states in establishing and implementing programs to reduce energy costs, enhance economic competiveness and improve
the environment.
And they look for opportunities, new opportunities, for energy efficiency activities at the local and municipal levels which is also
something the Administration seeks to address in our budget request through something called the Local Energy Program.
So EEREs program offices are implementing a variety of strategies to improve the efficiency of our homes, buildings and manufacturers similar to the activities highlighted in the legislation before
the Committee today. And expanding R and D to breaking down
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00027
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
20
persistent market barriers that I think we all recognize limit the

use of cost effective measures.
And I am proud to report that we are making great progress on
energy efficiency, reducing reliance on oil and saving American
families and businesses money and reducing pollution. I have many
more examples in my written testimony, but I think we can all
agree that there is much more that can be done.
So let me just reiterate my appreciation for the ongoing bipartisan efforts and our continuing interest to work with the Committee on the range of bills and the sponsors of them as this legislation continues to work its way through Congress.
I am happy to answer any questions today.
[The prepared statement of Dr. Hogan follows:]
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00028
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00029
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
Insert offset folio 01 here 95273A.321
21
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00030
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
22
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00031
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
23
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00032
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
24
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00033
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
25
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00034
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
26
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00035
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
27
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00036
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
28
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00037
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
29
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00038
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
30
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00039
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
31
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00040
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
32
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00041
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
33
34
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Dr. Hogan. Know that we will be
turning to you and your team as we work through the issues, not
only on these 22 different bills, but other matters in the efficiency
realm. We look forward to working with you.
Lets next go to Mr. Tony Crasi. Welcome to the Committee.
Good morning.
STATEMENT OF TONY CRASI, ON BEHALF OF THE NATIONAL

ASSOCIATION OF HOME BUILDERS, AND OWNER AND
FOUNDER, THE CRASI COMPANY, INC.
Mr. CRASI. Thank you.

Chairman Murkowski, Ranking Member Cantwell and members
of the Committee, I am pleased to appear before you today on behalf of the 140,000 members of the National Association of Home
Builders and to share our views on the Energy Savings and Industrial Competiveness Act of 2015, S. 720.
My name is Tony Crasi. I am the founder and owner of Crasi
Company, and I have been designing and building custom homes
in the Akron, Ohio area for the past 31 years.
I also serve on the board of the Urban Neighborhood Development Corporation, a nonprofit organization which seeks to improve
the availability of new homes for moderate and middle income families in urban areas.
As a long time leader in a drive to make new and existing homes
more energy efficient while prioritizing housing affordability,
NAHB is uniquely positioned to analyze the impact of legislation
on the home building, remodeling and rental housing industries.
NAHB supports many of the goals of the Energy Savings and Industrial Competitiveness Act of 2015 and seeks to ensure that it
encourages meaningful energy savings for residential construction
and that are achievable and cost effective. To that end, NAHB has
four specific recommendations for S. 720 or any comprehensive energy package.
First, the Department of Energy can be an effective participant
in the development of modern building energy codes which established the minimum standards for energy efficiency by providing
technical assistance such as needed building science, research and
energy modeling and analysis.
NAHB is concerned that DOE has crossed the line into advocacy.
S. 720 improves this process by setting homesetting some of the
guidelines by which DOE operates in this context and requiring
DOE to publish energy saving targets and supporting analysis in
the Federal Register. This will go a long way towards increasing
transparency and ensuring that the public is heard.
NAHB believes that traditional safeguards are necessary to prevent DOE from advocating for specific products or technologies.
Next consumers deserve a reasonable return on their investment
when it comes to required energy efficiency improvements. The
2012 residential code added thousands of dollars in construction
costs. For every one thousand dollars increase in price of a home,
246,000 households will be priced out of a mortgage. Failure to consider the true economic cost of energy use reductions and establish
a reasonable feedback period for these investments will result in
fewer families being able to achieve the American Dream.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00042
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
35
S. 720 improves the cost effectiveness of this code by requiring

DOE to take into account economic considerations. NAHB specifically supports energy codes that have a ten year payback or less.
Incentive programs such as the SAVE Act encourage homeowners
to invest in energy efficiency and should be included in any final
energy package.
Originally introduced by Senators Isakson and Bennet, this is a
voluntary program that will improve the accuracy of mortgage underwriting and appraisals by ensuring that they reflect the savings
and operating costs in green homes.
Finally, NAHB would like to see S. 1029 which addresses a
flawed DOE rule on non-weatherized gas furnaces included in any
final legislation. This legislation introduced by Senators Hoeven
and Alexander would require DOE to convene a representative advisory group of interested stakeholders to help analyze the impacts
of the proposed rule and determine whether it is technically feasible and economically justified and if not, participate in a negotiated rulemaking.
This legislation is needed because the rule would eliminate the
availability of non-condensing furnaces. Replacing these with condensing furnaces would require remodeling to reroute the exhaust
system costing hundreds, if not thousands of dollars. This may be
impossible in some multifamily structures.
Additionally, DOE used a national nationwide cost benefit analysis to justify this rule which neglects a significantly lower energy
savings that would be achieved in the south.
NAHB would like to thank Chairman Murkowski, Ranking Member Cantwell and specifically, Senator Portman and Shaheen, for
being welcomed as a key stakeholder in the energy efficiency policy
discussions for the opportunity to continue to work on this important legislation.
Thank you, and I would invite any questions.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Crasi follows:]
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00043
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00044
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
36
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00045
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
37
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00046
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
38
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00047
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
39
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00048
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
40
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00049
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
41
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00050
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
42
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00051
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
43
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00052
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
44
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00053
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
45
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00054
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
46
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00055
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
47
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00056
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
48
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00057
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
49
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00058
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
50
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00059
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
51
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00060
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
52
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00061
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
53
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00062
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
54
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00063
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
55
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00064
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
56
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00065
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
57
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00066
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
58
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00067
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
59
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00068
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
60
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00069
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
61
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00070
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
62
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00071
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
63
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00072
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
64
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00073
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
65
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00074
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
66
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00075
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
67
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00076
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
68
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00077
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
69
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00078
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
70
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00079
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
71
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00080
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
72
73
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Mr. Crasi, and thank you for your
very specific suggestions here this morning.
Lets go to Dr. Ted Gayer. Welcome.
STATEMENT OF DR. TED GAYER, VICE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR OF ECONOMIC STUDIES, JOSEPH A. PECHMAN SENIOR
FELLOW, THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION
Dr. GAYER. Thank you and good morning, Chairman Murkowski,

Senator Cantwell and members of the Committee. I very much appreciate the opportunity to be here today to discuss energy efficiency legislation.
Many of the points I make come from articles Ive co-authored
with Kip Viscusi of Vanderbilt University, who couldnt be here
today.
I will offer four main points that suggest we should take a cautionary approach to applying overly prescriptive mandates for energy efficiency levels. My comments are directed at the broader
question of mandates, not the specific proponents of the 22 bills
you are considering today, but I do hope they can offer useful, general guidance considering governments role in regulating energy
and reducing pollution.
My first point is that market prices for energy and energy intensive products provide important information about both the
strength of consumer demand and the scarcity of supply, but the
prices can be misleading to the extent that they do not account for
the associated pollution costs. In the market for appliances, for example, prices reflect how much consumers value certain features
such as energy efficiency and convenience and they also reflect constraints on production such as the state of technology. The problem
arises if the price that shows up on a consumers electricity bill
does not account for the environmental damage caused by the energies.
This leads to my second point. The best way to address environmental damage caused by energy use is for the government to
charge a price for these pollution costs. By pricing pollution consumers and businesses would face the full cost of their energy use
which would then create incentives to reduce pollution as cheaply
as possible through some combination of new technologies, alternative fuels and conservation.
There are a number of reasons why mandates in particular do
not work as well as the pricing approach.
First, the one size fits all mandate ignores a substantial diversity
of preferences, financial resources and personal situations that consumers and businesses must consider.
Second, by lowering the energy costs of using a product a mandate provides an incentive for using these products more rather
than less. Moreover mandates apply only to new products which
can create an incentive for consumers and businesses to retain
older, less environmentally friendly goods.
Mandates might be preferable to pricing approach when measuring pollution is costly or infeasible or when those choosing the
technology do not pay for their energy costs. But this is typically,
although not always, the case when it comes to energy use and
greenhouse gases.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00081
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
74
My third point is that for the recent mandates that Kip Viscusi
and I examined we found that although they are frequently advertised as greenhouse gas initiatives in truth their environmental
benefits are quite small and are frequently outweighed by the cost
they impose. We found this result in our examination of a number
of mandates for consumer goods such as clothes dryers and room
air conditioners and others.
The question then is how are these mandates justified if they
yield environmental benefits that are outweighed by their costs?
This leads to my final point.
In order to justify these mandates the agencies assert that consumers and businesses are irrational when buying energy intensive
goods and thus receive massive benefits if the government restricts
their choices. The agencies invoke broad references to the behavioral economics literature to support the claims of consumer rationality but they present little or no concrete evidence.
They also ignore what I think is the key policy implication of behavioral economics which I think is appropriate for the legislation
that you are considering today which is that it is more effective to
address poor decision making by consumers and firms through softer regulatory nudges such as providing clearer information to consumers and encouraging voluntary measures rather than going
straight to using costly mandates that restrict choice.
Given the unpopularity of levying a revenue neutral tax on pollution I fear we are instead opting for mandates that are advertised
as environmental protection but are justified by weak claims of
consumer protection. In other words we are shifting our regulatory
priorities from the goal of reducing the harm individuals impose on
others through pollution towards the more nebulous non-supported
goal of reducing our individuals cost to themselves by purchasing
reportedly uneconomic products.
This shifts results in a host of costly mandates that are less effective than a government policy that simply sets a price on pollution.
To summarize, to the extent that energy prices fail to incorporate
the environmental cost of energy use, I believe the most sensible
approach is to price those costs directly. Mandates are inferior policies but still may be better than doing nothing if the benefits exceed the costs.
Unfortunately by the agencys own estimates many of the mandates frequently lead to minimal environmental benefits that are
less than the estimated cost. But in an effort to justify these uneconomic regulations the agencies have deviated from, what I believe,
are well established economic tenants by asserting that consumers
and businesses are irrational and that they therefore benefit from
government mandates that restrict choice.
I believe the evidence for this view is weak, and assuming that
citizens are not capable of making sensible decisions that affect
their own pocketbooks is not the right way for us to advance the
important goal of enhancing the quality of our environment.
Thank you.
[The prepared statement of Dr. Gayer follows:]
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00082
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00083
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
75
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00084
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
76
77
The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Nadel, welcome to the Committee. Good
morning.
STATEMENT OF STEVEN NADEL, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR,

AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT ECONOMY
Mr. NADEL. Okay, good morning.

And Madam Chair, it is good to see you in a new Chair since the
last time I testified, and I look forward to your questions and working with all the other members of the Committee.
As a number of the witnesses have noted the United States has
made substantial progress in reducing energy waste and improving
energy efficiency in all sectors of our economy, but there is some
potential to do much more. Our studies at ACEEE find that cost
effective energy efficiency measures can reduce U.S. energy use by
40 percent or more.
Continued efforts to promote energy efficiency will reduce consumer and business energy costs, strengthen our economy, help improve the security and resiliency of our energy systems and protect
the environment.
Passage of S. 535 early this month was a great start, but there
is much more that the 114th Congress can do including enacting
any of the bills before us today.
As we know todays hearing is on 22 different efficiency bills. We
appreciate that the Committee is focusing a hearing on energy efficiency and that the Chairwoman has indicated that a forthcoming
comprehensive energy bill will include a specific title on energy efficiency.
It has been eight years since Congress last passed a major piece
of energy legislation. We have had a few smaller bills, but we look
forward to hopefully completing a major piece this year.
History indicates that such legislation can only be enacted with
broad, bipartisan support. Highly politicized issues are unlikely to
receive the 60 votes that are needed in the Senate, and even if a
bill passes in the Senate, getting a more conservative House and
a more liberal President to accept the legislation will require sticking to provisions with broad, bipartisan support.
Based on these principles in my written testimony I divide the
bills before us into seven categories. Now I am just going to discuss
a few of those categories.
The first category and the one that should be the centerpiece of
this legislation is bills that already have strong, bipartisan support.
The Shaheen/Portman, Portman/Shaheen bill is the leading example of a bill in this category. It contains more than a dozen useful provisions.
In 2013 we estimated the energy savings from this bill and found
that on a cumulative basis it would save about 12 quadrillion BTUs
of energy. That is about how much energy Texas uses in a year.
And Texas is, by far, our largest energy consumer.
Most of the energy savings in this bill come from the building
code and mortgage underwriting sections. So those are particularly
important.
As Senator Portman noted our 2013 analysis also found that this
bill would support about 190,000 jobs by 2030.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00085
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
78
There are a number of other bills, though, that are also in this
first category of demonstrated bipartisan support such as S. 600,
that Senator Klobuchar talked about earlier and Senator Hoeven,
dealing with retrofits to nonprofit buildings.
S. 623, dealing with utility energy service contracts that Senator
Schatz talked about.
And S. 858, dealing with the energy savings through public/private partnerships that a number of Senators both here and in the
previous panel discussed.
So, that, I believe, should be at the heart of the bill.
There are also many bills that were introduced more recently
and havent had an opportunity to get that strong, bipartisan support. We see six of these bills as potentially falling into this category.
The Smart Building Acceleration Act that Senator Cantwell has
introduced.
The Commercial Building Benchmarking bill that Senator
Franken has introduced that goes a little bit farther than whats
already in S. 535.
Theres the Energy Star Integrity Act that Senator Risch did.
Theres Senator Udalls Energy and Water Efficiency Act.
Senator Markeys Access to Consumer Energy Information Act as
well as Senator Frankens bill on alternative fuel vehicles.
Wed also note there are a couple of other bills that are not in
the hearing today that may fall into this category.
I would also note that there is one bill that we do support that
we are unsure if it will have the bipartisan support.
This is the Energy Efficiency Resource Standard bill that Senator
Franken introduced and that Senator Cantwell mentioned before.
This would establish energy saving targets that electric and natural gas utilities must meet, the target slowly rising over time.
Presently 24 states have such targets and theyve proven to be very
effective at both saving energy and doing so at low cost.
We estimate the energy savings from this bill is about three
times what the Portman/Shaheen bill would do. Ideally we do them
both, but we see that as an important marker about what could be
accomplished with Federal legislation.
Finally Id note that there are a few bills that we have concerns
about as written in current form.
This would be S. 1047 which reviews rulemaking proceedings
and the bills on ceiling fans and furnaces. We think they are well
intentioned but are poorly written and could cause some significant, adverse consequences in their current form. I have some specific written comments about particular problems with these bills,
and Im happy to answer further questions about them.
So with that, Ill conclude my testimony and look forward to your
questions.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Nadel follows:]
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00086
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00087
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
79
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00088
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
80
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00089
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
81
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00090
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
82
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00091
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
83
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00092
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
84
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00093
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
85
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00094
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
86
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00095
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
87
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00096
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
88
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00097
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
89
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00098
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
90
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00099
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
91
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00100
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
92
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00101
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
93
94
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, we appreciate that, and we will soon
turn to questions after we hear from Mr. Therriault.
Welcome to the Committee, Gene.
STATEMENT OF HON. GENE THERRIAULT, VICE-CHAIRMAN,

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE ENERGY OFFICIALS, AND
DEPUTY DIRECTOR, ENERGY POLICY AND OUTREACH, ALASKA ENERGY AUTHORITY
Mr. THERRIAULT. Thank you, Madam Chairman. I wanted to

thank you and members of the Committee.
I am Gene Therriault, Deputy Director of state-wide energy policy development with the Alaska Energy Authority and Vice Chairman of the National Association of State Energy Officials. Id like
to thank you, Madam Chairman, for the opportunity to speak today
and I would ask that my entire written testimony be included in
the record.
I am testifying today on behalf of NASEO, whose membership includes the nations 56 governor-designated state and territory energy offices. Across the nation the energy offices are focused on economic development and balanced energy policies. Energy efficiency
is certainly included in that mix of policies and programs.
NASEO applauds the Committee for holding this hearing on a
large number of energy efficiency legislative items. Our written testimony discusses the bills in greater detail and sets forth examples
of state programs that have achieved tremendous success. These
programs could be expanded if a number of the bills you are considering today were to be passed into law.
Specifically, NASEO endorses the Weatherization Enhancement
and Local Energy Efficiency Investment and Accountability Act.
That is Senate bill 703 which would reauthorize the appropriations
for the state energy programs and reauthorize the weatherization
assistance program. This bill is sponsored by Senators Coons, Collins, Reed and Shaheen and recognizes the value of this longstanding partnership between the states and the Federal Government. It helps real Americans every day. The state energy program
provides formula funding for the states to support a range of activities for energy efficiency and energy emergency preparedness, and
the flexibility that is involved in that piece of legislation or those
programs is very key for states.
Weatherization has helped make the homes of 7.4 million families across the nation more energy efficient thus helping the poor,
elderly, disabled and veterans every single day. For example, the
$7 billion per year energy services performance contracting industry is an example of state energy offices working with the private
sector to save taxpayer dollars.
NASEO also supports the energy savings and Industrial Competitiveness Act, Senate bill 720, the Shaheen/Portman bill, also
the Energy Savings Through Public/Private Partnership Act which
is S. 858, the Energy Productivity Innovative Challenges Act which
is S. 893, the Residential Energy Savings Act, S. 878, the PREPARE Act which is S. 888 and the Energy Retrofitting Assistance
to Schools, which youve heard about previously, which is S. 523.
The NASEO members and leadership are still reviewing the
other bills that have been brought before the Committee and we
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00102
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
95
may have further comments as you continue your proceedings on

the energy legislation.
In Alaska, like other states, we leverage our state energy program dollars to address important energy needs. Again, it is a partnership between the states and the Federal Government and is a
rare program because of the degree of flexibility that is given to
each state under the funding that is provided. Across the nation
every Federal dollar in this program leverages almost 11 other dollars that come in from different sources and saves over seven dollars for every Federal dollar spent.
My colleagues and I at different state energy offices work every
day to break down barriers and assist businesses and homeowners.
While the states represent a wide range of political views, we all
see the value of these programs since the production and efficient
use of energy is critical to our local and state economic prosperity.
I would also be remiss if I did not briefly comment on the Quadrennial Energy Review, the QER.
You had Secretary Moniz before the Committee on the 28th of
this month, and the Secretary and his staff have been very open
to states with regard to the QER and solicited input from the
states.
There are a number of opportunities for addressing our critical
infrastructure, energy infrastructure, needs and to address our energy challenges including energy efficiency. The QER is a positive
step in understanding the current status of our energy, nations energy, programs and infrastructure. However, NASEO wants to encourage the maximum collaboration with states as this program
continues to progress.
For example, the process could benefit from a closer collaboration
with the State of Alaska that takes full advantage of decades of investment in innovation in serving energy needs in the Arctic.
We look forward to working with the Committee and the DOE
in implementing many of the recommendations contained in the
QER.
And with that, that concludes my formal oral statements. I do
want to thank you, Madam Chairman, and the rest of your colleagues in all your efforts to get successful passage of Senate bill
535.
Thank you.
[The prepared statement of Mr. Therriault follows:]
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00103
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00104
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
96
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00105
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
97
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00106
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
98
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00107
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
99
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00108
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
100
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00109
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
101
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00110
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
102
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00111
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
103
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00112
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
104
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00113
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
105
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00114
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
106
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00115
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
107
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00116
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
108
109
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Mr. Therriault, I appreciate your
comments and your good work not only in the state but on behalf
of the Association of State Energy Officials. Appreciate the work.
I think we recognize that we have no shortage of programs out
there that are designed to address some of the efficiencies whether
it is on the state side or whether it is on the Federal side. I think
this has been some of the concern we have heard is how do you
know even where to access? You mentioned collaboration. We need
to streamline. I think these are areas where we would all agree we
have got some work to do.
Some of the bills that we are looking at, such as the proposals
to impose a national energy efficiency resource standard, would result in Federal programs that resemble, somewhat, what we have
in place at the state level. So this is a question to anyone who
would care to engage.
If the states are successfully implementing these types of programs should we, at the Federal level, be duplicating or overruling
their efforts or decisions with a Federal overlay?
We talk a lot about giving flexibility to the states, and certainly
we want to do what we can from a broader perspective to encourage these efficiencies, but are we in a situation now where we are
not giving the flexibility to the states that we need? And instead
working at your end of the spectrum, Dr. Hogan, in an overlay of
Federal policies that may just further complicate matters?
I will ask both you, Dr. Hogan and you, Mr. Therriault, from the
states perspective and the Federal perspective. How do we deal
with this? Because I think this is part of our required review of not
only what we have with these 22 bills, but how we bring about efficiency within our processes so that we make sure that the programs are working.
Dr. Hogan, why dont you begin?
Dr. HOGAN. So I think there is, clearly, a lot more opportunity
for what we can do with energy efficiency. As you point out it does
require, sort of, an effective collaboration across the Federal, state
and local entities as well as engagement with the private sector.
I think your question was specifically around, sort of, energy efficiency resource standards as one tool to do that, and you were
pointing out that many states are doing this.
And I think whats interesting is when you look at the states
that are doing this the benefits that they are getting from their approaches are quite significant. And they are showing that they can
do it quite cost effectively. And then at the same time when you
look around the country you see that other states have a similar
opportunity for energy efficiency but really havent figured out how
to get organized in a way to go and capture as much of it as the
states that are pursuing the energy efficiency resource standards
are.
The CHAIRMAN. But then if we require that then we lose some
of the flexibility that Mr. Therriault has suggested is imperative.
Can you speak to that?
Mr. THERRIAULT. Yes. First of all, NASEO, the organization has
not taken an official stance on energy efficiency resource standards.
I think to the general comment or the question, we certainly do
not want the Federal programs structured that duplicate the state
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00117
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
110
efforts. We really are looking for legislation that has a partnership
with states.
In the State of Alaska the work thats being done by the Cold
Climate Housing Resource Center, the Alaska Center for Energy
and Power, have done a lot of work and quite often there is a little
bit of a dance that goes on between those state entities and the
Federal entities to encourage them to partner with the state entities to maybe take the work to the next standard. There may be
a need to assist and partner with the Federal, the state agencies,
to achieve more.
But anything that you can do to prevent the Federal legislation
from just being a duplication of whats going on in so many of the
states would be most welcome.
The CHAIRMAN. It is going to require critical review.
Mr. Nadel.
Mr. NADEL. Yes, just briefly.
The bill, the EERS bill, actually does call for the states to administer them. There are quite a few provisions in there to let the
states have quite a bit of flexibility in terms of interpretation. I
think it is an example of a bill where sometimes something one or
in this case half the states are doing that could benefit the country.
And therefore, Id recommend considering it while recognizing some
of the concerns that you are expressing.
The CHAIRMAN. Understood. I appreciate it.
Senator Cantwell.
Senator CANTWELL. Thank you, Madam Chair.
There are a lot of companies from the northwest, I think some
of them are here today, Itron, Microsoft, Ellstrom, McKinstry, who
are leaders in smart building acceleration. And so I wanted to ask
you, Mr. Nadel and you, Dr. Hogan, about do you see new monitoring and control technologies as another step in incremental improvements in energy efficiency or are they likely to be game
changers, you know, on a whole, in a sense of a whole new set of
opportunities?
Second, much of the technology needed to make buildings smarter is commercially available but development is slow. What do you
think are some of the barriers to increasing that level of deployment?
Either you, Mr. Nadel, or Dr. Hogan.
Mr. NADEL. Okay, I will start. I would lean towards saying that
smart building technology is also smart manufacturing technologies
are more game changers. They take advantage of the information
communication technologies that we all know and now carry in our
pockets and have all throughout our homes and get information to
us or to automatic controls to really, much better, recognize energy
waste in real time and control it.
Were finding energy savings of 15 to even 50 percent, depending
on the application people are using. So it is much more than incremental.
Id also note that it makes possible a new set of programs where
you can start much better monitoring the energy savings in real
time and pay for performance rather than just pay as a percent of
how much it costs or what you think it may get. So I do see these
as game changers.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00118
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
111
I think, to pick up on your second question, consumers are not
investing in these yet. Theyre relatively new. They do not know
about them. Theyre improving. Theyre not sure they trust them.
So I appreciate the fact that your bill, S. 1046, would set up a
number of programs, do case studies, work with the Federal Government so we can both save energy, but use the Federal case studies to demonstrate to other people what is possible would help leverage other programs such as DOEs Better Building Challenge to
help promote smart building technologies as well as leverage our
national labs and have them do applied R and D where it is needed
to address particular barriers.
So these are the types of things that need to happen with any
good energy saving measure, but smart buildings included.
Senator CANTWELL. Dr. Hogan?
Dr. HOGAN. And at the Department we look at the opportunities
for smart buildings and Ill take the opportunity to extend that to
smart manufacturing as well as game changers. Sort of a new generation of low cost sensors that give you the opportunity to take advantage of the equipment that you may already have and really
make it work at optimum performance offers huge opportunities for
energy savings in a very low cost way.
And certainly we are doing a lot of that work through a number
of the national laboratories right now including up in the Pacific
Northwest. And we are very excited about what is going on.
I think some of the barriers include that we need a next step in
some of the low cost sensors, really making them as low cost as
they can be as well as some improvements in the communication
protocols and, sort of, the interoperability of things. And again,
road maps that we are working to develop at the Department and
really look forward to putting to work and would look forward to
working with you on a bill that can really help make this happen.
Senator CANTWELL. Thank you.
Mr. Crasi, you look like you had something to say and, Mr.
Therriault, I do not know if you have any thoughts about building
performance issues or particular projects that you think might be
targets for this kind of thing?
Mr. Crasi.
Mr. CRASI. Yes, Maam. Thanks for the opportunity.
Here in Washington with the National Association of Home
Builders, Ive been involved with the technology of home automation and the progression Ive watched over the last, say, six or
seven years. And what we find is one of the most sought after
items in technology is a smart home that controls your heating,
cooling, your energy output.
And I think it is a wonderful opportunity and it doesnt need to
be expensive. And you had asked about the barriers and thats
what caught my attention is one of the big barriers are, is, the lack
of a consistent platform across all the different manufacturers. And
once you solve that problem all the systems start to talk to each
other because theres a huge reluctance.
Somebody had just mentioned the reluctance of consumers to
jump in it is because what happens is you have conflicts between
the different systems. And they get frustrated and they stop using
them.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00119
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
112
But we, I am part of a nonprofit that produces very affordable
housing. And to prove a point, I got one of the national guys involved and he put in, for $1,500, he put in an entire system in a
$100,000 home that controlled the heating, it controlled the lighting. It controlled security, everything. Just to prove a point, it can
be done. But if you ask about those barriers, one of the biggest barriers is getting those platforms to work with each other.
Senator CANTWELL. Well, we would like to see that house, but
interoperability is a big issue. The reason I am asking this question
is because 40 percent of our energy use is in buildings and so if
you key in on this then you can get some of these savings that you
are talking about, 15 to 50 percent. That is pretty big.
I know our time is expired, but maybe you could, for the record,
tell us some of the things that might be helpful in Alaska.
Mr. THERRIAULT. Certainly, through the Chair.
Certainly in Alaska where the space heat really is the critically
energy demand on a yearly basis for commercial buildings and residential. And so being able to have the systems in any building
work with each other to get maximum efficiency is ideal.
I think, Madam Chairman, thats one of the areas that, again,
the Cold Climate Housing Research Center at the University of
Alaska is looking at ways to bring the latest technology into the
northern application and make it work as best as possible.
One of the things that we have to continually keep a focus on
though is making it as simple as possible. When you are talking
about taking technology and putting it out into a very small village
and having it where it can be maintained, understood, fully utilized, it has to be not only cost effective, but also something that
is easily understood. And so thats one of the things that I think,
again, some of our local research would be good information back
to the industry that is developing this to make it so that it is really
inherently useable in a situation like the State of Alaska.
The CHAIRMAN. Senator Flake.
Senator FLAKE. Thank you. Thank you for the testimony.
Let me begin talking about a bill that I have introduced with
Senator Booker. It is S. 939. It responds to the GAO study, a recommendation that Federal agencies evaluate the 94 green building
programs that span 11 Federal agencies to try to determine if there
are opportunities for consolidation and reducing duplication.
I want to thank Senator Portman for joining me in an amendment that we had through budget resolution, amendment number
822 which also provides for a reduction in duplicative programs.
I think when GAO, which is obviously a nonpartisan, independent agency, provides a recommendation on how government
can become more efficient we ought to take heed and we need to
look hard at these recommendations. In this case GAO made the
recommendation in 2012. This legislation I have introduced with
Senator Booker would make just a very modest step to ensure that
these recommendations are considered.
But to Dr. Hogan, can you talk a little about DOEs capability
to evaluate these green building programs and to identify areas
that mightareas for consolidation or improvement?
Dr. HOGAN. Certainly.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00120
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
113
The Department of Energy has capabilities to look at programs.
I think the Administration, sort of, more broadly has approaches
to ensure that the programs across the Federal Government are
well coordinated.
I mean, I think I can also speak to the programs that we run
at the Department. I think most of the ones that are in your
amendment that are within the Department actually reside under
me. So I think I can speak quite well to how well and how committed we are to ensure these are effectively coordinated and that
they do have separate but complementary missions that are all
doing what it is they are supposed to do with the Federal taxpayer
dollar.
Senator FLAKE. 94 green building programs scattered across 11
agencies. My guess is that GAO is right that we need to consolidate
and eliminate duplication here.
Dr. HOGAN. Well, what I would love to do is first, perhaps, start
with the Departments programs and come up and show you and/
or your staff, sort of how we are strategically orienting the programs that we have to meet sort of the missions they have and how
they complement each other.
Senator FLAKE. Well, thank you. We would appreciate that. And
do you have any thoughts on the other agencies? Are they as
proactive as you are? I know most of them reside under your agency, but
Dr. HOGAN. I think I do not know the number. It sort of depends
on how you count here.
You know, a fair number of them are under the Department of
Energy. But certainly there are programs.
But, you know, I am happy to engage in a conversation with everything that we know with you and your staff about the programs
as we look at that GAO chart and how they complement each
other.
Senator FLAKE. Alright, I appreciate that.
Mr. Nadel, I want to ask you about Section 433 of S. 720. In this
section the HUD Secretary is directed to issue underwriting guidelines to require banks to adjust the mortgage applicants income
and artificially increase the appraised value of the property based
on the predicted energy cost savings, the so called SAVE Act. Especially in light of the financial crisis we had in 2008 which was partly a result, I think, of us trying to meddle in underwriting standards.
Do you have some concerns about this? Do we really understand
the mortgage markets enough to try to mandate and artificially increase or increase appraisal values when the market isnt doing it?
Mr. NADEL. Okay. Yes, we do support this bill. I noticed that
NAHB also noted that they support this bill. We think there is a
lot of good data indicating that if you reduce the energy use and
therefore if you have more money in the homeowners pocket, they
can afford a larger mortgage. There, in fact, are a number of independent studies showing that the default rates are lower for highly
efficient homes than less efficient homes.
We certainly recognize you have to be very careful with the underwriting standard, and we are only supporting this bill and advo-
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00121
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
114
cating it along with NAHB and the realtors and others because
there is a good, firm basis of empirical evidence that this can work.
Senator FLAKE. Well, you were referencing one study. I know
there is one study that indicates the default risks are lower in energy efficient homes. This was conducted by the Institute for Market Transformation, a DC-based, nonprofit, dedicated at promoting
energy efficiency.
I am not entirely sure that we ought to rely on one study like
this when the markets, I mean, we are basically saying the markets are not recognizing this. We are going to tell the markets
what to recognize. I always get scared when government does that.
I think there is history, that cautions us in doing that. Does anybody have any caution there?
Mr. Gayer, you are an economist or do you dabble in that kind
of area? Do you have any caution there?
Dr. GAYER. Caution on what in particular?
Senator FLAKE. In terms of telling the agencies that deal with
these home loans to artificially increase the appraisal value of the
house or change the underwriting standards to account for more
energy efficient homes.
Dr. GAYER. I do not know the specifics of it, but certainly when
you are changing the appraisal and underwriting weve all learned
the lessons of what weak underwriting can accomplish for the economy since 2008.
Senator FLAKE. Well, that is my concern as well, and I hope we
will be careful moving ahead and base this on more than just a
study by a one nonprofit organization. I think the markets are typically smarter than we are here, and if they do not recognize the
value, we need to be careful in trying to assign a value to this. So
that is my concern. Thank you.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Senator.
Senator Franken.
Senator FRANKEN. Thank you, Madam Chair.
I want to revisit the energy efficiency resource standard because
I think it is the way that we can most effectively reduce our energy
use. 24 states, including my state of Minnesota, have already
adopted the Energy Efficiency Resource Standards which require
electricity and natural gas utilities become a little more efficient
each year. That is 24 states. Scientists tell us that is almost half
our states. [Laughter.]
If we adopt a similar standard at the Federal level we would unleash the manufacturing and deployment of all kinds of energy efficient products throughout the economy and that would reduce not
only our energy use, but also peoples electricity bills across the
country. I am a supporter and co-sponsor of Shaheen/Portman, but
since the Committee is now looking to do a comprehensive energy
bill we need to have a conversation about what comprehensive energy efficiency looks like, and I believe that a central piece of that
is the energy efficiency resource standard. I want to thank the
Ranking Member for mentioning it and thank the Chair for bringing it up for discussion in her questions.
Mr. Nadel, it is actually kind of remarkable that while Congress
has been sitting on the sidelines about half our states have imple-
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00122
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
115
mented energy efficiency standards. Can you give us a broad overview of how these programs are working across the nation?
Mr. NADEL. They generally are working very well. Basically the
states have set their goals. They typically increase gradually over
time. The utilities then offer energy efficiency programs to their
customers whether they are homeowners or businesses to help
them to improve energy efficiency.
Its technical assistance. Its helping to improve stocking of efficient products. Sometimes it will be financial incentives to pay a
small portion of the cost to make it more attractive so the customers then buy those measures.
But weve done an evaluation of those studies. And on average
all of the states are exceeding the targets. Many times they are
saving more than the targets mandate, and they are doing so very
cost effectively. Typically benefit cost ratio for these utility programs are two to one or even three to one.
Senator FRANKEN. To me this is a perfect example of the states
as laboratories, as the founders really envisioned. And the laboratory has got a positive. [Laughter.]
You know, eureka, they were saying on all these states.
Dr. Hogan, would you agree that these are working at the states,
the state level?
Dr. HOGAN. Yes, from everything we have looked at we see great
results coming from the efforts of the states in this area.
Senator FRANKEN. So and your organization has estimated the
energy savings. What would we see if this were adopted as outlined
in my new bill, S. 1063, as they compare to all of Shaheen or
Portman/Shaheen?
Mr. NADEL. Right. We analyzed both of them in 2013. In 2013
we found the savings from your bill, the ERS was about three
times what Shaheen/Portman would save. We would like them
both. We like the total of
Senator FRANKEN. So instead of 22,000,000 cars off the road,
with this there would be 88 together?
Mr. NADEL. Yes, about. And very large financial savings, we estimate net savings to consumers and businesses would be over $125
billion as a result of this.
Senator FRANKEN. So as happy as we are when we are
celebratory and dancing around as celebrating ourselves on Shaheen/Portman or Portman/Shaheen. Whoopee, yea, yea, yea,
22,000,000 cars. Think about 88,000,000. Wow.
Anyway. [Laughter.]
I do not have enough time to really bring up my benchmarking
bill, but we have done that on leasing Federal buildings or buildings leased by the Federal Government. Now I am talking about
commercial buildings. Everybody think that is a good idea? Is there
anyone who does not? Okay, benchmarking is good. That is a good
idea.
I am out of time, so I wont talk about my energy service performance contracts on alternative vehicles except, as I am talking
now, and going over my time. [Laughter.]
I think it is a splendid idea, but I am out of time, so I will not
continue to talk about it. [Laughter.]
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much, Senator Franken.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00123
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
116
Senator FRANKEN. Thank you.
The CHAIRMAN. I appreciate that.
Senator Warren.
Senator WARREN. Thank you, Madam Chairman.
Energy efficiency technologies can be a pretty good deal. I was
thinking about this. It seems to me they are a three-fer. They protect the environment. They fight climate change. They save money
for consumers.
Actually maybe I should say it is a four-fer because the energy
efficiency industry is creating a lot of new jobs, good jobs, in Massachusetts and elsewhere across the country.
Last Congress Senator Crapo and I introduced legislation to encourage the use of technologies that allow businesses to operate
their buildings and their equipment in the most effective way and
energy efficient ways, from light sensors that turn off lights when
nobody is in the room to software that optimizes a companys shipping routes. Businesses can reduce their costs and protect the environment simultaneously.
Now we know that these programs work, but without a definitive
study quantifying cost savings, businesses have had a hard time
weighing the costs against the benefits. Without good data they
have been slow to embrace some of these tools. So I will soon be
introducing a bill to direct the Department of Energy to conduct a
study showing exactly how much money businesses and governments can save by adopting various technologies.
I wanted to start though by asking you, Dr. Hogan, can you talk
about how quantifying the cost savings from energy efficiency technologies can encourage more businesses to adopt practices while
protecting the environment?
Dr. HOGAN. Certainly. I think being able to demonstrate packages of technologies from what they cost and the savings they deliver over time is one of the key tools that we have to demonstrate
to the private sector the types of things that are there that are
working and that they can go on and embrace. So very effective.
Senator WARREN. Good. Can I just ask you, Mr. Nadel, do you
believe that proof of the bottom line benefits of these operational
efficiency, energy efficiency, technologies would encourage more
businesses to adopt them?
Mr. NADEL. Absolutely. Many businesses are leery of new
unproven things. They are very busy, and you really need to show
them concrete evidence this will work in their application for them
to get comfortable.
Senator WARREN. Good. Thank you. And Mr. Therriault, can you
talk about the importance of quantifiable benefits in your work to
encourage the adoption of energy efficient technologies?
Mr. THERRIAULT. I think across the nation and in different states
and certainly in the State of Alaska, when it comes to energy efficiency improvements in residential structures and also as weve actually teed up legislation in our legislature this year for PACE financing which is a mechanism to help businesses implement energy efficiency at their businesses.
In all of those the effort starts with an audit of the house or an
audit of the business, and then an estimation or showing that
theres a business plan that the savings would be enough to make
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00124
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
117
the payment and hopefully, actually, result in positive cash flow
immediately for the business. And then there, in the PACE legislation that we introduced this year, Governor Walker introduced this
year, is patterned after a Texas bill which passed about a year and
a half ago. There is then a follow up audit to make sure that the
technology was installed correctly, is operating correctly and the
savings actually are being achieved.
Hopefully those efforts then, along with any kind of information
from the national labs that show the technology and the use of
technology and the success of technology starts to build on itself.
And in the State of Alaska I know with our residential work our
Alaska Housing Finance Corporation is the one that gathers all
that data, is able then to present it back to the national and first
national programs and also to our state legislature to show that we
are achieving the goals. And that word starts to spread. It really
starts to snowball.
We have seen it happen with residential energy efficiency improvements, and we believe we are on the precipice of kicking it
off for businesses.
Senator WARREN. Well, thank you Mr. Therriault, you speak to
the heart of someone who is a data nerd.
Energy efficiency programs, I think we all agree, are critical to
reducing carbon emissions and fighting global climate change. We
have the technology that can reduce carbon emissions while simultaneously driving down costs for businesses and consumers.
It seems to me this is a place where the Federal Government can
make a real difference, not by regulation, not by spending money,
but providing data for evaluating the dollars and cents benefits of
different technologies.
I look forward to working with all of you to finding ways to improve energy efficiency, save money and preserve our heritage.
Thank you, Madam Chairman.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Senator Warren. Senator Hoeven.
Senator HOEVEN. Thank you, Madam Chairman, and thank you
to all of our witnesses who are here today. Thanks for holding this
hearing on energy efficiency.
I have introduced two bills and co-sponsored a third with Senator
Klobuchar aimed at addressing common sense energy efficiency reforms. We had an opportunity, Senator Klobuchar was here earlier,
to talk about that bill which I appreciate very much. And we have
a lot of support from a lot of nonprofit organizations. We believe
it would be a very helpful piece of legislation for us to pass.
The other two that I want to mention, briefly, is first the Federal
Building Energy Efficiency bill. Essentially this goes to Section 433
which is a requirement that the use of fossil fuels be phased out
in all Federal buildings. The legislation I have submitted is bipartisan legislation. Co-sponsors include Senator Joe Manchin and
Senator Donnelly of Indiana. This legislation would essentially
allow us to continue to use fossil fuels in Federal buildings, but we
keep the goal of energy efficiency. So what we say is that you could
use whatever source of fuel, but you still need to meet these energy
efficiency targets. It accomplishes the purpose of the legislation but
it just says, you know, you can use whatever fuel source to get
there as long as you are still meeting these efficiency goals. I think
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00125
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
118
that is why we have bipartisan support. I think it is very common
sense legislation and hope to get, like I say, good bipartisan support to pass it.
So I ask for unanimous consent to add a support letter from 22
energy efficiency organizations to the record.
The CHAIRMAN. So noted.
Senator HOEVEN. These include the Alliance to Save Energy, the
National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy Association. And like I say, many others. So if I
could ask you to add that to the record which you have agreed to,
I appreciate it very much.
The second bill I would like to mention and then I will turn to
Mr. Crasi for comment, is the Furnace Fix bill. I have introduced
this with Senator Lamar Alexander of Tennessee which would address concerns regarding the DOEs recently proposed regulations
on furnace energy efficiency.
What it deals with is this new requirement that DOE is putting
forth that you cant vent a furnace out the top of the roof or the
chimney. You have to essentially vent to the side. This is a piece
of legislation that would address that regulation they are imposing,
again, in a way, that I think is common sense.
So I ask for unanimous consent to add a support letter from six
national organizations including the National Association of Home
Builders, the America Public Gas Association, ACCA, the Indoor
Environment and Refrigeration Institute and others to the record.
The CHAIRMAN. They will be included as part of the record.
Senator HOEVEN. Thank you, Madam Chairman.
I would now like to turn to Mr. Crasi. In regard to this legislation, Mr. Crasi, how will the Energy Departments proposed furnace regulation affect home builders like yourself?
Mr. CRASI. It is a very good question. As a new home builder
theres virtually no impact because we design around a new system. We havent installed an 80 plus furnace, I cant remember the
last time weve installed one. But the challenge comes with the unintended consequences.
Senator Murkowski, you mentioned in the beginning, is that in
a retrofit, especially in a townhome situation where you might have
a slab on grade type of a unit, maybe sandwiched between three
other units. In a slab on grade generally whats happening is that
the heating unit is usually in the center of the unit, and then in
many cases you have vaulted ceilings.
What happens is that the question becomes if you cant go up
anymore how do you replace that system and go out because
theres no way to do it.
I can give you a real life example. My first home was a three
family, 1863 home. When I started to learn about efficiency, when
I first bought it we put an 80 plus furnace in. It was 1980 something. And when I went to retrofit this about two years ago with
a 90 plus furnace I said well, theres no way I am going to put an
80 plus back in there.
And then I looked, I go, well how am I going to vent this now?
Knowing what I know about paybacks and so forth I did do that,
but it cost me an additional $800 to redo my bathroom. I had to
rebuild a shower because it was the only way to get it out.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00126
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
119
So what happens is that the payback literally doubled. So instead of a six or seven year payback it became a 12 to a 14 year
payback, and then if you go down south where theres virtually no
payback it becomes very challenging.
So I would say that the unintended consequences to be very cautious in that bill or I should say, be very cautious of that particular
rule.
Senator HOEVEN. So it is a rule that could pose significant expenses, particularly on low income individuals that they would
never be able to recoup?
Mr. CRASI. Absolutely.
Senator HOEVEN. Okay. Thank you, Mr. Crasi, I appreciate you
being here and I appreciate your testimony.
Thank you, Madam Chairman.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Senator Hoeven.
It goes to a point that I think there is a lot of discussion and talk
about well, I want to do more. I would like to have an upgrade to
the appliances or just weatherization, but it is the upfront cost and
that is what seems to stop people, seems to stop so many from
going further with that.
As we deal with some of these issues and do the cost benefit
analysis we can say well, okay, that payback time may be a little
bit longer for me. I know that I should do it, but I do not have the
resources available today and particularly for those lower income
families, those middle income families who, quite honestly, look at
their utility bills and want to be able to drive this down.
Former Senator Therriault and I grew up in a town where energy costs in Fairbanks, Alaska are extraordinarily high right now.
If you tell people that they can reduce their heating costs, their energy costs, they say sign me up today. But it is this upfront commitment that I think stalls out so many from these newer technologies.
So questions to you and I guess I will throw it out to you, Mr.
Therriault. From the state side we have a few programs that can
help. Obviously within the weatherization programs we have the
Weatherization Assistance Program. We have got LIHEAP that is
there to help low income families with their high energy bills. But
in terms of those programs that can really help families get into
these new technologies, what do we have out there on state side
and on Federal side?
Mr. THERRIAULT. Well, Madam Chairman, I know that in the
State of Alaska some of the LIHEAP money, sometimes, is utilized
to help upgrade furnace technology in a home. It can be used that
way, so that is beneficial.
I think that just with reference to the issue of the venting of the
furnaces certainly in a state where space heat is such a critical
part of the overall energy picture on a yearly basis. Were going to
get full utilization out of that furnace and going to be able to amortize that additional cost of the venting. But certainly as a state, a
northern state, we represent, understand that other states, the
southern states that that payback would be very long term and actually, may be, a deterrent from the home or even, you know, upgrading or it could actually encourage them to switch to electric
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00127
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
120
heat which could be a less efficient form of energy in the first
place.
So that issue of unintended consequences, I think, really does
have to be taken into consideration.
And I am sorry, I got off here. Your main question?
The CHAIRMAN. Well, I was speaking to where a homeowner can
go. Where do you go for that level of assistance to help with some
of these upfront costs?
Mr. Nadel, ACEEE looks at all of this energy efficiency, these
measures that are out there to look at the cost benefit to the various efforts. I do not know, do you look as you are doing a cost benefit analysis? Do you look to what that upfront cost is and how
much of a hindrance that is to even moving forward?
Mr. NADEL. Yes, we definitely do, and we are strong proponents
of energy efficiency financing, create financing to help homeowners
and businesses address this upfront cost because most people do
not have, you know, five thousand, ten thousand just sitting
around ready for an upgrade.
But Mr. Therriault mentioned PACE. Quite a few states have
been implementing commercial PACE laws to address this. Theres
also an opportunity for residential PACE.
And in California they are doing an experiment where the state
is putting up money to make sure that it doesnt have adverse impacts on mortgage repayment rates. And as a result, get lots of
data. If it has adverse impacts the State of California will pay, end
of subject. If it actually pays and hopefully there are some information here that other states can be using. On bill finance is another
approach.
So theres a lot of very creative approaches. Our organization actually sponsored an annual energy efficiency finance conference to
bring together the financiers, utilities, the retrofitters, etcetera, to
figure out how best to work it. But I agree with you, it is extremely
important.
Mr. THERRIAULT. Madam Chairman?
The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Therriault, and then we will go to Dr.
Hogan.
Mr. THERRIAULT. Yes, just on the issue. Certainly being from
Fairbanks, Alaska and still having family in Fairbanks, you know
the issue there, and we are really confronted with that upfront
cost. Trying to encourage people in that community to switch over
to natural gas as the state has got this program to bring a larger
source, make more natural gas available and really build out, rapidly, a gas distribution system.
Were trying to take the second largest metropolitan area and
really change them over to natural gas as quickly as possible, but
that upfront cost for an individual home can be ten or eleven thousand dollars. And so we have looked across the nation to other programs that states have used.
That is why PACE legislation was introduced this year where
you can help businesses convert to natural gas because that conversion, because natural gas appliances are so much more energy efficient than the fuel oil, does qualify as an energy efficiency step.
And so we are putting PACE, weve teed up PACE as a financing
mechanism to be put into place. No cost to the state.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00128
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
121
It is a tool basically for local governments to use involving local
lenders, and it is voluntary for the businesses. But we believe it is
an attractive enough mechanism that it helps those businesses get
over that initial hurdle.
For residential situations, on bill financing, allowing that for the
utility to help finance the individual residential conversion is a tremendous tool. We have done surveys and focus groups and found
out that the benefits that are provided through on bill financing
are very attractive to consumers much more so which is surprising
then the actual interest rate thats charged on the financing.
So we have looked across the nation. Were learning from other
states, what other states have done, so we can apply those different
mechanisms, hopefully at very low cost to the state government or
no cost. But I think there is a potential rule where some dollars
can come through, they might be state energy program dollars that
could actually provide a loan loss guarantee on some of those loan
mechanisms that could be very meaningful.
So again, there are things that can be done and believe you, me,
we are looking at all of them in the State of Alaska.
The CHAIRMAN. Yes, I appreciate that.
My time has expired. Let me turn to Senator Cantwell.
Senator CANTWELL. Thank you, Madam Chair, and I am sorry I
had to step out for a few minutes.
Mr. Crasi, I wanted to ask you about part of your testimony in
Section 443.
Well, first, Mr. Gayer, do you support the Shaheen/Portman bill?
Dr. GAYER. Yeah.
Senator CANTWELL. Okay. Part of that Shaheen/Portman bill, the
SAVE Act, would direct HUD to issue updated underwriting guidelines to allow borrowers to voluntarily submit home energy reports
on their home. These reports could then be used to adjust the mortgage account for a homes energy use. Wouldnt this proposed voluntary policy of accounting for energy efficiency increase the interest of homeowners and home buyers in efficiency?
Mr. CRASI. Absolutely, it would. In any situation where you can
incentivize a homeowner to do better rather than mandating it, as
Dr. Gayer was saying, okay, you are going to get buy in. And a typical homeowner, a consumer is pretty smart. They know what they
can afford. They know what their budgets are.
And with the SAVE Act if you incentivize by allowing banks to
take into account the lower utility bills, theres part of your answer
in how you afford. How do you offset some of that upfront cost? You
do not necessarily have to raise the cost of the home or increase
the cost of the loan. But if somehow the banks were allowed to reduce the payment based on utility prices, youve got built in savings.
I think it is a very good idea because thats whats missing if you
look at the 2012 code. It is not been adopted across the country because of cost effectiveness. And so what happens is that you have
a code that, in its sense is a good code, but people look at it and
say it looks just too expensive.
So if you start to incentivize rather than mandate, I think youll
get better buy-in and ultimately what you end up with is a more
efficient use of energy in this country.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00129
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
122
Senator CANTWELL. Well, Mr. Nadel, do you think there is a
sweet spot here between energy efficiency and housing affordability
or is it all good across the board?
Mr. NADEL. No, there probably is a sweet spot. We have to pay
attention to what is affordable. I think the key issue, particularly
when it comes to building codes and building new construction is,
since basically everybody finances their new home through a mortgage, you need to look at if you increase the cost for energy efficiency how much will that increase the mortgage payment and
make sure that the monthly energy savings are greater than that.
Current mortgage rates that will work out to be in the current
code, the 2012 or even the 2015 code is quite cost effective. Pacific
Northwest Lab in Richland, Washington did that detailed study
and found that in general the first year mortgage costs are going
to be less than the energy bill savings. So I think thats the sweet
spot.
Senator CANTWELL. Thank you.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you.
Senator Portman.
Senator PORTMAN. Thank you, Senator Murkowski.
And again, I appreciate your willingness to hold a hearing and
also your personal commitment to this issue from the start and
your strong support for the legislation that has been to the Floor
a couple times now and got to this Committee with a 19 to 3 vote
last time. I think it is a demonstration of how much bipartisanship
there is around at least some of these issues and specifically S.
270.
Senator Shaheen talked about it in detail earlier, so I wont go
into detail except to say that some of the things we heard about
today, the ESPCs, certainly, the nonprofits, you know, we would
like to include in the legislation. We are working on some of the
ESPC issues in terms of the cost. The CBO scoring now helps us,
the nonprofits.
I appreciate the fact that Senators have been willing to work on
lowering some of the costs there and being sure we have offsets
that we can defend as we do with the other offsets because the legislation does not have a cost. It does not have mandates, and thats
one of the reasons weve been able to get these big votes and get
it to the Floor a couple times. So, again, I really appreciate the
support of that legislation.
The legislation, we now have almost 300 groups and trade associations supporting it. I was glad when Senator Cantwell, who has
been a great supporter of energy efficiency, asked Dr. Gayer whether he supported it or not because I was not sure. When you said,
yes, I was like, okay, now I know everybody on this panel supports
it. [Laughter.]
But
Senator CANTWELL. It is a love fest today.
Senator PORTMAN. Yeah, but thank you for asking him because
I did not have the guts to do it. [Laughter.]
But ACEEE, Steve, you guys have been unbelievable in providing
data around this because it is easy to talk about this in general
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00130
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
123
terms. It is harder to get specificity, and that has been very helpful.
And NASEO, Gene, you guys have been at this for four years
now, supporting the legislation. I know you would like to see even
more in some areas, and some of the stuff you are doing in the
state that you just talked to Senator Murkowski about is very exciting.
We appreciate that, and we are going to need all the support we
can get. It is not easy to get things done around this place, but if
you have that kind of momentum, I think it can really work.
Tony, thank you for coming back again. You are a glutton for
punishment getting into this issue. I know it is not always easy,
but you have been a great partner for us. As you said, we brought
you in as a stakeholder, and you improved the legislation. We
made some major changes to the legislation based on your input.
I appreciate your strong support of the SAVE Act. I think that has
helped the legislation, not just gain support, but actually have a
bigger impact in terms of 40 percent of our energy going into buildings and this notion that Steve and Ted have talked about in terms
of the homeowner and how do you make this not a mandate, but
makes this an incentive to be able to do the right thing. And incentives are certainly out there.
To Dr. Hogan, you guys supported S. 270 last Congress. I appreciate your looking at the legislation again. You will like it even
more, trust me. Just say yes. No. [Laughter.]
But really, you guys have been terrific partners in this, and we
have made some changes, as you know, based on some of the
things that you want to do administratively. I do think it is fair
to say and you tell me, but that we are trying to codify some things
you would otherwise like to do in terms of coordination and streamlining. Is that accurate?
Dr. HOGAN. The devil is in the details, but I think, yes, thats accurate.
Senator PORTMAN. Yeah. I mean we did talk earlier about the
fact that there is a need for more coordination and of some of your
programs and the advanced manufacturing provisions, for instance,
I think you all support because of that. So we will continue to work
with you, of course, on that.
Today we do have this one bill, 535, that is being signed into law.
Again, Tony, thank you for your support of that legislation. It does
help in the Tenant Star program, and I think has great potential
in the commercial building side.
The one question I guess I would have for Mr. Nadel in terms
of the analysis of the impact of this bill. You mentioned 190,000
jobs. Can you tell us how you got to that estimate of the legislation
and maybe tell us a little more how we should describe that?
Mr. NADEL. Okay.
Yes, thatsour analysis of the 2013 legislation with some adjustments. We are planning as soon as this Committee marks up
their bills, to do an updated analysis on all of these bills so they
will be probably some changes.
But in terms of the jobs, we do, we have a detailed input/output
analysis model of the U.S. economy. So we look at what the costs
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00131
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
124
are at each of the sectors, what the benefits are of each sector and
how that works through in terms of the overall economy.
Our estimate is net jobs, meaning how much do youjobs are
created as a result of the savings, but minus the fact that if you
use a little less energy, you are costing some jobs. So those are net
jobs, and we feel very importantly that you really have to look at
it in a net basis. Some of the studies just look at one side and forget the other side, but it is a detailed model of the U.S. economy
and detailed analysis of each provision in terms of how much it will
save in cost each year.
Senator PORTMAN. Great. Well, we would appreciate the additional analysis based on whatever new legislation there is and specifically giving us all the background so we can describe better to
our colleagues, frankly, why this is not just about fewer emissions
and helping in terms of the energy side. It is actually a jobs bill,
and it will create more activity.
The one thing I think your analysis does not fully appreciate and
cant easily do is just the impact on competitiveness. I hear this in
Ohio constantly, that these companies are competing with companies in Japan and Germany and elsewhere that, for years, have focused more on efficiency because they have had higher energy
prices, frankly.
Now we have the opportunity to be able to provide some technologies that we enable them in part through the DOE to work
with a competitive advantage.
So again, thank you, Madam Chair, I really appreciate it.
I will repeat what Senator Shaheen said, we really want to mark
up our bill again, and we have done it twice. It is gotten to the
Floor twice. We know that we have the formula. We have these 300
groups behind us. We want to include whatever good legislative
ideas there are, but we also want to keep this as a bipartisan
measure and one where we can find common ground. Thank you.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Senator Portman.
Senator Franken.
Senator FRANKEN. Thank you, Madam Chair.
I agree, Mr. Nadel, your data is very, very appreciated. How
much, again, would the energy efficiency resource standards help
save in regard to taking, say, cars off the road in relation to the
previous Shaheen/Portman or the Shaheen/Portman as it existed
before?
Mr. NADEL. Alright. Just to reiterate as I said before we very
much support Shaheen/Portman.
Senator FRANKEN. Yes.
Mr. NADEL. And wed like to take Shaheen/Portman and add to
it the savings from the EERS bill. But the savings from the EERS
bill are about three times. I have not checked the car calculations
right here.
Senator FRANKEN. Okay.
Mr. NADEL. But it is, I would add about three times.
Senator FRANKEN. I was just trying to make a point.
Benchmarking is essential for improving energy efficiency in our
buildings unless we really know how much energy their buildings
are using we cannot be sure how much energy will be saved from
using energy efficiency technologies.
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00132
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
125
I am proud that my benchmarking bill was included in the Energy Efficiency Improvement Act which the President is signing
later today. That bill will require commercial buildings that are
leased by the Federal Government to benchmark and disclose their
energy use, and this energy data will help the Federal Government
identify the most cost effective ways to reduce its energy use.
But today I want to talk about a new bill which you mentioned,
S. 1052, which would support policies and incentives at the state
level to encourage more commercial buildings to participate in
benchmarking programs. We have adopted this in Minneapolis.
Some other cities around the country have already started commercial building benchmarking programs. Mr. Nadel, can you talk
about how well these programs are working?
Mr. NADEL. Yes, these programs are working very well. Theres
about a dozen cities that are making data available to building
owners so they can identify their worst performing buildings and
target their efforts. In many of the cities they make the data available so energy performance contractors can see which are the less
efficient buildings and target them for marketing.
Theres also useful data for would be purchasers or renters so
that they know what the energy bills may be because to over generalize on average, you know, the mortgage cost is typically the
number one cost. But energy costs are right up there with taxes as
number two, varying very much from building to building jurisdiction to jurisdiction. So this would help.
I would point out that the bill that is being signed today in addition to Federal buildings also has Department of Energy conducting a study on benchmarking disclosure best practices. So that
will provide some very useful information to other cities. Atlanta
and Portland, Oregon just in the last two weeks have adopted similar laws but hopefully this will be useful for others.
What I like about your new bill is it includes two additional provisions. One of which was also in Shaheen/Portman but got left out
by the House, the other of which is new, the one that has small
matching grants available to utilities and utility regulators to figure out ways to better aggregate energy use data so that a building
owner can get the full energy use of the building. Now they can get
the energy use on their meters, but they have no idea how much
is used by the tenants. Aggregation allows the utilities to combine
them all together, protecting privacy, but you get the total of your
hundred apartments or your eight different tenants. That would
help.
Senator FRANKEN. I just want to move on. You mentioned
ESCOs, and we were talking and Mr. Therriault talked about
PACE.
All of these different financing models that are really, I think,
just revolutionalizing the way we do this because that way you can
finance. Because we were talking about upfront costs, well if you
can get an ESCO to do an energy service performance contract you
can, we can, do this without an upfront cost, right? That is the
whole point of this.
I am running out of time, but I want to tout my ESPCs for alternative vehicles, and can I take a few seconds on this?
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00133
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
126
Assistant Secretary Hogan, can you talk about some of the efforts
in your office to develop and deploy more efficient vehicles and how
much energy savings you think are possible with alternative vehicles? The reason I am bringing this up is what my bill would do
is allow the government to buy fleets of new, energy efficient vehicles using energy service performance contracts.
Dr. HOGAN. Yeah, certainly we have got a number of goals that
we are trying to achieve in the Federal sector to improve the efficiency of our Federal fleets in addition to the work we are doing
with buildings and facilities. We do have challenges with the mechanisms that we have in the Federal fleets world, so I think being
able to explore new mechanisms that can allow us to look at those
and more and bring in more efficient vehicles and get the financing
as help to do that would be a great thing to examine.
Senator FRANKEN. Because vehicles and equipment account for
over 60 percent of the Federal Governments energy use and over
70 percent of its energy expenditures. So if we could do this, this
would be a great way of cutting energy costs for the government.
Thank you. Thank you for this hearing and for all your support
for energy efficiency both to the Chair and the Ranking Member.
The CHAIRMAN. Thank you, Senator Franken, Senator Cantwell,
and all the members who have clearly not only engaged today but
have been engaging for a long period of time.
I think we have a great deal of common ground here that we can
explore as we move forward in this first title of our energy bill. But
some of the priorities that have been placed in front of us, not only
with the legislation that is under consideration, but just some of
the good work that has been in place in our states as those laboratories or has been suggested. And working through individuals
with really great ideas about how we can really make a difference
when it comes to providing for a level of efficiency that is common
sense that people want to participate in, that helps with jobs, it
helps with the economy, it helps with the environment.
As I say, it is all good when it comes to our energy, and energy
efficiency is that first energy source that we need to be looking to
for a level of common sense.
So thank you for your respective leadership in different areas
here, and know that we will be looking to you for further comments
as we build out these titles.
And with that, we stand adjourned.
[Whereupon, at 12:26 p.m. the hearing was adjourned.]
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00134
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00135
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
127
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00136
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
128
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00137
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
129
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00138
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
130
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00139
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
131
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00140
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
132
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00141
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
133
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00142
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
134
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00143
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
135
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00144
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
136
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00145
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
137
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00146
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
138
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00147
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
139
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00148
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
140
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00149
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
141
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00150
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
142
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00151
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
143
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00152
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
144
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00153
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
145
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00154
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
146
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00155
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
147
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00156
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
148
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00157
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
149
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00158
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
150
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00159
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
151
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00160
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
152
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00161
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
153
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00162
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
154
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00163
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
155
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00164
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
156
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00165
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
157
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00166
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
158
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00167
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
159
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00168
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
160
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00169
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
161
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00170
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
162
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00171
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
163
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00172
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
164
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00173
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
165
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00174
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
166
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00175
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
167
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00176
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
168
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00177
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
169
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00178
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
170
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00179
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
171
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00180
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
172
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00181
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
173
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00182
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
174
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00183
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
175
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00184
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
176
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00185
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
177
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00186
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
178
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00187
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
179
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00188
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
180
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00189
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
181
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00190
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
182
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00191
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
183
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00192
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
184
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00193
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
185
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00194
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
186
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00195
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
187
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00196
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
188
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00197
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
189
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00198
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
190
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00199
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
191
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00200
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
192
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00201
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
193
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00202
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
194
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00203
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
195
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00204
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
196
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00205
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
197
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00206
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
198
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00207
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
199
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00208
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
200
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00209
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
201
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00210
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
202
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00211
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
203
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00212
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
204
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00213
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
205
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00214
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
206
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00215
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
207
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00216
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
208
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00217
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
209
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00218
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
210
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00219
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
211
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00220
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
212
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00221
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
213
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00222
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
214
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00223
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
215
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00224
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
216
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00225
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
217
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00226
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
218
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00227
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
219
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00228
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
220
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00229
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
221
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00230
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
222
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00231
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
223
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00232
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
224
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00233
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
225
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00234
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
226
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00235
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
227
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00236
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
228
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00237
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
229
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00238
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
230
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00239
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
231
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00240
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
232
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00241
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
233
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00242
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
234
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00243
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
235
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00244
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
236
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00245
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
237
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00246
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
238
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00247
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
239
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00248
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
240
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00249
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
241
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00250
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
242
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00251
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
243
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00252
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
244
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00253
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
245
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00254
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
246
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00255
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
247
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00256
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
248
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00257
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
249
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00258
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
250
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00259
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
251
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00260
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
252
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00261
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
253
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00262
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
254
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00263
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
255
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00264
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
256
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00265
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
257
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00266
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
258
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00267
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
259
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00268
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
260
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00269
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
261
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00270
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
262
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00271
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
263
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00272
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
264
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00273
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
265
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00274
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
266
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00275
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
267
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00276
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
268
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00277
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
269
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00278
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
270
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00279
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
271
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00280
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
272
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00281
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
273
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00282
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
274
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00283
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
275
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00284
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
276
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00285
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
277
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00286
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
278
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00287
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
279
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00288
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
280
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00289
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
281
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00290
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
282
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00291
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
283
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00292
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
284
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00293
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
285
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00294
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
286
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00295
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
287
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00296
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
288
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00297
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
289
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00298
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
290
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00299
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
291
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00300
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
292
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00301
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
293
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00302
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
294
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00303
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
295
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00304
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
296
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00305
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
297
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00306
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
298
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00307
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
299
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00308
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
300
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00309
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
301
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00310
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
302
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00311
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
303
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00312
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
304
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00313
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
305
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00314
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
306
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00315
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
307
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00316
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
308
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00317
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
309
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00318
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
310
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00319
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
311
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00320
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
312
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00321
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
313
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00322
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
314
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00323
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
315
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00324
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
316
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00325
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
317
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00326
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
318
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00327
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
319
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00328
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
320
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00329
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
321
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00330
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
322
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00331
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
323
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00332
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
324
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00333
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
325
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00334
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
326
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00335
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
327
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00336
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
328
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00337
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
329
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00338
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
330
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00339
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
331
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00340
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
332
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00341
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
333
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00342
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
334
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00343
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
335
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00344
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
336
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00345
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
337
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00346
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
338
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00347
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
339
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00348
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
340
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00349
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
341
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00350
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
342
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00351
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
343
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00352
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
344
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00353
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
345
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00354
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
346
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00355
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
347
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00356
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
348
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00357
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
349
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00358
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
350
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00359
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
351
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00360
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
352
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00361
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
353
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00362
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
354
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00363
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
355
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00364
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
356
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00365
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
357
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00366
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
358
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00367
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
359
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00368
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
360
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00369
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
361
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00370
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
362
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00371
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
363
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00372
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
364
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00373
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
365
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00374
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
366
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00375
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
367
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00376
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
368
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00377
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
369
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00378
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
370
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00379
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
371
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00380
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
372
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00381
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
373
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00382
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
374
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00383
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
375
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00384
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
376
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00385
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
377
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00386
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
378
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00387
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
379
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00388
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
380
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00389
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
381
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00390
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
382
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00391
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
383
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00392
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
384
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00393
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
385
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00394
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
386
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00395
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
387
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00396
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
388
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00397
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
389
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00398
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
390
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00399
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
391
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00400
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
392
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00401
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
393
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00402
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
394
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00403
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
395
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00404
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
396
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00405
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
397
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00406
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
398
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00407
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
399
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00408
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
400
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00409
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
401
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00410
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
402
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00411
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
403
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00412
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
404
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00413
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
405
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00414
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
406
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00415
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
407
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00416
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
408
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00417
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
409
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00418
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
410
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00419
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
411
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00420
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
412
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00421
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
413
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00422
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
414
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00423
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
415
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00424
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
416
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00425
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
417
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00426
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
418
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00427
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
419
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00428
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
420
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00429
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
421
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00430
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
422
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00431
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
423
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00432
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
424
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00433
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
425
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00434
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
426
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00435
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
427
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00436
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
428
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00437
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
429
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00438
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
430
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00439
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
431
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00440
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
432
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00441
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
433
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00442
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
434
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00443
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
435
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00444
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
436
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00445
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
437
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00446
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
438
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00447
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
439
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00448
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
440
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00449
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
441
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00450
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
442
VerDate Sep 11 2014
23:01 Feb 09, 2016
Jkt 095273
PO 00000
Frm 00451
Fmt 6633
Sfmt 6602
E:\HR\OC\A273.XXX
A273
443

Energy Efficiency Legislation: Hearing Committee On Energy and Natural Resources United States Senate

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Energy Efficiency Legislation: Hearing Committee On Energy and Natural Resources United States Senate

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

S. HRG.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY LEGISLATION

ENERGY EFFICIENCY LEGISLATION

asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING

Printed for the use of the

VerDate Sep 11 2014

23:01 Feb 09, 2016

asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING

ENERGY EFFICIENCY LEGISLATION

VerDate Sep 11 2014

23:01 Feb 09, 2016

ENERGY EFFICIENCY LEGISLATION

ENERGY EFFICIENCY LEGISLATION

U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE

asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office

VerDate Sep 11 2014

23:01 Feb 09, 2016

COMMITTEE ON ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES

asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING

LISA MURKOWSKI, Alaska, Chairman

VerDate Sep 11 2014

23:01 Feb 09, 2016

asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING

ALPHABETICAL LISTING AND APPENDIX MATERIAL SUBMITTED

VerDate Sep 11 2014

23:01 Feb 09, 2016

asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING

Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers:

VerDate Sep 11 2014

23:01 Feb 09, 2016

asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING

Jewish Federation of North America:

VerDate Sep 11 2014

23:01 Feb 09, 2016

Vermont Energy Investment Corporation:

asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING

VerDate Sep 11 2014

23:01 Feb 09, 2016

ENERGY EFFICIENCY LEGISLATION

asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING

OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. LISA MURKOWSKI, U.S.

The CHAIRMAN. Good morning. We will call to order the Energy

VerDate Sep 11 2014

23:01 Feb 09, 2016

asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING

STATEMENT OF HON. MARIA CANTWELL, U.S. SENATOR FROM

VerDate Sep 11 2014

23:01 Feb 09, 2016

asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING

VerDate Sep 11 2014

23:01 Feb 09, 2016

asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING

VerDate Sep 11 2014

23:01 Feb 09, 2016

asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING

STATEMENT OF HON. SUSAN M. COLLINS, U.S. SENATOR FROM

Senator COLLINS. Thank you very much, Madam Chairman,

VerDate Sep 11 2014

23:01 Feb 09, 2016

asabaliauskas on DSK9F6TC42PROD with HEARING

VerDate Sep 11 2014

23:01 Feb 09, 2016