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Design for Construction

D39DC

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Table of Contents
Project Background.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Layout, Access and Escape.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
Report.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Structural System, Basement and Foundation Design..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Report............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Cladding and Roofing..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Report............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Fire Protection................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17
Firefighting and Evacuation Strategy............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Sustainability Report...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Health and safety Report............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
CPM................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Student Performance and Reflective Practice................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
References..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25

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Project Background
This is a project of a building design that shall be used for the accommodation of office spaces at the first, second and third floor respectively while the ground floor shall house a cafeteria that will cater to the needs of
the building occupants. The building site is located in a city area with two main roads one on the southern side of the site that shall serve as the main entrance to the basement vehicle parking area and the other street
connecting the main road and running through the western side of the site and providing the entrance to the main building lobby at the ground floor.
Structurally, there should not be any major problem in construction of structural and foundation elements as excavation of the site revealed that there is a layer of solid sandstone at the base which has the capacity to
support the load of a 4 storey building.
The design of the structure and the foundation has been chosen keeping this information in mind.
In addition to these, the design also incorporates the health and safety of the workplace occupants in the building at any time as well as to maintain a safe work environment even when no one is present at the premises.
Sustainability is a major with any construction of this era and to ensure that the building is economically and environmentally sustainable, the report contains a separate section elaborating the sustainability of the
construction.
To illustrate the design, annotated drawings depicting the layout of the floor s as well as the structural members has been produced to make the proposal as comprehendible as possible and where ever required, detail
drawing of important members has been incorporated into the document (Aksamija, 2015).

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Layout, Access and Escape


Ground Floor General Arrangement

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Typical floor general arrangement

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Roof Layout

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Report
Layout
The primary layout of the building is of a commercial office space on the first, second and third storey with a lobby area at t he end of the stairs and providing access to the elevators and the office space. All the floors
as mentioned share a typically similar architectural layout except the ground floor. As it can be deciphered from the layout of the ground floor, the ground floor has the main entrance to the building on the western side
of the building and it is the main area for the cafeteria of the building. The ground floor also has the facilities for a staff locker room for those workers who like to jog or cycle to their work place.
In addition this, there is a kitchen and pantry area for the preparation of the cafeteria orders for which the raw material is stored in inventory at the storage facility also located at the ground floor and over seen by a
facility manager whose office is located at the ground floor and attached to the storage facility space (Baehre, 1986).
Access
As the site map suggests, the premises of the building can be accessed by the main road at the southern end of the building and the smaller street at the western end of the building connected to the main road. The main
road is also connected to the main entrance to the basement of the building for accessing the vehicle parking area and the western street provides the access to the lobby area of the first level of the superstructure
through the main entrance.
From the basement, the upper floors can be accessed by two ways. The lift shaft runs end to end from the basement to the roof level for easy access by the occupants of t he building. In addition to this, there is a
separate stair case that runs end to end from the basement to the roof level of the building. The stair case acts both as an alternate way for accessing the floors of the building as well as a means of escape from the
building in such scenarios when the elevators may not be working or the use of an elevator is not safe anymore. To address such situations, the stair case has been structurally made sound using reinforced concrete
slabs with steel bar reinforcements for each pre fabricated unidirectional staircase to support the load of the occupants of the floor even if all of the 200 or so occupants use the stair case at the same time.
Escape
The design of the building has been done in a particularly innovative way to facilitate the evacuation of the building efficiently in case of an emergency. This is only possible, when the escape routes from the building
are planned in such a way that there are minimum number of obstacles to be crossed for evacuating the building from any area of any floor of the building.
Firstly, except for the ground floor, no other upper floors can be directly connected to the main road in the open space without some impractical pathways that lead directly to an open area outside the building. To
address this issue, the staircase has been provided for access from any floor of the building. For the particular reason of preventing a fire and smoke from entering the stair case, the area of the stair case shall remain
highly pressurized so that even if the whole building is on fire, the staircase will reject any flames or smoke due to high pressure maintained by HVAC equipments. Stair pressurization is an innovative technology that
is very cost effective method of fire fighting and it is used in almost all multistory constructions nowadays.
As an additional measure to provider an alternate escape route in case of the inadequacy of the staircase in the incident of a fire, the building is provided with an external firemans access and evacuation stair on the
outside of the building and connecting each and every floor of the building right from the roof level.
The building incorporates properly lighted and independently powered exit symbols that can direct the escape routes even in a power outrage and in low visibility conditions (Bai, Yan and Zhang, 2011).

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Structural System, Basement and Foundation Design

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Report
Introduction
For any building to be structurally sound and sturdy a well planned structural design right from the excavation of the site to the laying of footing and foundation and the construction of structural members like columns
and beams is important. For this to work out, it is important to understand the in situ soil and site conditions of the plot of land where the construction of the basic structure of the building is to be carried out.
Analysis of the site
As the analysis report of the soil suggest that there are no major or minor abnormalities with the soil structure of the site. This means that everything from the moisture content of the soil to advanced geological
analysis of the soil samples produced no negative reports and only after getting a green signal from the analysis team further excavation work was carried out.
Samples of the in situ rock samples obtained from bore holes that were drilled on the land suggested that there is layer of bedrock of sandstone that can easily support the load of a 4-5 storey building. The layer of
sandstone is situated at a depth of about 17.4 m below the ground topped by a layer of weaker clay zone and every bore hole drilled on the surface of the land produced evidence of an underground water layer at a
depth of 2.85 m (Brugge and Dhar, 2008).
Alternative for structural construction
Concrete
Concrete is one of the most widely used material for structural construction and one of the most fundamental and widely accepted ways of using concrete framework for structural construction is the use of reinforced
concrete structural members. To do so, the structural members of the building are first framed using steel rods and the concrete is molded around them in an enclosed framework. The end product is a high load capacity
bearing concrete structural member that can withstand high compressive forces than regular concrete members.
The advantages of using the concrete lies in the following fact:

Concrete is available easily anywhere


Concrete is cheaper than steel
Reinforcement of concrete is not a very difficult task
Semi skilled labors are required for working with concrete construction
Control of the construction is smooth

Steel
Steel is yet another material that is used in the construction of mainly high rise buildings. This is due to the fact that the tensile strength of steel is greater than the strength of concrete and it is also flexible than
concrete. Owing to this flexibility, it can be used as a sound structural framework for construction of high rise buildings (Carpenter, 2004).
Another advantage of using steel structural members in the construction process of a building is the fact that the structural members of the building can be pre fabricated a t a workshop away from the site of
construction and then assembled at the site directly. This saves a lot of time and the cumbersome process of reinforcing concrete is also eliminated.

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Basement Layout

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Alternative methods for Foundation


Foundations can be made according to the type of soil available for construction and the fact that the structure of the land is capable to support a certain design of a constructional member comes into play while
selecting a foundation design for a building. However versatile they maybe, foundations can be basically categorized into two main groups. These are
Shallow Foundations
For depths as low as a metre, shallow foundations can be constructed for a building. These are also called spread footing or open footing. Excavation of the marked spots for laying foundation is carried out and the
spots are dug and the footing is constructed from scratch. After the construction of the footing is completed, the pit is packed with soil and the structure is constructed up on the footing. Shallow footings are further
subdivided into different types depending on the method of their construction and design of the elements of the members. These are individual footings, strip footings and raft foundations (Chang, Al Bahar and Zhao,
2013).
Deep Foundations
Deep foundations are used for the construction of high rise and heavy buildings like the one that has been proposed for construction in this document. Deep foundations are laid at a depth of 20-65 metre and mostly
piling is done for deep foundations.
A pile is necessarily a long cylindrical load bearing member that is constructed up on solid bedrock after excavating the soil and up on which the structural member like the pile cap is constructed. Piling is done in two,
three or four cylinders supporting a singular pile cap depending up on the amount of load they will carry.
In this building design, the soil testing reports suggested that there is a bed rock of sand stone at and there is a layer of weak clay at the upper levels of the bed rock. Therfore to bypass the weakness of this clay layer
and to support the load of the building on t he sandstone layer, the piling foundation has been used for construction here. The same details of the piling and the location of the foundation layout can be illustrated
through the drawings provided (Composite roofing material with breathing layer, 1971).

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Waterproof wall detail drawing

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Cladding and Roofing


Cladding Detail

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Report
Cladding is a non structural member of a building that does not participate as any load bearing member of the design but used for the purpose of aesthetic decoration of the building or for providing a non structural
partition between two separate spaces and most commonly as walls upon which the load of the building is not exerted. The main purpose of using a cladding in place of a solid wall is to provide aesthetically sound

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look to the building and decrease the maintenance costs of the building. As such, the maintenance of the cladding is required anyway depending upon the material used for the purpose of cladding. Another main aim
purpose for using a cladding instead of solid wall is to increase the performance of several sustainability and health factors for the building (DESIGN ENGINEERING., 1964).
An optimal design for cladding will consider the following factors

Consideration of dead load and the wind load transfer to exposed cladding on the outside of the building like glass glazing
Fulfilling of aesthetic requirements for the building design
Act as a fire resisting layer between two confined spaces when used internally within the building as partition walls that do not bear any load
Act as a ventilating member that allows air intake into the building as and when required
Retaining certain levels of natural heat within the building to increase the sustainability of the building
Reducing maintenance cost of the entire building

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Types of Cladding
Glass Wall
The most important advantage of using a glass curtain walls as cladding for the external part of a building and also as non load bearing partition wall within the building is the fact that specially treated glass has the
ability to retain heat and act as an insulating layer between two separate regions thereby reducing the energy consumption of the building and thereby increase the sustainability of the building. Glass has also the ability
to retain fire and rain water and when used as glaze at the outside, the glass cladding improves the aesthetic view of the building and takes it to another level (Healthyworkinglives.com, 2016).
Aluminum Cladding
Aluminum cladding is used as a glazing member for the building that helps in heat retaining for the building thereby lowering energy consumption for the building. Broad range of different aluminum cladding is
available in the market with their limitless possibilities. In addition to all of these, aluminum cladding is also structurally sound and can transfer the wind load and retain fire in case of emergencies.
Roofing
Roofs can be constructed of structurally sound material and methods like reinforced concrete roof that has the ability to support load and act as another floor for services and non load bearing roof like using cladding
and roofing members that do not support load but make the aesthetic appeal of the building greater (Goldberg, 2006).
In this building, the roofing of the building has been made of reinforced concrete and it is load bearing in nature. As a result, the roof serves as an extra service floor for housing the RTUs and the Solar electricity
generation panels.

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Fire Protection

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Firefighting and Evacuation Strategy


Introduction
One of the most basic elements of any building design is to identify the safety measures for prevention of fire in the building and also incorporating design elements into the building design to cope with a situation of a
fire. The design of this commercial building will accommodate more or less 200 lives at any given working hours and owing to the fact that the building will house kitchen and pantry areas as well as concealed
electrical devices and wires, there is always a chance that the building is under a threat of fire tragedy at any mishappening. Therefore, the general arrangement plans depicted above is an indication of the escape routes
of the building occupants which are most likely to save their lives and evacuate the building within the minimum amount of time (Guo and Wang, 2010).
Exit Signs
In case of a fire, this document will not be normally available to any building occupant. Hence the pathways of fire exits will be lighted with fire exit signs that will be glowing even if there is a cut off of the power
supply so that even in the dark and smoke of a fire tragedy, the occupants may see the glowing exit signs and follow them to leave the building safely.
Stair Pressurization
To facilitate the safe evacuation of the building in case of a fire, the design of the building incorporates an innovative technology. This is the stair pressurization. Stair pressurization necessarily means the maintenance
of a high pressure zone at the stairs of the building using the HVAC air supply from the MEP operations of the building. As a result of the pressurization of the stairs, even though there is a fire at the building, this will
not spread to the stairs which are vital for any high rise building evacuation scenario when the lifts normally stop working due to short circuit of electrical components (Guo and Wang, 2010).
Dedicated Fire Escape
In addition to this, there has been made a provision of evacuating the building through a separate outside exposed fire exit ladder that can be seen from the general arrangement drawings of the building. To access the
same, each floor except the basement has a separate fire exit corridor that is located at the northern side of the building directly connecting to the outside ladders for exiting the building in case of afire.
Sprinkler and Fire Fighting system
The MEP operations of the building design will incorporate fire protection drawings that will design the fire sprinkler system and smoke alarm detection devices for the entire building. Accordingly, typical and special
fire protection sprinklers that are activated as soon as fire and smoke alarm goes off will be installed at the false ceiling that will house the MEP members of the building. If necessary, specialized wall sprinklers will
also be installed into the wall as and when required (Han, 2015).
Fire extinguishers
In case of fire, the preliminary step one takes while the fire is still controllable is to extinguish the fire at the origin. To do so, the requirement of proper types of fire extinguishers has been deemed to be important and
has been incorporated at every floor of the building. The Kitchen area uses special types of fire extinguishers while the fire extinguishers at the commercial office spaces used electrical fire extinguishers. Proper and
regular maintenance of the extinguishers and inspection form the fire fighting department is advised at least twice a year (Hussein, Anderson and Camp, 2010).

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Sustainability Report
In the present world situation, each and every production unit is struggling in the rat race for energy consumption. A s the natural resources of the world gets depleted and the consumption of energy levels goes up, it is
very imminent to consider each and every task we perform in our daily lives for their sustainability and how eco friendly they are. This necessarily means for what we take from the environment we must be
replenishing some amount and as much as possible use recycled and replenish able energy sources as much as possible (John Ruckes., 2006).
The construction of building involves the interference of the local ecology of the site of construction. In addition to this, during the entire process of the construction, there is enormous amount of particle matter that
pollutes the environment. All this defeats the purpose of the sustainability of the construction process and this can only be fixed if the design of the building construction incorporates special elements that are eco
friendly and adds to the sustainability of the building design. Keeping this in mind, the design of this commercial building has been done in such a way that it incorporates a large number of design elements and
innovative use of open spaces wherever possible to decrease the carbon footprint of the building and function in the most energy conservative method as possible (Understand Building Construction, 2016). The design
elements are discussed as follows.
Use of Open Roof Vegetation
As it can be seen from studying the site map that the location of the building construction area lacks proper plantation of trees and vegetation. This is due to the fact that the site is located in the central city area. Two
sides of the building site are home to two main roads for entrance to the building and the others are either occupied for other construction work or not fit for any vegetation. As such, the design of the building has
incorporated a special element to accommodate some vegetation to decrease the carbon footprint of the building as well as increasing the aesthetic value of the building (Cee.cornell.edu, 2016).
The roof area of the building, that is solid reinforced concrete member and has the capacity of load bearing like any other top slab of any floor in the building is surrounded by a spacious specially fabricated layer for a
on-roof plantation that can be used for gardening and can house various flowering and non flowering plants. These will not only add to the sustainability of the building but also enhance the aesthetic view of the
building (Kibert, 2008).
Use of Solar Panels for Electricity generation
The need for electricity in the powering of such a high rise building that accommodates office spaces and is very much necessary and indispensible as well as costly. Additionally, this electricity does not produce on its
own but most of this electricity is produced from non renewable resources like thermal power. A very small portion of the power is generated from renewable sources of energy like hydro electricity which can be
replenished at the nature. Thus, consumption of the same electricity makes the same impact on the global power outrage and disturbing the balance of nature. S to encounter this, 60 percent of the power consumption
of the building will be produced by the solar panels fitted on the roof. A study of the layout of the roof will indicate the location of the solar electricity generation panels.
Solar panels entrap the solar heat and light energy form the sunlight and the same is converted and stored in battery cells and supplied to several parts of the building for use. One of the most important part where the
independent power of the solar panels will be continually used is the lighting of the exit lights in the building. As stated earlier, the exit lights never turn off and they will continue to glow on their independent power
sources even when the power is out. This independent power source is the solar panels which supply electricity at all the time (Lataille, 2003).
Additionally, each of the solar panel has been placed at such a location and at such an angle that they perform two main functions. Firstly, they receive the most amount of solar energy at that angle and at that location
and the Roof Top Units (RTUs) placed at the roof for ventilation purposes are not directly exposed to the suns rays which decreases their power consumption rates and eliminates the cost of producing any cladding
structure for their protection form environmental conditions (Sustainability.kingspanpanels.com, 2016).
Use of Glass Glazing
As discussed earlier in the cladding and roofing sections, the cladding of the outer walls at the front of the building has been selected to be glass glazing with a reflective outer surface and specially treated glass. This
glass glazing, as specially treated has insulating capabilities that are necessary to retain the heat inside the building for a sufficiently long time. This not only reduces the power consumption required normally for
maintaining optimum climatic temperature conditions in the building but also allows sunlight to enter the inside of the building in large amounts. The entry of large amounts of sunlight means there are further scope for
internal plantation and vegetation in the office areas as well as the lobby spaces. This will not only add to the aesthetic interior values of the building but also participate in maintaining a naturally pleasant and healthy
atmosphere inside the building (Maitreya, 1988).

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Use of Roof Top Units


The use of roof top units means lesser consumption of power than traditionally used Air handling units that are bulky in nature, requires more space and power consumption as well as the maintenance costs are high.
The maintenance costs and power consumption of the roof top units are reduced by a large amount by the efficient placement of solar panels thus adding to the sustainability of the overall building design (Mazza,
2007).

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Health and safety Report


Workplace health and safety is not only a legal obligation but a moral duty of any property development process. In construction, this issue needs s to be addressed from the very beginning right from the excavation
stages till the completion of the building. The duty does not end here. After the completion of the building it is a duty to maintain a good and healthy atmosphere inside the building as well as to take preventive
measures to safeguard the lives and health of the occupants of the building. For this, the following elements of health and safety have been considered (Simplified design of building structures, 1980).
Construction health and safety
To ensure than none of the construction team members and workers are physically or mentally abused due to some foreseen or unforeseen circumstances during the construction of the building, proper workplace health
and safety measure will be incorporated and followed throughout the construction process. This will include every minute detail from construction of scaffolding to excavation and up to the completion of glazing and
painting. For workers working at heights above ground levels, proper harnesses shall be used when accessing scaffolding (O'Sullivan, 1975).
To ensure that none of the construction equipments pose a danger to the lives of the workers, proper site logistic plan shall be developed before the start of the construction process and adhered to throughout the
construction process.
Workplace health and safety
To ensure the workplace health and safety of the occupants of the building after the completion of the building, it is necessary to keep a proper maintenance schedule of all the components of the building that may pose
health hazards to the building occupants in one way or other. This list may include everything and anything from structural members to MEP equipments as well as electrical equipments. Maintenance of the same
means the identification of risk factors from every element and the maintenance will help in containing the risk (Everybodyneedsaroof.com, 2016).
Maintaining a good atmosphere
Maintaining a good atmosphere inside the building premises is important for the health and safety of the workers. It is well known that the ground floor occupies a large area for the cafeteria and food preparation area.
As such, large amounts of kitchen exhausts in the form of oil particles and gases are expelled each and every moment. These gaseous exhausts cannot be allowed to enter the common areas of the building and hence a
proper ventilation system development and adaptation is imminent for the mechanical team. A proper ventilation system with ceiling mounted ducts and HAVC equipments will not only ensure that the harmful gaseous
exhausts are disposed of properly using gooseneck duct exhaust system as well as serve to maintain inflow of conditioned air at every corner of the building thereby maintaining a proper and optimum work
environment (Oliver, Albon and Garner, 1997).
Use of non toxic and eco friendly material
The uses of toxic and hazardous materials are often known to cause several types of reactions and allergies to the occupants who come in direct contact. Hazardous materials which are not standardized and are cheap
are often found to be not compliant with standards of health and safety regulations. This not only pollutes the environment but also possesses a serious threat to the health of workers who install them and those who use
them and are in everyday direct contact with such materials (Shorter, 1968).
Fire protection
Fire is known to have taken lot of lives in several mishaps around the world and most of the fire happenings in the high rise commercial buildings clai most lives as the escape routes are not properly designed and
sometimes there are no preventive and firefighting measures available (Quan et al., 2015).
Wherever possible, the following has been incorporated as preventive measures against fire safety

take steps to prevent and reduce the impact of fire on the workplace and carry out a fire risk assessment of their workplace
identify the significant findings of the risk assessment and the details of anyone who might be especially at risk in case of fire (these must be recorded if more than five employees)
provide and maintain fire precautions necessary to safeguard anyone using the workplace (including visitors)
Provide information, instruction and training to employees about the fire precautions in the workplace.

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CPM
It is not only important to consider the structural and constructional aspects of a building design but also to keep in mind that any project cannot be extended over an unreasonable period of time which only incurs
unnecessary costs and adds to damage and deterioration of quality of materials. As such, it is important to identify the basic and main stages of the construction process and also the issues associated with them so that
during the construction, these can be directed by the construction managers and the issues addressed accordingly to facilitate the smooth operation of the project and construction process. A s such, following is a
disintegration of the basic steps associated with the construction process and the issues associated with them (Reid, 2000).
Stage 1
Preparation of site, excavation and site logistics
Activities
Preparation of temporary site offices for overseeing the activities, excavation work and access to ground protection
Risks
Collapse of nearby sub soil due to incorrect soil analysis
Stage 2
Foundation/footing
Activities
Piling of foundation, reinforcement of footing and foundation members and concreting
Risks
Damage to neighboring buildings
Stage 3
Construction of substructure
Activities
Piling and construction of pile caps, ground level slab and beam concreting, construction of service core and columns
Risks
Material handling, faults in waterproofing
Stage 4
Construction of superstructure
Activities
Construction of superstructure of first, second and third floor including the concreting of the roof

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Risks
Common workplace safety hazards, working at heights, handling of heavy machinery
Stage 5
Setting up of MEP services
Activities
Setting up of the MEP equipments the stud walls and the false ceiling spaces, testing of al the MEP services working properly
Risks
Co ordination between different MEP services
Stage 6
Fabrication and architectural construction
Activities
Installation of pre fabricated walls and other architectural parts and components
Risks
Common health hazards, working in high temperatures
Stage 7
Internal Finish Works
Activities
Ceilings, Furnishing
Risks
Cleaning and maintenance

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Student Performance and Reflective Practice


This project has been very challenging to me as it is not a small project but I was the sustainable and health considered design of a very practical high rise building with innovative building elements that has been
incorporated into the design.
For the illustration of the construction drawing, I used AutoCAD 2007 for all drawings and annotations. A lot of technical knowhow was gained from the designing of this building as I was researching deeply for
different types of structural elements like types of foundation and structures that can be used for supporting the high rise building structures.
A large number of new materials, new technology development and utilization, to save energy, improve the environment provides excellent conditions. When applying the concept of green buildings were the library
building to be strict in terms of building materials selection and calculation, pay great attention to the choice to maximize the use of energy-saving materials and maximizing design.
Other factors like the choosing of materials have been selectively performed so that there are no issues with the structural and architectural elements of the design. With the aid of the internet and studying journals
regarding advanced and innovative use of resources this design has completed its purpose.
One of the most innovative methods that I have adopted and is due to be tested in practical is the co ordination between the roof top units and the solar panels. I realized that the roof top units had to be covered and
protected from direct sunlight for maintenance. So instead of choosing a traditionally used cladding material for the roof top units, I decided to put the solar panels close to them such that most of the solar energy is
absorbed by the panels and used as renewable source of energy.

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