STUDI KASUS

Seorang geotek melakukan observasi dilapangan untuk mengklasifikasikan suatu massa

batuan dalam suatu terowongan, seorang geotek ini dikhususkan untuk mengklasifikasikan
massa batuan pada bagian heading. Didapatkan deskripsi massa batuan tersebut sebagai berikut.
54321

4321

321

21

1
scanline

87654321
987654321

7654321
654321

Pengukuran kedudukan kekar heading

No

Dip

Dip direction

Strike

Jarak antar
kekar (cm)

Jarak bukaan
kekar (cm)

Panjang
kekar (cm)

60

240

150

68

55

253

163

100

1.5

72

63

237

147

120

0.5

69

48

246

156

130

81

60

231

141

110

1.5

54

50

44

314

128

1.5

95

41

164

74

67

153

39

145

55

80

1.5

113

60

155

65

100

96

DATA PENGUJIAN SCHMIDT HAMMER

Pengujian
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

N.mm-2 = MPa
32
33
34
32
36
38
40
34
33
40
35.2

Pos A
35
36
37
35
38
39
40
37
36
40
Rata-rata
Tabel Kekasaran Kekar

Tabel Pengisian Data

Parameter

Lokasi Pengukuran

`Heading
Arah garis pengukuran

N 100 E

Panjang Scanline

10 m

Jenis Batuan

Batupasir

Schmidt Hammer Test

35.2 MPa

Jumlah kekar

Jumlah pasangan kekar

Jarak antar kekar

92.7 cm

Lebar bukaan kekar

1.27

Kekasaran bidang kekar

Rough

Kondisi

Panjang kekar

150 cm

Kekar

Material pengisi kekar

Hard filling > 5mm

Tingkat pelapukan kekar

Unweathered

Rock Quality Designation (RQD)

99.62 %

Keadaan Air Tanah

Wet

Arah Orientasi Kekar

Fair (N 2370 E/59)

Perhitungan RQD

100e-0.1 (0.1 + 1)

KLASIFIKASI MASSA BATUAN MENGGUNAKAN RMR (ROCK MASS RATING)

Dari hasil pengukuran kedudukan kekar dilapangan kemudian akan dilakukan
perhitungan untuk menentukan klas massa batuan yang terdapat pada batuan yang diuji.
1

Parameter
Strength
Of

Point

Load

>10 Mpa

Range of Values
4-10 Mpa
2-4 Mpa

1-2 Mpa

Strength Index

compressive test is

Intact Rock
Material

Uniaxial

>250 Mpa

100-250

15

Mpa
12

Comp. Strength
Rating

For this low range - uniaxial

50-100 Mpa
7

25-50 Mpa
4

preferred
5-25
1-5
Mpa
2

Mpa
1

<1 Mpa
6

2
3
4

Drill core Quality RQD

90% - 100%
Rating
20
Spacing of discontinuities
>2m
Rating
20
Condition
of
Discontinuitties

75%-90%
15
0.6-2 m
15
Slickensided
surfaces
or Gouge <
5 mm thick
or
Separation
1-5 mm
Continuous
25

50%-75%
10
200-600 mm
10
Slightly rough
surfaces
Separation < 1
mm
Highly

None

<10

Very rough surfaces

(see E)

Not continuous
No separation
Unweathered wall rock

Rating

30
Inflow per 10 m
tunnel length
(l/m)

Ground
Water

(Joint water
press)/ (Major
principal)
General

Completely

conditions

dry

Rating

25%-50%
8
60-200 mm
8

<25%
3
<60 mm
5

Slickensided
surfaces
or Gouge < 5
mm thick
or Separation
1-5 mm
Continuous

Soft gouge >5 mm thick

or Separation > 5 mm
Continuous

10

10-25

25-125

>125

<0.1

0.1-0.2

0.2-0.5

>0.5

Damp

Wet

Dripping

Flowing

10

15

B. RATING ADJUSTMENT FOR DISCONTINUITY ORIENTATIONS (See F)

Strike and dip orientations
Very Favourable
Favourable
Rating
Tunels & Mines
0
-2
Foundation
0
-2
Slopes
0
-5
C. ROCK MASS CLASSES DETERMINED FROM TOTAL RATINGS
Rating
100 - 81
80 - 61
Class number
I
II
Description
Very good rock
Good rock
D. MEANING OF ROCK CLASSES
Class number
I
II
20 yrs for 15 m
1 year for 10 m
Average stand-up time
span
span
Cohesion of rock mass (kPa)
> 400
300 - 400
Friction angle of rock mass
> 45
35 - 45
(deg)
E. GUIDELINES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF DISCONTINUITY conditions
Discontinuity length
<1m
1-3m
(persistence)
6
4
Rating
Separation (aperture)
None
< 0.1 mm
Rating
6
5
Roughness
Very rough
Rough
Rating
6
5
Hard filling < 5
Infilling (gouge)
None
mm
Rating
6
5
Weathering
Ratings

Unweathered
6

Slightly weathered
5

weathered
walls
20

Fair
-5
-7
-25

Unfavourable
-10
-15
-50

Very Unfavourable
-12
-25

60 - 41
III
Fair rock

40 21
IV
Poor rock

III

IV
10 hrs for 2.5 m

1 week for 5 m span

< 21
V
Very Poor rock
V
30 min for 1 m span

200 - 300

span
100 200

25 - 35

15 25

< 15

3 - 10 m
2

10 - 20 m
1

> 20
0

0.1 - 1.0 mm
4
Slightly rough
3

1 - 5 mm
1
Smooth
1

> 5 mm
0
Slickensided
0

Hard filling > 5 mm

3

Soft filling < 5 mm

2

Soft filling > 5 mm

0

Moderately
weathered
3

Highly weathered
1

Decomposed

< 100

F. EFFECT OF DISCONTINUITY STRIKE AND DIP ORIENTATION IN TUNNELLING**

Strike perpendicular to tunnel axis

Strike parallel to tunnel axis

Drive with dip - Dip 45 - 900

Drive with dip - Dip 20 - 450

Dip 45 900

Dip 20 - 450

Very favourable

Favourable

Very Unfavourable

Fair

Drive against dip - Dip 45-900

Drive against dip - Dip 20-450

Dip 0-20 - Irrespective of strikeq

Fair

Unfavourable

Fair

Pembobotan RMR (Rock Mass Rating)

Parameter

Measurement
Value

Rating

Schmidt Hammer Test

35.2 MPa

RQD

99.62 %

20

Spacing of discontinuity

92.7 cm

15

150 cm

Discontinuity
Length
Discontinuity

Separation

1.27 cm

Condition

Roughness

Rough

Infilling

Hard Filling > 5 mm

Weathering

Unweathered

Ground water

Wet

Discontinuity Orientation

N 2370 E/59 (Fair)

-5

Total Rating

58

Rock Mass Classes

III (Fair rock)

Meaning of Rock Classes

Pengukuran Stand-Up Time pada RMR

*) Rekomendasi menggunakan tulis tangan

KLASIFIKASI MASSA BATUAN SECARA Q-SYSTEM

Rock quality designation (RQD)
Very poor

RQD = 025%

Joint set number (Jn)

Massive, no or few joints

Jn = 0.5 - 1

Poor

25 - 50

One joint
set

Fair

50 - 75

One joint set plus random

Good

75 - 90

Two joint sets

Excellent

90 - 100

Two joint sets plus random

Notes:

Three joint sets

(i) Where RQD is reported or measured as < 10 (inclu-

Three joint sets plus random

12

Four or more joint sets, heavily jointed, "sugar-cube", etc.

15

ding 0), a nominal value of 10 is used to evaluate Q

Crushed rock, earthlike

(ii) RQD intervals of 5, i.e. 100, 95, 90, etc.

20

Notes: (i) For tunnel intersections, use (3.0 x Jn); (ii) For portals, use (2.0 x Jn)

are sufficiently accurate

Desciption and ratings for the parameter Jr (joint roughness number)

a) Rock-wall contact,
c) No rock-wall contact when sheared
b) rock-wall contact before 10 cm shear
Discontinuous joints

Zone containing clay minerals thick enough to prevent rockwall

Jr = 4

Jr = 1.0

Rough or irregular, undulating

contact

Smooth, undulating

Sandy, gravelly or crushed zone thick enough to prevent rock-

Slickensided, undulating

1.5

Rough or irregular, planar

1.5

Smooth, planar

1.0

i) Add 1.0 if the mean spacing of the relevant joint set is greater than 3 m

Slickensided, planar

0.5

ii) Jr = 0.5 can be used for planar, slickensided joints having lineations,

1.0

wall contact
Notes:

Note : i) Descriptions refer to small scale features,

provided the lineations are oreintated for minimum strength

and intermediate scale features, in that order

Descriptions and ratings for the parameter

Ja (joint alteration number)
JOINT WALL CHARACTER

Condition

Wall contact

Healed or welded joints: filling of quartz, epidote, etc.

Contactbetweenjointwalls

CLEAN JOINTS Fresh joint walls:

Ja = 0,75

no coating or filling, except from staining (rust)

Slightly altered joint

walls:

non-softening mineral coatings, clay-free particles, etc.

COATING OR

Friction materials:

sand, silt calcite, etc. (non-softening)

THIN FILLING

Cohesive materials:

clay, chlorite, talc, etc. (softening)

4
Partly wall contact

Partl

wall

FILLING OF:

Type

Thin filling (< 5 mm)

No wall contact
Thick filling

y or nocontact

Friction materials

sand, silt calcite, etc. (non-softening)

Ja = 4

Ja = 8

Hard cohesive materials

compacted filling of clay, chlorite, talc, etc.

5 - 10

Soft cohesive materials

medium to low overconsolidated clay, chlorite, talc,

etc.

12

Swelling clay materials

filling material exhibits swelling properties

8 - 12

13 - 20

Description and ratings for the parameter

Jw (joint water reduction factor)
Dry excavations or minor inflow, i.e. < 5 l/min locally

< 1 kg/cm2

Jw = 1

Medium inflow or pressure, occasional outwash of joint fillings

1 - 2.5

0.66

Large inflow or high pressure in competent rock with unfilled joints

2.5 -10

0.5

Large inflow or high pressure, considerable outwash of joint fillings

2.5 10

0.3

Exceptionally high inflow or water pressure at blasting, decaying with time

> 10

> 10

0.2 - 0.1

0.1 - 0.05

Note: (i) The last four factors are crude estimates. Increase Jw if drainage measures are
installed
(ii) Special problems caused by ice formation are not considered

Description and ratings for parameter

SRF (stress reduction factor)
Multiple weakness zones with clay or chemically disintegrated rock, very loose surrounding rock (any
depth)
Single weakness zones containing clay or chemically disintegrated
rock

(depth of excavation < 50 m)

Single weakness zones containing clay or chemically disintegrated

rock

(depth of excavation > 50 m)

2.5
7.5

excavation

A. Weaknesszonesintersecting

Multiple shear zones in competent rock (clay-free), loose surrounding rock (any depth)
Single shear zones in competent rock (clay-free), loose surrounding
rock

(depth of excavation < 50 m)

Single shear zones in competent rock (clay-free), loose surrounding

rock

(depth of excavation > 50 m)

2.5
5

Loose, open joints, heavily jointed or "sugar-cube", etc. (any depth)

Note:

(i)

SRF = 10

Reduce these valued of SRF by 25 - 50% if the relevant shear zones only influence, but do
not
intersect the excavation

c / 1

/ c

> 200

< 0.01

2.5

200 - 10

0.01 0.3

Low stress, near surface, open joints

B. Competentrock,rock

stress problems

Medium stress, favourable stress

condition
High stress, very tight structure. Usually favourable to stability, may be except for
walls

10 - 5 0.3 - 0.4

Moderate slabbing after > 1 hour in massive rock

5-3

0.5 0.65

5 - 50

Slabbing and rock burst after a few minutes in massive rock

3-2

0.65 - 1

50 - 200

<2

>1

200 - 400

Heavy rock burst (strain burst) and immediate dynamic deformation in massive
rock
For strongly anisotropic stress field (if measured): when 5 < 1 /
3

(ii)
Notes:

0.5 - 2

<10, reduce c to 0.75 c .

When 1/ 3 > 10, reduce c to 0.5 c

Few case records available where depth of crown below surface is less than span width. Suggest SRF
increase

/ c

(iii) from 2.5 to 5 for low stress cases

Plastic flow of incompetent rock under the Mild squeezing rock pressure
C. Squeezing rock

1-5

5 - 10

>5

10 - 20

influence of high
pressure

Heavy squeezing rock pressure

Chemical swelling activity depending on

Mild swelling rock

pressure

5 - 10

presence of water

Heavy swelling rock pressure

10 - 15

D. Swelling rock

Pada klasifikasi massa batuan ini adapun parameter yang digunakan ialah RQD (Rock
Quality Designation), angka kekasaran kekar (Jr), angka reduksi air (Jw), Jumlah set kekar (Jn),
angka alterasi kekar (Ja), dan faktor reduksi tegangan (SRF). Pada klasifikasi massa batuan Qsystem ini baik massa batuan terhadap wall maupun heading

saling ekuivalen, dimana

pembobotan dapat dilihat pada tabel 3.12 dan didapatkan beberapa parameter sebagai berikut.
RQD = 99.62 %
Ja
=3
Jn
=4
Jr
= 1.5
Jw = 1
SRF = 2.5
Kemudian Dilakukan perhitungan RQD, Q =

RQD
Jn

Jr
Ja

Jw
SRF

sehingga didapatkan nilai Q = 4.981, pada tahap selanjutnya ilah mencari ESR menggunakan
tabel sebagai berikut.

Excavation category ESR

Temporary mine openings

3-5

Permanent mine openings, water tunnels for hydro power (excluding

high pressure penstocks), pilot tunnels, drifts and headings for large
excavations.

1.6

Storage rooms, water treatment plants, minor road and railway

tunnels, surgechambers, access tunnels.

1.3

Power stations, major road and railway tunnels, civil defence

chambers,portal intersections.

1.0

Underground nuclear power stations, railway stations, sports and

publicfacilities, factories.

0.8

Maximum Unsuported Span = 2 ESR Q0.4 , didapatkan hasil 6.08 meter

Dari data tersebut Span yang digunakan ialah B = 6 meter
Panjang Rock Bolt =

2+

0.15 B
ESR

Dari data tersebut dapat dilakukan tindak lanjut pengklasifikasian menggunakan

kurva-kurva sebagai berikut.

*) Rekomendasi tulias tangan

KLASIFIKASI MASSA BATUAN MENGGUNAKAN RSR (ROCK STRUCTURE RATING)

Dalam klasifikasi massa batuan menggunakan RSR menggunakan parameter sebagai berikut.

*) penjelasan serta rekomendasi menggunakan tulis tangan