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Pile Bearing Capacity

Aswin Lim ST., MSc.Eng


Geotechnical Division Civil Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Parahyangan Catholic University

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

Outline

Use of Piles
Piles classification
General equation for pile capacity
Bored Pile
Driven Pile

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

Use of Piles
1. When upper soil layers are (highly) compressible
and too weak to support the load from
structures.
2. When subject to horizontal forces
3. When expansive and collapsible soils occurs
4. When foundation of some structures, such as
offshores platform, are subjected to uplifting
forces
5. When foundation, such as bridge foundation,
have the potential of loss of bearing capacity
due to soil erosion.
International Workshop on "Pile
Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

Use of Piles
6.
7.
8.
9.

When encountered Liquified Soils


Building on Unstable Slope
Piles are also used to stabilised slope
To avoid large settlement

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

Classification of Piles
Material
Steel Piles
Concrete Piles
Timber Piles

Load Transfer Mechanism


Point (End) bearing pile
Friction Pile

Effect on Surrounding Soils


Driven Piles (displacement piles)
Bored Piles ( non-displacement piles)
International Workshop on "Pile
Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

Classification of Piles

Qu = ultimate pile capacity


Qp = load carried by pile tip
Qs = load carried by pile skin friction

Qu = Qp + Qs

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

Load Transfer Mechanism in Limit State


Q1 = Qs ( Max friction resistance )
Q2 = Qp ( Min friction resistance )
Qu = Qp + Qs ( Ultimate Pile Capacity)
Q1 will be fully mobilized (Q1=Qs) when the
relative displacement between soil and pile is 5 10 mm
Q2 will be fully mobilized (Q2=Qp) when tip of pile has
moved about 10 25 % D

Qs is developed at a much smaller pile displacement


compared with Qp

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

General Equations for Pile Capacity


Qu Qp Qs
Allowable Load, Qall :

Qu
Qall
2,5

OR

Qp

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

Qs
Qall

3 1,5
8

Point Bearing Capacity, Qp


Influence depth :
Shallow foundation = 1B
Pile Foundation = (8 -10) D above, (0,7- 4) D below
tip

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

Point Bearing Capacity, Qp


qu c'.Nc* q'.N q* 0.5 ' BN *
B is small, can be ignored

Qp Ap .qu Ap . c'.N q'.N


*
c

*
q

IMPORTANT !
Ap = Area Steel + Soil Plug

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Friction Resistance, QS
Qs p.L. f s
P = pile perimeter
L = incremental pile length
fs = unit friction resistance at any depth

As p.L

Note :
fs is interface shear strength between soil and pile (along pile)

f s c n' tan

= interface frictional angle


n = lateral earth pressure
International Workshop on "Pile
Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Pile Installation

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Methods to Calculate Pile Capacity


1. Analytic method ( c, f )
2. Empirical correlation with In-Situ Testing (SPT
and CPT)
3. Dynamic Formula ( around 20 different
equations )
4. Wave Equation Analysis ( ITI, WEAP,
Microwave, GRLWEAP, etc )
5. Load Tranfer Method
International Workshop on "Pile
Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Methods to Calculate Pile Capacity


6. Static test ( Kentledge, Osterberg cell )
7. Dynamic test ( PDA )

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Pile Tip Resistance, Qp


Meyerhofs Method
C=0 (Sandy Soil),
Effective Stress Analysis
Qp1 Ap .q p Ap .q'.N q*

Qp 2 Ap .q1 Ap . 5.N q*. tan f '


Qp min Qp1 , Qp 2

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Pile Tip Resistance, Qp


Meyerhofs Method
f=0 , c = Su (Clay), Total Stress Analysis
Q p Ap .q p Ap .c.N c*
Q p Ap 9.Su

Su = undrained shear strength below tip

Note :
Nc* is different with shallow foundation because the failure surface is different
International Workshop on "Pile
Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Frictional Resistance, Qs
General Equation
Qs p.L. f s
fs depends on soil condition

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Frictional Resistance, Qs
Kulhawy Method
Sandy Soil

f s K0 . v '. tan f '


Where :
K0 = soil coefficient at rest
v = effective vertical stress
f = soil internal friction angle

K 0 1 sin f '
International Workshop on "Pile
Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Frictional Resistance, Qs
Kulhawy Method
Clay Soil

f s .Su

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Pile Tip Resistance, Qp


Meyerhofs Method
C=0 (Sandy Soil),
Effective Stress Analysis
Qp1 Ap .q p Ap .q'.N q*

Qp 2 Ap .q1 Ap . 5.N q*. tan f '


Qp min Qp1 , Qp 2

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Pile Tip Resistance, Qp


Meyerhofs Method
f=0 , c = Su (Clay), Total Stress Analysis
Q p Ap .q p Ap .c.N c*
Q p Ap 9.Su

Su = undrained shear strength below tip

Note :
Nc* is different with shallow foundation because the failure surface is different
International Workshop on "Pile
Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Frictional Resistance, Qs
General Equation
Qs p.L. f s
fs depends on soil condition

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Frictional Resistance, Qs
Sandy Soil (Meyerhof)

f s K . v '. tan
Where :
K = Earth pressure coefficient
v = effective overburden pressure of soils
which the value is constant until reaching 15D
= interface friction angle

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Variation of K and
Earth pressure coefficient K:

NOT RECOMMENDED !!

Bored or jetted piles:


K=K0
Low-displacement driven piles: K=K0~1.4K0
High-displacement driven piles: K=1.4K0~1.8K0
NC Clay
and Sand

K 0 1 sin f '
K 0 1 sin f ' OCR

OC Clay

Interface friction angle :


Smooth steel (i.e. pile or H pile):
=0.5~0.7f
Rough steel (i.e. step-taper pile):
=0.7~0.9f
Smooth concrete (i.e. precast pile): =0.8~1.0f
Rough concrete (i.e. step-taper pile): =1.0f
International Workshop on "Pile
Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Variation of K and
Based on Tomlinson :
K = 1 Loose sand
K = 2 Dense sand

RECOMMENDED !!!
International Workshop on "Pile
Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Frictional Resistance, Qs
Clay Soil
For Clay soil, there are 3 methods to obtain fs :
1. Lambda Method (Vijayvergiya & Focht,
1972)
2. Alpha Method (Tomlinson)
3. Beta Method

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Lambda Method
f s . v ',ave 2.Su ,ave

L (m)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
70
80
90

Where :
= constant
v,ave = average effective vertical stress
Su,ave = average undrained shear strength

0.5
0.336
0.245
0.2
0.173
0.15
0.136
0.132
0.127
0.118
0.113
0.11
0.11
0.11

v ',ave
International Workshop on "Pile
Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

A
i 1

Su ,ave

S .L
i 1

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Alpha Method (Tomlinson)


f s .Su
Where :
= adhesion factor
Su= undrained shear strength

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Beta Method
f s ,ave . v '

K . tan fr
Where :
fr = drained angle of friction from remolded sample (residual strength)
K = (1 sin fr) . OCR0.5

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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Remarks
Tip capacity (Qp)
Pile Type

Skin friction (fs)

Cohesionless Cohesive Cohesionless


soil
Soil
soil

Cohesive Soil

Bored
Pile

Meyerhof

Meyerhof

Kulhawy

Kulhawy

Driven
Pile

Meyerhof

Meyerhof

Meyerhof

Alpha, Beta,
Lambda

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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ANY QUESTIONS
??????????????

International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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International Workshop on "Pile


Foundation and Pile Dynamics 2012"

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