Ch3 Electrical Measurement Quantity

Chapter 3:
Electrical Measurement Quantity

Dr. Anita Ahmad
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universi& Teknologi Malaysia
81310 UTM Skudai, Johor
Malaysia
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Resistance Measurement Technique:

Wheatstone Bridge
is a measuring instrument
invented by Samuel Hunter
Chris6e in 1833 and
improved and popularized
by Sir Charles Wheatstone
in 1843
it is used to measure an unknown electrical resistance by
balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which
includes the unknown component
meter used is a sensi6ve galvanometer.
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Resistance Measurement Technique:

Wheatstone Bridge
Proof Rx below if the bridge is balance.
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Example
Figure below consists of the following parameters. R1= 20 k, R2=
10 k and R3= 15 k. Find the unknown resistance Rx.
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Unbalance bridge
VD VB
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Resistance Measurement Technique

Kelvins bridge
A modica6on of Wheatstones bridge that used for measuring
low resistance value (range 0.001 to 25 ).
Ry represen6ng the resistance connec6ng leads from R3 and Rx.
When
Galvanometer is
connected to point
a, Ry is added to Rx
resul6ng high
resistance to Rx.
Vice versa.
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Resistance Measurement Technique

Kelvins bridge
When G is connected to point b and the bridge is balance
If G is connected to point b, in between points c and a, the ra6o
of the resistance from c to b and that from a to b equals the
ra6o of resistances R1 and R2
Given

Rcb
R1
=
; Rab + Rcb = Ry
Rab R2
and
(Rx + Rcb ) R1
=
(R3 + Rab ) R2
hence,
RR
Rx = 1 3
R2
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also ,
Rcb + Rab = R y
Kelvins bridge
( Rx + Rcb ) =
by adding 1 to both ratio,

Rcb
R
+1 = 1 +1
Rab
R2
R y R1
R y R2
R1
( Rx +
)=
( R3 +
)
R1 + R2
R2
R1 + R2
R y R1
R y R1
R1 R3
Rx +
=
+(
)
R1 + R2
R2
R1 + R2
Rcb + Rab R1 + R2
=
Rab
R2
Ry
Rab
Rx =
R1 + R2
R2
Rab =
R1
( R3 + Rab )
R2
R1 R3
R2
R y R2
R1 + R2
and
Rcb = R y -Rab = R y
R y R2
R1 + R2
R y R1
R1 + R2
Example
Based on Figure 1, if the ra6o of Ra to Rb is 1200 , R1 is 10
and R1 =0.5 R2. What is the value of Rx?
Impedance Measurement Technique

a measure of the overall opposi6on of a
circuit to current
takes into account the eects of
capacitance and inductance
measured in ohms, symbol
more complex than resistance due to
impedance varies with freq.
the eect of resistance is constant
regardless of frequency.
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The impedance of the circuit is splited into two parts: Resistance
R (the part which is constant regardless of frequency) Reactance
X (the part which varies with frequency)
capacitance& inductance cause a phase shia* between the I & V
must be added as vectors with reactance at right angles to
resistance

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Reactance, X
a measure of the opposi6on of capacitance and inductance to current
varies with the frequency of the electrical signal and measured in ohms
2 types of reactance:
Capaci6ve reactance (Xc) and
Induc6ve reactance (XL)
total reactance (X) is the
dierence between the
two: X = XL - Xc
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magnitude
phase
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Polar, Rectangular Forms:
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The voltage across a capacitor lags the current because the
current must ow to build up the charge and the voltage is
propor6onal to the charge which is built up on the capacitor
plates
1
XC =
C
j
XC =
C
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The voltage across an inductor leads the current because
the Lenzlaw behaviour resists the build-up of the current
and it takes a nite 6me for an imposed voltage to force
the build-up of current to its maximum
XL = L
X L = j L
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Impedance Measurement Technique:

AC Bridge
for this general form of AC bridge
to balance, the impedance ra6os of
each branch must be equal:
impedance quan66es must be

complex, accoun6ng for both
magnitude and phase angle
It is insucient that the impedance
magnitudes alone be balanced
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AC bridge: Wheatstone bridge

A null reading is obtained on a
Wheatstone bridge by a
comparison of the voltage drops in
the passive resistance arms of the
bridge
When the equa6on R1R4 = R2R3 ,
the bridge is balanced and a null
or zero reading is obtained on the
detector
The voltage at the nodes A and B
may be computed using the simple
poten6al division rule as below:
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AC Bridge
Find the unknown Z4 if the

bridge is balance and

Z1 = 200 30
Z 2 = 150 0
Z 3 = 250 40
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AC bridge: Example
Find Zx
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Serial-capacitor type bridge
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Serial-capacitor type bridge: Example
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Parallel-capacitor type bridge:
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Maxwell bridge: (1 < Q < 10 )

Q, ratio of coil reactance to a-c resistance
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Maxwell bridge: Example
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Hay bridge: (10 < Q < 1000 )
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Hay bridge: (10 < Q < 1000 )
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Example
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ii. Given that the value for the resistor Ra, Rb, Rc are 500 , 200
and 350 , respectively. The inductor Ld and the capacitor Ce are
20 mH and 0.5 F, respectively. Calculate the unknown parameter
Zx.
iii. Based on the answer obtained in Q3(c)(ii), identify the components
and determine the value of the components in Zx.
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OSCILLOSCOPE / CRO
oscilloscope is basically a graph-displaying device - it draws a
graph of an electrical signal
In most applica6ons the graph shows how signals change
over 6me
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OSCILLOSCOPE
the ver6cal (Y) axis represents voltage and the horizontal
(X) axis represents 6me.
The intensity or brightness of the display is some6mes
called the Z axis
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OSCILLOSCOPE
oscilloscope draws a V/t graph, voltage against 6me
screen of oscilloscope has 8 squares or divisions on the Y axis, 10
squares on the X axis (~1cm in each direc6on)
can change the Y or X axis, so that you can display a clear picture of
the signal you want to inves6gate
'Dual trace'
oscilloscopes display
two V/t graphs at the
same 6me, so that
simultaneous signals
from dierent parts of
an electronic system can
be compared.
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OSCILLOSCOPE
Before turning ON oscilloscope., check that all the controls in their
'normal' posi6ons:
- push buson switches in the OUT posi6on
- slide switches in the UP posi6on
- rota6ng controls are CENTRED
- the central TIME/DIV and VOLTS/DIV and the HOLD OFF controls are in
the calibrated, or CAL posi6on
- Set both VOLTS/DIV controls to 1 V/DIV and the TIME/DIV control to 2 s/
DIV, its slowest sevng:
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OSCILLOSCOPE
The diagram shows a lead with a (Bayonet Neill-Concelman) BNC
plug at one end and crocodile clips at the other. When the
crocodile clip from the red wire is clipped to the lower metal
terminal, a 2 V square wave is connected to the input of CH 1.
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OSCILLOSCOPE
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OSCILLOSCOPE
the screen of an oscilloscope consists of a cathode ray tube,
similar principles to TV
Inside the tube is a vacuum.
The electron beam emised
by the heated cathode at
the rear end of the tube is
accelerated and focused by
one or more anodes, and
strikes the front of the
tube, producing a bright
spot on the
phosphorescent screen.
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OSCILLOSCOPE
The electron beam is bent, or deected, by voltages applied to two
sets of plates xed in the tube
The horizontal deec6on plates, or X-plates produce side to side
movement
As you can see, they are linked to a system block called the 6me
base
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OSCILLOSCOPE
This produces a sawtooth Waveform
During the rising phase of the sawtooth, the spot is driven at
a uniform rate from lea to right across the front of the screen
During the falling phase,
the electron beam
returns rapidly from right
to lea, but the spot is
'blanked out' so that
nothing appears on the
screen
In this way, the 6me base
generates the X-axis of
the V/t graph
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OSCILLOSCOPE
The trace on an oscilloscope screen is a graph of voltage against 6me
The shape of this graph is determined by the nature of the input
signal.
In addi6on to the proper6es labelled on the graph, there is
frequency which is the number of cycles per second
The diagram shows a sine wave
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OSCILLOSCOPE
Amplitude or peak voltage is the max. voltage reached by the signal,
measured in volts, V
Peak-peak voltage is twice the peak voltage (amplitude)
Time period is the 6me taken for the signal to complete one cycle,
measured in seconds
Frequency is the number of cycles per second, measured in hertz (Hz)
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OSCILLOSCOPE
Example measurements:
peak-peak voltage = 8.4V

amplitude voltage = 4.2V
6me period = 20ms

frequency = 50Hz
The trace of an AC signal

Y AMPLIFIER/CHANNEL: 2V/cm
TIMEBASE: 5ms/cm
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Phase shi]
Signal A
(reference)
Signal B
Phase shift = (different between signal A & signal B) x 360 degree

(reference signal in 1 cycle)
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Example
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Chapter 3:

Electrical Measurement Quantity

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

Resistance Measurement Technique:

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

Resistance Measurement Technique:

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

Resistance Measurement Technique

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

Resistance Measurement Technique

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by adding 1 to both ratio,

Impedance Measurement Technique

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Impedance Measurement Technique

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

Impedance Measurement Technique

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

Impedance Measurement Technique

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

Impedance Measurement Technique

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

Impedance Measurement Technique

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

Impedance Measurement Technique

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Impedance Measurement Technique:

impedance quan66es must be

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AC bridge: Wheatstone bridge

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Find the unknown Z4 if the

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innova&ve entrepreneurial global

Serial-capacitor type bridge

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Serial-capacitor type bridge: Example

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Parallel-capacitor type bridge:

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Maxwell bridge: (1 < Q < 10 )

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Maxwell bridge: Example

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Hay bridge: (10 < Q < 1000 )

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Hay bridge: (10 < Q < 1000 )

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innova&ve entrepreneurial global

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

innova&ve entrepreneurial global

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innova&ve entrepreneurial global

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The trace of an AC signal