Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BOLECTIC
RAY'S
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
THE
COURHS.
PRINCIPLES
or
ARITHMETIC,
ANALYZED
PRACTICALLY
AND
FOR
STUDENTS.
ADVANCED
JOSEPH
BY
RAY,
M.:f";
"
'
LATE
MATHEMATICS
OK
PROFESSOR
EDITED
BY
CHAS.
E.
STEREOTYPE
REVISED
IN
WOODWARD
COLLKOA.
M.'
MATTHEWS,
EDITION.
.,
CINCINNATI:
WILSON,
PHIL'A
NEW
"
HINKLE
:
CLAXTON, REMSEN
YORK:
CLARK
146022
" HAFFELFINGER.
" MAYNARD.
GO
THE
BEST
CHEAPEST
AND
MATHEMATICAL
PROFESSOR
BY
Each
of the
BOOK
WORKS.
JOSEPH
RAY.
Course, as
Arithmetical
well
the
as
is
Algebraic,
simple mental
Lessons
BOOK
RAY'S
RAY'S
academies
and
and
full
analyticalmethods
By"."#'S
ARITHMETIC,
also,of;te,si
Examples
'HIGHER
RAY'S
and
ARITHMETIC."
for schools
extant.
THIRD
ARITHMETIC,
and
on
complete treatise,
containing solutions
BOOK:
the inductive
RAY'S
and academies; a
cbtemo^"6cliools
to the
questions;
Blackboard.
Principlesof Arithmetic,ana-
For advanced
SECOND
ARITHMETIC,
of instruction.
ARITHMETIC."
ELEMENTARY
BOOK:
FIRST
interestingIntellectual Arithmetic
the most
PRACTICAL
TO
ARITHMETIC,
ARITHMETIC."
NTELLECTTIAL
KEY
RAY'S
ARITHMETIC."
PRIMARY
classes.
FIRST
BOOK
ALGEBRA,
; for
and thorough
simple,progressive,
elementary.treatise.
ifcLXJEBRA."RAY'S
HIQHER
SECOND
BOOK
ALGEBRA,
; for adand
for
academies,
colleges; a progressive,
work.
Comprehensive
in
v:-:n"!edv'8ttidents
IftWd anU*
TO
KEY
FIRST
IIAY'S ALGEBRA,
AND
SECOND
BOOKS.
In
one
vol.
ringfor |ubluati0n,
L-TTHE.
ELEMENTS
geometry^with
numerous
OF
GEOMETRY,
embracing plain
practicalexercises,
n.
"
and
solid
TRIGONOMETRY
ANi} iMEJnURATION,
"
an
the
'associate Instructor
department of Woodward
publicationof the unfinished
ENTERED
"nd
with
according to
Fifty Six, by WINTHROP
Court
of the United
by C.
fltereotyped
Act
of
B.
College,will
in the Mathematical
edit and
superintend
the year
Eighteen Hundred
F. O'Driscoll
RAY
4 Co.
District of Ohio.
Q.A
\ 03
PREFACE.
As my
JOSEPH
name
RAY,
for the
on
circumstance
in their nature.
by referringbrieflyto matters
personal
to the public
an
author, Dr. Ray is known
As
of
at
within
of his
reach
excellent
mathematical
immediate
his
been
fortunate
so
instructions
conspicuousfor
to
as
aro
come
example. In
unremittingindustry,
and
to be of service
was
to others.
To
me,
his memory
is endeared
spent
were
Collegeand High
him
with
School.
Arithmetics
author
has
of this series.
been
manuscriptwas
a
change has
and
with
the work.
deemed
necessary
has
been
desire
matter
to
has
render
Common
of
to
been
in
been done
carry
out
with
the
demonstration
subjectmore
general plan
case
more
numbers
of
it
clusive,
con-
satisfactory.
in the Contractions
of whole
when
clear and
full and
Division,Greatest Common
Multipleboth
great caution
introduced
occasionally
the
especially
Contractions
Least
made, it has
the treatment
or
This
been
New
endeavored
language of the
retained without material change as far as the
complete and ready for publication.Whenever
anxious
an
With
I have
me,
in Multiplication,
Divisor and
and
fractions
fiii)
PREFACE.
IT
Pure
Common
Decimal
Fractions
has
been
This arrangement
in
"i
is
discussed
before
and
philosophical,
any
of ita
not
open
and
applications.
to objection
In
of the applicaattendingsome
tions
Interest are
inseparablefrom the
in
school-room
the
exercises
are
of business.
men
obscurities
difficultiesand
obstacles
and
of accountants
use
to
these
overcome
counting-room. No
introducingthese subjectsand
most
numerous,
and
in the
than
for
meet
of them
and
new
interesting,
have
been
and
Decimals
Circulating
bo omitted
useful,may
or
of the
the character
considered
farm)
too
rather curious
other matters
until
pupils make
review,if the
it necessary
also be
want
and
tensively
ex-
of time
any
ples
exam-
postponed in the
way
THE
STEREOTYPE
The
marked
approbation
into
of
than
several
editions
revised,and
revision, by
eented
wrid
the
is
now
in
extended
few
presented
careful
EDITION.
to this
Schools of the
best
months,
in
EDITOR
the work
has
been
sala
thoroughly
troduction
in-
In th"
abridgment
language, the ideas are preand
greater precision
perspicuity,the book condensed,
number
of
and
new
large
interesting
examples added.
with
CONTENTS.
"Mi
INTRODUCTION
SIMPLE
NUMBERS.
Notation
and
Numeration
11
Addition
19
Subtraction
22
Multiplication
26
Division
35
Principles of Multiplicationand
General
of
Summary
Division
47
Principles
PROPERTIES
51
NUMBERS
OF
55
66
Factoring
Greatest
Least
Divisor
Common
Proofs
60
Multiple
Common
Rules
of the
by
64
castingout
ll's
67
Cancellation
71
TRACTIONS
COMMON
and
Numeration
72
Notation
of Fractions
74
of Fractions
Reduction
77
of Fractions
Addition
84
of Fractions
Subtraction
Multiplicationof
85
Fractions
87
Division of Fractions
89
To
Reduce
Complex
Fractions
To
find
the
Greatest
Common
To
find
the
Least
to
Simple
Divisor
Common
92
ones
of Fractions
93
Multiple of Fractions
U4
FRACTIONS
DECIMAL
and
Numeration
of
Reduction
Notation
97
of Decimals
99
Decimals
103
of Decimals
Addition
107
of Decimals
Subtraction
108
Multiplicationof Decimals
Division
of Decimals
CIRCULATING
Reduction
110
114
.'
DECIMALS
120
of Cii'culates
123
of Circulates
Addition
Subtraction
124
of Circulates
125
.
Multiplication of Circulates
Division
126
of Circulates
127
.
CONTENTS.
FAOR.
NUMBERS
COMPOUND
Mariners'
Long or Linear Measure
and
Surveyors'
Engineers'Measure
12.3
Measure
"
Cloth
120
HjO
130
Measurer
Square
Land
and
Surface
131
Measure
132
Measure
Cubic
Solid Measure
or
Troy
133
134
Miut
Weight
Diamond
Weight
ApothecariesWeight
Avoirdupoisor Commercial
Comparison of Weights
or
Wine
135
loo
130
Weight
136
137
Measure
Ale and
Beer
137
Measure
Dry Measure
Comparison of Measures
Apothecaries'Fluid Measure
138
Time
139
Circular
Comparison
Federal
139
142
Measure
Angular
or
138
of Time
142
Longitude
United
States Money
SterlingMoney
or
English or
and
143
145
State Currencies
146
French
147
148
151
166
168
171
175
181
PARTS
ALIQUOT
Miscellaneous
181
Currencies
in State
Exercises
Examples
in
Compound
180
Numbers
RATIO
H7
PROPORTION
110
Simple Proportion
*
Compound Proportion
Rule
of Cause
and
I!'1.)
200
Effect
202
PERCENTAGE
To
Find
any
To Find
A. Number
"noro
given Per
the Rate
To Find
or
Per
Number,
Cent, of
Cent,
when
one
another,
20:i
Number
is of another
number
certain
being given,which
less than
is
per
200
.
cent, oi it is known
certain
to find that
208
.
per cent,
other
210
CONTENTS.
Vli
*
PAOl.
APPLICATIONS
and
Gain
212
213
Loss
and
Commission
219
Brokerage
226
Dividends
and
Stocks
PERCENTAGE
OP
227
Premium
Par, Discount,and
Insurance
232
Taxes
236
Duties
239
Customs
or
242
INTEREST
Simple
Interest
Rules
Practical
computing Simple
for
247
Interest
263
Discount
and
Worth
Present
244
256
BANKING
the
To Find
257
Notes
Promissory
day
268
legallydue
258
NOTES
DISCOUNTING
To
Find
the Proceeds
To
Find
the rate
To
Find
and
is
Note
the
of
260
Note
Interest,when
of
Face
of any
Note
Note, when
the
is Discounted
263
proceeds,time,
264
of
Discount,are given
rate of Discount,corresponding to
rate
To find the
given rate
266
of Interest
Rules
for Partial
266
Payments
271
EXCHANGE
of
Chain
an
To
settle
278
282
Account
Current
Merchant's
Account
whose
items
draw
283
Interest
Current
286
288
ACCOUNTS
OP
289
PAYMENTS
295
INTEREST
276
CURRENT
settle
COMPOUND
275
279
To
EQUATION
274
of account
Rule
ACCOUNTS
STORAGE
moneys
find the
...
296
300
.
801
302
303
CONTENTS.
viii
PAQB
306
ANNUITIES
Ti
find
of
To
value
To
value
or
of
o.f an
Annuity
final value
of
find
an
Interest and
To
present
value,and
of
305
306
....
an
307
.
309
known
when
runs,
final value
or
of Interest
time
certain
Annuity
present or final value,rate
its
Annuity, when
and time to run, are
of Interest,
To find the time a given annuity
To
804
Perpetuity
a deferred Perpetuity
are
the
of
rate
309
known
....
to run, known
ContingentAnnuities
To find the value
To
how
find
given
To
find
Annuity
dower
be
can
for
purchased
311
313
of the reversion
the
a
value
PROPORTIONAL
of
Annual
Policy of
Life
Annuity
Premiums
at the death
a
of
to
necessary
of the person
313
Insured
313
Life-Insurance
314
PARTS
Partnership
Partnership with
Bankruptcy
General
and
Single
given sum
find the
Rate
Life
Widow's
or
sum
secure
To
Life-Estate
large a
To
of
311
315
317
Time
319
321
322
average
324
325
Alligation
INVOLUTION
830
EVOLUTION
332
Square
Cube
332
root
Root
338
Extraction
of any
Root
342
344
SERIES
Arithmetical
Geometrical
845
Series
Series
.
346
349
NOTATION
OP
848
PERMUTATIONS, COMBINATIONS
SYSTEMS
'
DUODECIMALS
350
...
351
MENSURATION
and
Painters',
Plasterers',
Pavers'
Work
35'J
Mensuration
of Solids
354
Masons'
Bricklayers'Work
357
Guaging
Tunnage
MECHANICAL
and
358
of Vessels
POWERS
S'""3
see
ARITHMETIC.
I.
1.
ARTICLE
QUANTITY
is
diminished.
or
time,
INTRODUCTION.
and
weight,
Thus,
2.
MATHEMATICS
ART.
3.
The
is the
fundamental
ART.
4.
ARITHMETIC
ART.
5.
PROBLEM
ART.
6.
THEOREM
ART.
7.
Problems
ART.
8.
lines, space,
science
branches
and
Algebra,
Arithmetic,
numbers,
be
can
creased
in-
motion,
quantities.
are
ART.
which
thing
any
of
quantity.
of
Mathematics
of
numbers.
are
Geometry.
is
is
the
COROLLARY
truth
be
to
proved.
are
is
deduced
truth
called
both
Theorems
solution.
for
question proposed
is
and
science
positions.
Pro-
from
ceding
pre-
proposition.
by
which
ART.
9.
ART.
proposition
10.
3.
6.
to
What
is
both?
demonstration
proposition
1. What
"
What
is
its
are
problem?
What
shown
6.
is
to
to
quantity
Give
theorem
corollary?
4.
branches?
fundamental
?
9.
7.
A
What
of
2.
examples.
common
demonstration?
reasoning
which
one
by a chain
proved.
be
of
process
be true.
is
and
truths,
known
the
establishes
is
DEMONSTRATION
DIRECT
with
REVIEW.
is
DEMONSTRATION
reasoning
matics?
is Mathe-
What
Define
mences
com-
Arithmetic.
is
name
10.
(9)
applied
direct
RAY'S
10
ART.
An
11.
the
assumes
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
is
DEMONSTRATION
INDIRECT
bo
propositionto
then
fake, and
This
follow.
absurditywill necessarily
some
palled Reductio
12.
ART.
ad
An
is
evident
demonstration.
any
proves that
is sometimes
absurdum.
AXIOM
propositionso
which
one
that it
The
self-evident
not
can
followingare
the
among
most
important axioms.
1. If
the
the
sums
If the
2.
If the
4.
equal.
same
the
MATHEMATICAL
ART.
13.
For
+,
ART.
14.
The
ART.
sign
The
The
follows
sign X,
numbers
The
17.
Division.
The
that which
REVIEW.
between
the
most
tnentlyneed
in
sign -7-,
number
indirect
read
which
follows it.
11. An
"
it is
placed
equals8.
be
it is to
subtracted
plication.
times,is the sign of Multi-
read
Be multipliedtogether. Thus,
ART.
which
tion;
Addi-
"
18.
sign of
4 equals3.
precedesit. Thus, 7
and less.
Latin words,signifying
more
are
that which
ART.
which
used
traction;
minus, is the sign of Sub-
read
"
the
batween
together. Thus, 3 +
the number
Name
the
( )or
=,
the numbers
that
The
15.
-=-,
be added
to
X,
"
it shows
by
the
SIGNS.
are
brevity,characters,called signs,
Those
used in Arithmetic,are
most
in Mathematics.
from
from
5.
are
subtracted
or
the
number,
same
equals,
to
be multiplied
by
equalquantities
be
will
equal.
products
be divided by
or
equal quantities
quotientswill be equal.
same
number,
game
will be
remainders
If the
added
or
same
equals,the
3.
be
equal quantities
equal.
be
or
equal quantities
same
will be
which
4x5
divided
it is
placed are
equals 20.
by, is
precedesit
Thus, 20
demonstration?
is to
-j- 4
12.
the
sign of
be divided
equals5.
What
13-19.
Describe
important axioms.
Arithmetic, and give examples of their
to
the
use.
is
an
axiom
signs most
fre-
NUMERATION
ART.
18.
AND
NOTATION.
The
ART.
that two
parenthesis
( ), or
or
numbers
more
Thus, (7+ 4) X 3
33;
20.
unit
ART.
21.
number
classed under
Sow
the
1.
"
shows
:,
considered
8^5x4=19
or
ARITHMETICAL
ART.
vinculum
to be
are
is
as
one.
"
+ 5-^2.
DEFINITIONS.
is
is
same
unit, or
and
name,
collection
the
to
answers
of units
question,
many?
The
unit of
thus,in
number
Jive cents,
is
is the
cent
one
of the
one
thingsit
in
unit;
expresses:
apples,one
ten
foot is
thus,one
part of
is,one
sometimes
are
unit in
in
Numbers
abstract number
is
character;
only a
din? a is a unit,that
in regard to cents.
designated,as
one,
the
one
in which
two
apples,
either abstract
are
in which
one
of unit
called denominate
Arithmetic
23.
carried
are
operations
is
of
called
by
on
Give
its fundamental
is
cent,
one
numbers
quently
fre-
are
means
of ADDITION,
These
its
TION,
SUBTRACare
termed
NOTATION.
is the art
of
and
NOTATION,
on
AND
NUMERATION
of
naming
numbers.
numbers
representing
by
acters
char-
or digits.
figures
20.
REVIEW."
relative character
number
designated,as
is founded
is the art
NOTATION
is not
numbers.
NUMERATION
24.
ART.
An
unit
concrete
and
DIVISION.
MULTIPLICATION,
rules of Arithmetic.
the fundamental
II.
it is
concrete.
or
kind
Concrete
bushels,"c.
ten
the
three,"c.
two,
kind
their
regard to feet,but
22.
ART.
in
relative
unit in
ART.
only
of
What
some
examples.
rules ?
is
units.
23. On
24.
What
unit?
21. What
22. What
what
arc
is Arithmetic
is numeration
number?
abstract
founded?
What
Show
numbers
?
What
is notation
th"
crete?
Con-
art
RAY'S
12
ART.
by
first nine
The
25.
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
numbers
are
each
represented
singlefigure,thus:
12345
three,
two.
one.
T89
6
fire.
four.
iix.
eight, nine.
seven,
another
REMARK
The
"
called
flguresare
of
representedby combinations
0, called zero, naught,or cipher.
figure,
are
The
other
value.
some
TEN,
the
The
26.
ART.
number
is written
and
next
with
two
higher than 9
figuresthus, 10:
is named
in which
unit,1, on
its left is different from the unit,1, standingalone,which
represents a singlething,while this represents a single
group of ten things.
cipher,0, merely serves
succeedingTen
numbers
The
follows
show
to
that the
written
are
and
named
as
11
12
13
14
15
16
eleven.
twelve.
thirteen,
fourteen,
fifteen.
sixteen.
17
18
seventeen,
19
eighteen,
nineteen.
number.
REMAKE.
eleven
and
the
from
rived
supposed to be deleftafterten,and two leftafterten.
twelve
words
The
words
The
"
are
of three and
contractions
ten,
next
number
to
and
ten
ten, or
RE
vi
numbers
What
does
are
E w.
groups
"
25.
How
above
nine
the
other
represented?
figures called?
bombers.
are
Explain their
What
names.
does
Show
Rem.
26.
the 1
what
For
How
represent?
the
written?
Write
figuresdenote
What
the next
in each.
nine
NUMERATION
AND
NOTATION.
13
The
on
things,10,
ten
but
highergrade than
In
'
like manner,
hundreds,and
three
thousand,and
unit of
so
written
on
to
up
with
hundreds,called
ten
four figures,
1000, being
a
a
27. From
figurein the 1st
ART.
what
has
been
said,it
is clear that
of tens, or
tens of hundreds
place,expresses
4th
tent
place,expresses
counting from
the
Units
order
of
The
order
of Tens
The
order
order
or
and
in th.e
thousands.
Hence,
place
place
place
place
righthand,
The
The
hundreds;
is in the 1st
is in the 2d
is in the 3d
of Hundreds
is in the 4th
of Thousands
10
.
100
1000
values
By this arrangement, the same
figureha" different
accordingto the placein which it stands. Thus, 3 in the
firstplaceis 3 units; in the second place3 tens,or thirty;
in the third place3 hundreds; and so on.
ART.
28.
the orders
as
The
word
UNITS
may
be used
in
naming
all
follows:
called
Unit*
of the
Tens
Units
of the 2d
Hundreds
Units
of the
3d order.
Thousands
Units
of the
4th order.
Simple units
are
"c.
1st order.
order.
"o.
highestnumber of two
is it written ? Explain its figures.
? What
Is tho next called ? How
figures
What
How
27. What
does a figurein the 1st
is a Thousand?
written?
the
the
3d place? in the 4tb
in
in
2d
place express? a figure
place?
place? How doe* tho value of the same
figurevary ?
RKTIHW."
26. What
are
20, 30, 40 ?
What
is the
BAY'S
i i
NOTE.
Wlicu
"
units
order,units
ARITHMETIC.
without
named
are
number
less than
three hundred
0 tens, and
of the
none
ART.
units ; or 3
9 of the
and
second,
method
For
of
ple,
examare
nine, there
units of the
ticular
par-
there
twenty-jive,
and
and
any
dreds,
3 hun-
arc
third, and
hence, tho
first order ;
representedthus, 309.
is
number
the
show
and
to
intended.
thousand.
one
four hundred
reference
always
are
preceding articles
expressingnumbers
in the
Ell
of
The
29.
ART.
HIGH
30.
OF
SUMMARY
1. All numbers
are
2. Zero
has
value;
3. The
base
no
PRINCIPLES.
represented
by
its
the nine
Jillvacant
is to
use
and
digits
zero
pin ":""*.
2d.
1st.
a
cj
"
no
in
-0
a
.pj
W
AET.
32.
For
or
UNIT
or
THOUSAND
MILLION
REVIEW.
'he number
"u
-=
EH
convenience
periodsof three
orders,UNITS, TENS,
and
PJ
used.
are
3 orders
third
form
first 3
The
constitute
HUNDREDS,
the
PERIOD;
each,
second
bers,
reading and writingnum-
in
orders
The
PERIOD.
T5
S
O
the
the
first
second
or
PERIOD.
"
29.
Write
threo hundred
the number
and
niuo.
four
hundred
and
twenty-fire. Write
AND
33.
ART.
or
Second
Third
.
Fourth
Fifth
.
The
Units.
Sixth
Thousands.
Seventh
Millions.
Eighth
Billions.
Ninth
Trillions.
Tenth
twelve
next
the
commcn
of Numeration.
method
First Period
15
Periods,accordingto
List of the
French
NUMERATION
Period
.
Quadrillions.
Quintillions.
Sextillions.
Septillions.
Octillions.
UnDecillions,
periodsare, Nonillions,
decillions,
Duodecillions,
Tredecillions,
Quatuordecillions,
Octodecil
Quindecillions,
Sexdecillions,
Septendecillions,
lions,Novendecillions,
Vigintillions.
ART.
34.
Division
^~"j
into
periods.
"
35.
ART.
of the orders
FOR
RULE
NUMERATION.
its
REMARK.
the
each
name.
Numbers
"
figurewith
tliret
name
of
also be read
by merely naming each
may
the place in which
it stands.
This method,
however,
numbers
or
five,
is
Express
the
and
in
which
is representedby
words, the number
608921045.
The number, a? divided into period?,
is 608*
J)21'045 ; and is read six uundred
and
eight millions
nine hundred
and twenty
and forty-five.
thousand
ne
REVIEW.
81.
Repeat
33. Name
the
What
Table
the firstten.
case.
may
30.
"
ho used?
35. What
'
are
of O-
of
principles
32.
ier8.
3-4 tlive
is the
an
What
example
Notation
are
of tho
and
Numeration
What
other
uBel
ticular
par-
method
HIGHEll
RAY'S
(6
EXAMPLES
IN
ARITHMETIC.
NUMERATION.
12345
1375482
29347283
40
68380
6030564
37053495
85
94025
7004025
8025607
45004024
70500.
165247
503
50340726
1345
350304
6002007
2450
204026
4300201
3708
500050
8603004
60025709
343827544
904207080
700200408
4053
808080
2030405
502003070
7009
730003
6005010
278
9030040
830070320
832045682327825000000321
8007006005004003002001000000
60030020090080070050060030079
504030209102800703240703250207
36.
ART.
ROLE
FOR
Write,firstthe number
periods in their
proper
NOTATION.
ciphers.
in
Express
thousand
figuresthe
three hundred
number
and
four
millions
Ans.
seven.
twenty
4020307.
4 in millions
Write
the next
4020307.
NOTE.
have
its three
Every period,except the highest,must
in the given number,
figures;and if any period is not mentioned
supply its place by three ciphers.
"
PROOF.
"
Apply
numeration,and
to the
see
2.
IN
Seventy-five.
IS
4.
written,the
rule for
the number
given.
TATION.
i
"
hundred
and
forty-
four
Ninety.
3. One
hundred
four.
as
with
if it agrees
EXAMPLES
1.
number,
and
thirty-
5. Two
6. Two
hundred
hundred
and
forty.
and four.
HIGHER
RAY'S
18
METHOD
ENGLISH
37.
ART.
Although
understand
should
have
six orders
ARITHMETIC.
this
the
NUMERATION.
OF
but
now
little
used, the
system of Numeration.
same
The
in the French
as
names
learnei
first
method,
The
next
and
these constitute the period of Units.
01
Each
Millions period,consists of six orders.
succeeding
period
Billions,
are
The
on.
lowing
fol-
a
""
.2
EH T5 _?o
oo
g3*v
t-oS*'
s-oS"
2t3
"W
oo
co
_2 H
00
T3
fl
S^
rrt
Soo3rtOQ-S
00
IlilJg lljlls
432109
876543
hundred
two
and
thousand
ten
millions,six hundred
seven
T3
XooSSm"
hundred
be
and
thousand, three
hundred
and
ROMAN
38'. In
ART.
by
letters.
C,
ten; L, fifty,
The
thousand.
to the
the
one
and
II denotes
REVIEW.
"
of
they
dred
hun-
fifty-four
twenty-one.
Notation,numbers
are
sented
repre-
V, five;X,
M, one
representedaccording
other
numbers
are
followingprinciples:
its value
Every time a letter is repeated,
1st.
three
NOTATION.
Roman
The
hundred
read,
eighty-
thousand
fifty-four
six
millions,
eighty-seven
and
example
00
"
method
twenty-one. By the French
be read, two
hundred
and ten billions,
nine
would
Thus,
"
654321
figureswould
nine
and
""
and
hundred
Roman
210987
this
uo?s-
lulll
By
JS
T3
^-*
^oS^
2*0
2oo32on-t"
00
^MS^oo-i
f-^ f-j
two;
XX
denotes
is
repeated.
twenty.
37.
ite
Notation
Give
of Numeration.
Explain the English method
38.
How
numbers
are
application.
represented in
?
What
numbers
are
repregentodby I, V, X, C, D, M
an
th"
?
ADDITION.
2d.
Where
is
placed beforeone
of
four,while
VI
denotes
six ; IX
denotes
nine, while
XI
denotes eleven.
III.
more
numbers
Sum
into
40.
Since
kind, two
onlywhen
is the process
one
of
or
number
their units
is
numbers
more
two
collecting
or
sum.
Amount
or
ART.
tame
ADDITION
39.
ART.
ADDITION.
Addition.
can
be united into
kind.
Two
repeatinga
letter?
one
turn,
applesand
3 applesare 5 apples;but 2 applesand 3 peaches can
not
be united into one number, either of applesor of peaches.
REVIEW.
"
38.
What
of
are
ia the
one
of
Bum
greater value ?
or
amount
the
by
same
effect of
Of
placing "
of loss
Of placingone
of greater value ?
39. What
Of placinga bar over a letter?
HIGHER
RAY'S
20
ARITHMETIC.
numbers
of different names
Nevertheless,
be
together,if they can
brought under a
2
3 women
and
men
are
Thus,
3
4
9
and
animals.
horses, sheep,
cows, are
RULE
order
stand
may
hundreds
1.
tens
each
of
the next
to
be
to
added,
column, units
hundreds, "c.
at the
Begin
SIMPLE
in
under
the units
ADDING
the numbers
Write
1.
FOR
and
right,
add
under
sum
that
under
the
figuresof
same
under
units, tens
column
the column
At
column.
nation.
denomi5 persons.
Two
common
NUMBERS.
so
each
be added
may
tens,
separately,
placing
added, and
carrying the
the whole
amount.
What
is the
SOLUTION.
2
say,
3 and
and
4 units.
I ten
are
Write
I and
6, and
are
other
being no
Then
1 hundred
beneath,and
columns
units of the
same
name
2. Commence
of any
the
to
3.
rightto add, so
greater than
the
CJ.
Lastly,
beneath, there
order
same
are
but
none
(Art.40.)
that when
the
be
may
thereby,units of the
nine, the
column, and,
together.
tens
sum
ried
carsame
one
ART.
ward;
into
column.
is set
be added.
METHODS
next
which
are
written
Carry one
make
be
convenience,since
for
next
added
name
is
column
the
carry
the
Figuresof
can
the
at
to
1 ten
are
add.
to or
1.
other
to
639
82
543
margin,
5, and
are
tens
hundreds,
"
each
under
written
carried
to carry
DEMONSTRATION.
are
12
are
1 and
be
to
which
units,
beneath, and
4 units
the
in the
as
14
are
tens,which
16
are
column.
to the next
13, and
the numbers
Writing
5, and
"
543?
of
sum
vi
41.
the
PROOF
figuresdownward
instead
of up-
or
one
Explain
1. Add
OF
w.
sum
the
Erst method
40.
"
What
Why
example, and
of
proof?
is necessary
What
give
is
the
reasons
for
may
adding simple
for the
rule.
41.
be added
numbers
What
is the
ADDITION.
2.
Separate the
find the
add
of the
sum
the several
at
the
left;add
or
more
column
each
separately;
previouslyobtained,but
that
figurefurther to the
one
divisions;
division,and then
two
in each
together;or
under
sum
into
numbers
sums
3. Commence
placeeach
numbers
21
right,and
then
add
tending
ex-
them
together.
In
all these
methods
the numbers
when
NOTE.
For
"
are
Find
the
FOR
9's,see
page
68.
PRACTICE.
the sum,
1.
Of
2.
Of
3.
Of
4.
Of four hundred
and
as
same
upward.
EXAMPLES
the
be
Ant.
135317.
An*.
115053.
AM.
182611.
seven;
and
100.
ninety,and
154625.
Ana.
Of
6.
Of
two
20050;
thousand
hundred
seven
and
one;
and
and
and
seventy; 98002;
and
and
hundred
three
seventy thousand
five;two
eighty;
one
millions
ninety
hundred
sand
thou-
millions
seven
70070.
Am.
five thousand
13754178.
Of
8.
Of
hundred
two
millions
thousand
six thousand
seventy thousand
and
dred
hundred; three hunthirty; seventy millions
two
and
seventy; nine
millions
nine
thousand
millions
nine
five thousand
and
RBVIKW.
and
forty;eightythousand
What
thousand
millions
Ans.
twenty.
"
hundred
is the second
method
of
and
four
ninety
and
sixty;
sand
twenty thou-
1369000120,
proof?
The
third ?
RAY'S
2"""
the numbers
ARITHMETIC.
of the
each
In
HIGHER
from
includingthese
to B,
A.
B.
9.
119
131
10.
987
11.
3267
12
4197
13.
5397
14.
7815
1001
Paid
16.
$564;
3281
the
4211
32028
three
the
than
more
the second:
as
cloth:
14910.
Ans.
49110.
Ans.
63060.
Ans.
108130.
Am.
132991.
1280340.
Ans.
the
and
first;
the
what
the others:
both
Ans.
pieces of
much
1625.
$1413.
first cost $87;
the third, $47
Ans. $358.
Ans.
18.
.
Ans.
to?
amount
Bought
numbers.
molasses, $119;
for
7831
coffee,$375;
for
than
5416
second, $25
more
...
31989
15.
...
...
The
cotton.
the
what
first cost
first;and
the
$75;
has
much
as
A, B,
and
B. and
and
$19
has
$23
together:what
than
more
and
more;
do
sum
A;
has
they all
as
The
is the
SUBTRACTION
difference between
two
Minuend
number
means
as
much
as
possess?
$722.
process
of
findingthe
numbers.
is the
larger number
the
has
SUBTRACTION.
IV.
42.
third, as
$1332.
Ans.
ART.
$325;
19. A
of
sum
trahend;
Minuend; the less,the Sub-
Remainder.
or
left,the Difference
to bo diminished; subtrahend, to
be.
subtracted.
ART.
since
43.
but
none
REVIEW."
maindor?
Subtraction
42.
What
numbers
What
is the
of the
is Subtraction?
does minuend
mean
of
reverse
same
kind
Minuend?
What
does
Addition, and
can
be
added
RP
Subtrahend?
subtrahend
mean
SUBTRACTION.
93
that a
together,(Art.40), it follows,therefore,
of the same
be subtracted only from another
can
2 cents can
8 horses.
not
44.
ART.
be taken
FOR
RULE
from
nor
apples,
SUBTRACTING
SIMPLE
numbfT
kind
".
from
cows
NUMBERS.
under
lens, "c.
units,tens under
above
subtract each figurefrom the one
Begin at the right,
beneath.
it,placing the remainder
above it,add ten to the upper,
3. If any fgure exceeds tlieone
2.
the sum,
from
and
to the next
one
carry
lower
figure.
From
SOLUTION.
leaves
from
12
each
3 units.
2
Then,
tens,add 10
tens, and
3 tens
as
to the 2
tens
3 tens
To compensate
12
from
tens,which
leaves
tens
DEMONSTRATION.
of
another
placed in
are
makes
9
298
tens, add
6 hundreds
say,
Rem
tens.
to the 2
added
827
534
units
remainder
hundred
one
from
hundreds
is 2 hundreds
9 tens
units,or 293.
from
Barne
taken
be
not
can
ir8'
After
"
under
order
dollars.
1. Since
"
the
be convenient
column, to
as
be
subtracted
to each
same
only
name
of custom.
matter
can
(Art.43),figuresof the
kind,
same
number
the
at
difference
between
between
difference
numbers
two
those
numbers
is the
same
increased
equally.
is another
"
in
43. What
order
What
Why?
the example, and
44.
method
of
is subtraction
that
one
number
is the rule
give the
reasons
for
performing
the
reverse
of?
may
be
subtracted
the
as
the
15.
operatina
Why?
from
subtractingsimple numbers?
for the rule.
as
What
another
ii
Explain
RAY'S
21
when
the
lower
borrowing. To
SOLUTION.
5 units, borrow
the 6, which
15 units
Since
"
is 4 tens
and
PROOF.
will be
sum
NOTE.
When
the
number
lower
in the upper,
occupiedby
FOR
the
9's,see
50009.
take
1145906
4.
7150490
2900000
6.
71086540
7.
10143072
8.
20286144
9.
25047361
of the
and
so
29970028
30253
.
12.
7058123.
.
777888
'.
64179730
9247568
895504.
1791008.
7140851
17906510
100259063
.
the
following
examples to
from
on,
till
the
a
second,
remainder
then
808737.
18th,subtract
from
is found
the
REM
'. "5!
36800
5376.
35768
and
248697
14.
730928
3956847
and
2500000
and
21018802
10101.
307216.
1234567.
....
and
mainder,
re-
less than
LAST
7359 and
7598 and
9080907
6906810.
59649
16.
2122112.
13.
15.
1106030.
92367
49432.
39876
first number.
11.
Rem
REM.
18495136
.
101067800
first number
the
50009
TAKE
3.
5.
tne
37
no
79685
each
69.
page
zeroes.
2.
In
The
PRACTICE.
FROM
10.
remainder
less number.
to the
figures in the
those
to correspond with
the
consider
vacant
places
are
the whole
greater.
proof by castingout
30020037
there
4 9
tens, (the
and
from
49.
EXAMPLES
1. From
tens
"
it to
0 units
6
called
'
from
add
from
the remainder
equal to
For
"
units,or
Then,
2 tens
and
place)leaves
Add
"
7 tens, and
16 units.
units;
taken
be
not
can
the
from
will make
left in tens'
number
6 units
1 ten
leaves
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
60000000
17.
1234567
and
10000000
18.
938979
and
9389790
5514558.
123464.
0.
RAY'S
"8
2. From
the
HIGHER
of I'lOOOO
differed
28374
of
sum
ARITHMETIC.
84506.
and
3. To
of 8632
4. From
5. From
what
number
of
what
be
subtracted
number
1327
must
be
8. To
the
number
what
number
must
65
is 275
3673.
3
by
railroad from
Cincinnati
When
one
locomotive
another
118
miles from
miles.
and
times,
119.
37.
Am.
distance
is 60
to
Cleveland
miles from
Cleveland,how
far apart,when
they apart? How
miles,and the other 183 miles?
Ans. 97
has
one
the
4 times, to make
297?
9. The
make
added, to
added
be
leave
400.
Am.
what
sum
to
27 be subtracted
must
the
233.
Am.
38?
to leave
55485.
Am.
7. From
the different
subtract
5000?
sum
add
Ans.
256
must
3149
and
the
69012.
AM.
144?
the remainder
6. To
44571,
and
7325
and 4702.
the difference
subtract
Am.
4179.
and
difference of 8645
56132,
and
miles
far
traveled
and
cinnati,
Cinare
174
82 miles.
B was
37 years old when
born; how old was
A, when B was 25 years of age? and how old was B, when
73 years of age?
Ans. 62 and 36.
A was
10. A
was
11. Which
or
is the nearer
how much?
7849, and
V.
times
as
there
is a
Multiplication
"re
equal.
The
uther
number
to
Ans.
The
356908;
713866
last,
by 7899.
MULTIPLICATION.
MULTIPLICATION
48.
ART.
number
to be
are
is
units in
short method
taken,is
taking one
number
another; or
of adding numbers
as
that
called the
and
number, the Multiplier;
the
Multiplicand;th"
the
result obtained,
Product.
RMVIKW.
"
46. What
is
?
Multiplication
What
is the
Multiplicand?
MULTIPLICATION.
How
many
SOLUTION.
times
as
many
three times.
42
three
"
27
trees
in 3 rows, each
Since
trees
as
This may
times, and
contain
rows
one
row,
42
by writing
adding. This
be done
then
take
containing42
First row,
Second
Third
row
row
of trees.
gives 126 for the whole number
Instead,however, of writing 42 three times,write
it the figure3,the number
t once
; then placing under
times it is to be taken, say, 3 times 2 are
6, and 3
This process is Multiplication.
4 are
12.
times
trees.
42
42
42
126
trees.
trees.
trees.
tree*.
trees.
"
The
Factors
l^O
trees.
TABLE.
RAY'S
28
ART.
tame,
47.
THEOREM.
whichever
are
3 times
gives
may
ART.
name
as
and
two
THEOREM.
the
4,
times
and
row,
12
3,
are
diagram,
ing
Count-
rows.
3 rows;
But
hence,
rows;
of stars
of
number
stars.
The
in this
of stars
the
by
row,
and
number
of any
48.
4 in
the whole
be shown
4
row,
3,= 12 stars.
in
be 4 times
must
each
are
be 3 times
must
across, there
there
of stars
down, there
hence, there
in
is tht
multiplier.
"
numbers
productof two
The
"
factoris the
DEMONSTRATION.
up and
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
two
ducts,
pro-
equal, since
in the diagram.
The
same
numbers.
The
"
same
multiplicand.
DEMONSTRATION.
repeatingit.
The
"
Thus,
5 dollars
of
nature
is not
number
multipliedby
2, that
changed by
twice,
is,taken
be 10 dollars.
must
THEOREM.
49.
ART.
"
The
must
multiplier
always be
an
abstract number.
of times
multipliershows the number
be yards,bushels,
not
the multiplicandis to be taken ; hence, it can
We can
attach no idea to taking any thing
number.
concrete
or any
inches times.
It may
then be asked,
dollars times,or so many
PO many
What
will 3 yards
such
how
questions as
explain the solution of
lar
Ans. By the followingor s simiof cloth cost at 5 dollars a yard ?"
one
as
yard ;
Analysis: Three yards will cost three times as much
will
3
times
5 dollars,
3
cost
5
if
cost
one
yards
dollars,
yard
therefore,
DEMONSTRATION.
"
The
"
$15.
REMARK.
dollars.
8
It would
applesby
ART.
Hence, it
"
50.
2. When
diaw
2.
rational
to
propose
is divided into
Multiplication
does not exceed
the multiplier
exceeds 12.
the multiplier
WHEN
1. Write
as
multiplyingdollars by
to find the product of
turnips.
1. When
RULE
be
to talk of
is absurd
the
THE
MULTIPLIER
place
multiplicand;
DOES
the
NOT
two
cases:
12.
EXCEED
12.
multiplierunder it,and
line beneath.
Begin
with
settingdown
by the multiplier,
and
carrying as
in
multiplicand
Addition.
MULTIPLICATION.
the rate of 53
At
car
SOLUTION.
times
each
railroad
is
o^To
complete.
The
multiplierbeing written
for convenience,begin with units,so that
be carried to the tens
contain
tens, they may
"
successive
miles.
1 carried
20, and
are
the work
DEMONSTRATION.
should
53
(ten); then,4
and
21 (tens),
makes
far will
Here
"
(units); write
the 1
hour, how
an
in four hours?
run
12
miles
under
the multiplicand
if the
; and
product
so
for
on
order.
the
figureof the multiplicandis multiplied,therefore,
multiplicandis multiplied.
Since every
whole
PROOF.
Separatethe multiplierinto
"
be
must
separately. The
these
multiply by
equal to
EXAMPLES
FOR
15
1.
195
2.
3823
3.
8765
t.
98374
....
....
....
o.
64382
6.
58765
7.
837941.
8.
645703
9.
407649
....
....
men
SOLUTION.
One
far
46.
"
48.
How
kind
49. What
perform
will it
Give
43825.
590244.
450674.
470120.
7541469.
....
6457030.
....
4484139.
certain
15
in
pages
pieceof
60
times
long
as
miles
Repeat
is the
of
the
reason.
ocean
tho
is
What
men.
days.
half-dozen
steamer
day?
books, each
travel in
Ans.
1715
taining
con-
2016.
week,
at
miles.
Table.
47. Prove
the theorem.
Multiplication
of the product known
?
Why t
is the multiplier? Why?
50. How
is multiplication
the rule when
tho multiplier
Joes not exceed
denomination
number
What
four
as
Ans.
an
in
work
require1 man?
will be four
man
can
divided ?
12?
....
long
of 245
REVIEW.
15292.
pages?
12. How
rate
11
many
336
585.
....
4 X
11. How
10
....
can
"
PRODUCT.
...
days,how
he
PRACTICE.
MULTIPLIER.
MULTIPLICAND.
10. If 4
Bum
is the proof?
RAY'S
30
What
13.
$32053
1.
is the
of
every
WHEN
Ana,
month?
MULTIPLIER
THE
if
cotton-mill,
$384636.
12.
EXCEEDS
Write the
order
the,same
of
ARITHMETIC.
yearly expense
paid out
are
51. RULE
ART.
HIGHER
under
each other.
hand
which
produces
3. Add
the
it.
the several
partialproductstogether;their
requiredproduct.
Multiply246
SOLUTTON.
6
that
"
by
First
will be
235.
246
235
multiply by
and
(units),
sum
place
the 5
product, 1230, under
-i 9 o A
U
0
(units).Then multiplyby 3 (tens), i " product by
d
0
product by
arid place the first figure of the
* JZ
product by IQV
product, 738, under the 3 (tens).
Lastly,multiply by 2 (hundreds), 57810
product by 2 3 5
and
the
first
of
the
place
figure
2 (hundreds). Then
the
under
add these several
product,492,
ducts
profor the entire product.
of
the
{j
"
The
of the
first
METHODS
OP
PROOF.
1.
E v
i K w
"
"
For
What
proof by castingout
i" the rule
when
the
9's,see
Art.
the multiplierexceeds
100.
12 ?
IN
CONTRACTIONS
ART.
52.
Although
it
MULTIPLICATION.
is
"46
the
figures
in regular
of the multiplier
order beginningwith units,it
will give the same
product to
them in any order,observuse
customary
to
use
CASE
ART.
more
2 and
53.
whole
THE
MULTIPLIER
r-
738
30
product by
product by 200
5
product by
?
^
1230
MULTIPLICATION.
IN
CONTRACTIONS
WHEN
3]
I.
18
compositenumber
COMPOSITE
is the
NUMBER.
productof
1,
numbers,
10
is
whoso
a
Thus,
composite number,
5: and
each
30
is
one
whose
factors
tiro
called its
greater than
are
or
tors.
fac-
factors arc
". 3 and 5-
RAY'S
32
RULE.
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
into
Separatethe multiplier
"
two
or
factors. Mul
more
the
tiplyfirst by one of
factors,then this product by another
till
each factor has been used as a multiplier.
factor,and so on
The last product will be the entire product required.
At
cents
ANALYSIS.
are
Is (he
same
and
take
times, as
the
same
may
Hence,
it
7 cents,cost
7,
product
times
7.
be shown
of
take
to
other
any
this
6
OPERATION.
~TT~
EXAMPLES
the
walk
in 28
will it
3.
miles
1130
about
in 54
far will
day, how
THE
MULTIPLIER
IS
AS
54.
ART.
there
RULE.
in
are
1036
the
man
miles.
Ans.
341775.
II.
ONE
WITH
CIPHERS
ANNEXED,
Annex
"
seconds?
CASE
as
WHEN
of 6 melons.
Ans.
moves
move
C08t of 2 melon8'
PRACTICE.
days?
Sound
2.
FOR
of 37
rate
1Cents'
of 1 melon.
42 cents, cost
composite number.
1. At
cost?
times
2 times
to take
then
And
times.
times
Three
"
will 6 melons
piece,what
to the
multiplicandas
many
the
ciphers
required
product.
By the principlesof Notation, (Art. 26),
placing one cipher on the rightof a number, changes the units into
multipliesthe
tens, the tens into hundreds, and so on, and therefore,
DEMONSTRATION.
"
by 10.
Annexing two
number
dreds,
changes the units into hunciphers to a number
into thousands, and
so
tens
on, and, therefore,multiplies
by 100. Annexing three ciphers multipliesthe number
the
the number
by 1000, "c.
FOR
EXAMPLES
1.
2.
Multiply375 by
Multiply207 by
REVIEW.
What
camber
are
"
52.
37500.
Ans. 207000.
100
Ans.
1000
its factors?
What
PRACTICE.
is the
53. What
rule for
is
composite number?
multiplyingby
ccxnposiie
by 997.
Multiply3046
same
3046
as
by 3, to multiply by
diminished
1000
OPERATE.
is the
997
Since
ANALYSIS."
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
34
997
it is
to
as
same
"imilar
-.
case.
FOR
EXAMPLES
1.
7023x99
2.
16642x996
3. 372051
NOTE.
"
may
PRACTICE.
=16575432.
9998
28714X995
6.
99999x99991
7.
525734x9994.
4127093x9989
9.
2634527x9980
372918x9999600
'ac-
=41225531977.
=26292579460.
....
203800x9997000
12.
811876x99988
13.
3606253x9999990
14.
2055416X992
=3729030832800.
=2037388600000.
=81177857488.
.
.=36062493937470.
=2038972672.
....
CASE
Another
comprisedin
the
both
.=9999000009.
....
11.
57.
or
=5254185596.
8.
ART.
one
=28570430.
5.
10.
3719765898.
=59746734.
642438x93
4.
695277.
If there
rule
tr.re, the
is
^046000
the
mode
of
v.
of frequent
contraction,
\jse,
following
from each
partialproducts,when possible,
which is most
other,commencing with that figureof the multiplier
convenient for the purpose;
making use of two or more figuresof
RULE.
"
the
Derive
the
multiplierat once, when it can be done, and settingthe righthand figure of each partialproduct under the right-hand
figure
the
i
n
time.
of
the
multiplier use
of
REVIEW.
"
56. What
right of
method
one
or
is there of
both
multiplyingby a
Explain the example. If
factors,what
may
contractingmultiplication?
be
that wants
number
there
done ?
are
57.
ciphersat
What
other
OP
DIVISION
Multiply387295
SOLUTION.
"
SIMPLE
with
tie
35
216324.
by
Commence
NUMBERS.
the
of
QQfronti
and obtain
multiplier,
partial
then
this
product,1161885;
multiply
product by 8, which
the
of
the
gives
product
multiplicandby 24 at once, (since8 times
the first
8 times
make
number
any
24
the
1 1G 1 8 8 5
9295080
it.) 83655720
times
9 1
SOA
wlbd24
right-
"7ft1
no
ron
hanJ
38057x48618.
'267388x14982
1.
2.
481063x63721
3.
=28063298070.
=391789562472.
=236592013140.
.
=233686999145.
VI.
ART.
times
58.
The
how
is the process of finding
another.
is contained in
Division
factors of
DIVISION.
DIVISION
number
one
Also,
given
number
of
is the
process
product,when
contained
other number
is the
in the
the
finding one
other
other
Dividend,and
many
the
of
is known.
is the
the
Divisor,
is
Quotient.
The
after
Remainder
2,
is the
number
which
is sometimes
left
dividing.
Thus, in
is
930079x251255
8.
the
=30653815423.
750764x315135
7.
=1850255226.
=4006007016.
536712x729981
6.
=56853486204.
102735x273162
5.
.'
....
66917X849612
4.
PRACTICE.
FOR
EXAMPLES
the
NOTE.
the Latin
"
to be divided. Quotient
signifies
how often.
which signifies
quoties,
Dividend
word
divisor
1.
is derived
from
RAY'S
36
ART.
The
59.
HIGHER
divisor
factors in
respond to the
correspondsto
the
ARITHMETIC.
and
quotientin Division,cor
and
Multiplication,
Thus:
product.
FACTORS.
MULTIPLICATION.
PRODUCT.
3X5
15.
DIVIDEND.
DIVISION.
or,
There
three methods
are
l"y 3
divided
by 5
3.
expressingdivision
**
indicates that 12 is to be
ART.
60.
several subtractions
making
DKMONSTRATION.
cents
leaves
;
1
Here,
7 cents
from
cents
; 2 cents
cents
remains
the
of
from
leaves 5
5 cents
leaves
3
from
cents
how
taken
is
hence,
tained in 1 cents
of 1
remainder
cents,
cents
of
2 cents
times
many
t/
cents*
is
once.
cents
cents.
"
cents
cent
\efa
Divisor
must
A-
times.
"
con-
times, with
"
contained
times
1 cent
2 cents
contained
cents
O
cents
method
number.
same
cent.
short
this,find
prove
(outof ) 7 cents,and
from
is
in 7 cents.
is contained
Two
To
"
3)12.
divided by 3.
Division
"
thus,
or
Each
THEOREM.
QUOTIENT.
divided
of
12-j- 3,
DIVISOR.
1 5
1 5
...
dividend
the
contained
times.
cent.
COROLLARIES.
COR.
the
The
1.
Dividend
and
always be of
denomination.
same
2.
COR.
The
merelyshowing
quotientis always
how
abstract
an
number;
many
in
the dividend.
COR.
The
3.
is
remainder
always of
(he
same
name
ai
the, dividend.
is a
Multiplication
tions of the
Division
is the
REVIEW.
"
\s the Divisor?
What
mean?
what
the
are
the
product?
number
same
jaaking several
67.
short method
reverse
Explain
the
Dividend?
does
are
the
If
example.
the
mean?
the
making
is
several iddi-
short
method
number
same
of
hentv?,
Multiplication.
Quotient?
quotient
factors?
What
; Division
subtractions of
of
of
What
Remainder?
59. If the
divisor
signsof
58.
and
What
dividend
quotient
Division?
is Division
are
Joes
is the
What
dividend
product,
factors,what
ii
DIVISION
The
OP
SIMPLE
NUMBERS.
37
stop is
givesthe
61. When
the divisor does
is called Short, Division.
operation
ART.
RULE
FOR
SHORT
12,
exceed
not
the
DIVISION.
the
on
remainder
prefixit
before.
occurs,
order,and divide
lower
next
Whenever
as
and
divide
4.
before.
as
If there
is
afterdividingthe lastfigure,
plact
it to the quotient.
remainder
it and
annex
How
divisor,
place
lower order,
cents?
in 6
is contained 3
(hundreds)
2)652
2
2
in
5
is
contained
times;
(tens)
(tens)
(hundreds)
Q~o7?
1 (ten)
times,with a remainder of 1 (ten);lastly,
12, and 2 in 12 (units)is contained 6 times,
prefixedto 2 makes
SOLUTION
making
Two
"
the entire
quotient32G.
DEMONSTRATION.
there is
the
Commence
"
it may
remainder
operationof the
By
correspondingto
rule,the dividend
must
give the
RE
VIE
the left to
times
dividend.
at
lower order.
found
the number
of
of times
number
652
2
2
2
in
is contained
in
600
4 0
12
Hence, 2
in
652
"
that if
is separatedinto parts
Having
w.
divide,so
in
600
60. Division is
Ezplainthe example.
thus
+ 40 + 12
times.
is contained
300
20
6
is contained
326
times.
is contained
short method
What
of
is division tho
146022
performingwhat
reverse
of?
why
tion
opera?
HIGHER
RAY'S
38
ARITHMETIC.
METHODS
OF
PROOF.
divisor.
62.
ART.
All
always an
how, accordingto
Division
questionsin
I. To divide
number
II.
divide
parts,and
to
find the
number
$3 each, how
Since
"
in $15
certain
a
containing
of parts.
number
certain
of equal
units in each.
FIRST
$3.
to
now
solution
classes:
two
number
hats
many
It is
explained.
THE
1 hat costs
$15; $3
in
is contained
of
OF
KXAMPLES
SOLUTION.
into
that
and
the
principles,
in'-)parts each
to
number.
belong to
ul (he number
fit
1. At
be
can
number
these
Division
of units,and
To
denomination,
same
abstract
questionsin
buy
be of the
must
quotientis
be shown
of
It has been
dividend
nd
thf
CLASS.
can
can
is contained
buy
5
bat
$15?
for
buy
often
as
as
$3
I can
times; therefore,
6 hats.
2. At
$5
3. In
yard,how
much
of 60
school
cloth
pupils,how
can
buy
$35?
for
classes of 10
many
pupilseach?
4. I
54
I walk
can
6 miles
walk
can
how
has 20
man
he
must
many
hour:
in how
hours
many
miles?
OF
EXAMPLES
5. A
in 1
SECOND
THE
CLASS.
boys:
REVIEW.
"
What
method
Give
?
questionsarc
give
each
denomination
60. Of what
kind
Division?
2d
To
"
How
of
number
the rule.
is the
performed by
must
der?
the divisor bo ? the remain-
is the
quotient?why?
Explain the example.
remainder
division
written ?
?
62.
61.
What
What
Wh;it
is Short
is the
two
proof?
classes
ol
DIVISION
REMAKE.
SIMPLE
OF
NUMBERS.
39
solution of this
The
7 yards of cloth
school of 60
7. A
how
"
cost
$35, what
pupilsis to
did I
into 6 classes:
be divided
hour
yard worth?
is 1
miles
many
per
go?
EXAMPLES
9.
Divide
10.
Divide
11.
Divide
12.
Divide
13.
Divide
14.
Divide
FOR
75191
by
171654 by
512653
by
534959
by
986028
by
986974 by
4
5
7
PRACTICE.
Am.
..."
....
....
Am.
102530*
Am.
"76422f
1232531
89724J?
Am.
....
11
250631
4291 3|
Am.
....
Am.
the
AN8.
EXAMPLES.
15.
138240
16.
230400
17.
322560
18.
506880
23. At
$6
3.
...
20.
.7.
.
19.
5.
...
EXAMPLES.
21.
11.
22.
AN8.
783360
1336320
head, how
many
8 pints make
there in 2520
pints?
25. If
example
number
2488320
be
sheep can
"
62.
Give
of the second
obtained?
an
many
barrels
many
class.
of flour
Am.
gallon,how
29.
36.
54.
bought foi
Am.
how
$5 a barrel,
bought for $895?
uf any
24. At
REVIEW.
1658880
$222?
an
17.
...
3*7.
be
can
179.
gallons are
Am.
Explain
315.
it.
Give
the half,third,"fcc-
HIGHER
RAY'S
40
26.
Lake
ARITHMETIC.
At
to
27. What
number
58.
Ans.
28. If three
of land
acres
$741, what
cost
of 1 acre?
be divided
How
670
in
7 equal parts,how
part?
days?
times
many
days?
9 be subtracted
can
Short
63.
the result
only
is
it is called
is
Long
12.
To show
5 is contained
SHOET
is
164
the
subtraction
ART.
the
1. Draw
second,it
3 2
3 Q
often
DIVISION.
Quotient.
on
units.
is written.
lines
divisor
tens.
^ ^
men-
FOR
RULE
curved
placingthe
divisor exceeds
Quotient.
is performed
64.
5)820(164
f\
tally;in
is written,
LONG
operationsare performed on
principle. In the first,
same
2 left.
in 820.
DIVISION.
the
155?
Division.
5)820
Both
generallyused when
12; Long Division,when the
exceed
many
days.
performed mentally,and
Short Division
not
Division
from
17 and
Ans.
ART.
How
in 670
95
many
$245.
Ans.
full weeks
in 13
Ans. 1 in 13, and
many
31. How
into
cost
$247.
Ans.
$1715
29. .If
is the
on
the
LONG
DIVISION.
the
right and
left.
leftof
the dividend,
how
obtained.
Re
Long
VIEW.
"
Division.
63.
Explain
When
the
difference
between
Short
Division
and
HIGHER
RAY'S
In
65.
ART.
at the
subtraction
of
are
It is illustrated thus
time.
same
Long Division,th"
both performed in the
method
the Italian
and
multiplication
mind
AIUT.rtlETIC.
2087*7514 by 3256.
Divide
The
SOLUTION."
ITERATION.
first figure
quotient,being 0, muldivisor
by it, and
the
lubtract the product from
dividend,saying 6 times 6 are
36,and as 36 can not be taken
tiply the
7, add
3 tens
the
figureof
product when
next
and
33 from
12, and
6 times
carry,
3
and
dividend
are
added
to
formed,saying
4, there being 3
15
18, and
from
18
from
0.
leaves
So
19
36 from
Rem
5
:
20
being
leaves
until the
proceed
1 ; to
3 to the
3
33,
are
then,6 times
there
from
30 and
are
to carry
3,
37 leaves
figure,carry
upper
G times
leaves
19, and
are
then
the
it is
15, and
are
/j.
2
to the
3 tens
37 leaves
are
13415
3911
6554
compensate
30
or
Quot.
3256j20877514(6412
it the
from
are
1 to carry;
1, with 2 to
figuresof the
all used.
FOR
EXAMPLES
1. Divide
139180
PRACTICE.
by 453.
PROOF.
307
Quotient.
453
Divisor.
921
1535
1228
3280
3171
109
139071
109
Rem.
139180
33
2.
1004835
3.
5484888"67
4.
4326422"961
"
5.
1457924651
6.
65358547823
7.
33333333333"5299.
1204.
"
"
1210900
Hro1}
23434402
629049552%%
555555555555"123456
"
2789.
9.
"
30449i!
=4502.
245379683477
555555555555
=
.
=81864.
8.
10.
\.
1263.
654321
1942831611111
849056111111
DIVISION
OF
SIMPLE
NUMBERS.
43
also B by
following,multiply A by itself,
iifference of the productsby the sum
of A and B.
In the
itself: divide
B.
A.
1902
Ans.
984.
12.
8473
9437
Ans.
964.
13.
2856
3765
Ans.
909.
14.
33698
42856
Ans.
15.
47932
152604
Ans.
9158
104672.
also B by itself:
following,multiply A by itself,
difference of the products by the difference of A and B.
B.
A.
10.
4986
5369
Ans.
10355.
17.
3973
4308
Ans.
8281.
18.
23798
59635
Ans.
83433.
19.
47329
65931
Am.
25
20. If
much
many
How
many
in
sacks,each
pounds
in
pages
containing37 lines?
will
time
1048576?
wheat, hov\
37 gallonsan
37.
Ans.
book
7359
of
lines,each
1983!
gallonsbe filled,
-4ns.
vat
Ans. 1024.
of 10878
hour
-4ns. 294
27. What
of
of flour?
many
page
24. In what
at the rate of
113260.
./Ins. 73 bushels.
1024
times
by 2035
23. How
bushels
perWre?
21. How
be filled
produce 1825
acres
is that
22.
th"
divide
In the
at
th"
numbers
hours.
gallonsbe emptied,
Ans.
is
78 hours.
212492745;
205307.
Ans.
by 109,
multiplied
?
106700
give
number
and
is
one
98
added
t"
"
the
product,will
CONTRACTIONS
"3ASE
I.
WHEN
ART.
66. RULK.
"
DIVISOR
THE
"
1. Divide
IN
IS
Ans.
978.
DIVISION.
A
COMPOSITE
the dividend
of
by
NUMBER.
one
of
factor,and
the
so
t
factor
on, until
quotientwill be the
out
required.
REVIEW.
is the
each
"
64. Give
quotientfiguretoo
quotientfigureknown
How
When
is the order of
HIGHER
KAY'S
14
To
2.
remainder
the true
Jind
ARITHMETIC.
Multiply each
remainder
by
all
he
mm
21*7 by 15.
Divide
then
3 and
by
ifl2 X
15
Since
SOLUTION."
3 4- 1
'
5.
by
7.
The
true
Hence,
the
3)217
divide
3X5,
5)72
remainder
quotient is
14 A
and
rem
and
tern.
"
14, remainder
7.
DEMONSTRATION.
for,in the
dividing by 15;
then
5 and
Dividing by
"
former
3 and
the
case,
by 3, and, in
the
then
by 6, is
the
latter
same
as
plied
be multi-
quotientmust
by 15, to produce
then
the given dividend
by 3, is
; and, since multiplying by 5 and
the same
as
multiplyingby 15, (Art.53),the quotientson which these
be alike,or they could not both prooperationsare performed must
duce
by
the
To
dividend.
same
the
prove
case,
for
the quotient is 72
is 14
quotient
remainder
whole
EXAMPLES
1.
1036-=-28
2.
3640-^35
FOR
=
37.
=104.
.
34855^-168
6. 620314^231
5.
CASE
II.
WHEN
"
THE
ANNEXED,
67. RULE.
ART.
the dividend
offwill
"
there
as
Cut
are
it contains.
ight of
100:
the
while
hundreds
REVIEW.
in
"
the example.
4.
3800^-56
AS
=
.
=6
207T7g9s
=26853Vi
=
DIVISOR
IS
ONE
WITH
CIPHERS
offas
many
figuresfrom
235
"
2332-=-54
figureswill
be the
rightof
figurescut
the
quotient.
by 100.
1|00)235|43
23543
ANALYSIS.
3.
Divide
PRACTICE.
divide
To
23543
Quotient,43
by 100, is
Remainder.
to find
how
many
dreds
hun-
This
What
What
is done
is the
is the
Italian method
rule for
of
long
dividingby
division ?
composite
Explain
number?
CONTRACTIONS
1.
4567"100
2.
8325
3.
95043
IN
DIVISION.
45
45-flfr
8-$fo
=950TVo
1000
"
100
"
730015"10000
4.
CASE
III.
WHEN
"
73Ti)VW
CIPHERS
ARE
ON
THE
RIGHT
OP
THE
DIVISOR.
ART.
68.
divisor,and
2. Divide
ROLE."
1. Out
the
figurescut offto
it will
give
remainder.
true
3846
Divide
400.
by
4|00)38|46
9 Quotient,20 0 +
DEMONSTRATION.
46
246
Eem.
to divide
as
by 400 is the same
by 100 and then by 4, (Art.66). Dividing by 100 gives 38, and 46
remainder, (Art.67) ; then dividingby 4 gives9, and 2 remainderthe true remainder
is 2 X 100 + 46 =246, (Art.66.)
To
"
divide
EXAMPLES
1.
34500
2.
82500
3.
60000
4.
1896000
CASE
IV.
"
"
"
=75.
1700
24000
=79.
THE
69. RULE.
2651%
1100
WANTS
DIVISOR
BUT
35TV"
LITTLE
OP
BEINO
ART.
PRACTICE.
130
"
WHEN
"
FOR
REVIEW.
67. What
the
Cut
"
"
66.
is the
68.
set
the
is the
for
with
true
remainder
ciphers annexed?
dividingby a number
example.
rule
example.
otpberson its right? Explain the
is the
found?
Explain
that bM
RAY
4t"
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
line
for
results,and
already obtained
multiplier. This will be the
the quotient.
left,
NOTE.
If the remainder
"
be quotient,and
ANALYSIS.
in
seen
The
the
explanation
the
multiplied by
6 less than
be
less
the
than
the true
of
apart
to be
This
this
of
rule
62
quotient
divisor
the
dividend;
1 to
carry
and
1 must
5
added
out
to
of
the
3289G
or
this
the 92
contain
Qaot.
only
9 5
Rem.
164480.
is 192 ; from
first column
to the
should
already
it
3462S'~
62
mainder
dividend,the quotient and reis
obtained.
There
a
already
surplus
100
the
92
5%
be carried
enough
quotient,making
to
the
34627
ing
surplus remain-
the
is 5 times
for
80
20
10
"JO
product,
in, would
remainder
of the remainders
02, we
as
1644
82
is
95)32896162
example.
95, which
added
was
and
surplus is divided
The
to
one
OPERATION.
by 5 times
Therefore, 32896 and
divided
the
can
the dividend
the
on
divisor,carry
be
assumed,
one
quotient 32896.
are
to
true
remainder
as
remainder.
remainder
after the
of the
reason
is assumed
divisor
quotient,on
a
the
sum
by 95.
The
"
larger than
excess
3289662
Divide
be
the
is
used
the part
remainder, and
true
the
to
set
divisor
34628, and
EXAMPLES
of
and
the first,
divisions
quotientfor
in
down, making
95, must
the
FOR
excess
must
on, until
cease.
the
continue
so
every
95
in the
der,
remain-
the
remainder, and be
97; but 97, being large
furnish
another
2 is the true
unit
to
remainder.
PRACTICE.
=
758351!$
2447 O^'i
866751
523880-^:M
421890SSIB8
the
FUNDAMENTAL
GENERAL
RULES
PRINCIPLES
ART.
MULTIPLICATION
OF
AND
DIVISION.
70. THEOREM
I.
either factorof a
Multiplying
"
the product by
productmultiplies
DEMONSTRATION.
47
the
number.
same
ART.
"
THEOREM
II.
"
number.
same
(Art.47.)
ART.
product,and
does
not
III.
THEOREM
72.
alter
Multiplyingone factor of a
dividingthe other factorby the same
number,
the product.
"
IV.
THEOREM
73.
ART.
"
dividingthe divisor,by
by that number.
DEMONSTRATION.
a
certain
number
dividend,twice
REVIEW.
but little of
divisor, what
"
as
of
divisor is contained
times,it
often ; in 3 times
69. What
is the
rulo
the quotient
number, multiplies
any
If any
"
Multiplyingthe dividend,or
"
be
done?
must
that
for
be contained
dividend,3
dividing by
If the
in
remainder
Explain example.
in twice
times
number
is
dend
given divi-
as
that
often ;
that want*
larger than
the
HIGHER
RAY'S
48
and
so
Thus, 3 is
twice 4,
on.
is contained
8 times.
the divisor
will be contained
third of the
divisor,3
times, and
twice
6 times.
3,
times
Again,
twice
as
in any
often
V.
by
on
in
twice
12 it
given dividend,half
the
as
often,and so
half of 4, which
one
tiplyingthe divisor
four times,and
as
THEOREM
74.
ART.
in 12
contained
in 12 three
ARITHMETIC.
whole
divisor
one
thus,4 is contained
in 12,
2, is contained
is
"
any
thai number.
DEMONSTRATION.
certain
dividend, half
and
4
as
in
half
one
any
of
divisor
so
of
is contained
times, it must
times; in
many
times,and
many
as
If
"
number
one
be
third
in
of that
given
contained
dend
divi-
half that
in
dividend,one
third
2 times.
in
Again,
often
half as
often,and
so
is
3, which
the divisor
on
thus,3
in 24
THEOREM
VI.
divisor
be contained
third
one
divisor,
eighttimes, and
in 24
half of
one
will
times the
itself;three
is contained
contained
6, is
and
dividend
the
as
75.
ART.
the divisor
any
as
times
4 times.
dividing both
number, does not change
Multiplyingor
"
by the
same
quotient.
DEMONSTRATION.
This
follows from
the two
preceding theorems;
dividend
for the effects produced by multiplying or dividing both
each
other
6
is
contained
in 24
divisor
and
exactlybalance
; thus,
in twice 24,just 4 times : also,one
4 times; and twice 6 is contained
half of 24,just 4 times ; and
in one
half of 6 is contained
so of any
other dividend
""
and
divisor.
IN
CONTRACTIONS
MULTIPLICATION
AND
DIVISION.
76.
ART.
To
multiply by
any
simple part
of
100,
1000, "c.,
Multiplyby 100, 1000, "c., and take such
the result as the multiplier
is of 100, 1000, "c.
RULE.
NOTE.
"
"
To
get
two
of
(-3)
thirds
(f)of
number,
divide
part
by 3,which
quotient by 'J;
it
one
third
RAY'S
M)
HIGHER
1.
451402x3333
2.
281257X555555
3.
030224x4444000
ART.
part
To
78.
ARITHMETIC.
=1504522806.
.....
156:"537:h!035.
divide
by
=2800715450000.
number
ending in
simple
any
of
1. If there
"
be
remainder, it
should
be
divided
by
the
remainder.
to get the true
multiplier,
2. The
multiplieris 3, 4, 6, or 8, according as the final portionof
the divisor is thirds,
or
fourths,sixths,
eighth*of 100, 1000.
3. Several successive
sometimes
be made
fore
bemultiplications
may
dividing.
by 21875.
6903141128
Divide
3155722Vs!75
Am.
"
FOR
EXAMPLES
300521761
1.
"
225
PRACTICE.
1510337204"43750
2.
22500712361
3.
"
1400250
208S3I
742851692"29101
5.
rYoVsVo-
10000
620712480"
4.
1335052-Vs
34521^.^
29794,
Rcm.
4140
25i
=254092
..
79.
ART.
all
divide
by
number
any
uhosc
digitsarc
alike,
RULE.
end
To
"
division,if necessary,
then divide
by Rule
the
until
dir/its
of
by muUiplicaticn,
the divisor
D's;
are
in Art. 69.
_
REVIEW.
"
76.
78.
For
What
77. For
is the
rule
for
multiplyingby
multiplyingby
dividingby any nombor
any
number
ending
any
whose
in
any
simple part
dibits
nre
simple part
of
all
of
OF
SUMMARY
NOTE.
2. If
"
remainder
SOLUTION.
3 ; this
first as
in Art. 68.
upon
by 666.
Divide
"
both
the
makes
ciphers,divide
divisor,to get
420565342
Divide
in
reverse
occurs,
and
the dividend
on
PRINCIPLES.
numbers
by 2, and
divisor
multiply the
results
and
by
(Art.75),which
is
Art.
EXAMPLES
13641096"2222
1.
376802902
2.
7770
"
5606258492
3. 8811857528"3333
4.
PRACTICE.
FOR
88888.
"
.=
6139M*
484944rfo
.=
"26488211 H4
630715VA
.=
80.
ART.
of
operations
Arithmetic
81. NOTATION
ART.
in
82.
is the
method
of
bers
expressingnummethod
of expressing
is the
ART.
83.
84.
two
is producedby
there
are
units in
"
all alike?
fundamental
is the
79. What
How
of
process
is the
process
is the true
rules of Arithmetic?
Numeration?
of
gate
aggre-
findingthe
numbers, (Art.43).
MULTIPLICATION
what
REVIEW.
more
SUBTRACTION
between
difference
ART.
or
findingthe
numbers, (Art.40).
is the process
ADDITION
of two
sum
Notation?
them.
performedby
are
in wordt.
ART.
or
"
figures.NUMERATION
numbers
are
and
dividingby
remainder
Why
82. Addition?
obtained?
are
they so
83.
as
of
many
number
80.
called?
Subtraction?
finding
timet
whose
Which
as
digits
are
81. What
th"
ii
HIGHER
RAY'S
52
83.
ART.
times
DIVISION
number
one
is contained
GENEJIAL
1. When
how
the
the
3. When
them
between
them
5. When
given,how
are
of
of them
one
and
the
are
difference
two
numbers
and
the difference
one
number
of any
the divisor and
6. When
given,how do
same
price?
quotientare given,how
you
at the
do
into
divide
into
do
8. How
of
greaterof
the cost
numbers
given, how
arc
the
and
sum
4. When
you
found?
of two numbers
is the other 'found?
given,how
between
PROBLEMS.
ARITHMETIC.
do you
number
parts each
taining
con-
given number
equal parts?
9. If the
*ivcn,how
10.
product of
numbers
two
and
of them
one
is
do you
If the dividend
and
quotientarc
given,how
do you
have
11.
the
productof
given,how
do
three
two
tlie divisor,
and
quotient,
12. If
numbers, and
remainder
arc
given,
remainder
arc
given,
how
how
do you
86.
ART.
PARTICULAR
EXAMPLES.
for $87;
bought 3 horses for $165; two cows
Ant. $231.
sheep for $29: what did all cost?
numbers
is 664, and one
of two
of them
The sura
1. I
and
7
2.
IB 369:
what
is the other?
REVIEW."
84.
What
Ans.
numbers
is
greater?
295.
is Multiplication
?
85. Division?
SUMMARY
OF
PRINCIPLES.
4. The
$7
5. At
SOLUTION.
yards
"
will cost
G. The
will 5
yard,what
yards are 6
$7, which
753,and
their ference
difAnt. 296.
yards of
times 1
5 times
are
the
school
as
classes of 9
containing54
Since
"
classes
many
times.
AM.
as
in
class,there
will be
boy
in 28
pupilsto
pupils are
will
form
one
in 54
contained
pupils;
4 in
what
28, 7
times.
two
numbers
is the divisor?
and
622:
remainder
87.
is
and
Ans.
3017.
the
quotient
Ant.
Ans.
153
is 103
nearest
without
$6
cost
$17.
der
remain-
A'm. 7620.
without
Ant.
by 375
947.
barrels of flous,worth
of sugar: what did the sugar
besides
number
the
EXERCISES.
number
remainder?
to
53815,
119.
quotient?
Ans.
divided
905.
is the dividend?
is the
; two
the divisor is
number
5. What
98735.
Ans.
what
of
one
is 195318005
remainder?
4. Of
612451,
and
numbers
MISCELLANEOUS
what
3. What
is
is tho divisor?
what
grocer gave
barrel,for 54 barrels
per barrel?
2. When
boys,what
divided
25,
54, 6
apples.
is the third?
remainder
dividend
13. The
Ans.
three
703: what
number,
ticlit8061
ART.
is
product of
12. What
395631145
dividend
and
Ans.
is the other?
what
11. The
The
307
9 in
each
receive
product of
is 203:
1.
give
apples;
9. The
are
To
"
hence, each
4007:
6.
SOLUTIO.V.
10.
ii
be formed
them
what
pupils?
it takes
9
pupilscan
$7, 5
cost
184485.
Ans.
many
SOLCTIO.V.
yard
quotient245:
llie dividend?
7. How
cloth cost?
If 1
yard.
$35, Ana.
753, and
divisor is
is
53
10609.
that
can
-4ns. 54000.
be
RAY'S
54
6. A
"
did 19
7.
head
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
bought 25
farmer
$2675: what
Am.
$2033.
of land for
acres
of it cost?
acres
at how
Bought
must
8. A
locomotive
391
has
miles
to
much
$81).
11
hours:
in
run
per
Ans.
he
83
sold
barrels
and
the
barrel: how
$68 each;
did he
bought
he
sold
rate
same
remainder
much
drover
11. A
the
at
at
which
at
advance
an
5 horses
at
each:
At
$104.
what
gain?
did
priceper head
gained $118?
12. A
merchant
bought
he
must
have
sold
have
at
he
$50.
Ans.
what
per
$73
all at
chased,
pur-
$2
of
Ans.
gain?
them
he
them
to
$77.
of equal
Ans.
cloth
piecesof
days will
many
SOLUTION.
require 1 man
days are 270 days.
15
13
14. If
do it?
man
It will
"
Eighteen times
one
men
can
days can it be
many
15. If 14 men
can
build
times
long
as
as
18
rften.
Ans.
wall
if 8
done
18
men
in 15
days,in
leave?
Ans.
how
39.
each
18. A
hogs
hog: what
for
the
were
for
days?
worth $85, and 3
14 sheep and $41
horse
exchanged
50
the remainder
17. A
perform
number
1
of each
sheep and
men.
in money:
at how
much
"7.
sheep an"J
Ans.
bought an equal
$1482; he gave $7 for
"
at
cows
sheep valued?
drover
SUGGESTION.
18
Ans.
did he
hog
cost
number
a
of
sheep,and
lor
An*. 114.
buy?
$7 +
$6
$G
$13.
PROPERTIES
19.
$1200;
there
trader
bought
the horses
twice
were
OF
as
oxen
many
the
as
for
oxen
$17
oxen
many
horses
and
30
1050
head;
how
worth
change
and
horses:
15
Ans.
55
torses
$50, and
cost
lot of silver
lot of
there of each?
20. In
NUMBERS.
were
oxen.
cents, one-
21.
had 140
speculator
of
acres
land, which
he
might
$165, cost;
Ans.
PROPERTIES
VII.
is
integer
1. An
2. Whole
numbers
number;
divided
are
divided
number
by
REMARK.
is
other whole
some
other
numbers
REMARK.
Two
"
6. An
numbers
each
t E w.
remainder
83. What
"
What
prime
other
be
can
besides
is the
is
to
What
to
each
exactly
itself and
product
of
is
; as,
is
two
or
prime
each
kind
may
as, 4 and
to each
other:
9.
be divided
can
by
2, 4, 6, 8, "c.
number?
other?
unity is
always prime
whicu
one
integerT
an
other,when
exactlydivide
are
prime numbers
numbers:
composite
number
even
a
divi.1,',1?
number
number
prime
are
that will
"onetimes,also,two
E v
that
one
numbers.
only number
rithout
exactlydivided
unity,(1); as,
be
can
"o.
Every composite
"
5. Two
"
itself and
but
unity;as, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10,
the
1, 2, 3, "c.
two classes
prime
as,
into
compositenumbers.
is one
that
prime number
1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, "c.
4. A compositenumber
more
NUMBERS.
DEFINITIONS.
whole
numbers
other whole
no
for.
and
3. A
by
OF
88.
ART.
$125, sold
and
What
be ?
Into
classes
composite
kind
What
what
is
number?
of numbers
an
even
When
be
must
number
integer!
are
are
prime
HATS
5(5
7. An
numbers
All
"
which
one
8. A divisor
or
and
bj
of
measure
number,
2 is
remaindur:
composite: the
nre
odd
partlycomposite.
of
not bo divided
can
except 2
numbers
even
partlyprime
arc
ARITHMETIC.
RKMARK.
is
number
odd
2 without
HIGHER
is
number
(hat
divisor of
4; 5
10, "c.
number
9. One
that other without
10. A
is divisible by another
remainder; 8
multipleof
takingit
certain
5, beingequalto 5
1st. A
number
number
taken
multipleof
it icithout
is divisible
it contains
by 2.
is the
product obtained by
of times; 15 is a multiple of
3 times ; hence,
number
when
can
be divided
always
by
remainder.
2d.
1, 3, and
13.
5 ; and
1 X 3 X 5
factor of
Any
it; 1, 2, 3, 4,
number
6, arc
and
15.
is called
aliquotpart of
an
12.
aliquotparts of
FACTORING.
ART.
Factoring depends
89.
and
1. A
'2 X
tf the
3 X
factor of
number
is
factor of
any
lluit number.
DEMONSTRATION.
6
CIPLES
followingPRIN-
PROPOSITIONS.
PIUNCIPI.K
multiplenf
the
on
some
multiple.
"
number
Since
;
2X3,
hence, every
G
therefore,any
factor
of 0
multiple of
is also
facto?
HIGHER
RAY'S
S8
PROP.
III.
"
ARITHMETIC.
number
endingin
Ten
is divisible
DEMONSTRATION.
5 is divisible
or
ly 5.
jf
by 6, and every number
is a certain number
of tens, plus the righthand
two or more
figures,
divisible by 6, and,
are
digit;if this is 5, both parts of the number
number
itself is divisible by 5, (Art.89, Prin. 2d).
hence, the
"
no
Conversely,
or
number
is divisible
IV.
Every number
visible by 10, 100, "c.
"
DEMONSTRATION.
"
if it ends
multipleof 10;
and so on ; hence, by
V.
PROP.
of any
two
In like
30; hence,30
30
contains
3X5
"
by 3, it must
number
even
DEMONSTRATION.
An
contains
true.
the
product
30, it
follows
2 X
(6)exactly6
that 2X3
times.
number
even
be divisible
by
their
is also
by 3, it
is divisible
by 2; and
product2 X 3, or
"
1, 3, V, or
if
6.
and
5, end*
9.
DEMONSTRATION.
91.
0, it is either 10 or a
100, or a multipleof 100,
times.
Hence, if any
divisible by G.
ART.
3X5
dl
in
is
1st,Art. 89, the proposition
Since 2 X
"
manner,
(10),exactly 3
with
ends
in 00, it is either
number
is divisible by
composite
more
of its prime factors.
or
VI.
number
"
times,makes
PROP.
If the
Prin.
DEMONSTRATION.
also
it ends in
5.
PROP.
taken
by 5, unless
This
"
find
To
is in consequence
the
prime
of
factors
Prop. I
of
and
III.
composite
number,
the
that
given number by any prime number
and so
tcillexactlydivide it; divide the quotientin like manner,
is a prime number; the last quotient
continue until the quotient
the prime factors.
and the several divisors are
RULE.
REVIEW.
Dimde
"
What
is the first
"
is the
89.
second
FACTORING.
REMARKS.
2. The
1. Divide
"
least divisor
first
by
59
the smallest
factor.
of any
is
prime
number
either
Find
the
prime
or
composite...
of 42.
prime factors
"
V\AO
^
"
3)21
"j
SEPARATE
-1.
45
2.
48
3.
50
4.
54
5.
56
6.
60
7.
63
THE
PCPIL
9.
10.
80
11.
84
2,2,2,7. 12.
^ns. 2,2,3,5. 13.
Ans. 3,3,7. 14.
96
Ana.
.
2,5,5.
2,3,3,3.
Ans.
Ans.
FACTORS,
72
75
3,3,5.
2,2,2,2,3.
Ans.
PRIME
INTO
8.
Ans.
desires
to be
Ans.
98
99
2,2,3,7.
2,2,2,2,2,3.
Am.
2,7,7.
Am.
3,3,11.
Ans.
who
2,2,2,3,3.
Am.
3,5,5.
Ans. 2,2,2,2,5.
Ans.
expert Arithmetician,should
an
of all numbers
under
100
prime factors
give
t
he
inspection, operationbeing performed mentally.
able
the
to
15.
Factor
210
16.
Factor
1155
17.
Factor
10010
18.
Factor
36414.
19.
Factor
58425
The
prime
factors
found
the
prime factors
(he
"
91.
to several
common
numbers
may
be
then taking
factors,
alike in all.
number
Which
show
2, 3, 5, 7.
3, 5, 7, 11.
Ans. 2, 5, 7,11, 13.
Ans. 2, 3, 3, 7,17, 17.
Ans. 3, 5, 5, 19, 41.
is it most
example, and
mere
Ans.
by resolvingeach
REVIEW.
What
Ans.
by
be
the
reason
convenient
number?
of the rule.
Of 1, as
to
a
divide
factor?
by first1
Explain
60
RAY'S
Find
the
HIGHER
prime factors
ARITHMETIC.
to
common
20.
42
and
98
Am.
21.
45
and
105
AM.
22.
90
and
210
and
315
210
23.
AM.
ART.
92.
Since any
only by
each
of its prime
is divisible,
nol
composite number
but
also
factors,
by the product
of them, (Art.90, Prop. V.); hence,
divisors of any composite number,
the number
Resolve
3, 5.
2, 3, 5.
3, 5, 7.
AM.
2, 7.
into its
42
2 X
3, 2
Find
7;
3 X
2 X
7, and
and
3 X
70
1.
Of
2.
Of
30
3.
Of
196
4.
Of
231
Ans.
Ans.
Am.
Ans.
GREATEST
93.
The
2, 5, 7
10, 14
2, 3, 5 and 6, 10
2, 7, 4, 14, 28, 49
3, 7,11 and 21, 33
and
COMMON
and
35".
and
15.
and
98.
and
77.
DIVISOR.
common
REMARK.
ut
mon
have
or
number?
common
Qivo
"
divisor
Why
can
divisor
examples.
What
is the
there
of
bo
several
without
several
mainder;
re-
18.
and
divis-.ri,
common
divisor.
is often
termed
the greatettcorv
factor.
greatestcommon
92.
have
may
numbers, is
more
each
greatest common
measure,
REVIKW.
numbers
or
divisor of 12
greatestcommon
1. Two
"
tlu-ycnu
2. The
divisor of two
that will divide
greatestcommon
the greatestnumber
6 is the
2, 3, 7, and
are
no
rule
for
finding all
other divisor
numbers?
tho
tbnn
tho
divisors
these?
greatest
common
93.
of
What
ii
divisor/
COMMON
GREATEST
ART.
94.
To
find tho
DIVISOR.
01
divisor of twc
greatestcommon
numbers,
HULK
the
I.
Resolve
"
product of
the
30
105
E
factorscommon
divisor sought.
2X3X5.)
3x5x7.
ION.
AT
3 X 5
}
The
"
to both
3 X
product
6 is
divisor
it is their
both the
of
greatestcommon
to both.
common
DIVISOR
6.
Of
30 and
42
Ans.
2x3=
2.
Of
42 and
70
Ans.
2 X
14.
3.
Of
63 and
105
Am.
3 X
21.
4.
Of
66 and
165
33.
5.
Of
90 and
150
30.
....
2 X 3 X
divisors of 90 and
150.
6.
Of
60
and
84
7.
Of
90
and
225
8.
Of 112
and
140.
9.
Of
10.
Of
ART.
into
Rule
2 X
2 X
Ans.
3 X
3 X
5 =45.
Ans. 2 X
2 X
than
more
numbers
two
prime factors,and
28.
be
may
taking
the
to all.
1 is
its
75
30, 45, and
84, 126, and 210
95.
12.
Ans.
.
divisor of
greatest common
RULE
Ans.
...
3 X 11
The
Ans.
....
divisor
greatest common
common
are
divisor.
COMMON
GREATEST
105.
1.
The
2 X
THE
be the
will
common
prime factort;
numbers
divisor of 30 and
greatestcommon
EMONSTK
into their
given numbert
the
common
greatest
Find
the
Ans.
Ans.
3x5
2 X
3 X
generallyused \vhcn
they are large,apply
the
15.
42.
number*
"
RAY'S
Find
the
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
diviaor of 24
greatestcommon
66
and
'
u T i o
quotient is
N.
Next, divide
1,and
18
Divide
"
2, and
24
there
" ia the
is
24)66(2
18.
^Q
quotient is
6. Lastly,divide
remainder; hence,
no
greatest
24 ; the
by
remainder
by 18;
the remainder
by 0;
CG
the
the
'7o'
6 )1 8 f 3
18
of 24
divisor
common
"
1 66.
Rule
the
depends on
following
PRINCIPLES.
1. A
of that
of
divisor
number.
number
shown
As
is
1st.
89, Principle
is a divisor of their
numbers
divisor
SUM.
3.
common
multiple
any
in Art.
of two
2d.
As shown, Art. 89, Principle
A common
divisor of two numbers
is
2. A
of
divisor
divisor
of
contains
the
their
DIFFERENCE.
DEMONSTUATION.
divisor
it
as
"
certain
times
many
2
as
being
difference; for,16
smaller;
8 twos
each
number
of
of the
numbers
times, their
difference
it
larger contains
of 16 and
10, must
the
divisor
is 8 twos, and
5 twos
minus
Since
more
be
10 is 5 twos, and
contain
must
times
mon
com-
than
the
divisor of their
difference
their
is
3 twos.
Tlie greatestcommon
divisor
greatestcommon
divisor
4.
of
the
afterdivision.
OBSERVE, that in the followingdemonstration,G. C.
divisor.
D. signifies
greatestcommon
and
24, and
G6 divides
G. C. D. of 24
The
DEMONSTRATION."
24)66(2
4 8
must, therefore,
is 2 times
divide
od
It
remains
now
could
divide
REVIEW.
of two
Q.
,-.
IS
_
6)18(3
18
18.
If there
would
-,
"
numbers
divisor ?
How
be
What
Prove
divisor of 24
greater common
any
24, it would
94.
it is their greatestcommon
that
to show
also
is Rule
it.
is the rule
divide 48
1 for
What
appliedto
more
contained
than
and
18, aa
1st); and
(Principle
are
divisor.
two
in
common
the greatest
number*
as
ii
it
divi."oi
common
COMMON
GREATEST
and
2"1),
should
48 and
both
then
have
divisor of 24 and
common
divisor,which is
66 is not only a com.
divisor
the propositionis proved.
abeurd.
DEMONSTRATION
OF
greatest common
24 and
D.;
and
The
the
of
reason
C. D. of the smaller
is the
same
and
two
their
and
after division,
G. C. D. of any
the smaller
be
is
RULE
in
last
when
the
(which
NOTES.
find
1. To
"
the
remaining numbers,
and
G. C. D. of
then
two;
so
on
of
for
is
have
can
that
all the
this exact
only of the
first given.
more
mainder
re-
get the
we
always
a
number
no
numbers
two
their
but, whenever
previousdivisor,it will
numbers
two, since
also of the
used, but
0. C.
the
therefore,whenever
itself;and,
and
two
follows,that
used
in
of those
takes
D. of
II.
previous divisor
original two
be the G. C. D. of those
divisor
of 24
; it
on
exactly contained
than
their
Hence, the G. C.
and
18, but is their
smaller
the
numbers
two
G. C. D. of the
the
so
and
remainder
of the
greater than
the G. C. D. of the
as
66
follows
rule
the 0. C. D. of the
for,as
03
divide
jvould
DIVISOR.
than
sarily
neces-
greater
division
two
bers
num-
first
numbers,
two
G. C. D. and
of the
one
numbers;
the
their
G.
mainder
re-
last
C. D.
two
quotientswill
FIND
What
of the
rule
"io
When
are
depends ?
rule
divided
by
C. D.
the
is Rule
2?
other.
COMMON
GREATEST
THE
95.
REVIKW."
Ilhiftrato.
be
given numbers
be prime to each
is Rule
the
1st and
2d
The
3d ?
Prove
generallyused?
which
on
principle*
it.
OF
DIVISOR
The
4th ?
What
the demonstration
Prove
it.
strate
Demon-
HIGHER
RAY'S
04
COMMON
LEAST
is
98.
ART.
number
24
remainder;
The
least
the
least
II EM
common
that is divisible
multipleof
common
ARK
s.
1. Since
"
contains
each
or
be divided
can
is
MULTIPLE.
multipleof two
by each
common
multipleof
multipleof two or
common
tbat
ARITHMETIC.
the
as
3 and
3 and
numbers, is
more
each
without
4.
12 is
of them.
4.
multiple of two
factor,every common
common
of them
by
numbers,
more
of them
or
more
bers
num-
multipleit
compositenumber.
is divisible
numbers
product of two or more
numbers
multiple of two or more
by each of them, a common
and
be
found
since
their
continued product;
always
by taking
may
of the numbers,
any multipleof this product will be divisible by each
number
of common
(Art. 89, Principle 1st),an unlimited
for the same
numbers.
be found
multiples may
2. Since
the continued
TO
THE
FIND
ART.
97.
Find
the least
LEAST
MULTIPLE.
COMMON
SOLETION.
the
bers;
RULE
"
multiple.
in
once
second
once
as
as
product
of
cast
may
it. How
2X5
~t
strike
2X2
least
2x2x3x5
common
in
60. Ant.
occurs
strike
15;
the least
of
out
the
reserve
common
The
"
96.
"
What
found
often must
is
all
Give
factor be taken
Why?
in the least
60,
factors
examples.
the
multipleof
common
multiple?
common
ho
product 2X2X3X5
it contains
multiple,because
REVIEW.
-.
common
is the least
10
occurs
reserve
DEMONSTRATION.
Dion
num-
12;
once
factor
factor
and
in 12
second
the
The
10
the
twice in
factors of
as
common
factor
out
"
Factor
prime
in 10 and
once
I.
serernl
How
of
each
many
the
What
tiples
mul-
common
Rule
corn-
of
numbers?
97. Give
common
is
1.
Prove
multiple?Why?
RAY'S
60
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
NOTE.
In
number.
99.
ART.
RULE
out
such
any
convenient
as
III.
"
contained
are
in
line,striking
separate
any of the others,and
the
the
others,
from
generally
largest,
by a
one,
in
curved line.
2. Divide each
it
to
common
line beneath.
3. Proceed
continue
with
the second
the
and
first,
to be
observed
are
prime to each
quotients
these
product of
quotientsand the numbers
be the least
will
off",
NOTE
with
exactlyas
so
line
multiplerequired.
common
1. If the number
"
4, 9
least
3. The
product
number
greatest
not
10, cut
curve,
which
mon
in
the
is the
to it and
factors
the
of each
2.
Rule
example under
off 30
and
equal to
divisor.
OPERATION.^
striking out
the rest by
divide
20 by 10,
After
SOLUTION."
the
those
divisor,by
common
is
numbers
be divided
multipleof several numbers
by
be
of
of
will
the
all
the
factors
product
quotient
found
the
Resume
several
900.
common
25
9 X
in the others.
found
4. If the least
4 X
multiple of
common
of their
not
25, is
and
to be
then
greatest
divisor
30 ; also divide
common
com-
25
by
25(30
20,
% 0,
from
5
~
^ X
to it and
""
D X
30.
3 U
The
quotientsare
set
CASTING
beneath,and
OUT
THE
07
viding
other,further cutting off and diand
the product of 2, 5 and
are
30, gives 300,
unnecessary,
least common
multiplerequired.
the
being prime
DEMONSTRATION.
number
the
30;
cut
011
this
in
found
not
the
line,until
for each
needless
product of
this
the least
and
factors,
FIND
LEAST
180.
6.
6,9,20
3.
4.
15,20,30
7,11,13,5
9.
30,45,48,80,120,135
PROOF
OF
divide the
sum
this,begin
when
the
excess
to
arc
5005.
8.
sum
same
4iw.
4472670.
Am.
AM.
15015.
244291908.
RULES
NINES.
THE
OUT
2160.
AM.
....
ELEMENTARY
any number, is to
To
of its digitsby 9, and find the excess.
and
at the
left,add the digitstogether,
is nine or more, drop the 9, and carry the
9's out
the
cast
the next
"
more
no
and
digit,
so
of
on.
REVIEW.
in tho
7.
CASTING
To
100.
ART.
For
60.
THE
BY
to be
be
35,45,63,TO .630.
10,14,20,35 .140.
8,15,20,25,30.600.
15,24,40,140 840.
12.
found
OP
MULTIPLE
77,91,105,143,165,195
174,485,4611,14065,15423
498,85988, 235803, 490546.
11.
meant
5.
2.
10.
do
60.
...
at
A.N'S.
4,6,15
are
there will
1.
the rest
COMMON
ANS.
contain
same
of
neediest
common
factors
is the case,
the numbers
THE
by
gettingrid of the
multiple must
such
in the
in
off; therefore,we
cut
one
th"
found
not
are
as
of them
off,thus
cut
other; when
to each
prime
the ntlmber
the rest
of
each
contain
multiplemust
common
factors
like manner,
the least common
cut off in the second
line,and
the number
are
least
such
account, divide
to it and
factors;in
each
to
The
"
off (30),and
common
NINES.
99. Give
lino, what
by casting the
Rule
must
9's out
3.
be
If
the
number
done ?
of any
of
number
Prove
?
768945, say 7
carry the
9, and
cut off is
and
primo
the rule.
to
100.
4;
the rest
What
it
HIGHER
RAY'S
68
4 and
above
arc
the methods
PRINCIPLE.
of
Any
"
remainder
tame
is 3 above
12, which
beiri"passed over) and
All
ARITHMETIC.
by 9 will leave
9.
of its dijit^divided l"ij
sum
f 3000=3(1000)=3x(999+l)=3x999+3
400=
4(100)= 4x(99-f-l)= 4x99+4
50=
G=
[
9's, with
0
Observe
"
4 ;
certain
number
certain
50, a
3456
is the
same
The
3, and
each
of
The
NOTE.
stop
each
at
r.QO~i
J? U
being
OAO
i o
the
when
"
remainders, omitting
9's out
of
the
remainders
these
each
this
write
the
Divide
obtained
remainder
by
horizontal
one
DEMONSTRATION.
as
and
number
forming
as
"
of
sum
excesses
Addition
9's,if
each
it is not
but
excess,
number
necessary
regard
by 9, and
the result
any;
most
method,
all
the
up
the
line.
by dividing
are
C.
EXCESS.
^ Q
20729
proving
In
"
numbers
and
the
to be
and
70.
page
these
of
sum
see
8,2, 4
are
in
excess
of 9'a
excess
digits,3, 4, 5
is correct.
work
the
the
8, the two
they ought
as
same,
in
excess
mainder
re-
number,
numbers
is
numbers
the
to
the
is 8.
excesses
the
in the
excesses
of any
5; and C,
remainders,
The
of
9's,with
remainder
remainder.
out
To cast
of
number
ADDITION.
OF
certain
number
that in its
as
PROOF
is
9's,with
of
be termed
being less than 9, may
3, 4, 5, 6, are the digitsof the number
in the number
3000
that
3; 400,
remainder
5x9+5
5X(9+1)=
5(10)=
DEMONSTRATION.
and
the
For
this
on
divided
number
the
as
founded
proof arc
the
sum
must
of the
easily obtained
the
number, (see Principle),
reason
be
add
the
numbers
by 9;
by cnsiing
of
the
aa
same
the
proof
is
apparent.
REVIEW.
depend ?
"
Prove
100.
it.
On
what
What
proof of
addition
9'i
CASTING
OUT
OF
PROOF
other two,
Proceeding ns
last proof,we
find
In the subtrahend
the
to be 8:
8, as
and
it should
the
be when
DEMONSTRATION.
and
the
As
"
remainder, the
is also
is
G 4 0 6
Remainder
right.
the minuend
is the
of this
reason
of the
sum
76
Minuend,
Subtrahend, 1
together
work
the
in
excess
in the minuend
excess
equal to
(or ll's).
directed
remainder
will be
9'a
"
to
note
the
excess
afterdropping all
EXAMPLE.
de
the last
69
SUBTRACTION.
(or11'*) out of
the minuend;
and
ELEVENS.
of the
sum
proof is
hend
subtra-
from
seen
that of
Addition.
PROOF
OF
MULTIPLICATION.
will agree.
excesses
The
excess
the
multiplicand is 7, in
multiplier4, and in the
duct
1; the
8 q ^
"
730
contains
divisible
the
the
of
siniie these
of the
the
as
consist
of
numbers
an
three
the
9's in
to be
excess,
parts,
3d
X~94-28
4-424
of 9's in
excess
the
their
two
multiplied
product, as
of
which
product
are
must
part, (IS),which
be
is the
multiplicand and
multiplier; nnd
most
are
by casting the 9's out
the reason
of the proof
number, (seePrinciple),
in
excesses
the
easilyobtained
excesses
digitsof
of
excess
of the
each
work,
the
9;
therefore,
by
same
product
will
the
81
of 9's and
number
certain
from
seen
Since
"
oCn"
3G8 X 0 -f-2 8
4- 5 G_X_9
^SlTx^l
QOyO-4-7
Ji
the
promulti-
former
two
proin
each
is apparent.
PROOF
911
tame
the
add
of
and
(or 1 1's)out of the divisor,dividend, quotient,
REVIEW.
the
"
in the
excess
(he result
as
DIVISION.
the excesses
Multiplytogether
cast the 9's (or ll's)out of
and
excess,
OF
excess
What
when
in
is the
remainder, and
the work
cast
is correct,this
the 9'*
excess
(or } 1 '*)
will be tht
the dividend.
proof
of subtraction?
tient,
quo-
Of
T
multiplication
RAY'S
70
8015
m.'iLidiT 15.
by 25;
jMv;de
Kyi
of 9's in the
vss
ARITHMETIC.
the
35.
356
quotientis
ess
Ex
HIGHER
and
the
7.
.......
5.
quotient
of 9's in 35
Excess
re-
"
6.
5^
-L
14.
of 9's in 14
Excess
prooi
"s
Since
"
5.
....
is
the
product
added, the
Multiplicationand
those of
from
dividend
the remainder
quotient,with
seen
the
is also
of
the
of this
reason
Addition.
-A
PROOF
BY
THE
OUT
CASTING
ELEVENS.
ll's out
'To
the
cast
and
remaining figures,
increased
former,
subtract
11
by
last result
the
from
the
if necessary.
30752486, say 6
11
4 remains,
and
10 and
and
are
are
15; drop
10 and 7 are 17,
th^n 4- and 0 are 4; also,8 and 2 are
droj 1J and 6 remains,and 6 and 3 are 9; 9 from 4 can
9 from 15
bt" taken, but 4 increased by 11 is 15, and
not
For
example, to
the ll's
cast
6, which
leaves
Tha
Proofs
remct'ixder
Ti'8
is the
required.
excess
the
as
and
principle,
in
the
proofs to
for 9
9's,t?nd, by putting
tbe proofsby ll's.
two
be
Sguies may
':/ereplaced by
may
appear
aa
nov
R. v
to
prove
to detract
*"1K
w.
methods
"
when
it is
much
from
What
these
reason
XT
Whei
will these
of
substituted
wrong
is the
proofs.
100.
proofs fail
which
it
leads,can
be
regarding the
proofs by 9's,we
(See Proofs.)
manner
ba\v
These
this
similar to those
11
"
on
obtained
excess
depend
divided
number
Any
"
dexrou^trated
\HK.
the ll's
by castingout
PRINCIPLE.
RESL
of
out
in the
proof
for each
are
liable to
other,or
this
objection;
figurei
the correct
same
having
sum, and
These, however, occur
wrong.
the
ones
the merits
proof of
Explain
to
detect
an
so
rarely
of the methods.
division?
the
the work
Illustrate and
proofs by
error?
castingout
give the
the ll'i.
CANCELLATION.
71
CANCELLATION.
101.
ART.
Its
is
use
24
Exchanged
how
is
short
by omittingequalfactors
results
divisor.
CANCELLATION
SOLUTION.
dividend
and
coats
$24
at
each:
the
of obtaining
followingexamples.
$5 each,for
get?
To solve this
"
from
hats at
coats did I
many
in the
seen
method
"
either
factor
of
product
it
divides
would
product,(Art.71),the result is
got by canceling the 24 from both
the
be
Indicate
"
1 X 6
5 ; the same
aa
and divisor.
dividend
divide the
30.
productby
operationsas
the
3
2 1
margin. Divide both dividend and
j
*
AVP
f-P
divisor by 6; this gives 105 X 3 (Art 71,)
above, and 5 below, and docs not alter the
$PK
The
is
quotient,
(Art.75).
quotient
found,
o
Q-. X
pq
in last example, to be 21 X 3 (Art.71) or
as
63.
As each factor is used in canceling,it is crossed to indicate
that there is no further use of it; and each quotientis placed beside
the number
from which
21 and 3 being the factors
The
it is obtained.
left of the dividend
after cancellation,are
multipliedtogether;
their product is 03, and as no factor of the divisor is left,
the 63 is
not to be divided,
and is,therefore,
the quotientrequired.
in the
,,
~.
and
Multiply75, 153 and 28 together,
productof 63 and 36.
SOLUTION.
operations as
Cancel
4 out
in
the
of 28 and
7 out
and
of
out
Indicate
"
of the
the
63
in
9 out of
the
of 153 in the
leaving 25
the factors
425
divided
and
remaining
3 fi
dividend
the
2 5 X
di-
Cancel
4 2 5
..
3 below.
above.
No
in the dividend
by the 3 in the
divisor,and out
dividend,leaving17
above
the
3 X
Can-
visor,leaving9 below.
by
JT$X^"$X$!$^
margin.
36,leav-
9 below.
17
25
the
divide
Cancel
further
are
25
divisor,gives
3 out
of 9 and
75,
canceling is possible;
and
17, whose product.
RAVS
72
If
102.
Anr.
the
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
dividend
or
RULE
1. Indicate
and
FOR
both, is the
divisor,or
several factors,
the
product
easilyobtained by this
of
quotient can
often
be
CANCELLATION.
NOTES.
1. If
"
the factors
and
the
of
the
of
will
divisor,the product of
be the quotient;if only
answer.
place between
divisor;
factor
between
not
of the dividend
factors
two
of
the
the divisor.
is
dividing both
does not
number, which
same
take
factors
Canceling equal
3.
the
factors
two
the dividend
only
can
factor
dividend, or
by
in
remaining
2. Cancellation
in
factor remains
no
is left in the
factor
one
which
if any,
dividend
of
and
the
divisor
quotient,
(Art.75.)
EXAMPLES
1. How
worth.
cows,
many
horses worth
FOR
""0
PRACTICE.
I get for 9
each?
Ans.
30.
33
tea
me?
cost
3. How
44
Ans.
cents.
pounds each, at
12 cents
a
pound, arc
equivalent to G hogsheads of
Ans. 9.
a pound?
mgar, 000 pounds each, at 8 cents
4.
many
24 X
15 X
Divide
112
10
40 X
by
25
90.
30
VIII.
COMMON
5G
32
Ans.
FRACTIONS.
-
103.
ART.
when
into
it is
NOTE.
REVIEW.
oase
may
fraction is
divided
into
Fraction
"
is derived
101. What
cancellation
bo
part is
from
the
is Cancellation?
employed?
Give
unit
If
rqnalparts.
part of
an
or
whole
thine,
apple is divided
fraction of the
apple.
Lniin/ractus,broken.
Illustrate
tho
rule.
it.
102.
In
what
Hence,
unexecuted
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
KAY'S
74
as
expressionof
an
The
DIVIDEND
is called the
NUMERATOR;
The
DIVISOR
is called the
DENOMINATOR;
The
QUOTIENT
is called the
FRACTION
itself.
| is the
| is the
quotientof
(num'tor)divided by
(denom.)
I is the
quotientof 7 (num'tor)divided by
(denom.)
NUMERATION
the
Since
107.
ART.
NOTATION.
AND
Fractions
arise from
of
Division, one
them
denominator
below
TO
RULE.
Read
"
READ
then
line ;
COMMON
the number
and
numerator,
horizontal
the
hence,
FRACTIONS,
of parts taken
size of the parts
as
as
the
expressedby
expressed by the
denominator.
TJ
is read
REMARK.
or
of
ninths.
seven
ninths, (|),signifieseither
divided by 9, (Art.100).
Seven
"
7, or
7 ninths
Fractions
to be
", 8, X,
1,
I?, J,
11
IT
41
10
Of
these
size?
fractions,which
of
Which, the
90
100
words:
8
11,
230
1345
of parts?
greatest number
of parts?
Which, parts of the
number
same
65
of one,
size ?
same
TO
108.
ART.
COMMON
WRITE
RULE.
"
Write
the number
it,under which
of the parts.
line below
tontal
the size
REVIKW.
"
them.
dividend?
the
FRACTIONS,
write
of parts; place
the number
which
consideringa fraction?
What
operation is expressed by a fraction ? What
divisor? the quotient?
106.
How
nanny
methods
of
lioncates
indi-
trate
Illusi* tar
COMMON
Fractions
to be
FRACTIONS.
75
expressedin figures:
Seven
Twenty-fourone
To
express a whole
write 1 below it for a
hundred
number
and
in the
fifteenths.
form
denominator;thus,2
of
f,7
fraction,
f,"c.
PROPOSITIONS.
ART.
109.
is less than
PROP.
the
PROP.
the
2.
1.
the
numerator
PROP.
than
3.
When
"
the
the
number
a
of
fraction
1.
less than
of a fractionis equil to
equal to 1.
of
numerator
fractionis greater
DEMONSTRATION.
in
the numerator
denominator,the fractionis
When
"
When
"
of
Prop.
"
parts
in
the
is true,
fraction
because,in
is less than
the
that
case,
number
of
the
parts
unit.
Prop. 2
of parts in the
true,because,in that case, the number
the number
of parts in a unit.
fraction is the same
as
of parts in the
Prop. 3 is true, because,in that case, the number
fraction
is
is greater than
110.
ART.
whose
of parts in
the number
DEFINITIONS.
1. A
"
the
is lessthan
numerator
unit.
fractionis
proper
2. An
to, or
REMARK.
The
word
one
is
equal
fraction
fraction
3. A
is
simplefractionis
as, \,f. or f.
REVIKW.
107. What
"
108. What
them?
9 whole
Ilnw
may
fraction less than
110. What
What
is
is
number
1?
proper
singlefraction,
proper
is tho rulo
other
two
bo
reading fractions?
methods
of reading a fraction
109.
expressed as a fraction?
to
1 ?
fraction?
an
equal
simple fraction
for
greater than
1?
improper fraction?
Give
or
for
Why
writing
there
aro
When
tho
proper;
im-
is
reasons,
so
T
a
HIGHER
RAY'S
"JO
ARITHMETIC.
or
pound fractionis a fraction of a fraction,
of
of
i.
connected
fractious
several
by of; as, |
J
niimlier is a fraction joined with a whole
f". A mired
1 .',and
i
n u in be r ; as,
is one
0. A complexfraction
having a fraction cither in
4.
m,
'2
one
both
or
of its
terms; as,
"9 '
r-p
4
-",
and
-j,
ot
111.
ART.
that
of
To
arid
T'.j,
DEMONSTRATION.
line
that
show
so
04
"
j;
that
of A
J;
on.
Divide
"
of
"
1 !
'.-J.
B into two
equal parts;
half (i):divide a half into 3
of the parts, as A C, is termed one
one
equal parts, us iu the figure;one of the parts is called one third of
dently
is expressed by figuresthus, g of .j. This ia evione
half,which
sixth of the whole
one
line,that is, f of """.$.In like
and so on.
A of 3
|; 3 of | y'j,
j ; 5 of 3
manner,
as
What
What
is
is
of
of
What
Why?
i?
is
"
of
\1 {
of
^?
|?
PROPOSITIONS.
ART.
PROP.
I.
PROP.
II.
Multiplyingthe numerator
of a
the
merator
fractionlikewise multiplies fraction. Multiplythe nuthe
is
of the fraction
three
times
3;
result,
|,
5 by
as
great as |.
112.
"
ART.
great
as
".
as
the denominator
ih
third
one
"
the
Multiplying
denominator
of
fraction. Multiply
by 3; the result,'g*,
frartism,on
III.
114. PROP.
ART.
"
of the
great
as
as
IV.
1'raction
!2-.
REVIEW.
fraction?
a
fraction?
denominator?
PROP.
115.
"
What
i?
112.
What
113.
Of
115.
"
compound
is the
effect of
dividing the
Of
fraction?
dividingthe
mixed
number?
plex
com-
of
multiplying the Dtuuenitor
114. Of multiplyingth"
numerator?
donrminatorT
COMMON
AllT.
116.
PROP.
In//litfame,
V.
number, chaime*
lias the
result,5",
I* ROP.
117.
of
term*
of the fraction |
forms
value
same
7-7
loth
Multiplying
"
Multiplyboth
its value,.
ART.
FRACTIONS.
"i
not
tion
fracutter
by 3;
the
|.
as
VI."
tion
Dividingloth terms of a fractltt
it*
Joes
same
not
alter
l"y
niinther,
changes form, out
T'JS{-"il
Divide
both
the
of
i'raction
terms
itc.
jjby 4; the
value as |.
result,|, has the tame
DEMONSTRATION.
is
dividend
of
which
the
of the fraction
Observe
"
tlmt
Ihe
(lie denominator
of
numerator
fr-iciion
is tlie divisor,
and
the value
same.
REMARK.
ITence,there
of
multiplying a fraction,
of changing it.- form
two
two
dividing a
ways
ways
without
merator
altering its value; that is, multiplyingor dividingthe nutioei the tame
to the /ruction;but multiplying
or
dividmg the
denominator
duet the oppoiileto the fraction; tohdt multiplying
viding
dior
both term* alike ma In no change in in value.
"
two
are
fraction,and
of
REDUCTION
OF
and
numerator
UK
117. Of
"
TO
is in
denominator
FRACTION
fraction
119.
ART.
88,
REDUCE
116.
dividingboth
in
changing
I.
CASE
TO
consists
alteringtheir values.
without
their forms
FRACTIONS.
of Fractions
118. Reduction
ART.
ways
but
j|f
What
terms
arc
LOWEST
its lowest
prime to
TERMS.
terras
each
when
th"
other,(Art.
\.
not
is the
ITS
of multiplyingboth
effect.
alike T
Illustrate and
prove
those
terms
alike?
propositions.
RAY'S
78
Rri.B.
ARITHMETIC.
both terms
Divide
"
HIGHER
by any
and
fraction,
resulting
to ihe.
factor,do
common
so
the
are
*ami
to
prime
eack otlier.
the
of
terms
their greatestcommon
fractionby
divisor.
1 8 to
licduce
|,which
"
not be reduced
can
Or, dividing
UtViVAIU"
V
"
greatest
at
VUVV
is
result
terms, the
divisor
common
DEMONSTRATION.
because both
M*
TO
REDUCE
"
1
1.
by
THEIR
number
same
LOWEST
2X2
"I*
34
"
T60
"
5.
6.
"
"
-IS!
MI
iSf
4.
"
EXPRESS
IN
10.
923-5-1491
11.
890-4-1691
BXDUCX
AN
THEIR
120.
; the
nalor
NOTE.
IMPROPER
lowest
To
RCLK.
If there
be
of
ANS.
FORMS
2261-^4123
C160-7-40480
12.
13.
II.
FRACTION
TO
WHOLE
OB
NUMBER.
IHeide
"
quotientwill
"
(Art.117).
TERMS,
SIMPLEST
=M
=i8
MIXED
ART.
changed,
T7J 7. ffl
8. HI
n
{* 9. \W
CASE
TO
ia not
ASS.
45
f.
2
"
of the fraction
tho
ANS.
3ft
J-"^S3==3
both
value
divided
are
f^lfi
the
of
The
"
terms
ft
before.
as
1/"l
lower.
10,
by
MJ
j
once
*"t"
~\ 3
the
numerator
be the whole
or
fraction in the
mixed
answer,
by
the, denomt-
number.
reduce
it t
tta
terms.
reduce
dollar to
divide
dollars,
13
"
by
eiaking 2$ dollars.
DEMONSTRATION.
many
thai
dollar?
is,'2
REVIEW.
dollars; and
"
fraction in iu
Since
"
in 13 fifths
118.
What
lowest
as
so
terms
fifthtmake
5 fifths
are
in all such
is Reduction
f
dollar,there wi'tl be
contained
times
na
in 13 fifth?
cases.
of
Fractions?
119.
When
COMMON
V of
'I7 of
V"f of
1. In
2.
In
3.
In
II
*!$*
6.
6.
many
WHOLE
OR
MIXED
1. 7.
-4ns.
35. 8.
Ans.
88
Ans.
WHOLE
9.
3 1 to
there
are
MIXED
over
tion shows
in 3
(unit),
(units),
An*.
NUMBER
TO
AN
number
add
and
the
merator,
nu-
fourths.
to
05
12
3
fourths
in
fourths
in
fraction.
in
3|
15=fourths
dcmonstra-
the whole
105T7T
327/3
^w.
12
fourths,
1. This
that
the denominator.
15 fourths.
"
FRACTION.
REMARK.
'j?2
4f!"
1S37T80.
III.
OR
sum
In 1
"
times
fourths: and
NUMBERS,
improperfraction ;
an
fourths;
are
An*.
"
write the
DEMONSTRATION.
there
Ant.
Multiplytogetherthe whole
of the fraction; to the product
the denominator
Reduce
13-nz
hour, how
121. RULE.
and
hours?
many
IMPROPER
ART.
bushel,how
an
REDUCE
34
CASE
TO
bushels ? Am.
dollars?
many
dollar,how
TO
79
REDUCE
4.
FRACTIONS.
number
V5
Ant.
prove
other.
each
In
fourths?
In
sixtieths?
1.
In
2.
3.
REDUCE
TO
many
dollar?
terms?
Prtve
frastion to
119. What
the
whole
rale.
or
mixed
120.
Give
number.
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
V
^o7
FRACTIONS,
IMPROPER
109T95
5l?i
."
the
reducing a
rule
Prove
it
for
"
Ans.
Ans.
fraction
reducing
to
an
2?f"
'sYr2
its lowtft
impropM
RAY'S
BO
AHT.
122.
To
HIGHER
reduce
ARITHMETIC.
whole
number
to
fraction
reduce
eame
1.
Reduce
2.
Reduce
3.
Reduce
4.
Reduce
fraction
4^
reduce
to
as
to
to
whose
denominator
to
4ths
to
sevenths
23
to
twenty-thirds
19
to
........
......
.....
Ans.
Ans.
Ant.
V/
is 29.
denominator
fraction whose
Ans.
123.
ART.
a
RCLE.
SIMPLE
Multiplyall
"
numerator, and
new
TO
COMPOUND
REDUCE
FRACTIONS.
the numerators
together
foi
together
for a new
ike denominators
all
IV.
CASE
TO
5, v
improper fraction.
an
7
N
is
denominator.
Reduce
of
simplefraction.
i^
iof *
A Ans.
to
DEMONSTRATION'.
(since 5
(since |
of
of
"
(sinceT'sof
the
NOTE.
1.
is
Reduce
2.
of
3.
of
4.
of
NOTE.
"
before
the
REVIEW.
"n
improper
by
",
the
of 3
S|
Art.
times
rule,reduce
mixed
or
to
factors
of
121. Give
fraction.
4,
4,
whole
bers
num-
simplefraction.
=
.....
out
of
f\ to a simple fraction
| of 2f to a simple fraction.
fraction.
2 of 85 to a simple
us
of J of
Ans.
and \ of " of 273 T404?
2^2,
be canceled
may
Ik
of
out
and
Ans.
\i
Ans.
{!"
Ans.
l^o
the numerator
aril
divisor,(Art.1U1)
performed.
Provo
dividend
other
any
multiplicationsare
"
limes
"
Equal
demmiiKitor,
=2
form.
of
SOLUTION.
^ of
Art.
applying
fractional
as
same
the
is the
Before
2 times
"
1O",)=2
y'j
times
2
same
as
7*5,by
Ill,)
y4j,
plying
multiArt.
same
as
T45,
10G,) 785(since
by
multipliesthe fraction,by Art. 112.)
the
numerator
"
to
is
f of
"
reducing a
Which
number
whole
is
or
raised
number
t"
reallyihe multiplier?
IlAi
to find
is unnecessary
la
this
generallyperformed
Reduce
2,
in the
to
1st
num.
42
2d
num.
6 X
2 X
60
3d
2X
OX
70
com.
REDUCE
3.
COMMON
6.
125.
ART.
and
one
the
fractions
both
to
4u.
the
same
"o
fil
HI, /A, W
fig,HI Ml, IIS
Am.U, W.SJ
of the
multipleof
fractions
the
small,
are
others,reduce
denominator, by multiplying
common
by
"'
Am.
terms
is
of each
denominator
by
the
denominator
terms
number
When
42
""
DENOMINATOR,
.....
5.
1"
denom.
........
4.
operation
num.
if, I
i,i, i
I,4, I
i, *, f,I
f,iof8i,|of f
!|i
2.
A"'
TO
The
once.
denominator.
common
35
2X
than
more
followingexample.
3X
1.
ARITHMETIC.
product
as
and
1X5XI7
HIGHER
such
as
the
number
will render
as
largestdenominator.
will be
the
Reduce
SOLUTION
largest denominator,6, is a
3; therefore,if we multiply both
by 6 divided by 3, which is 2, it is
to
common
denominator.
1x2
multiple
of
terms
reduced
What
"
of
g
lj
IE
|.
w.
may
The
"
123. If there
bo done
numbers
inust
?
be
done
are
any
mixed
numbers,
2
"
what
="
3x2
5
=~77
7T
denominators
What
its
Thit
must
be doneT
ferent
are..fractions of difmultiplying? 124. How
the
rule.
Prore
to
denominator?
a
common
brought
mixed
whole
with compound fractions ? With
or
before
FRACTIONS.
COMMON
VI.
CASE
ART.
126.
reduce fractions
equivalentfractions
to
RULE.
To
Find
of
nators;
multipleof the given denomifractionby the quotient
multiplyboth terms of
obtained by dividingthis least common
nator
multipleby the denomiof the fraction.
"
the hast
of different denominators,
the least common
nominator
de-
common
each
Reduce
3,
2)2
| to
and
the least
2)12
4)12
6)12
236
0v9v3
JX-XO
Jt*"
19
1^
"
mul.
least com.
fractions
2,
does not
8 x
2,
terms
of
fraction
(Art.110),each
the
of
be
may
reduced
"X2_JO=
9,
4X3=1
"
number
same
AM.
DEMONSTRATION.
by the
fi, ^X3
2 x "
denominator.
common
to
an
denominators.
After
fraction
NOTES.
Lowest
2.
1. Before
"
commencing,
each
fraction
must
be
in
its
terms.
Reduce
numbers
compound
to improper
3. When
to
and
simple fractions,
whole
or
mixed
fractions.
the
them
REVIEW.
bow
are
can
"
for Addition
125.
of
different
What
What
one
are
compound
to
fractions
common
denominators
be done
must
Subtraction.
denominator
fractions
If there
When
or
if
?
reduced
be?
multipleof
denominator?
fraction
If there
denominator
is
common
are
to
is not
whole
least
the
mixed
How
nominator?
de-
common
in its lowest
or
others,
126.
terms?
numbers
REDUCE
1.
i, j|,T9o|
3.
?,|, -|{
4.
i, 1'iVis*
5.
?"
T-2"
......
Iff
20'
,2
fi
O.
3,
JO,
7.
143"3j
AllS.
.....
1434
nf
3
4
U1
/"
6"J
75,
See Note
adding togethertwo
RULE.
of
30
I 7
2S
W.
W.
Fractions
is the
fractional
numbers.
more
fractionsto a common
and
place the
together,
their numerators
uo
-' I
30'
FRACTIONS.
the
Reduce
"
tiO)
I "
30'
1,preceding page.
OF
or
GO"
0
30'
^"".
...
ADDITION
Addition
eo"
-
,0
AllS.
...
73oof 3}
and
127.
V,, T
An,.
.........
2.
ART.
DENOMINATOR,
COMMON
LEAST
TO
43,"
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
84
of
process
denominator; add
sum
the
ocer
common
denominator.
(12
x"l2
24
least
mul.
com.
DEMONSTRATION.
fore,add
being
sum
That
of the
l?ut,if the
things
of
" as
in
fourths,(f),
would
one
fractions having a
and
denominators
the
we
fourths)
numerators
same
unit
are
add
"!2
(.3
case, and
i K. \v.
"
127.
is Addition
Why
us.
tions
frac-
more
can,
there-
over
are
cents.
in the other.
cents
can
yum
the denominators.
different,fractions
value,and
of Fractions?
cents.
denominator,
find the
common
do
not
expresi
preceding example we
(Art.40);
nnd
but,
twelfth*,
by reducing them
eighth*
denomination, nnd
things of the same
express
R
or
size;we
same
in the
What
^ cenL
add
is,to
the
of two
four(h
2 fourths
The
of
lil
"
the denominators
When
"
the same,
are
24
fractions
reduced
What
is the
to
can
can
add
gether
to-
fourths,
tu-cnty-ftmrth*,
they
to
rule?
not
then
cnniin""n
be added.
dviiuuiiuuuir?
1'ruve it.
SUBTRACTION
NOTES.
shoul'l
1.
"
in
be
reduced
U.-PI, and
i" a :u
8. After
ad
and
terms,
be
may
the
or,
the
4.
5"
5.
i"
l" 9
and
6.
la and
22
7.
21,31
and
849i8jil 81
lot
"
/^ +
3o
....
i4s
and
41
L\
....
of
ll + t+H?
21
4^
Ans.
1011
Ofj
Ans.
3;f5
Ans.
11"U
1 rVo
Ans.
!TVs
4Jl
4/5
5911
Am.
"
^;w.
-i
Ans.
^liw.
Subtraction
128.
FRACTIONS.
OF
SUBTRACTION
Ihe
Ans.
of
two
the
Reduce
diflerenct
of
fractionsto
of
is the
Fractions
2\s
....
I
i of 61 + T8sof ^ of 7J?
4 of 961+ f of U of 51?
RruE.
\%
il
An*.
Am.
17.
Indiug
....
ART.
I\
16.
20.
AM.
Ans.
2"
19.
2.
Ans.
'
15.
18.
Ans.
.
r2
iV T85and 2j
T6o,
1|, 21,31 and 41
I of j,and f of I
is i + A + 4?
What
14.
and
1!
3.
12.
be
must
43, IMS
and $3
T7ff
B' I and
11.
fractions
to
be
ma;
l.^Add iV A. 1*.iUnd
10.
fraction
united.
ling,reduce
9.
operation,each
compound
reduced
fractions
the results
2f
H5
ones.
numbers
H.Mfd;
FRACTIONS.
commencing
its lowest
simple
to
"2. Mi led
then
Before
OF
process
fractional numbers.
denominator
common
tticirnumerators, and
place it
over
the
fnd
commor
denominator.
R
mixed
VIK
w.
"
number*
127. Before
commencing,
What
be
should
done
what
with
(bouM
the
be done?
answer,
when
What
with
obuinodl
RAY'S
SO
Find
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
f and 7*5.
SOLUTION.
The
"
when
fractions,
nad
-ijg
denominator,become
reduced
Si their
difference
When
the denominators
they express
parts
of the
in the
of
DEMONSTRATION.
ixe
sumo,
an
be fonnd
"
as
Thus
case
of two
6 cents.
sevenths,
(|)in
one
cents.
in
2 cents
and
case,
the
are
Cut, if the denominators
different,
kind ; therefore,
one
press things of the same
the other.
do
fractions
be
not
can
than
3 cents can
be taken
other,any more
not
hs can
(Art.43); in the preceding example, fifteen/
both
their
but by reducing them
to thirtieths,
six/Its;
the
from
are
numbers.
sevenths,
sevenths
fractions
their difference
2
Difference,
commoii
-390 730.
is
size,and
same
whole
the least
to
not
ex
subtracted
from
apples,
be taken
from
difference
can
found.
be
NOTES.
1. Before
"
and
that each
see
2. After
reduce
commencing,
compound
subtracting,reduce
terms.
to its lowest
the result
WHAT
I" 753?.
A-fVof^?
i.
2.
311
~5i
"
T5r
4.
fractions,and
united.
In
757
numbers
0.
to
55
"
15
75
"77119
7.
?K
1089
33
be
method,
1 (I
.
76
763
"
"
"
-235
brought to improper
or, the
fractions
and
numbers
if
85f
"
may
ANS.
o
S3
"
f"
the whole
latter
71
subtracted;
then
the
5.
then
subtracted, and
live
173
5 f
Mixed
129.
ART.
of 4?
73
"
n
II
5 9
~f
v!5 01
"
terms.
IS
11
tions,
simple frac-
to
the
the
results
fraction
lower
larger,increase
be
may
is
number
the
the upper
fraction by
of parts in 1 unit,and carry 1 to the first figureof whole
numbers
in the lower line.
6|
Thus,
6!-4!
V-y
V=l!;
| -f-1
or,_4}
i
l
II
RE
Prove
dono
vi
128.
EW."
it.
with
Wh.it
the
robtractfld T
"What
should
answer,
is Subtraction
be
when
done
before
obtained?
of Fractions?
What
commencing?
129.
How
is the
What
are
mixed
rule?
should
be
nutnben
MULTIPLICATION
19. A
how
had
much
at of
owned
man
FRACTIONS.
ship,and
sold
his sharo
of
Ans.
f+
of
of
of
of it remains?
741 +
Ans.
14i,
10"
to what?
21 +
+ 3^2 -f 8$
3A
"
equal
r-'1"J
16]
"
what ?
.f|
Ans.
of
"
of
MULTIPLICATION
130.
ART.
2. To
3.
To
Fractions
is the process of
of the factors are fractional
both
or
three
whole
number
RULE
Multiplythe
the denominators
FOR
cases
the form
all be performed
may
DEMONSTRATION.
by
numerator, and
together
for a new
together
for a new denominator.
What
We
"
can
thirds,than
is the
attach
that
no
other
signifiedby
idea
is
to
2 thirds
of Fractions?
Multiplication
generalrule ? Prove it.
130. What
REVIEW."
FRACTIONS.
MULTIPLYING
numerators
MultiplyI by |.
ttnbrace?
expressed in
this
GENERAL
of 4 fifths
operations:
any
by
FRACTIONS.
may be
fraction,(Art. 108),these 3
Since
of
one
It embraces
numbers.
1. To
OF
of
Multiplication
when
multiplication,
much
how
part
H
is
A"
fg
farm, what
"
3J + 4I" 54 + 161"
21.
he left?
selling4
20. After
OF
T8yAM.
the
of
Wba!
product
4
fifths.
does
it
RAY'S
88
niOIIER
ARITHMETIC.
But, 2 thirls
luci of 4 fifths
by
thirds,ia
'2
therefore,the pro-
Hence,
also 8 fifteenths.
these
COROLLARIES.
I
Mct.Tirt.r
To
the
the
it
withrmt
be done
can
Mci.Tipi.r
REMARKS.
ami
WHOLE
DV
of
FRACTION.
the
n~im
ih"
over
Mufti)Jy
"
dicide
fraction,and
indicatingthe operations,if
contain
denominator
result
factors,cancel
common
EXAMPLES
1.
12X12.
2.
lj X 18
fix 24
3.
SUGGESTION.
5.
G.
and
fraction
the
|X5
Or, 3?
31,
and
3X5
V,
and
8.
X?
50xii.
9.
25 X
45
7.
What
Review.
"
will
130.
How
number
whole
number
number
15;
=V
and
=18!
13.
14.
Six!!
fraction
20
=181
whole
improper
3]
cloth cost
multipliedby
at
ber,
num-
tion,
frac-
181.
=1021
=23o
=7V
.
...."II
$4j
whole
number
How
the
multipliedby a fraction?
may
case
Multiplying fractions is equivalent to what
(low may
nuuibur be multipliedby a whole number?
a mixed
whulc
=15f
181.
11.
15 -f
12.
reducing a
to an
=39*
i*
tiplying.
mul-
separately, and
3j yardsof
before
as
by
28x32
4iX77"
l^xM
=35.
.=76.
32X2|.
10.
15.
the
same
mixed
the mixed
the
the
T9"X28.
}i X 30
33JX 5
4.
multiplying a
In
"
multiply
them
PRACTICE.
=9T33
8{
14i
the numerator
terms.
2.
wriU
the whole
remainder, and
XCMRER
the numerator
by
1. After
"
The
Is
number, and
the
add
Multiply
"
(Art 115).
II. To
the whole
(Art.11'2).
of the fractionby
the denominator
Or, lUcide
XUVBER.
WHOLE
(he denominator,
over
prinltn't
bttr, irhen
nr
J 'ruction by
the
of
lor
n uine.ru
FRACTION
per
yard?
nwnber?
work
of
How
be shortened?
reduction!
90
HIGHER
RAY'S
Since
of
number
bo
may
fraction,(Art. 108), these 3
whole
any
GENERAL
RULE
FOR
numerator, and
new
expressedin
eases
the fora
all bo
may
formed
per-
this
by
"
ARITHMETIC.
FRACTIONS.
DIVIDING
multiply the
the denominators
together
fot
numerators
for
denominator.
new
I by |.
Divide
| inverted
f,and | X f f
=
1st DEMONSTRATION.
Suppose
"
the
lg Ans.
divisor
2 instead
were
|;
of
the
with
2d
rule.
DEM.
be
must
"
It hag been
"
of
and
-/TV,
in
9;
the
is contained
thirds
=
dend
shown, (Art.GO),that the divisor and divisame
denomination; hence, to find how often
them
to ttcelftht.But,
in 3 fourths,reduce
in 9 twelfthsis the same
8
and
8 twelfths
as
that
is,g
Hence,
fr,
lg
the mlo
To divide
times.
the numerator
expressedthus
one
denominator, and
mon
been
might have
of
them
both to
com
the dividend
of
by
the divisor.
COROLLARIES.
I. To
DIVIDE
denominator
FRACTION
of
the
write
the denominator.
nhole
be done
DIVIDE
REVIEW.
the
generalrule
[low
is
without
How
130.
fraction
a
the whole
the
"
Multiplythe
number, and
fractionby
remainder, and
NUMBER
WHOLE
is Division
divided by
NUMBER.
over
the
BV
of
the
the whole
number,
under
quotient
FRACTION.
"
the
Multiplythe
and
fraction,
divide
the
the numerator.
"
What
of
by the denominator
number
product by
131.
WHOLE
numerator.
when
II. To
fractionby
the numerator
Or, Divide
can
BT
Fractions?
Illustrate
divided
fraction ?
mixed
may
of
by
it.
a
What
whole
numbers
be
multipliedtogether?
What
does
is the
1st demonstration?
number
it embrace?
How
is
whole
is
What
"he
2d?
number
DIVISION
Tho
8d
rule may
DEM.
be
OF
FRACTIONS.
simply demonstrated,as
follows:
"
NOTES.
1. Before
"
and
tions,
commencing, reduce compound to simple fracnumbers
to improper fractions;also,express
whol*
mixed
numbers
in
the form
of fractions.
EXAMPLES
FOR
terms.
PRACTICE
7
=
=101
i.
.
Divide
10.
NOTE.
"
17.
Ans.
^HS.
24
|
gf
and
indicating the operations,if the numerator
contain common
cancel them
before multiplying.
factors,
After
denominator
The
HO
Divide
of
2^ by I
SOLUTION.
of 1
2s
"
terms.
=1,
and
If
2
2
3
$
SUGGESTION.
"
Tn the division
of
operations by
place the divisors on the left of
multiplierson the right.
REVIEW.
irh.itmust
"
131.
be done?
What
How
is the 3d
may
vertical
convenient
to
line,and
the
demonstration?
be shortened
the work
other
or
fractions,
cancellation,it is often
Before
?
commencing
18.
Divide
19.
Divide
I of
'
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAV"
92
of
a"q by fs of 31
Ans.
2|
Ant.
gf
Ant.
Ans.
I
1|
Am.
20.
Divide
21.
Divide
?of5A
22.
Divide
23.
Divide
24.
Divide
^ln". If
lg times 4* by ITT times 3"
4
3? by | of 8] times A of 3 rso Ans.
25.
Divide
26.
What
RULE.
by " of A of 3]
Of T4Tby | of J of
of 2
of I of 27*
23
is
To
Divide
"
132.
ART.
of
$ by ! of S
3| by if of
of
reduce
the numerator
by the denominator
Divt"
in
as
tion
(Art.131).
offractions,
Or, Multiply both terms of the complex fractionsby the least
common
multipleof the denominators of their fractional
parts.
5
Reduce
to
"
simplefraction.
24
iu
OPERATION.
""
The
least
then
9?1
111
U'
=
'
multiple of
common
is to
poerator
no
be
divided
1) Q
and
is
22
every
by
="
the
TT
i
J.
12; hence,
fraction
indicates
denominator, the
that
1st
the
Rule
nu-
needs
demonstration.
Since
terms
12
Since
"
X"
"
4.
rr
lgXl2
DEMONSTRATION.
'
fi
\)
"
"
'
is
the value
of
complex
are
multiplied by
tlic
most
fractious
to
convenient
disappear, the
TO
REDUCE
REVIEW.
fraction?
"
the
132.
AVbat
Tllustr.itp and
arc
prove
fraction
same
is not
number,
multiplier tli.it
reason
of
the
SIMPLE
2d
changed when
(Art. 1113),and
since
will
small
Rule
cause
the
both
is evident.
FRACTIONS,
reducing a complex
to
simple
DIVISION
fractions
Complex
them
reducing
OF
be
may
simple
to
often bo shortened
FRACTIONS.
10X8
10.
'
FIND
12.
ART.
and
THE
133.
RULE.
their lowest
to
terms
divide
the
^nominators:
the
of
Reduce
"
COM.
GREATEST
-i-
A*,
401
73
2TJ
2T\
J/u
8i70
21
TO
12i
"
11.
"*xi^?
-H
2|
M.
"v
divided,bj
operationmay
The
cancellation.
by
1x1*
multipliedor
fractions.
DIVISOR
OF
the numbers
FRACTIONS.
simplefraction*,
divisor of
Jind the greatestcommon
it by the least common
multiple of
to
divisor
fractions.
NOTES.
1. If the
"
denominators
divisor
numerators
also
are
numbers
of the
are
the
the
denominators.
2. The
be
greatest
obtained
of
them, then
be
the
of this
greatest
Find
the
"
The
!J*
105
and
the
denominators,
and
divisor
the
of
the
viz:
fractious,
the
quotients must
which, used
REVIEW.
divisor
14
viz:
as
"
of
divisor
the
261
can
two
will
1085f
and
to the form
of
fractions,
divisor of the
numerators,
least
multiple of
common
the
greatest
numbers,
reduced
greatest common
If the
"
"re
fractions
two
and
DEMONSTRATION.
by
divisor of
8085, is
than
more
of all.
when
numbers
8^85;
are
common
divisor
common
greatest com.
SOLUTION.
of
first
by
divisor
common
and
fractions,'"5 and
8^64,are
*|9.
If the
divisor
15
be
the
divided
quotients
by 8,
divided
whole
multipliedby 8, (Art.73),and become
and 579.
Now, 8 is the smallest possiblenumber,
will convert
the quotients, and "|9,
multiplier,
4
133.
of fractions ?
be
What
is the
Illustrate
rule
and
fur
prove
common
HIGHER
RAY'S
94
numbers
whole
into
multipleof
tients,it
gives
must
Of
2.
Of
3.
Of
Of
5.
Of
6.
Of
7.
Of
8.
Of
9.
Of
10.
Of
TO
and
to
GREATEST
RCLE.
the denominators;
the
"
The
Ans.
5'i
4H
4|
Sk
An*.
the
Ans.
.
.An*.
OF
to
least
simple fraction
multipleof
dirisor of
common
the least
be
1^75
FRACTIONS.
quotientwill
tiple
mul-
common
com.
numbers,
'j5,
*g",f
fractions,become
the numerators
jf
An*.
the numbers
by
An*,
Ans.
fractions.
the least
SOLUTION.
the
An*.
"
2.}"
2|i
Ans.
Find
divide it
and
the numerators,
is
225;
the
reduced
when
and
f\ ;
the
DEMONSTRATION.
"
If the
given
to the
least
latter
numbers
form
common
divisor
greatest common
is
common
DIVISOR
MULTIPLE
Reduce
"
quo
An*. 2T*
COMMON
Find
COMMON
LEAST
for
numbers
used
J, and 268.?
14T72and 95|
59J and 735i|
23T7gand 213^f
418! and 17721
237! and 1751-1
261}! and 652-U
44^, 546! and 3160
134.
of
possiblewhole
common
'g%when
as
8; therefore,
83
FIND
ART.
and
greatest common
THE
FIND
1.
smallest
the
be the
it is the least
time, since
same
the denominators
divisor,
as
the
at
ARITHMETIC
simple
multipleof
of their denominators
gives
were
of
112
the
A, the
whole
leas.*
bers
num-
be 225, which
multiple would
15,25, 9, 5, their least common
contain them
Would
respectively15, 9, 25 and 45 times; moreover,
225 contains
6X9,
8x25,
f, fV, respectively4 X l-r",
Vj5,285"
the
the
since
divisor
12X45
quotient,
dividing
times,
multiplies
half
numbers
and
will
contain
the
225
of
same
"
(Art.73);
112.2
4 X 25, 6 X 45
times
as
respectively,viz: 2 X 15, 3X9,
many
will divide all these quotients
times; and since no other number
which will contain the fractions
exactly,112j is the least number
"xactly,and is,therefore,their least common
multiple.
=
DIVISION
HEM
c"*n
ARK.
also
greatest
"
be
common
leaat
THE
f S,It,"
Of
Of
3.
Of
4.
Of
5.
Of
6.
Of
7.
Of
8.
Of
9.
Of
and
MULTIPLE
COMMON
LEAST
......
60.
Ans.
472$
Jns.
100.
Ans.
600.
Ans.
1G70G[
4/".
^ln*.
11400.
Ans.
1437]
2245}
EXERCISES.
PROMISCUOUS
together3i,4],5|, f
1. Add
Ans.
Ans. 350.
...
135.
ART.
95
common
2.
FRACTIONS.
FIND
1.
OF
of
|,
and
of
ylns.
2.
The
of
sura
Ij'aand
is
--j
equalto
What
is
J2J+of
"
1332
how
ti
many
5
Ans.
times.
their difference?
3.
|.
of
^,,s. 5.
1|1-5-laYs?
'
4.
-|^|r ^
5 and
Reduce
their
simplestforms.
is
6.
What
is
of
16 and
What
"
Ans.
5.
of
5i
(100
3g?
")
to
26iV^
Ans.
35
Ans.
T5g
2~"L
T8
(2-j)X(4-i
REVIEW."
uple
134.
of fraotionn?
\Vhat
is the
rule
Illustrate and
for
prove
finding tho
it.
lout
common
mol
RAY'S
96
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
45x4]
x4S
10.
"
4]
11.
Add
12.
leaves
II,and \
10
diminished
by
the
least
leaves
B, 8|
multiple of
common
20 inclusive.
that B
leaves N
for L.
miles
apart)
travels
7^
miles
What
15.
multiplied by
number
16.
What,
divided
17.
What,
added
and
save
Find
19.
the
160
65.
96, 120,
57
and
The
20.
number
of
a.nd
prime
have with
least
com.
numbers
number
each
The
23.
the least
of
(See Rem.
each,the
with
have
income?
Ans.
1] jj
Ans.
23
D., and
the
25.
Divide
T3tof 51
of
of
840,
latter for
the
their least
105
Ans.
have
280.
and
714.
Ans.
three
is 450.
of
11.
Ans.
and
known
un-
same
part of
is the
What
numbers
are
is
15,
and
the numbers?
30, 45
and
3i by \\ of 7;
their
75.
Aim.
and
A
Ant.
of
I of 27' by
II
and
34 U
26.
is what
unknown
an
What
^Ins.
2
and
between
Gr. C. D. of
24.
3705.
8 and
other.
mul.
clothes,
$216.
Ans.
com.
35
15rr|5
in
1, Art. 97).
between
will
divisor),of
mul. of 13, 19,
10, 24, 35
Find
22.
board,
three,is 9240.
these
to
two
mul.?
com.
and
miles.
Ans.
(greatestcommon
mul.
com.
their G. C.
for
former
200,
same
311
of
Ans.
least
What
in
income
my
what is my
the
57iV
to
Gr. C. D.
number?
21.
"
by If, gives14.??
spend | of
$60 a year:
numbers
at
produce 2i?
18.
'^
232792560.
Ans.
N, (109
for
the
~b"T930
/A
to
14.
|"
Ans.
Ans.
Find
time
of
gj?
13.
from
number,
what
of
4i"
Ans.
"
43of |, "
of
of
4a
what?
".
All
the
Common
Fractious
when
thus
Notation
whole
operationsin
and
rules
applj
the
several
Decimal
to
them
for
""?
cases
Fractions
simple and
more
devised
been
well
as
But,
written.
ha?
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RATS
08
convenient
similar
to
that of
numbers.
This
consists
notation
writingthe
in
numerator,
the number
the
to
of
and
figureson the
of ciphers in
number
ho denomiLator.
The
decimal
The
and
84.015
.37 and
are
fractions
and
space, while
this account, since the
time
follows
of the
mistake
no
be
can
decimal
137.
ART.
called
it
a?
fractionis 1 with as
figureson the rightof
fraction,when
written
decimal
the placesand
from
point,(.),is
The
obtained
many
the point.
them
way
denominator,saves
on
likelyto occur
is
denominator
denominator
of any decimal
ciphersannexed as there are
The
this
.000002
pointinstead
of the
use
expressed in
given, when
before
decimal
point arc
figures,to distinguish
numbers.
figuresof whole
point or tcpa.Ta.trix;
the places of whole
the
with
placesfrom
numbers.
A pure decimal "has only decimal figures;
as, .02319
has figuresof whole
decimal
mixed
A
numbers; a",
281.63
A
complex
hand
A
number
whole
REVIEW.
thus
figureson
Qiv"
is
be
in its
right-
136.
What
mode
is the
decimal
may
the
What
What
What
on
"
"samples.
When
fraction
common
point to be
it
has
decimal
is
Decimal
Fraction?
of
expressingthem has
advantage of writing decimal
Give
Why BO called?
adopted? Illustrate
fractions with a point?
boon
the denominator
be known?
written,how can
with a point?
called, when written
fraction
the
pure
examples.
right
of
decimal?
How
may
the
point
called?
What
is
every
whole
mixed
What
be
are
if
the
point called?
complex decimal?
regarded?
decimal?
number
137. What
What
is
the
NUMERATION
OF
NUMERATION
DECIMALS
"|"J
DECIMALS.
OF
-ft; .06
Tgff;and .006
hundredths,or thoitsanths,
r/fo^,
expresses tenths,
any figure
it
is
the
in
as
1st, 2d, or 3d decimal place
according
the tenths',
the
hence, these placesare named
respectively
the thousandths' place; other places are
named
\undretht-')
138.
ART.
the
same
Since
.6
as
seen
way,
TABLE
in the
DECIMAL
OF
ORDERS.
"cfioc^Sa83Ss^Ss^SSWH
H3*s
1st place.2
.08
2d
.005
3d
W"
read 2 tenths.
....
8 Hundreths.
5 Thousanths.
*7Ten -thousandths.
3 Hundred-thousandths.
1 Milionth.
9 Ten-Millionths.
4 Hundred-millionths.
6 Billionths.
..
..
4th
.000*7
..
5th
.00003
.000001.
..
6th
..
7th
.0000009
.00000004.
..
8th
..
..
..
..
.000000006
9th
..
..
The
that
The
numbers.
tenth
from
10
hundredths, and
left to
the
therefore
same
placeequals10
1 in any
law
names
be
tended
ex-
recollecting
hundredth
the decimal
like the
right,
accordingto the
and
This
table may
from
By inspectingthe table,and
derived
are
"c.
Quadrillionths,
Trillionths,
139.
ART.
orders
decimal
of whole
of the orders
to
the
of
names
..
10
placesdecrease
placesof
whole
bers,
num-
law, viz:
in the
next
right-handplace.
holds
REVIEW.
Third?
"
Why?
138. What
Repeat
is tho
tho
name
Table
Orders.
place?
The
2dt
Since
140.
ART.
local value
of
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
100
decimals
lav*
subjectto the same
numbers, like them, also,they
whole
as
are
can
RULE
1st. Head
the
DECIMALS.
2d. Read
the decimal
as
(he
of
is much
whole
separatefigureswhich
convenient,
mure
number, and
Hie
annex
name
right-handplace.
.004038, is read,4038
decimal
The
DEM.
viz:
READING
compose
of
FOR
ways.
The
"
of the
reason
rule
depends
on
millionths.
the law
of local
value,
right-handplace."
Commencing with the first significant
figure,4 of the 3d place
equal 40 of the 4th place; 40 of the 4th place equal 400 of the
of the oth
403
6th place,which, with
the 3 already there,make
place; finally,403 of the 6th place equal 4030 of the 6th place,
in all 4038 of the Gth place;
wnich, with the 8 already there,make
since the Gth place expresses millionths.
or, 4038 millionths,
A
"1
place equals10
in any
mixed
decimal
number
Thus,
71.062
may
be read
may
may
be read
in the next
be
71062
as
altogether
read,then
decimal
the decimal.
thousandths; or,
71
units,and
62
thousandths.
EXAMPLES
REVIEW.
bere?
decimals?
139.
"
What
How
ia the law
Why?
la the 1st ?
The
road?
an
flive
do decimal
TO
BE
READ.
placesresemble
those of
whole
num-
example.
NOTATION
101
DECIMALS.
OF
NOTATION
and
thousand
Write, eighty-three
141.
ART.
DECIMALS.
OF
bil"
one
lionths.
DEMONSTRATION.
number
of
written
as
bo
must
parts
The
"
whole
number,
(Art.136) ; the right-hand figure must
size,(Seelast Rule) ; hence, the
a
RULE
Write
the numerator;
figure shall be of the same
REMARKS.
WRITING
FOR
the
fix
name
express
parts
of
the
given
DECIMALS.
point
that
so
the
right-hand
the decimal.
as
1. In
read
34
units and
2. The
prove
6 tenths.
operations under
each
this and
2.
Twenty-two
Two
TO
tenths.
3. Ono hundred
4.
units
BE
11. Four
hundredths.
one
hundred
tenths.
and
twenty-
sandths.
hundred-thouEighty-seven
Twenty-nineand
half ten-
15.
million
8. Nineteen
billionths.
and
one
and
five
three
sandths.
thou-
Thirty-three million
tec
millionth*.
16. Four
17.
millionths.
thousand
Forty-eight
hundred
5. Ono thousand
six hundred
and five ten-thousandths.
7.
to
se^ve
WRITTEN.
14.
6.
rule
preceding
other.
EXAMPLES
1. Five
the
Four
18. One
hundred
thousandths
hundred-thousandths.
unit and
half
lionth.
bil-
Seventythousand
REVIEW.
"
141.
What
writingdecimals
Explain
it.
102
RAY'S
22.
HIGHER
million
Forty-four
ARITHMETIC.
units and
Three
31.
hundred
and
fiftyeightthousand and six ten
millionths.
four millionths.
23. Two
hundred
and eighteen
thousand and six billionths. 32.
24.
thousands.
Xinety-six
hundreds.
Ninety-six
Ninety-sixtens.
units.
Ninety-six
tenths.
Ninety-six
hundredths.
Ninety-six
thousandths.
Ninety-six
25.
2G.
27.
28.
29.
30.
142.
ART.
Decimal
Two
million millionths.
33.
34.
Four
35.
Fifty-thousandand
million
lionths.
four mil-
and
seven
hundred-thousandths.
36.
Three
million
billionths.
Fractions
nnd
half
from
distinguished
are
fractions,
by not having written denominators ;
whole
from
numbers, by the decimal point.
The denomination,
size of the purls in any
or
decimal,
the
of
the
that
the
set of
depends on
position
point; so
figureswhich expresses but one value as a whole number,
may, as a decimal, express different values,according to
be exercised,
the situation of the point. Great care
must
and distinctly.
then,in placing the point correctly
common
and
143.
ART.
to,
or
PROPOSITION
from,
omitted
I.
Decimal
"
the
right of
be annexed
ciphersmay
number, and
any
not
alter
its value.
DEMONSTRATION.
themselves
The
ciphers
value; the
their places
"
of
are
no
EXAMPLES.
.25
250
16. =16.
16
000
19.08300
19.083
200.00
200
=
figures retain
and, consequently, their values.
is not
Hence, the value of the number
but merely its denomination.
altered,
other
REMARK.
decimal
that the
ciphers annexed
omitted
or
are
144.
ART.
moved
as
careful
ciphers.
NOTE.
or
Be
"
to
RHVIBW.
known
If,in
"
is
any
be
continuallyby 10
MULTIPLIED
1-12. How
"
How
II.
the number
the RIGHT,
oftenas
decimal
PROPOSITION
from
?
pointcorrectly
whole
Why
143.
arc
decimals
numbers?
should
What
is
distinguishedfrom
How
groat
is the
care
Proposition1
be
?
common
size of the
exercised
Frove
it..
in
parts
tions?
fracin any
placing the
REDUCTION
DEMONSTRATION.
OF
DECIMALS.
1Q3
For each
EXAMPLES.
placepassed over
by
point in moving to the right,
every figure .0567
is advanced
the
0.567
in
of
scale
one
step
notation,and
is worth
10 times as much
5.67
as
before; hundreths
are
5 6.7
changed into tenths,tenths into units,units
into tens, tens into hundreds, and so on; hence,
567.
the propositionis true:
5670.
"
the
ART
145.
be moved
to the LEFT,
oftenas
as
PROPOSITION
III.
the number
figure is passed
DEMONSTRATION.
If, in
"
For
"
each
is
any
10
by
continually
DIVIDED
over.
EXAMPLES.
place passed
the Ifft,
every
2340.
by the point in moving to
234.
figureis degradedone step in the scale of nota2 3.4
as
tion,and is worth only y1^as much
before;
2.34
hundreds
are
changed "into tens, tens into units,
.234
units into tenths,tenths into hundredths, and so
.0234
on
is true.
; hence,the proposition
over
NOTE.
If the
"
point is
moved
to be
in either direction
over
more
can
placesthan the number
furnish,supply the deficiencyby taking
in ciphers,as in the last examples of these propositions.
REMARK.
These
"
supposinga point
to
propositionsapply
stand on
the right of
REDUCTION
146.
ART.
OF
I.
CASE
To
"
Take
"
the decimal
with
commencing
as
"
In
3.
"
Prove
144.
decimal
to
convert
decimal
Stato
How
the
it stands, for
the
fraction
are
number
to
the
its lowest
its
numerator,
numbers?
will divide
146. Wh".t
simplestequivalentcommon
is
mo
fraction?
noi
use
factors of
only prime
that
decimal
terms,
to whole
its
into
firstsignificant
figure;for
ciphersannexed as there are
many
this fractionto its lowest terms.
only prime
it.
propositionsapply
\of
as
5; since they
the
and, therefore,
REVIBW.
DECIMALS.
the denominator,
reducing
2 and
but
number,
place.
its units'
the
write 1 with
NOTE.
whole
fraction.
simplestequivalentcommon
RULE.
to any
10,
the denomiState
How
tion
Proposican
tbes"
is either
which
nator,
ends
divide
in
luccesnion;the
ends in 3, and
be reduced
A
mixed
may
fraction
the
wiJ
terms.
fraction.
common
equivalent
39375
.039375=5)
in
1000000
fraction
can
'40000
200000
(Note.)
like 18.0067
decimal
as
an
63
Ant.
improper
'8000
this
complex
rule, a
fraction,which
common
decimal
be
may
Thus, .084
8s1
~L
The
also
rule
1600
25
to a
common
easily reduced
the
with
aliquot parts of
REDUCE
fraction
146.
"
terms
is in
Why
What
its lowest
100.
TO
fraction,if
Thus,
can
terms?
fraction ?
changed to a common
of
rule?
the
the
application
by
complex ? Give examples.
only
it be
What
complex
IM'J.
Ans.
"
decimal
pure
decimal
the
may
complex,
sometimes
student
into
as,
be
is familiar
FRACTIONS.
be used
need
known,
Why?
How
decimal
12
60
COMMON
divisors
How
way
Art.
1
"
300
this
into
in
to
serves
6.875=G.87j'f)==6.87A
; in
lowest
converted
change a part of
fraction,thereby rendering the
common
REVIEW.
is
simplifiedas
100
nor
thus:
number
By
merator
nu-
then
numerator
written
be
times
further.
no
the
obtaining
fraction, divide
by 5, four
terms
its
AVhen
6, neither
except
fraction
10's.
After
"
common
both
to
of
product
number
the
.039375
o L u T i ON.
Ihe
odd
any
ARITHMETIC.
the
10, or
it,(Art.90),and
Reduce
S
HIGHER
RAY'S
104
How
does
can
the
decimal
b"
may
a
reducing to
by inspection,that
in
mixed
th"
pure
decimal
be
rendered
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
100
2. The
each
Reduce
" to its
equivalentdecimal.
or
DEMONSTRATION.
The
"
with
numerator
o\^
o
ERA
ON,
nr"f\
) / .UU
decimal
the
.875
7000
of
thousandths
875 thousandths
REDUCE
1.
2.
3.
^0
=.125
5.
rule
The
complex
.263^
=
mixed
=.495
.078125
.0009765625
decimal,and
mixed
thus,9|= 9.375,since
=.01525
.015}
101.011=101.0175
12.
15.
75119g35
=75119.0375
16.
2.00320-
=2.00002125
ART.
148.
=16.5
.
.=42.1875
13.
Sometimes
14.
.375; and
I6h
42T3a
11.
=.8
7024
into
number
.=.05078125
^35
.005625|10.
;
pure decimal
.2612, since J? = a2
into
8.
1 9.
=.46875
converts
f
29o9o
C5i
7.
=.051
.
7 units
of
.875
6.
....
....
of
number
same
Ans
DECIMALS,
=.75!
....
If.
T59o"J
4.
TO
.875
_-
annexing ciphersdoes
not
render
numerator
REVIEW.
Explain the
On
"
147.
When
example.
complex decimal
may
What
?
the
point be
effect does
quotient? How?
fixed in the
on
mixed
number
ADDITION
interminate
decimal
.125,
the
littletoo
remainder
omitted
in
minate
inter-
an
is
"
2.
2\
10|f
3.
.065?
4.
430.18-jV
149.
RULE.
figuresof the
OF
Write
"
the numbers
Same
may
be in
add
columns;
that
so
in
as
the
in addition
as
be added
to
the
at
of
one
430.1809+
DECIMALS.
denomination
same
numbers, commencing
"
.259259+
10.60417-
=.0652857+
ADDITION
PROOF.
+,
decimal.
terminate
1.
wJwk
.666666
"
of
ART.
107
figuremore
largerthan
a
when
Sometimes,
instead
DECIMALS.
infinite
decimals; thus, 2
or
interminate;while
an
OF
of whole
numbers.
"
"
in Art. 148.
23.8
Add
SOLUTION."
After
figuresof the
then add
bers.
carry
the
added, must
figure of the
done
minus
"
set
OPERATION.
in column
in whole
as
of
answer
those
point should
REVIEW.
reducing,
.41|
and
uum-
0 Q
-"
HI
when
right-handfigures,
the
make
right-hand
as
the
.0256
and
order
same
and
As
17^
and
What
arc
in
be fixed
148. When
bo usod 1
the
such
same
the
as
tho
IT'K
ft 9 ^ fi
*4irP'-
A-\~_
nomination
de-
Ans.
column,
41.74223
quotient can
decimals
called t
not
be
made
Why
When
exact, what
may
tho
is
sign
HIGHER
RAY'S
108
Find
1.
the
2. Of
1.33
3. Of
14.
A UtTHMETIC.
-of 1 +
sum
J added
to
.9475
An*. 1.9475
itself twice.
.0034
39.0374625
Am.
83
Of
4.
thousandths,2101
hundredths,25
94s units.
nd
AM.
118.093
Am.
8.980^
Of
6.
Of 4
7.
Of
.1H +.66661
8.
Of
9.
Of
920.1754
Am.
.141,.0181, 920, .0139!
16. 008|, .00741, .2", .00019042i
units,4 tenths,4
Ans. 4.44
huudredths.
.2222225
Ami.
16.299768199?
.675,2 millionths,
64g, and
Of
10.
3.49000107
68.29000307
Am.
11.
Of
12.
Of 216.
4.0671
four times
.000}
and
13.
1000.
1266.29771
35
Add
16.272
,l"s.
Ans.
Add
14.
thousand
ten
96
sixtythousand
and
and
dred-thousa
millionths;four hunhundredths; forty-sevenmillion
150.
RULE
result
PROOF.
NOTES.
If
"
149.
"
must
either
directed
RRYIEW.
be
in .the
done
of
in columns,
the
at
or
both
in the
What
with
the minuend,
ffubtract
right,and
point
the
decimals.
of
is the
the
rule
complex
given
numbers.
decimals
be
complex,
to last rule.
note
for
adding
decimals
150. What
under
in subtraction of whole
As
"
proceed as
ample.
addition
DECIMALS.
denomination
same
1.017101008
Am.
the subtrahend
numbers, commencing
in
as
OF
Write
"
placingfigures of the
in whole
one
eightbillionths.
SUBTKACTION
ART.
sandths.
thou-
38.885
Ans.
What
tenth*
5.
Am.
as
4.
Ana.
should
decimals?
If there
bo
done
are
of decimals?
The
common
proof?
tions
frac-
the
exExplain
The proof?
SUBTRACTION
2.
If the minuend
annex
until the
Write
"
subtract
in whole
as
numbers
rendei'ed pure
the
common
saying
4,and
Ans. 4.743
on.
-| o9
6.77s
8.00717
19.54
from
2.
3 thousandths
from
3.
72.0001
72.01
4.
Subtract ..93A
5.
How
much
is 19
6.
How
much
less is
7.
How
much
is
8.
What
is
9.
Take
.007601
10.
Take
1.98i
11.
Subtract 1 from
1.684
12.
from
13.
14.
10000
15
16.
Is units from
17.
TJ
hundreth
from
yg
18.
64g hundredths
from
100
of
of
"
not
be done?
.041
150. What
contain
Explain
many
be
lO.OOOf
.35f
.15007
Ans.
Ans.
.000443JS
Ans.
Ans. 4.9225
tenths.
units.
Ans.
done
decimal
examples.
Ans.
tenth.
Ans.
units.
with
complex
places as
1.251
-4ns. 0
thousandths.
a
Ans.
thousandths.
of
.05
.684
Ans.
10
.95
.004798
Ans.
.000$
3701
must
tho
.238^
Ans.
6.
from
from
1875
as
Ans.
Am.
.02
49!
from
thousandths
.0099
in decimals?
three times
millionth
Ans.
Ana.
2?
"
2999.997
.4?.
than
twice from
hundrcdths
VIEW.
do
483^1
Ans.
8.999i?
less
If
"
ft 6
11.53283
1.1691
.65007
6.773s
Ans.
3000.
from
f)
.
PRACTICE.
Subtract
must
so
1.
minuend
o'ft^^7
8,
7 from
decimals
FOR
from
/"
fractions subtracted.
2|
annexed
to be
rule
to the
extent, and
same
EXAMPLES
UK
them
6.77i
subtract
to the
the
as
10 leaves
are
the subtrahend,
placesas
suppose
be annexed
numbers;
1 ; 6 from
13.2563
In this
the
ciphers to
3,carry
From
decimal
many
2.05*7
subtract
directs;suppose
10 leaves
as
ciphers to it,or
deficiencyis supplied.
SOLUTION.
and
not
DECIMALS.
decimal
68
From
has
OF
the
99.35"
decimals?
If the
subtrahend, what
RAY'S
110
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
MULTIPLICATION
151. RULE.
ART.
OF
Multiplyas
"
DECIMALS.
in whole
decimal
tne
PROOF.
HEM
As
"
ARK.
of whole
multiplication
in
DEMONSTRATION.
decimals
product
as
256
Express
"
2.56X
the
form;
both
the
ciphers as
these ciphersmake
a decimal
decimal
as
places as
many
other
2.
16
3.
.01 X
4.
.080X
80
5.
37. 5 X
821
6.
64.01
7.
48000.
8.
64. 66; X
9.
10.
.56',X .OSi'g
738 x 120.4
11.
.0001X1.006
12.
34 units X.
13.
27 tenths X.4i
14.
43.
15.
21.0375
the rule.
How
of the
47104
product has
and
denominators:
are
of
hav"
PRACTICE.
=.1
.031
.U
=.0015
=6.4
=3093.75
=20.4832
73
=3504000.
18
What
=1164.
=
.0172J-!
88S"5.2
=.0001006
=6.562
193
=1.134
008
X.
X
.531
.32
7004
151.
each
as
.1
1 X
proof?
denominator
factors.
both
FOR
1.
"
.184
EXAMPLES
REVIEW.
ft()7) 1 00000
Hence,
di-
numerators
vidcd
as
ftft
be the
product will
in decimal
47104
184
==
frac-
common
of their
the fractions
places u
.184
Multiply2.56 by
tions ; their
numbers.
decimal
product,has not as many
deficiencyby prefixingciphers.
the
the
places as
If the
"
supply
c-iuired,
tne
4.441
=.3496032
=93.5
of Decimals?
Multiplication
the product to bo supplied?
deficient
places in
Thi
Prort
MULTIPLICATION
16.V
5.V 9300. 701 X
251
17.
430.0126X4000
18.
.059
42 units X
20.
21
21.
7100
22.
26 millions X
23.
2700
figurein
28.
1 in thousands'
CONTRACTED
The
=67C.
60 tenths
will
.01
figurein
units'
by
the
hundredths'
the
.001
place,by
162
tenths
place,
thousandths.
or
1 in tenths'?
methods
dred-thousan
in the hun-
one
TO
I.
"
Remove
"
over
right,
as
are
case,
proper
Hundreds.
DECIMALS.
contractingmultiplication
of decimals.
multiplication
DECIMAL
to
two
cases.
BY
in
placesas there are cipJiers
the product required.
1. If there
"
the decimal
many
to
to call attention
MULTIPLY
Ans.
OF
of
only necessary
that
MULTIPLICATION
152.
in whole
in
.0008876
=
.
NOTES.
176.4
=13.5
figurein
the
27.
RULE.
.1 X
CASE
.0002u5379
600
26.
It is
26 millionths
Ans.
ART.
denomination
eive?
A
millionth.
place,multipliedby
25.
.059
hundredths
What
=2334475.951
....
of
11
42 tenths
hundredths
X
DECIMALS.
=1720050.4
.059 X
19.
24.
OF
the
multiplier;
as
many
down, (Art.147).
2. The rule given in Art. 64, for multiplying a whole number
by
is
whole
of
since
a
case
a
ber
numparticular
this,
10,100, 1000, "c.,
the
be
as
a
point
regarded
decimal,
being on the right
may
of the units' place, (Art.137).
REVIEW.
for decimals?
"
152. What
What
placessupplied?
How
methods
is the
1st
euro
Multiplication
of Contracted
Case?
Give
the
rule.
How
cumbers
are
used
deficient
RAY'S
112
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
To
EXAMPLES
FOR
100
1.
56.x
2.
.075 X 100
3.
.01!
4.
16. 083
5.
10.341x100000
98.0471 X 1000000
6.
ART.
PRACTICE.
=5600.
.
1000
=17.5
10
=160.83
Whenever
153.
contain
requiredto
=7.5
"
.
the
=1034400.
.
.=980473331
productof
below
figures
decimals
is not
certain order,the work
two
be shortened.
may
CASE
n.
TO
"
OP
RULE.
RESERVING
MULTIPLY,
DECIMAL
IN
CERTAIN
NUMBER
PRODUCT.
THE
the number
of decimal
multiplicand,
placesto be reserved,draw a, vertical line through the lowest,and
write the multiplier
that its units' figureshall fallon this line.
so
Begin at tlieleftof the multiplierto form the partialproducts,
always startingat that figureof the multiplicand which is as
then
far on one side of the line,as the figureof the multiplier
in
Count
PLACES
"
is
use
offin
on
by multiplyingthe
Set
lower
figure.
right-handfiguresof these partial products in a
and pointoffthe number
of decimal placesrequired.
the
column, add
NOTES.
the
1. The
"
next
multiplicand
the
to
To
to
or
convert
common
the
should
extend
multiplierdoes
to annex
necessary
fraction into a decimal.
figure further
one
to
the
left of it.
decimal
ciphers,
and it becomes
multipliercontain a common
fraction,
tiplicand
at the same
to multiply by it,start
figure of the mulin the previous multiplication.
as
2. If the
necessary
REMARK.
In
far
"
"
should
152. Demonstrate
the
it
the nearest
any
153.
multiplicandextend
number
What
to the
rejectedfigureof
of
is Cafe
units
2?
over
The
line?
6;
114
RAY'S
154.
ART.
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
DIVISION
OF
RULE.
the decimal
those
as
many
PROOF.
"
of
Make
"
DECIMALS.
Same
the divisor,if
as
of whole
numbers.
vi
1.
"
w.
"
To
153.
extend
in Division
the
What
deficient
Ana.
The
vision
is tho rulo for di-
placesin
the dividend
DIVISION
4.
Make
OF
DECIMALS.
115
decimals
like common
pure;
or, divide them
mixed
numbers
multiple
; or, multiply both by the least common
of the denominators
of the common
and then divide.
fractions,
complex
6. If the division
other
decimal
is not
the divisor
.50312
Divide
the
figuresto
written with
exact, it may
dividend;
it, as
under
may
be
fraction.
common
Since
.19).50
the di-
12(2.648
1 Z O
is the
Ans.
152
of the divisor
as
as
aa
many
has more
the dividend
the divisor.
than
24
Divide
Annex
to make
the
the' remainder
or
by annexing
.19
by
DEMONSTRATION."
be continued
by
decimal
it have
as
3.2
cipher to
many
decimal
divisor;afterward, annex
continue
the
dividend,
places as
another,to
3.2)24.00(7.5
1.60
0
the division.
.07 by 21.6
Divide
-OTOOf.
0032407+
21.6)
the
annex
long division,
as
ciphera to tho remainders
QQA
they occur, reckoning them
i /" A A
still as decimal
places of the
dividend; here the dividend
has eight decimal
to the
places,counting the ciphersannexed
In
1. Divide
SUGGESTION.
.002475 and
of the
the divisor
.002J8 by .061
"
Convert
3-J-.18I
3.
4. 2-=-. 311
rnlo.
"
154.
places,what
divided ?
into
the
pure
decimals
tiple
mulmultiply both by 40, the least common
5 and 40, making the dividend .099,
and
denominators
the
latter
method
2.64: use
generally.
2.
decimal
numbers
the
.0375
.066 ; or,
FOR
EXAMPLES
REVIEW.
Ans.
mainders,
re-
PRACTICE.
=16.
If the
=13.44
dividend
is the
and
quotient?
Explainthe examples.
number
of
complex decimals
may
be done ? Demonstrate
th"
divisor have
How
may
the
earn*
be
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
116
=.01575
4.
63-MOOO
5.
3.15-f-375
6.
1.008-^-18
7.
4096-f-.032
8.
9.7-T-97000
9.
.9^-. 00075
.0084
=.056
=128000.
=.0001
=1200.
10.
13-^-78.12^
=.1664
11.
12.9-j-8.256
=1.5625
12.
81.2096-r-l.28
=63.445
13.
=.15625
14.
12755^-81632
2401H-21.4375
15.
21.13212-r-.916
16.
17.
72672-j-. 5025
2483.25-^-5.1562$
18.
19.
l-r-100
20.
lO.lH-17
21.
VOOl-r-100
=112.
=23.07
36.
=73.088
.....
V*
.
.=481.6
=15.375
V.0001
=.66f
95.3-r-.264
25.
1000
26.
Ten
.
=1000000.
=100.
-^-1 tenth
=.0001
-f-. 01
000001
29.
.OOOOl-f-1000
16. 275 -=-.41664
30.
1 ten-millionth
28.
=360.984848+
001
-:-.
=.01
-5-. 01
24.
27.
.59412=.00001
22.\ 08|-r-.12i
23.
.01
=.00000001
=39.0625
-j-1 hundreth
=.00001
If
155.
ART.
the quotientmay
dividend
the
be
is less than
expressed as
common
the
divisor,
fraction,
by
taking the dividend for the numerator, the divisor for the
number
denominator,making both terms have the same
of decimal places,and then omittingthe points,which is
number,
equivalent to multiplyingthem by the same
divided
3.737
by 99.9, equals ^3?7
(Art.144); thus,
_
"
3-737
REVIEW.
101
3737
? 0-000"
-D9900
"
155.
quotient be written?
"
270
0-
If the dividend
be
less than
the
divisor,how
may
th"
DIVISION
AET.
To
158.
find
OF
the
DECIMALS.
H7
denomination
of
1st quotient
the
obtained,count
figurewhen
Thus,
dividing
.07
the dividend,
by 21.6, (page 115),mark
the
from
dot
decimal
as
a
point to the right as
.0*700; numerate
the right-hand figure of the first product
which
far as the 0, under
falls: this gives thousandths,
which
is the denomination
of the 1st
quotient figure,3.
DIVISION
CONTRACTED
methods
DECIMALS.
of
apply also
numbers
whole
to
contractingdivision in
decimals.
Only three cases
be noticed.
need
I.
CASE
RULE.
TO
"
Remove
"
as
over
The
157.
ART.
OF
DIVIDE
DECIMAL
BY
the decimal
there
ciphersin
are
places as
requiredquotient.
many
to the
left,
divisor; the
"
If there
not
are
as
places
many
to the
left
as
are
quired,
re-
prefixciphers.
REHAB
K.
"
The
rule in Art
be considered
may
68.075 by 10000.
Divide
To
Ant.
.0068075
divide
DEMONSTRATION.
as
to
"
(Art.145.)
R
p. v
done?
ai
i K
w.
"
Why?
aa
soon
of
Before
156. How
it is set
in division
deficient
155.
down?
decimals?
reducing
is the order
the rule.
of
157. What
What
Prove
the
is the
can
the
fraction,what
common
quotientfiguredetermined
any
methods
1st
be
must
case?
rule
be
of contraction
The
rule?
applied to
are
How
whole
used
ar"
bers
num-
HIGHER
RAY'S
118
It
158.
ART.
often
contain
requiredto
ARITHMETIC.
4.SE
II.
TO
"
RESERVING
DIVIDE,
DECIMALS
RULE.
would
the
THE
CERTAIN
as
denomination
the
tion
highestdenominadenomination
required
then
point
offthe
If the marked
"
thus, until
Continue
NOTE.
OP
NUMBER
QUOTIENT.
down
and
figureof
quotient,
Divide
drop
IN
nomination
de-
be shortened.
result
in the
in
that
Mark
"
may
not
quotient
as
to
tens.
singlefigure,
required.
is reached
at the
first
an
2.
n. If the
dividend
has
figure of
no
the
tion
denomina-
ciphers
it,or
further,if it
interminate
decimal, until it does.
the rejectedfigures,
the direcobserve
In carrying tens from
tions
in Case 2 of contracted
multiplicationof decimals.
(Art.
to
is
"
be
marked,
continue
to
annex
it
153, Rem.)
Divide
1.078543
SHORT
319
METHOD.
by
319.562
true
to 5 decimal
ORDINARY
figures.
METHOD.
073 542(.00337319.562)1.078j543(.00337
958!686
958 6'86
120
96
11918570
24
2398840
22 36934
_22
2
95^8686
1161906
DIVISION
DECIMALS.
SOLUTION.
the
100
the
divisor
with
directed:
DEMONSTRATION.
The
"
necessary
required in
than those
the
of
reason
involve
would
operations,which
all
on*
divisor; cross
tent
multiplication,
carrying
and
point prefixed,
ciphers
new
every
the
837,
quotient required.
is the
that
at
and
dividend
rejectedfiguresof
the
from
more
dividend.
8 in the
the
Cross
The
"
falls under
as
OF
lH-2.6j[8^
2.
10. 00371
3.
.187564 -=-.00043129
4.
V.
007516362
reserved.
056248
.373
177.85
1000.86-7-3.1415926
6.
7.
61.0598314-^4278
421. 33i-=- 9.104f
8.
100
9.
7912.5043-^-181.34
.9l3-f-216.52
11.
555
12.
1-v- 111111
CASE
III.
1, RESERVING
ART.
159.
RULE.
of being
26.79492
43.6
.0042233717
.10
10
.0000044955
.000009
DIVItflTBY
TO
"
.014273
46.2778
123456789
-T-
318.5836381
7320508
10.
DECIMAL
DECIMALS
IN
Multiplythe
"
435.
.00001152
5.
-f- 3.
ANSWERS.
to units.
true
652. 18
-r-
lower
denominations
Decimals
1.
fact,
omitted.
quotient,are
EXAMPLES.
in the
LITTLE
LESS
THAN
QUOTIENT.
THE
dividend
by what
the divisor
Divide
3815.64
by .994, reserving2
decimals
in the
quotient.
REVIEW.
Dominations
when
are
"
158. What
IB
of tho dividend
divided
by
the
Case
be used
2?
Tho
below
rule?
the
divisor,they give
ono
lotfer
Why
marked?
should
no
Ans.
d"cause,
Be-
denominations than
HAY'S
SOLUTION"
HIGHER
3815.64
Multiply
difference
.994
between
ARITHMETIC.
and
unit;
below
duct, and
ducts
the
to
DEMONSTRATION.
to
except
in
that
decimals
obtain
The
"
Art.
22.894
.137
to
this
of
the
answer
proproas
a~n ro
o
o
"
re-
quotient,
the
G9, for
no
as
the
corresponding case
the product being
occur,
is necessary
to obtain
Decimals
EXAMPLES.
1.
1000-:-
2.
6215. 75-j-.
3.
28012
4.
52546.
5.
4840
X.
35
the correct
similar
numbers,
extended
reserved.
ANSWERS.
1020.41
6246.985
993
^-.99!
28209.47
52678.045
4901.27
99"
-=-.9875
in
answer.
.98
-f-.
are
of whole
remainders
far
as
the
to 2 decimals.
(57,true
those
rest
to affect the
and
write
denominations
same
The
add
quired; therefore,
8838.
the
next.
small
too
are
Do
3815.64
by .000, the
DECIMALS.
CIRCULATING
when
fractions,
transformed,
decimals.
become
interminate
(Art. 148.) These have
worth considering.
curious and useful properties
some
160.
ART.
Many
common
PROPOSITION
I.
be changed into
fractionswhich can
only common
reduced
those which,
to their lowest
terminate decimals,are
terms, have no factorsbut 2 and 5 in their denominators.
The
DEMONSTRATION.
contain
nator
all the
be
to
annexed
10,
as
prime
divisible
EX
_3._
has
Every cipher
multipliesit by
5, the factors of 10,
factors but
no
ciphersmay be annexed
2's and
give it as many
denominator, and then
have
any
into the
factors
division
.QQ9375
_A.
If the denomi-
2's and
=-3125
=
.666664-
6's,enough
to the numerator
as
=.72727-f-
to
the
if the denominator
But
quotient is exact.
duced
introbe
factor besides 2 and 6, this factor never
can
numerator
by annexing ciphers,for 2 aud 5 are the
that
is not.
"
AMPLES.
it.
by
of the numerator.
factors
only
must
to the numerator
introducing 2 and
nator
The numerator
"
can
the
be
possible.
so
introduced.
In
such
cases,
the
exact
circulate has
pure
.5 and
A
ts,
HIGHER
HAY'S
122
no
ARITHMETIC.
figuresbut
rcpctcnd; as,
.124
mfced
.208^
before
figures
the
rcpctcnd
.31247
and
has
simplercpetend
compc'.ndrcpctcndhas
.4
figure;as,
one
two
or
more
Similar
figures;as, .51)
place; as, 35023 J
rcpetends
beginat the same
.0178, which both begin at thousandths.
and
Dissimilar
begin at
rrpctends
places;as, .205
different
.312408
and
Similar
the
the
same
ART.
and
conterminous
places;as, .5039t
164.
Any
be considered
may
.350000.
al
.42018
and
decimal
terminate
end
.350
a
=
be made
compound,
and
more
compound, by
any
of the succeedingrcpctcnds;as, .fy
takingin one or more
.0502G2, and .257=. 257257257
.33333,and .0502
When
a
rcpctcndis thus enlarged,be careful to take in
no
taking the whole of it;
part of a rcpetend without
thus, if we take in 2 figuresin the last example, the
be incorrect,
for the next
result,.25725, would
figure
understood
is not repeated.
being 7, shows that 25/25
A rcpetend may
be made
lower place by
to begin at any
distance; thus,
carrying its dots forward, each the same
.5
29414,and 5.1830=5.183083
555, and .2941
.Any simplerepctcndmay
compound repctcnd still
Dissimilar
repctendscan
made
bo
similar, by
carrying
place,as
Similar
must
figures
be taken
3, 4, and
0 at
be taken
in
The
4, and 6
time.
2, 3,
in, 2
at
time; ami
number
at
of
in
tho
others.
figureswhich
time, is
common
wny
inul-
REDUCTION
REDUCTION
CASE
I.
TO
"
CIRCULATES.
OF
the least
multiple in
common
CIRCULATES.
OF
REDUCE
123
CIRCULATE
PURE
TO
COMMOH
FRACTION.
ART.
and
165.
the
Write
"
the denominator
for
in
RULE.
the
take
as
repelendfor
Q's
many
the numerator
there
as
figure*
are
repetend.
DEMONSTRATION.
"c.,and
456.456456, "c.
agrees
NOTE.
place of
begins
whole
456
999 times
the
to
4*56is
.456 ; and
.450
right
.456456456,
repetend ;
one
over
times
1000
.456, (Art.144);
.4*56 li "
=
the decimal
numbers,
the tenths'
at
point
circulate
pure
i 3 *,which
the rule.
If the
"
the
the decimal
remove
the result
Take
"
the
carry
then
place,and
forward
dots
apply
point
until the
at
some
repetend
the
25""f.
25.025
CASE
II.
TO
"
REDUCE
MIXED
CIRCULATE
TO
COMMON
FRACTION.
ART.
166.
RULE.
as
figureswhich
many
precede the
nominator
for tftedefiguresin the repelend,
decimal figuresbefore
take
the
the
the whole
repetend
from
with
Subtract
"
as
repetend.
Change .821437
to its
fraction.
equivalentcommon
OPERATION.
DEM."
The
by the rule
1, resnlts in
work,
QOIAQ'T
'8'
L4d/
in Case
821^11
this
be
is what
999 + 437
821437-821
answer,
821
_
for the
eoi"37
'O*1**!
999000
IQQQ
821(1000" 1) + 437
and
"
999000
would
'
"
821000
"
821 + 437
821437"821
"
SiltatdTo^Uh999000
all other
culate9'
mixed
cir-
820616
999000
102577
999000~124875
RAY'S
HIGHER
REDUCE
1.
.3
2.
.05
3.
.123
4.
2.6S
6.
.31
7.
=i
....
....
8.
1.001
2083
11.
85.7142
=if
12.
.063492
13.
.4476190
bo
may
=36"
="
=85?
09027
"
=TW
multi
added, subtracted,
RULE
FOR
CIRCULATES.
and
fractions,
common
perform
sensible
in
error
be
may
carried
forward
then
far
enough
treated
and
They can be added, subtracted,multiplied,
be explained.
this preparation;as will now
OF
ADDITION
168.
ART.
g4,T4o75
this
Circulates
"
any
without
on
operationrequired.
REMARK.
decimals.
10.
the circulates to
the
.138
Circulates
GENERAL
Reduce
9.
14.
167.
"-
=TV
=3Ys
=2T7T
=181,
plied,or divided,by
avoid
FRACTIONS,
N.
ART.
them
COMMON
....
.0216
48.1
6.
TO
ARITHMETIC.
RULE.
other
divided,
CIRCULATES.
minous,
repetendssimilar and conterif they be not so; add, and point off as in ordinary
decimals, increasing the right-hand column
by the amount
if
any, which
would
then make
Malta
as
to
"
the
be carried to it
repetendin the
if the
sum,
circulates
similar
and
continued ;
conterminous
with
were
those above.
Add
DEMONSTRATION.
culates
directed
of
similar
"
and
the cir-
conterminous, as
in Art. 164.
figureswhich
Make
would
The
.9098
.2566666666
^Q4."79'79I7O7O
first column
appear,
if the
24.8158158158
.9098000000
continued,are the same
the first figuresof the repetends,
as
S
6, 7, 1, 0, whose sum, 14,gives 1 to be
carried to the right hand
column.
Since the last six figuresin
each
number
is a repetend,the last six figuresof the sum
is also "
uirculates
repetend
were
SUBTRACTION
REMARK.
hand
In
"
column,
OP
the
finding
it may
figuresin
be
each
amount
to
135
carried
be
sometimes, to
necessary,
the
to
the
use
right
two
ceeding
suc-
repetend.
Ant. 1.796
.455,.06$,.32t,.945
33.1334
AM.
3.04,6.456,23.3$,.248
1.536
AM.
."5,.104,.61,and .5635
1.03,.25?,5.64,28.0445'245 AM. 34.3?
Ans. 1.
.6,.13",.05, .0972,.0416
9.2liOt,.65, 5.004,3.5622 AM. 18.43
Ans. .54
.69,and .25
.2045*,
12.4
AM.
.24,and 7.124943
5.0*776,
3.4884,1.63?,130.81,.066 AM. 136. 06
1. Add
2. Add
3. Add
4. Add
5. Add
6. Add
7. Add
8. Add
9. Add
SUBTRACTION
ART.
CIRCULATES.
169.
CIRCULATES.
OF
minous,
repetendssimilar and conterif theybe not so ; subtract and point off as in ordinary
decimals,carryingone, however, to the right-hand
figure of the
subtrahend,if on continuingthe circulates it be found necessary ;
then make a repetendin the remainder, similar and conterminous
RULE.
Make
"
the
9.3l56
Subtract
DEMONSTRATION.
Prepare
"
12.9021
from
the
num-
12.90212121
9. 31561561
continued,the
,
REMARK.
next
It may
"
be
to observe
necessary
than
more
to ascertain
circulates,
right-hcnd figureof
.0674 from
2. Subtract
9. Ofrfrom
15.
3. Subtract
4.51
18.23673
4. Subtract
37.0l2"
or
of th"
one
1 i? to b"
whether
the subtrahend
1. Subtract
subtrahend.
not
.26
.25$
6.2o
.....
from
35465"
.'
.
.=13.72
.
from
100.73
=
,
63.
tl
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
126
5. Subtract
8. 2f from
6. Subtract.
190.476
10.0563
199.6428571
from
MULTIPLICATION
170.
ART.
.=1.7836290
.
OF
9.l6
CIRCULATES.
and
"ionlerininous,
the
If
"
add
according to the
have
multiplier
reduce
repetend,
add
and
rule
by
already given.
it to
tion
frac-
common
using this
fraction.
Multiply.3754 by 17. 43
SOLUTION.
In
"
the pa
forming
.3754
r-
the
right- -JK 4
products, carry
-j "\
figuresof each respectively,
.1501777
the numbers
1,3, 0,arisingfrom the
of the figuresthat do
multiplication
2.6281111
tial
to
band
not
rcpetend of
The
appear.
multiplierbeing equal
multiplicandis
aro
set down
tirlicand
'ned.
rr
Point
petends are
I |
,
whose
12oi48,
which
they
the several
similar and
*
'
were
K.AAA
A\
" * *
figures
5 14 8
6.5452481
Am.
is
ob-
1.
4.735x7.349
2.
.Ot06fx.9l32
3.
7^4.32X3.456
4.
16.204
6.
19.0t$X.2083
6.
10.0ol2x4.263
7.
3.t543x 4.7157
6.
1.256784x6.42081
under
from
to
the
of the
thi"il
=34.800113
=.06(5065
=2469.
17381 4
=530.810446
32. *75
=3.973l"
=42.85-188033
....
17.7045083
=8.069o83206
.
OF
DIVISION
171.
ART.
CIRCULATES.
OP
DIVISION
127
CIRCULATES.
minous.
repetendssimilar and conterSubtract from each circulate the figuresprecedingits
and
the remainders
use
repetend,
for the dividend and divittr
respectively,
omittingthe dots.
NOTE.
divide
"
If the
as
in
figuresof
the
the
Make
"
is not
divisor
circulate,it
will
shorter
be
to
the
ordinary decimals, bringing from the dividend
the
division.
to continue
rcpetend instead of ciphers,
2.6o3 by 1.8
Divide
FIRST
RULE.
1.8)2.65"(1.4t4d
2.653
1.800
18
OPERATION.
SECOND
OPERATION.
85
2C5
__
1620)2388(1.4f4(5
708
1200
GGO
1200
DEMONSTRATION.
operation,are
remainders
The
"
of ihe
the numerators
1620
and
2388,
fractions
common
in
1st
the
the
to which
circulates
and
are
therefore
be
EXAMPLES
omitted.
1.
.?""*-.!
2.
Sl^Dl-f-lY
3.
S81.559887"-5-94
4.
90.
11.6G8735402-s-.24o
6.
7.
=6.S1
..........
........
=13.4ol
.....
.....
5330GG3997-f-6."l7
of
45.1$
=1.53
.....
3.500""91358024-f-T.684
division
3.02"
=7.2506371
.....
5^03749-^6.7o4
and
Multiplication
for
PRACTICE.
FOR
circulates
the
can
.4o
be
quently
fre-
generalrula
RAY'S
128
172.
ART.
There
fraction into
is
By
1st
either
other
the
division,
?
Property.
The
less than
one
of
than
of
convertinga
is worth
mon
com-
the denominator
considering.
.142857, which
has
this property,
of any
If the
5.
the
the
to
one
of 10.
-whose denominator
is a prime number
fraction,
number
of figuresin the repetend is one less than
other properties
observed.
are
Property. Each
added
part of this
denominator,two
makes
which
number
in
figures
is true
2d
short method
cumber
This
ARITHMETIC.
decimal,when
circulating
other exact
ifjme
is
prime number,
actual
viz
HIGHER
the
figurein
1 + 8,
.14285t,
9; thus, in
4 +
5,
2 +
7,
each
equals 9.
3d
Property.The
repetendserves
same
having
the
same
Convert
of
decimal.
circulating
.0434782fi5
First,by actual division,^
; instead
times the value of ^g justgiven,viz: .0434782G0869^f
;
33
SOLUTION.
into
"
363,
put G
to get Af
.6434782008695652173913;
this
repetend,
and
the startingplace,multiply the first 3 or 4 figures
to ascertain
by 10; thus, .0434 multipliedby 1C, gives .G944,showing that,w"
of ^"
must
at the eleventh figure;doing BO, the value
commence
=
use
same
6950521739130434782608.
INTO
CONVERT
S
iV
11
T7"
T"J
3U"
XI.
ART.
Ho
173.
3T"
CIRCULATING
14
24
49
Sl"
"4T"
g?"
COMPOUND
A
dollars ; 2000
DECIMALS,
simplenumber
bushels ; 4
10
fi?
65
7oT"
*S)
71"
89'
NUMBERS.
is of
one
apples.
denominatiop
: MS
HIGHER
RAY'S
130
176.
ART.
Is
roads,and
out
100
kind
of
long
laying
1 chain, (ch.)
make
(Ik.)
chains (ch.)
in
of land.
the boundaries
running
used
measure,
links
80
MEASURE
ENGINEERS'
AND
SURVEYORS'
ARITHMETIC.
(mi.)
1 mile,
1. The
"
is called
chain
1 chain
1 link
2. Since
written
each
decimal
as
2 chains
link
rd.
GO
or
feet.
7.9'2 in.
j^
of
chain,the
hundredths
the whole
with
of links
number
chains,
be
can
2.56 chains
as
links.
56
REMARK.
is
and
Inches
"
yards
kinds
used
not
are
of measurement.
MEASURE
CLOTH
177.
ART.
2
ell
ij yd.;
the
into tenths
is the
9 in
or
1 ell French
in
mercantile
The
standard
of all
What
was
measure?
17i".
"
is tho
Why?
An
i E
chain
How
nro
Whiit
called?
chains
Repeat
oil French
ell
English
l| yd.
used, being divided
transactions, the yard
quarters, eighths,
are
the
our
linear
follows
as
tho
and
is
at
86400
surveyors'
Why?
How
links written
table-.
times
What
is
an
is
measure
imperialyard
London,
ascertained,which, in a
experiment
accurate
is
parts employed
(na.),
half-sixteenths.
178.
pendulum
or
qr.
yard only
the
By
| yd.;
or
qr.
6
the fractional
sixteenths,and
ART.
Flemish
hundredths;
unit, and
dry goods.
1 quarter, (qr.)
1 yd.
custom-houses, the
and
for
1 nail
make
1.
"
or
2. At
used
long measure
qr
NOTES.
6 qr.
kind of
in
na.
Is
of Great
the
length
at
vacuum,
in
men.-ure?
long is it?
together?
ell Flemish
mean
of
the
solar
An
What
oil
is cloth
English?
NUMBERS.
COMPOUND
day, or
once
This
second.
every
13]
pendulum
divided
was
of these
391393
equal parts, and 3COOOO
itself
then
taken
to be
a
yard, the pendulum
39.1393
inches long.
into
were
being
being especiallynecessary,
was
used,and to a certain degree fixed,at an earlier period than the
have therefore been
made
and weight, which
of volume
to
measures
depend upon and be verified by the former.
at first very
of long measure
The standards
were
imperfect,being
such
derived from
different parts of the human
a
as
fingerbody,
and
whole
cubit
or
or
yard
fore-arm,
arm;
joint,finger,hand, span,
demanded
and
convenience
a
but as commerce
change,
increased,
rendered
were
preciseand uniform.
they
The ancient yard of Great Britain is said to have been determined
of King Henry I.
by the length of the arm
REMARK.
Linear
"
measurement,
OR
SQUARE
179.
AHT.
and
painters'
Is used
square is
lines or sides.
size
foot,
of any
square
square,
whose
is
times
is
side
which
by
side is
square, whose
mile; and the size of any
is
depends
long,and
foot
unit
The
180.
AHT.
side
whose
one
of
contents
land,
surfaces.
Each
is
inch
square
MEASURE
in
even
an
name
or
SURFACE
estimatingthe
work, and other
plasterers'
The
as
an
so
inch
that
of
long;
its
a
side;
square
on.
all surfaces
linear
upon
are
measured
inch,foot,yard,rod
number
or
of
surface,
rectangle,which is an even
having four straightlines for sides,each oppositepair being equal,
and
perpendicular to the other pair. The ceiling and sides of a
and
sheets of paper, arc examples of rectangles.
room,
the same, the sides
breadth
of a rectangleare
If the length and
The
all
are
simplest surface
it is
equal,and
The
size,or
of
area
square.
REVIEW."
States?
at
How
first?
inch?
179.
it
is tho
contains,can
standard
is it determined?
What
A B(\.ft.?
surfaces ?
being the
rectangle,
is square
sq.
yd.?
What
unit
of
measures
measure?
What
What
is tho
ISO.
number
of
be ascertained
length in the
of length were
is a square?
unit
of
measure
aa
United
used
A
"q,
for till
RAY'S
132
Take
rectangle 4
wide.
HIGHER
If upon
each
ARITHMETIC.
inches
long by
of the inches
inches
in the
length,
stand,there will
be a row
of 4 square
inches,extending the whole
of
the
length
rectangle,and reaching 1 inch of
its width.
As
the rectangle contains as many
such
there
rows
as
inches in its width, its area
be equal to the number
are
must
of
inches in a row
of rows
square
(4)multipliedby the number
(3),
inches ; hence,to find the area
12 square
of a rectangle,
a
inch
square
conceived
be
to
RULE.
the number
the
denomination.
in
"
same
units
square
of
tJiesame
of
lengthby
in
area
denomination.
It is easy to determine
the number
of sq. inches in a
Bq. foot,of sq. feet in a sq. yd.,and so on; for,since 1
sq. foot is 12 inches long by 12 inches wide, it must
12 X
contain
12
144 sq.
3 feet wide, it
long by
feet;and since
feet
1 sq. rod
63
contain
it must
144 square
5A
must
30j
9 sq. ft
30]
LAND
Is
181.
ART.
40
Since
chains
and
and
then,of
Why
chains,and
iquare
the
expressed
using
the denominations
"
180.
How
yards
many
in
What
Prove
is
it.
square
square
as
ox-
1 rood, (R.)
many
a
Why?
lumdreths
or
of
square
square
square
is
link
inches
chains
side is
decimal,ai
necessity
practice.
no
in
in
Why
the table.
sq
chain,
yard ?
Repeat
whose
a
square
chains and
What
lG
only; thus,7
chains; there
rectangle?
How
4X4
of
area
in square
link
chain
chains
as
square
feet in
rod?
sq.
decimal
considered
7.09 =60.2681
rectangle?
T
rods, 1
7.09 X
REVIEW.
a
be
can
7.09
to
1 acre, (A.)
1 eq. mile, (sq.mi.)
written
are
chains,will be
follows:
of
links
9 links
7.09
links
used
measure,
A,
1 chain
Since
surface
of
perches(P.)make
G40
rods.
yard,(sq.yd.)
rod, (sq.rd.)
4 11
10 sq. chains, or
"
1 square
of land.
NOTE.
foot, (sq.ft.)
MEASURE
kind
9 sq.
1 square
1 square
yd
sq.
yd.
sq.
(sq.in.)make
inches
yd. is
is
since 1 sq.
contain 3 X 3
in.;and
square
How
area
foot?
many
NUMBERS.
COMPOUND
OE
CUBIC
182.
ART.
Is used
cube
is
SOLID
MEASURE
measure
the- bulk
solid
work;
verifymeasures
solid,bounded
of
other
and
masonry,
and to
of cellars,
A
to
The
size
its
upon
side,
183.
is
The
unit
size
perpendicularto
hight,then, are
all solids
which
by
linear
is
and
as
ART.
to
or
tho
all
name
or
of stone, timber,
find tlic contents
capacity.
by six equal squares
each opposite
faces,
pairof which
Its length,breath
other four.
equal,and each
133
depends
measured
are
inch, foot,"c.,and
number
of times
their
they contain
this unit.
solid,which is bounded
simplest solid is the rectangular
by
rectangles,called its faces,each opposite pair being equal,
perpendicular to the other four; a bar of soap, a candle-box,
rectangular solids. If the length,breadth, and hight are the
The
six
and
are
The
as
faces
the
same,
obtain
the
Suppose
the
If upon
will be
inch
as
there
must
inches
inches
are
be
equal
in
cubic
inches
REVIEW.
chains
182. What
foot?
"
in
in
cubic
60
sections
of
cubic
the
measure?
183.
inches.
cubic
is the
i? land
arro?
yard?
rectangularsolid
hight; as
such
number
(5) or
Whnt
nn
is cubic
of its
the
section
181.
of
bottom
(12)multipliedby
sections
of
in
in
conceived
be
many
the
to
section
number
square
as
inches
section of 12 cubic
is found
inches
inches
the
of the 12 square
base, a cubic
stand, there
solid
rectangular
square (Art.180.)
dimensions,and
same
cube.
any
base of
lower
or
each
the IOWCA*
of
area
rectangle4
bottom
tno
being01
to
the
the solid is
and
squares,
of
solidify
size,or
we
to be
are
same
measure?
Why?
Whut
What
the
as
Repeat
Wliy
is
But
is the
do
we
number
the
of
number
the table.
not
u?e
square
How
many
linkf?
square
cube?
A cubic
inch?
unit
cf
What
cubic
is
RAT'S
134
inches
in
(he
linear
inches
HIGHER
this
b.ase,(12,)and
in
ARITHMETIC.
again is equal to
length (4),multipliedby the
the
the number
number
of
in
tha
FIND
RULE.
SOLIDITY
TUB
RECTANGULAR
breadth, and
Multiply the length,
"
expressing them
ike
OF
in
solidity
in the
cubic units
hiyht together,
aftei
denomination;
same
the
of
It is easy to determine
cubic foot,and of cubic
the
product
will
be
denomination.
same
the
SOLID,
number
feet in
of cubic
cubic
inches in
yard.
1728
cubic
1728
cubic inches
27
timber
ft
CH.
NOTES.
50
4 X
3. 1 reduced
foot,plank
than
inch
inch
an
thick,
40
foot
cu.
cu.
1 X
(cu.ft.)
yard (cu.yd.)
are
allowance
tun
of hewn
ft.
4 ft. high, contains
-wood,1
1G
ft.;1
ft.
cu.
in.; all
cu.
made
must
be
1 rod
long,
1 in.
nnd
planks
scantling
if
than
more
thick; but,
bj multiplying by that
inch
reckoned
4 X
144
and
foot of
or
measure,
1
12 X
12 X
thick, contains
less
ft. ; 1 cord
cu.
and
wide,
128
timber
2. 1 cord of
8 X
of round
42
ft.;1 tun of shipping
wood, 8 ft. long, 4 ft. wid3,
cu.
foot
1 cubic
1. 1 tun
"
1 cubic
(cu.in.)make
dimension.
1
4.
perch
of masonry,
IGi
contains
25
usually taken
1 X
cubic
TROY
184.
feet
ft.
high
24f
and
cu.
li
ft.
thick,
ft*which
is
practice.
WEIGHT
MINT
OR
Is used
in
weighing gold,silver,jewels,in
in philosophical
testingthe strengthof spirituousliquors,
"xpcriments,and in comparing different weights.
ART.
24
R
many
oubic
p\vt
1*2
oz
make
grains (gr.)
20
"
for
i K
w."
cubic
yard
of masonry
inches
Why?
?
Bow
i;"the
What
133.
in
cubic
Repeat
many
the
cubic
pennyweight,( pwt.)
1 ounce,
(oz.)
1 pound, (lb.)
?
solidify
foot?
table.
Why?
What
feot in each T
How
is
many
Prove
it
How
cubic
feet
in
cord of wood?
perch
COMPOUND
REMARKS.
1. The
it
Britain,which
in weight to a
30 inches,and
133
is the standard
Troy pound
weight in the
is identical with
the imperial Troy pound of Great
contains
6760
are
grains, 252.458 of which
equal
"
D. S. Mints;
NUMBERS.
inch
cubic
of distilled water
of
the
when
barometer
is
the thermometer
02".
( Fahrenheit's)
be
to
derived from Troyes,
name
Troy
supposed by some
this weight was
first introduced
from
the
a
city of France, where
East, during the Crusades; and by others from
Troy Novant, the
of London.
ancient
The ounce
name
Troy is the only denomination
used ut the mint, all amounts
of gold and
silver being expressed in
2. The
is
its decimal
it and
3. The
inches
divisions.
is
Troy pound
of distilled
equal
the
to
of 22.794422
weight
the barometer
cubic
Fahrenheit,
30
inches.
being
was
grain
originallyfixed by taking a grain of wheat
from the middle of the ear, and thoroughly drying it; at first,
32 of
these grains made
afterward
24.
a pennyweight, but
6. The pennyweight was
the weight of the silver penny
in use
at
that time,and is marked
(pwt.) from (p.)for penny, and ( wt.) for
weight.
DIAMOND
WEIGHT
4. The
ART.
Is used
185.
for
weighing
diamonds
and
other
preciousstones.
16
4
be
grains
carat
REMARK.
1 carat
make
parts
The
"
carat
carefullydistinguishedfrom
gold,for then it
carat.
in this table is
the fineness of
in
gniin
the
an
same
indicates
.8
3.2
Troy grain.
do.
do.
absolute
weight,and must
word
used in speaking ot
the proportionof pure gold
mass.
APOTHECARIES'
ART.
186.
20
Is
WEIGHT
chieflyused
12
"
RKVIEW.
of the
Mod
at
"
184.
What
Troy pound
the mint?
What
is
?
The
mixing
make
said
in
grains(gr.)
The
of
this
contains
name
Tn.y
of the
scruple,
O.)
1 dram,
(3.)
1 ounce,
(3.)
1 pound, (lb.)
12
the
o"..
Repeat
What
grain?
tions.
prescrip-
weight,are
Troy Weight?
ia said
medical
the
same
5700
those
as
gr.
tnMe.
denoiuinuli*"n
What
ii
onljr it
RAY'S
136
HIGHER
AVOIRDUPOIS
OR
187.
ART.
ARITHMETIC.
Is
COMMERCIAL
in
used
WEIGHT
commercial
transactions
when
drams
16
oz
make
(dr.)
1 ounce, (oz.)
1 pound, (Ib.)
.25 Ib
4
20
NOTES.
meat
24
cwt
1 tun,
1. A
"
stone
stone
Ib.; but a
of glass
These
values
=240
28
used
are
(T.)
Ib.; a
butcher's
fish,or
of
seam
==112
cwt.
U.
the
Ib.,the
30
at
62
be taken
can
4. The
is the
terms
weight
of
them.
contains
REMARK.
the qr.
in
=
at 62"
distilled water
tun
S. custom-houses
of
glass
Ib.
Ib.,the
at
of
stone
of wool
pack
Britain,the qr.
Ib.
invoices
14
120 Ib.; 1
Great
2240
stone
Ib.,and
2. In
=
qr
1 quarter, (qr.)
1 hundred-weight,
(cwt.)
(Fall.)
; or
in.
27.7015
cu.
in. at
39".83
cu.
in. of
(Fah.),the
For
i Ib.,or
The
1000
word
apothecaries.'
COMPARISON
ART.
188.
7"gof
Troy;
Troy
=
and
Since
Ib. av.,
1 dr. av.
OF
1 Ib.
=
WEIGHTS.
av.
7'sof
an
oz.
in
27-"Agr.Troy;
and
av.,
similar
of 437 A gr.
T'ff
way 1 oz. Troy
is said of
weight. What
apothecaries' woiirht?
Rjjn'Mt t!:^ ?:il.!"\ U'ii.it
denominations
iiloiilicul in Truy ami iipulht'iMrii.'.-'
;in\vc.'i,ht? 1^7 \Vlia!
iflavoirdupois weight?
What
is s;iiilof the qr., o\vt.,
Repeat the table.
HKVIEW.
aoarat?
and
What
"
185.
the
llepc.it
ISIi. What
tun, in Great
Britain
is said of the
table of diamond
is
Ib.
and
the U. S. custom-houses?
avoirdupois? What
is gross
What
weight?
Net
clseweref
weight?
RAY'S
135
NOTES.
by
(he
3G
but
measures,
ARITHMETIC.
are
gallon,not being of
England, 1 firkin
2. In
bbl.
1. 1 bbl. =
"
as
HIGHER
2 kilderkins.
REMARK."
The
beer
f distilled water
at
ART.
192.
Is used
10.179933
at 30
Ib. ay
icoues.
MEASURE
for
measuring grain,fruit,vegcta-
Dleo,coal,salt,"c.
2
1 quart,
pints(pt) make
(qt.)
1 peck, (pk.)
1 bushel, (bu.)
8 qt
4 pk
NOTES.
2150.42
1. 4 qt.or
in.
cu.
1 dry gal.
2G8.8 cu. in. nearly.
peck
480 Ib.,used in England in measurins
2. 1 qr.
8 bu.
wheat.
3G bu., and
in some
make
1
in
some
places 32 bu.
chaldron,used
and
in
Great
in
of the United
States,
formerly
Britain, measuring
coal is bought and
coal ; but now
sold by weight in England, and
"
parts
3. Grain
in
56 Ib. of rye
i bushel.
of this
country.
the
or
corn,
32 Ib. of
and
The
193.
ART.
is often
of
many
in many
unit of
dry
our
bushel,formerly used
from
the
where
town
in.
77. 627413
or
New
of distilled water
at 30 inches.
av.
bushel
therefore
Britain,and
is
equal
contains
194.
beer
The
gallon 282
REVIEW."
standard
ISO.
of
measure?
is
grain measured?
What
the
at
It is 8 in.
39"
cu.
in.,
.83 Fahrenheit,
of Grea"
imperial bushel
cu.
called
so
in.
MEASURES.
wine
cu.
What
Repent the
ilrymeasure?
it contain T
OF
is said of tho
liquidmeasure?
is
to
2218.192
COMPARISON
ART.
in
Ib.
York
to make
chester
is the Win-
measure
England, and
standard
was
kept.
the
the barometer
The
48
England, and
Ib. of barley,
declared
each
oats,are
In
What
table.
Repeat
193.
What
tho
What
is tho New
bbl. and
does
hhd.
190.
What
table.
How
is tho
York
unit
bushel ?
much
is
of
dry
192. What
qr. of wheat?
What
mousuro?
is our
is beer
191. What
it contain?
How
doei
COMPOUND
These
superseded in
imperial gallon,both
wcro
the
which
contains
water
at
At
NUMBERS.
the
277. 274
G2"
192
cu.
Britain,in 1826, bj
barometer
of 8
to those
in
inches.
was
placed
re-
imperialgallons,
taining
con-
States
231
282
do.
208.8
do.
277.274
do.
cubic inches.
2150.42
do.
=2218.192
do.
of
one
mcasun
of another.
ART.
195.
into the
GO
Is used
FLUID
make
(it\)
1 fluid ounce,
f3
f5
1G
8 0
NOTES.
"
1
1.
Cong,
is
an
abbreviation
gallon; 0. is the
being one-eighthof a gallon.
2. For ordinary purposes, 1 tea-cup
32 tea-spoons =
ART.
MEASURE
for
compositionof
minims
4 f
196.
GO
seconds
GO
min
24
hr
4
12
3G5
8 tablespoons
wine-glasses
5.
TIME.
(sec.)
make
1 minute,
(min.)
( hr.)
1 duy, (da.)
1 week, ( wk.)
1 month, (mon.)
1 year, (yr.)
1 hour,
mon
da
300
da
100
yr
1 Solar
(f3)(f3).
for
wk
calendar
enter
pint,(0).
gallon,(Cong.)
7 da,
oearly.
30
bushel
converting denominations
APOTHECARIES'
NOTE"
distilled
in.
gallon of United
is useful
of
at
Winchester
gallon
1 dry gallon
1 imperialgallon of G. Britain
for dry and liquidmeasure
1 dry bushel of U. S
1 imperialbushel of G. Britain
table
liquidmeasure,
10 Ib. av.
1 beer
This
and
dry
in.,or
dry or
imperialbushel
the
1 wine
of
the
time
2218.
Great
Fahrenheit, the
same
by
cu.
139
common
year.
leapyear.
1 century, (cen.)
year-=3G5
da. 5 hr. 48
min.
48
sec.
365
d"
The
denomination
tween
one
The
mean
meridian
and
is
noon
of any
which
the
place,and
between
The
apparent
any
and
year,
this
axis
is
bo
taken
its
to
earth
the
to
comes
rising
around
orbit,the
the
interval
is not uniform.
the next
of all these
interval
average
is divided
which
and
sun
of the
motion
noon
of time
exactlyhalf-way between
appears
however, is
average,
the
when
moment
setting. Owing
unequal
and
the oblique positionof its
eun,
precedingtable
the next.
to the
and
the
is the interval
day, which
noon
apparent
ARITHMETIC.
from
the
is
constructed,
HIGHER
RAY'S
140
intervals
the
is called
that
in
occur
solar
mean
day,
above.
as
orbit; it contains
in its
365
rnin. 48 sec.,
da. 5 hr. 48
or
nearly3651 days.
The
in
ancients
had
They
year.
of Julius
the
Ccesar
to find
of the
of days
accuratelythe number
months, corresponding
12 calendar
10,afterward
revolutions
the
to
unable
were
around
moon
In
earth.
365| clays;instead
contained
year
the
the
of
time
taking
account
reckoned
of
the
or
common
365
-"
To
decided
to
fluid
apothecaries'
of time.
A
Repeat
194.
"
What
year?
How
did
many
When
and
the
of
mouths
days
year?
by
195.
comparison of measures.
Repeat tho table. 196. Repeat the
measure?
is tho unit
What
\rbom
AVhai
were
What
was
this
table?
What
correspond to?
taken
for
error
was
it corrected
is
year
in
What
mean
was
it?
the Julian
Whnt
is
n,
endar?
cal-
i? tiie true
in tho Julian
committed
?
Wbnt
table
solar clay?
leap year
dar
calen-
COMPOUND
FOR
RULE
Every
ends with
400
to be
HI
YEARS.
by 4
which
cipher;in
double
LEAP
is divisible
that
year
NUMBERS.
is
it
case
it
be divisible
by
must
leapyear.
2000
and
leapyears;
are
but
not.
are
The
Gregoriancalendar was
adopted in England in 1752.
11
Parliament
the
3d
of
then being
declared
September
rrror
days,
the
and
the
made
the
time
be
at
w"
same
14th,
year begin January
instead
of
March
and
all
other
25th.
countries of the
1st,
Russia,
Greek
Church, still use the Julian calendar; consequently their
12 days later than
dates
(New Style).
(Old Style)are now
ours,
is small,amounting to a day
The
in the Gregorian calendar
error
fhe
in
3GOO
years.
The
197.
ART.
of
names
the
months
in
their
order,
are
December
their
the
were
names
198.
ART.
12 things
12 dozen or
12 gross
(9),Decem
TABLE.
1 dozen.
make
144
144
or
(10).
1 gross.
things
1 great gross.
1 score.
dozen
20
things
56
Ib
100
Ib
19G
Ib
1 bbL
200
Ib
1 bbl. of
14
Ib
2lA
8
1 firkin of butter.
1
pig cf
iron
pork.
1 father.
199.
calendar?
in the
is the
"
lead.
or
pigs
REVIEW.
What
of flour.
1 stone.
stone
ART.
error
quintaloffish.
The
What
196.
AVhero
docs
is the rule
the Julian
Gregorian calendar
originof
the
words
names,
for
calendar
197.
Name
leap
years
in
the
still
prevail?
the
months
September, October,
"tc.?
Gregorian
What
is tha
in their order I
in
of
speaking
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
142
books,
show
how
leaves
many
make
Bbcet of paper.
sheet folded into 2 leaves forms
"
size.
folio
Do
4. ..do
quarto
"Do
8. ..do
octavo
or
or
4to
do.
8vo
do.
12nu".
do.
Do
12. ..do
duodecimo
Do
18.. .do
18mo
do.
Do
30. ..do
3Gmo
do.
or
Also,
24
quire.
quire?
ream.
reams
1 bundle.
sheets of paper
20
2
make
1 bale.
5 bundles
expressingthe
00
globe,or
seconds
make
(")
1*0"
1
12s
'jO"=
for
the
1 minute,
1
or
any
and
longitude,
two pointson
in the heavens.
GO'
300"
NOTE.
between
distances
of the
surface
Is used
200.
ART.
MEASURE
ANGULAR
OR
CIRCULAR
(')
degree,(")
sign,(*.)
1 circumference, (c.)
=""
COMPARISON
201.
ART.
the distance
The
in
them
is further
than
the other.
The
from
sun
cast
meridians
REVIEW.
table.
rate
rato
per
per
201.
hour
cast
or
west, in 24
to
of all
200.
AVhat
does
minute- ?
the
What
difference
sun
per
meridian
its surface.
is circular
is the
established
placeson
What
of the
west
to go
appears
"
LONGITUDE.
AND
TIME
OF
appear
second
of
or
angular measure?
longitude of
to travel
7
around
two
the
Repeat
the
places?
At
what
earth ?
At
what
COMPOUND
placefarther
its meridian
east
than
143
another
will have
its time
and, therefore,
sooner,
at the rate
NUMBERS.
sun
on
will be
later
of 1 hour
taking c'0of
each
the
for
JJence.
of time
1 hour
15" of
longitude.
1 minute
do
15'
do.
1 second
do
15"
do.
NOTE.
has
Recollect that
gitude
place hat greatereast or less west lonthan another,its time must
be later ; and conversely,
if one place
later time titan another,it must have greater east or less west longitude.
"
if one
TABLES.
MONEY
FEDERAL
UNITED
STATES
Is the currency
202.
ART.
OR
MONEY
of the United
10
mills
10
ct
(ct.)
dime, (d.)
10
dollar,($).
eaglo.
(m.)
1 cent,
make
$10
NOTE.
derive
States.
The
"
their
and
French
word
ART.
and
cent
from
names
mill,which
Latin
the
are
centum
203.
Federal
yjg
is
currency
and
and
7*5of
was
"f a
jo'jjTJ
dollar,
mille,meaning
a
dollar,is
dred,
hun-
the
from
authorized
by
act
simplenumbers.
Any
as
in
of
sum
units'
Federal
of several
money
denominations
those of that
denomination,by writing
place, those of higher denominations
one
numbers, and
those of lower
Why
in
"
201.
be
pressed
ex-
in
places of whole
decimal
places; thus,
will
denominations
can
denomination
have
How
202.
later
do
w"
\Vhal
RAY'S
144
eagles $7
"
972.45
or
.s'lT.'Jlo,
in
consider
to
4 ct. and
Duties
S. money
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
dimes,
the
m.
9724.5
or
dollar
the
as
denomination
in that
be
can
ct.
written
97245
or
unit,and
eagki",
It is
m.
all
express
its decimal
and
9.7245
tomary
cus-
of
sums
divisions.
In
Or,
the whole
name
decimal
of
Thus, $9.124
of
and
9 dollars
is read
12 ct. 4
the
rest
or,
175
dollars,6238
175
124
9 dollars
mills,or
is read
dollar; $175.06238
dollars,and
as
as
dollar.
remainder,
numbers
dollars
Get.
sandths
thou-
mills,
hundred-thousandths
of
dollar.
204.
ART.
The
national
States
are
and copper.
The gold coins are the doublegold,silver,
and one
dollar piece.
eagle,eagle,half-eagle,
quarter-eagle,
A 3 dollar piecehas also been authorized.
The silver coins are the dollar,
half-dollar,
quarter-dollar,
3
and
cent
dime, half-dime,
piece.
the cent and half-cent;the latter
The copper
coins are
of
is
obsolete.
now
The
mill
the tenth
has
never
of
been
coin;
cent, or thousandth
it is
of
only
convenient
for
name
dollar.
gold and
silver
(by weight).
the silver coins is pure copper; in the
the latter not to exceed
it is copper and silver,
alloyin
The
coins
in
former
The
It
cent
REVIEW."
202.
How
numbers
standard
cent
is the
Why
How
generallyused ?
denominations
employed?
only
204.
What
copper?
is the alloy
for
nro
Which
is the
gold?
cent
of Federal
sum
In
coins
What
money
money
reading
mentioned?
mill?
called?
so
of Federal
sums
can
are
What
one-fourth
silver,being
weighs 168 gr.
of Federal
do the denominations
?
the
weight.
piece is not
weighs 12| grains. The
203.
gold
any
What
of
gold?
are
be
sum
mill?
resemble
The
those of
dime?
simple
tracted,
read, written,added, sub-
money,
what
of Federal
nation
single denomimoney,
Which
of silver?
gold
and
which
may
be
Which
of
single denomination
standard
for silvsr?
The
copper.
silver?
What
HIGHER
RAY'S
146
ARITHMETIC.
wind
REMARKS.
Latin
"
words
1. The
and quarter.
vely,pound, shilling,
pcnnv,
2. The
sovereign, the standard
gold coin, weighs 123.274 gr.,
and
is 22 carats
fine.
The
the standard
silver coin, is |g
shilling,
pence
silver,and fa copper, and weighs 87.27 gr. Pence and halfpure
made
are
only of copper now, and each penny
weighs 240
gr.
2 oz. Troy.
=
OF
ART.
STATE
Before
207.
CURRENCIES.
present currency
our
was
established,
and pence.
kept in pounds,shillings,
and pence
In many
States,the denominations
shillings
with
still
b
ut
the
values.
not
same
are
retained,
accounts
our
were
Island,Connecticut,
In New
12d.=
6s.
In New
=$1
=$1
100
cents.
cents.
Delaware,
Jersey,Pennsylvania,
In New
12 d.
Carolina
Ic South
12d.
la Canada
Gd.
8 d.
and
Nova
shilling
=
or
"
England State
$1
is tho
pound
currency
56d.
206. What
shillings\"
cents.
$1
Maryland,
100 cents.
21 2 cents.
$1
100
cents.
Scotia,
12d.=
5s.
or
9Cd.
and
Georgia,
and
4s.
=13"
shilling
7s.
many
cents.
=12^
shilling
12d.=
REVIEW.
100
cents.
York, North
8s.
shilling^IGf
shilling
=
100
NawYork?
now
cents.
cents.
origin
of silver
20
of
tho
coined?
pound?
name
207.
Pennsylvania?
Whnt
Into
how
is tho
Now
Georgia? Canada*
COMPOUND
ART.
208.
AND
WEIGHTS
FRENCH
in
NUMBERS.
The
France,adoptedin 1795, is
After
the decimal
on
has been
the unit
of any measure
higher denominations
the
named,
the Greek
the
to
formed
are
the
by prefixing
ART.
209.
mitre, which
The
unit
numtrali
of
long
tending
part of the quadrant,exthe equator to the pole.
from
=39.371
1 metre
NOTE.
1 decametre
"
kilometre
decimetre
1000
10
1 my riametre
1 centimetre
U. S. in.
1 hectometre
metres;
metres;
y'gmetre;
is the
in France
measure
is the ten-millionth
through Paris
10000
Jo
100
"
metres;
1
metres;
1 millimetre
metre;
TO'OOmetre.
SURFACE
FRENCH
^XART.
210.
which
is
The
unit
1 decare
"
10
ares
is the are,
119.6046
1 hectare
U. S. sq.
100
ares
yd.
1 ccntiare
are.
FRENCH
which
France
in
decam6tre.
square
TOO
ART.
MEASURE.
surface
of
are
NOTE.
=
Latin
nominatio
de-
MEASURE.
LONG
FRENCH
(1000),
deci
and
by prefixing
(100),kilo
of the
name
measures
basis.
determined
made
are
(10),heclo
numerals,deca
myrin (10000)
MEASURES.
211. The
is a cubic
MEASURE.
SOLID
unit
in
solidity
of
=35.31741
1 decastere
"
10 stores.
FRENCH
212.
ART.
The
cubic
centim6tre
at the
temperature of meltingice.
1 gramme
Rrnuiniea;
decagramme
1 kilogramme
10
U. S.
=
cu.
ft.
y'gstere.
grammes;
1000
is the gramme,
of distilled water
France
weightin
is the
"
sttre,
WEIGHTS.
unit of
weightof
1 decistere
which
NOTI.
is the
metre.
1 store
NOTE.
France
grammes
15.434
1
Troy
hectogramme
-
2^
Ih.
av.
gr.
=
100
nearly;
14
HAY'S
niyri:igra;,ime
centigramme
quiutal
10000
Ib. av.;
FRENCH
213.
AR?
*hioh
is
1 litre
NOTE.
kilolitre =
litre;
,-'0
ART.
used;
1
once
pros:
decalitre
10
litres ;
centilitre
bushel
12
When
215.
ART.
these
pt. wine
1
litres;
litre,
10000
U. S.
measure,
hectolitre
myrialitre
litrci 1
700
100
litres.
millilitre
aunc
litres;
1 decilitre
70*00litre.
NOTE.
other
7*0franc;
217.
iupcis,when
The
or
'inillot
7^5
is
79u
franc.
money,
18\
cents.
MEASURE
that of
the
United
States
kisloz
1
=
pik
rottoli.
here
mentioned
bu.:
in.; 1 rhebebe
1.G7 Ib.
av.
;
;
1 rottolo
1
4.3G4 bu.
Ib. avoir-
are
specified.
20.8
4.729
1 rottolo mina
MEASURES.
AND
otherwise
not
1 rottolo zaidino
100
as
same
pounds
"
nexed
an-
18.f cents.
or
ANGULAR
WEIGHTS
dlcjcnnrlria,
Egypt.
av.
is
countries.
FOREIGN
ar.;
OR
CIRCULAR
Is the
1 centime
unit of French
lournois,the former
216.
mud
MONEY.
=$.1875
FRENCH
ART.
word
are
unit of money
is the franc,which
7*0alloy,like our silver coins.
1 decime
"
livre
ART.
11 metres;
1 bois1.074
Paris
litron =
litres; 1
1 franc
="
is the
The
and
silver,
Ib.
France
capacityin
FRENCH
av.
MEASURE.
LIQUID
employed, the
them, signifying
customary.
to
and
Ib.
decimetre.
pied or foot
y'r,
pints.
The
2205.5
Soms
of the old weights and measures
arc
i
1
1
livrc =
a
=
A a kilogramme;
marc
livre;
as,
1
=
1
A mare;
grain =
once;
^
gros =
g
1 toise =
2 metres;
1 pied or foot =
^ metre;
or
pure
bar
or
214.
1 inch
BCau
of
j'0grnmroc;
75*00gramme;
=2.1135
1000
1
AND
unit
....
"
The
decigramme
milligramme
1 millier
DRY
cubic
grammes.
j,1^gramme;
""
220.55
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
zaro
quintalor
.9347 11).
=
2.07
cuntaro
FOREIGN
Holland.
Amsterdam,
measures
aarn
as
follows:
wine
follows:
310
quintals
=
Barcelona, North
Bombtty,East
1 guz
Indies.
Bremen."
I lb. =
sinkers
Batacia, East
1.^8288 bu.
179
1 hath
I0j
Old
181G.
sures
mea-
"
"
av.
1 foot
pecul
av.
for
-"="
5GO lb.
av.
w.
gal
560
72 gr.
"
1^ in.
1
1 ell
av.
="
candy
pearls
=
lb.
cana
32.7
80.7 bu.
"
11.38 in. ;
136
av.
1 carga
1 tursoo
1 last
lb.
1 tank
18 in.;
1.098 lb.
Indies.
bu. ;
suhippound
gal.; 1 vicrtel
w.
lb.
28
Troy gr.
37| w. gal.;
1 anker
.88215
1 lb. =
1 maund
"
27 in. ;
av.
3GA
01(1
85.25
5.84 pt.
"
,-*
adopted in
aam
of Spain.
1 tola
1820.
in.
1.03$ lb.
1 quartern
yd.;
lb. av.
av.
1 stoop
2.125bu.;
.58514
1 lb.
lb.
5^ pints;
system
in
1 last
lb.;
French
"
14",
adopted
system
1 stoop
1 ell
27
11} in.;
MEASURES.
1 lb. =1.08923
gal.;
Antwerp,Belyium.
as
French
"
41
gal.; 1 foot
AND
WEIGHTS
aam
.032
1 catty
or
yd.
1.36
lb. av.
1 bahar
"
Baltia and
U. S. ;
Cadiz, South
1
gal.;
mo
jo
Calcutta and
av.
4.5 pt.
of wine
68
maund
"
lb.
av.
1 chittack
1
yd.;
1| oz. ;
1 covid
or
vara
.9275
45
coss
sq. ft.;
T. gr.,
biggah
I.** miles.
catty
lj lb. av.
pecul
in. ;
1 li
124.457
lb. av.
14.025
74j lb.
"
224.588
w.
gal.
w.
1 maund
"
1 tolan
cobre
127 A
Indies.
82fj lb. ;
133]
1 botta
av.
1 arroba of oil =
gal.;
w.
Bengal Factory,East
1 bazaar
1.015 lb.
gal.;
w.
pallic
4{
1 bu.,
alquicrcof grain
"
"
lb.
of Spain." I
1 arroba
yd. ;
"
1"97.1,ft.
Con.ttnntinople,
Turkey. 1 quintalor
1 quintalof cotton
127.2 lb. av. ;
1 pik of cotton
27 in. ; 1 kisloz
U gal.
"
cantaro
pik of silk
.741 bu.
27.9 in. j
1 alma
of oil
Denmark.
Copenhagen,
"
1 lb.
gal.; lpot=1.02qt;
12
"
in.;
1 Danish
1.1025 lb.
1 last
av.
380 bu. ;
2.06 ft.
ell =
1 anker
10
1 Rhineland
fool
020.4 w.
1 last
East Prussia." 1 lb.
1.033 lb. av.;
Datitzic,
gal.; 1 alim of wine
39^ w. gal.; 1 sclicflfel 1.552 bu. ;
=
-=
D:mtxic
foot
12.356 in.;
bu.
11.3
1 Prussian
in.; 1 Uhinoland
ell =
26.250 in.;
87 bu.;
or
1'russian foot
1 last of
1 Pru. mile
"
corn
91
4.8 milea
ILGIIER
RATS
|f"("
G'cnna, Sardinia.
.70875
grosso,
39.}w. gal ;
in.; 1
Ib. av.
Ib.
funega
av.
10
or
1.008
17
vara
2$
it is
1 ahm
of oil
mezzarola
"
9.72v
palmo
used by manufacturers,
=
of wine
38y
53
ell
1 Brabant
1 last
gal.;
27.585
gal.;
w.
89.6
in.
spirits 4.1 w.
weightor 25 Ib.
or
gal.;
gal.;
w.
1 Ib.,
officers.
av.
1 steckan
1 arroba
"
S.jbu.
palmi,as
Ib.
11.289 in. ;
Cuba.
Havana,
Ib.
1 foot
bu.:
mina
custom-house
or
229j Sal-;
12
9,
merchants,
fuder
1 barilla of oil =
canna
Hamburgh."
1 Ib. peso
"
ARITHMETIC.
25.4375
ft.
"
"
.77 Ib.
av.
gal.;
1 braocio
Lima, Peru.
corn
22.98
Same
"
of
sacco
2.0739
23 in. ;
or
gal.;
gal.;
almude
1 garce
=
Indies.
52?
gursay
9045
"
gal.;
w.
100
Ib. ;
canna
Odessa, Russia.
Palermo, Sicily.
"
of oil
Same
132
3.05
1 oncie
reckoned
.1owL
108
w.
w.
1 Almude
500
Ib. ;
1 varahun
Ib.;
482.}
Ib.
{5
oz.
1 salma
1 barile
av.
3.',
yd.;
1 cantaro
carro
salma
264
=
w.
423
10.375 in.
9.48 bu. ;
gal.; 1 caffiso
grossa
9^
av.
w.
1 i ft.
palma
France
weightssame
as
"
Havana.
as
Ib. av. ;
8?
Kant Indies.
\an;/fif"n,
=
baruay
w.
"
vis
24| Ib.;
gal.;
6 ft.11 in. ; 1 palmo
St. Petersburg.
as
ludy
or
candy
"
1 moyo
227 \
Spain.
as
24 cuchas
or
Purld- Itico.
Same
"
43.2 in. ;
190 \ Ib.
grosso
1.45 bu. ;
1
1 tomclo
pipe wine
gal.;
1 salma
"
1 cantaro
Naples,Naples.
=
Ayres.
1 maund
"
av.
Ib.
Montevideo, liuenos
Muscat, Arabia.
3 Ib. 3 dr. ;
.j
25 Ib. ;
=
maud
Company
visay
gr. ;
=
piccolo
137 bu. ;
1 vara^=
in. ;
1 maund
"
w.
gal.
w.
Ib.
pipe of port
gal.;
w.
12.944
East
12
92 in.
1 tonelada
gal.;
w.
140
1 pe or foot
of Oporto
Gg
Madras,
437
Lisbon
pipeof
canna
1.10119
"
bu.
1 barile
Spain.
as
bu.
"
"
or
basket
Ib. av.
1 Paiktha
or
generally
REDUCTION
Ri'ja,Russia."
anker
I Ib.
Rotterdam, Holland.
1
nearly;
The
.9217
10^ w. gal.;
1 last
"
stoop
av.
1 loof
151
1.9375 bu.
10.79 in.,U. S.
foot
gal ;
w.
1 ahm
40
1.02
gal.,
w.
ft,
U. S.
1 maund
of rice
832 gr.
The
Ib. av.
av.
wool
1 oke
2 Ib. 13
chequee
of
5 1 Ib. ;
1 kellow
Stockholm, Sweden.
iron
| Ib.
pipe
av.
"
.692
1 Ib.
gal.
Russia."
Petersburg,
Ib. generally
reckoned
chetwert
av.
Canton.
as
rottolo
1.2748
1 tepper of silk
Ib. av. ; 1 chequee of
=
4j Ib.,
goats'
or
4^
1 foot
bu.
1 ahm
4iy.jw. gal.;
11.684 in.,U. S.
nietzen
eitner
oil
15
17
36 Ib.
Same
"
or
av.
1 kannor
3.14
ft.;
verst
or
pood
1
w.
arsheen
mile
gal.;
28
5.3 fur.
Constantinople.
as
1 staro
2.34 bu. ; 1
1 orna
bu. :
(forwoolen
1 ell
36.1041
w.
gal.;
w.
1 wedro
1 sashen
bu. ;
1.145 ft, U. S. ; 1
Trebisond, Turkey.
Austria." I Ib.
Triente,
Vienna
1 Ib.
5.952
1 foot
of silk
same
w.
St.
in. ;
lg
124J-w. gal.;
rest
Ib.
5 dr. ;
oz.
opium
1 tun
82. 125
Constantinople.1
as
"
NUMBERS.
10.542 bu.
.6775
Ib.
1 foot
Singapore,East Indies.
bungkal of gold-dust
Smyrna, Turkey. Same
COMPOUND
OF
goods)
of
orna
2.27 in. ;
1 ell
25.2 in.
"
an
Ib.,
fora
of wool
26.6 in.
Vera
G-uz, Mexico.
218.
without
CASE
I.
"
Same
Spain.
as
COMPOUND
OF
REDUCTION
ART.
"
is
Reduction
changing the
alteringits value.
To
to another
reduce
NUMBERS.
form
It has three
simple number
of
of
ber
num-
cases.
any
nation
denomi-
denomination.
GENERAL
RULE.
RAY'S
152
of ihera
in
the
18
SOLUTION.
pk.
Since
bu.
72
between
570
since
1152
pt.
in
bu.
qt.,and
bushels
of
pk., 18
1 pk.
since
times
576
qt.=
to
the
eac*
reached.
pints.
pk., and
8 qt. =
unit-value
the
to
times
2 pt.,576
denominations
more
or
one
bushels
"
pk.
72
one
are
and
Reduce
imes
there
When
"
given
one
value
(jiren.
one
XOTK.
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
qt., 72
1 bu.
bu.
1 qt.=
find
pt_ Or,
pints,thus:
18
18
576
"!""
04 pt.; then
multiply 18 by 64 pt.
pk. =32qt.
2
This
is called Rewhich
gives 1152pt. as before.
that is, going from
duction Descending,
a
hit/herde115"
r"t
and
is
nomination
lower
a
to
performed
(bu.)
(pt.)
by the 1st part of the rule,that is,by multiplication.
=
236
Reduce
inches
inches
will
tained
times
since
be
as
find
This
before.
by
(in.)to
2d
the
219.
ART.
be
of the
part
as
~oT
of
yards
by
-i
in.
Q.J
ll
65 yd.
yd.
many
ft. which
19j
in.
12)23G
con-
30
is
in
inches, thus; 1
in.,which
Reduction
is called
denomination
lower
230
divide
ft,,236
10^ ft.,and
is
unit-value
the
in.; then
3ft. =36
in
times
12 in. is
as
in.,which
is contained
1 yd. Or,
inches
feet
many
236
in
3 ft.=
3ft.
as
12
Since
SOLUTION."
yards.
to
yd.
="
gives tijj
yd., aa
is, going frorp
is
generally performed
Ascending,that
higher (yd.),and
rule,that is,by division.
"
Reduction
to Reduction
in
last
instead
example,
yards, the
of
I* EM
AH
K.
Reduction
"
increases
REVIEW.
Cn*e
the
"
1st?
one
number
213.
What
The
rule?
given
nn.l
1 and
2.
performed?
fcrmod?
the
AVhat
219.
How
the
What
is
may
Descending diminishes
of units given; while
is reduction?
When
"ne
there
nro
whnt
roc|iiire"l,
is Reduction
deduction
How
ccvcml
should
many
and,
Reduction
be
dune?
Ilovr
is it
fore,
there-
Ascend-
AVhat
cases?
"lcnriniin:itions
Descending?
How
Aseending?
it bo performed?
the size
lu-rwi-cn
Exphiin
is it
if
amples
ex-
generally
generallyper-
HIGHER
RAY'S
154
63
cubic
yd. to
$117.14 to
8.
9.
cu.
SUGGESTION.
formed
In
"
311040
Ans.
inches.
mills.
of U. S. money,
mills.
or
basis,the
in.
cu.
117140
Ans.
all reductions
decimal
the
ARITHMETIC.
system
any
divisions
are
multiplicationsor
the
since
th"
to
point
right or left,
readilyperformed by moving
multipliersand divisors are 10, 100, 1000,"c.,(Arts.144 and 145).
on
the
10.
Reduce
11.
1600
12.
$51
6.19
12 lb.
Reduce
to
are
first reduced
gr.
by
the
Tr~y
194, and
lb.
by
to
decimal,then
to lb.
33 beer
15.
36
1C.
17.
.216gr. to
18.
".0732
to
19.
fib. to
tuns.
20.
47.3084sq. mi.
21.
4-23
22.
23.
50
24.
1200
25.
99yd.
26.
6. 3419
wine
gal.to
gal.Ans.
40
to
dr.
Ans.
Ans.
Troy.
oz.
How
Ans.
inches
to
imp. bu.
to
Ans.
cu.
many
wide?
How
and
"
219.
How
can
P.
Ans.
3^ lb.
HI ch.
2"ofur.
in.
1402726. 8096
in
Ans.
a
rectangle24
yd.
reductions
in
box
cu.
in.
Tjomi.
1 rd.
Ans. 2.4530625
cubic
many
3 ft. high ?
WooT.
a1*tt".
Ana.
to miles.
acres
d.
Ans.
Ans.
to chains.
to
Tr.
48.47236 nearly.
furlongs.
C.
oz.
4844380.16
to lb.
fathoms
16.02rd.
00045
Ans.
to P.
gal.
JS"{T.
Ans. 17.568
pence.
U. S. bu.
28.
lb.
av.
? w.
48 E. Fl.
Ans.
in. to qr.
18
REVIEW
12
ells Flemish.
yd, to
Ans.
ft. wide
"/76P
^8 12
/" 7
I^TT
"
table.
Reduce
27.
"
17V
14.
20.
iyc
-LlO
1
1
the gr. to
same
point.
14T7zlb.
Ans.
rT
in
table
the
move
Troy.
7flflfl v
tn
v
i.ZPN;lv'lJy/\
av.
Art.
av.
12
The
$1.60
Ans.
Change
"
$.0619
Ans.
to mills.
SOLUTION."
tl_
Ib.
dollars.
to
mills to dollars.
SUGGESTION
13.
cents
long by
acres.
in U. S. money
be
OF
REDUCTION
30.
How
"chains
COMPOUND
perches in
many
long by 4.76ch.
250 3
Reduce
32.
1 nautical
33.
1C. 02
34.
4.29
35.
of
link to rods.
36.
of
nail to ell
37.
1.644
38.
35.781sq.
yd.tosq. in.
39.
256
chains
40.
roods
13]
feet.
to
to
many
solid
wall
40ft.
thickness?
Ans. .20025
timber
to
sq. in.
to sq. chains.
Ans.
to cords.
timber
reduced
Reduce
44.
8pwt. to
-7
feet,plank
in
rectangular
*lb. Troy
oz.
Troy in the Brazilian
many
Ans.
diamond, which weighs 1680 carats?
Reduce
*75pwt.
47.
4gr.to
5.
48.
19cwt.
to
49.
221
50.
184-5
to dr.
51.
96
av.
52.
How
wide
and
8| ft. wide
M.
to
Ans.
oz.
to
30 3.
glo 5-
30400
oz.
oz.
Ans.
Troy.
gal.in
U. S. bushels
many
and 2! ft. deep?
21 bbl. of
beer
87
oz.
Tr.
by 2j ft.
Ans. 75?? w. gal
in a bin 9.3ft. long by
61 bu., nearly.
Ans.
(36 gal.)to bid. of wine,
tank
3ft. long
Ana.
gal.
T.
41} dr.
Ans.
av.
wino
1 bu. to wine
" oz.
Ana. .000044140625
Coll gal.)
55.
11
Ans.
dr. to T.
Reduce
Emperor's
Ans.
3.
lift,deep?
5'{, How
a'olb.
Ana.
46.
average
32 J"
I P.
1040gr.
Ana.
to gr.
Ib.
many
3600.
2| ft.
and
4."). How
oz.
4$ C.
Ans.
perches cf masonry
long by 7aft. high
E. E.
Ans.
to acres, then
rd.
E. Fl.
46372.176
sq. chains.
ft.
35
Vo
Ans.
43.
mile.
.0608
Ans.
Ans.
av.
283.14
Ana.
English.
bring
P.
18256.7088ft.
Ans.
-4ns.
Ana.
41.
42.
Ana.
miles.
of round
tuns
1387.6352
to ell Flemish.
First
"
An*.
to feet.
inches
SUGGESTION.
to dr. av.
leagueto
155
rectangularfieM 18.22
wide?
31.
chains
NUMBERS.
Ans.
9.31
'20
-i
gal.,nearly.
RAY'S
150
1 bu.
56.
Su
beer
to
QUESTION.
57.
45 f 3 to 0.
58.
2a f 3
59.
If
7.G25
Ans.
gal.
Reduce
"
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
in.,and
to cu.
then
gallons.
to
pieceof gold is
1200
Ans.
to m.
of
pure, how
181
pure, and
carat
alloy?
CASE
To
220.
number
reduce
Commence
"
what
par!
II.
number
compound
to
simple
denomination.
of any
RULE.
207
j'land 3*3
Ans.
ART.
carata
Ans.
In
m.
many
fine is it?
60.
TVs0.
Ans.
with
the
denomination, if
hiyJtest
it bf
duction
Re-
of
Reduction
the
the highest
required lie between
by
part of the compound number
Reduction
and
rest
Ascending,
by
results.
two
2. The
those
given, reduce
Descending, and the
lowest
add
denomination
1. If the
"
added
numbers
those to which
5 Ib. 2
Reduce
each
of
must
be
of
the
added; mistakes
they are
the denomination
in
oz.
number
as
denomination
same
be
can
avoided
aa
by marking
it is obtained.
13 pwt. 10 gr.
grains.
to
OPERATION.
SOLUTION.
Reduction
at
mence
"
Since
lb-
is
'2oz.
G'Joz.; tliis
added
is reduced
Pvvt-
oz-
it to GOoz. ; the
made
this
13
10
)b
in
6 2 oz
OQ
to
Pr-
OI
"
answer.
"'
l-OOpwt.=
-
220.
What
care
must
bo
if Cnsc
the
exercised
"*
5022
2500
30082gr.
._
'""
5
in. rnak-
2d ?
highest and
rule?
Tho
lowest
in the additions
lb.
01.
pwt.
CT.
13
10
If
the
given, what
required deis
necessary
REDUCTION
Jlcducc
3 qr. 18 Ib.
c\vt.
SOLUTION."
COMPOUiND
OF
This
NUMBERS.
tuna.
to
OPERATION.
Re-
being
157
ID.
duction
Ascending,
18
Kiih
ey
18.00
it to
reduce
and
Ib.
commence
qr.
.
3.72
twt.
2.930
be
in
put
the
form
if it
fractions,
of
convenience,the
compound number, are
beside
placed
be
cnu
it in
under
denominations
qr
cwt.
18
Ib.
qr.
.1465=2
18
common
desirable.
were
different
For
the others
Ib
cwt.
=
T.
"
181b,
=3qr.
those
that
each
its own
cipher
be
must
correspond.
of
Placing each quotientbeside the number
Is the adding in required by the rule; just as
in in the first example.
10 gr., are added
the
at
it is
top, nnd
obtained,
If any
placed
the
compose
quotient,as
denomination.
of
a
lowest
column, the
order, so
vacant,
are
in
set
that
numbers
simple
in
the
of
the column
to
REMARK.
The
"
timplenumbers
the
add
the
the results
"
yd. 5
cu.
SOLUTION.
cu.
4cu.
"
13pwt.
Reduce
thus:
practiceit
in
FOR
ft. 256
yd.
cu.
.2"7
ft.=
8 cu.
T72
each
the
is not
and
so
of the
nomination,
requireddeconvenient
5cu.
PRACTICE.
cu.
in. to
ft. =
113cu.
ft.
cu.
113
Ans.
ft.
256
ft.,and
in.=
cu.
ft.
cu.
2.
Ans.
5598
rd.
3.
Ans. 1602
in.
4.
5.
toodKSTiON.
dividend
"ud
the 2oz.
compound number, to
but
EXAMPLES
25G X
denomination
own
given.
one
1.
stated
maybe
that compose
and
as
rule
its
divisor
tltfi,divide.
6.
"
464yd.
RKVIKW.
adopted
When
"
and
"
for
is necessary
220.
The
How
the divisor
Ans.
*72.566-f-
of
the
fraction
botfc
(2,4, "c.),
be altered.
to miles.
Explain Example
AscemJing? If
might tho rule have
2J5g
A, 30},fcc.,multiply
is 5
by the denominator
quotientwill not
2ft. Si in.
Reduction
T
Ans.
1st.
any
been
^ns.
What
convenient
denomination
stated
.26415+
more
form
is vacant,
simply?
it
what
RAY'S
HIGHER
7.
Irai. 3 fur.
7.2 in.
8.
20 fathoms
4$ ft. to miles.
9.
17 yd. 3 qr. 2
158
ARITHMETIC.
to
na.
4 in. to ells
yd.
to
Ans.
2420.2yd.
Ans.
.03378
286
AM.
na.
4.08 E.
Ans.
mi.
na.
10
5yd.
11
44 E. Flcm.
12
1 qr. 2na.
13.
22.1 5625
1 4.
75 yd. 3 qr. 2g
na.
Ans.
15.
yd. 5
16.
17.
18.
19.
301A.
20.
22.
23.
What
"'
21.
by
83
1|
sq. ch.
is
in. to tuns
cu.
"
tuns
First to
of
cu.
hewn
ft.;then
to tuns
timber
32
cu.
14.23! pwt, to
26.
31b. 7oz.
27.
19p\vt.6gr. to
28.
4 lb.
29.
30.
31.
49
carats
32.
diamond
carats
of round
22]
gr. to
ft. 480
Ans.
gr.
in. to
C.
2-j3?i4
cu.
48Tg5o
Ans.
oz.
oz.
weighing 3
Ans. 395808
73
34.
95
Ii9
35.
23 23
36.
1 lb 1 H gr.
12.24
gr. to
16 pwt. is how
57
to
3-
Ans.
to
3-
Ans.
A
Tr.
mat?
") carats.
36.90053.
Ans.
to gr.
14.1gr.
5.
gr.
3sl oz.
.4ns.
Ans.
3ft
oz.
6.468483
!b. Ans.
Troy.
oz.
6 gr.
sYo lb.
Ans
33.
of round
20981.
Ib.
to
2T7egr.
foVf
timber.
Ans.
cords.
long
268g|gT.
Ans.
SUGGESTION.
T3s
ft.
ADS.
timber.
25.
pile71
"
301 3.67
Ans.
of wood
.8708
Ans.
yd.
to sq.
ft. 1600
cu.
yd.
227.7 ft.
ft. high?
115
cords
na.
cord
Ans.
to feet.
1843P. to
part of
and
to
Eng.
132.72 qr.
Ans. 6.793 na.
2 in. to qr.
na.
1.785 in.
IR.
5ft. wide
24.
English.
ns.
4350
gr.
.3G34'83
90
, "
.y
REDUCTION
OF
COMPOUND
NUMBERS.
.051302-Mb.
37.
43 23
38
15.5gr. to
10 T. 9
39
ft.
159
Ans.
20973
cwt.
.9397}$
Ans.
IT.
40.
cwt.
Iqr. 24
Ib. 2oz.
4|dr.
Ib.
to Ib.
14^
4*1. Iqr. 124 oz. to tuns.
AM.
.Ol28f| T.
42. 762 Ib. 8 oz. 3 dr. to cwt.
AM.
7.625T28 cwt.
43. 121b.av. 9oz.lOdr. toTroygr. Ans. 88210] sgr
2649.
Ans.
SDQ.
First reduce
"
to
dr.; then
to gr.
45.
633313
15.232gr. to
5323
7gr. to pwt.
46.
15 Ib.
44.
Troy, 11
Ib.
4 pwt.
oz.
by
27^.
av.
(Art.188.)
AM.
.442176.
AM.
14"j pwt.
9.085gr.
71168 dr.
-4ns. 3356.
10. 48 pwt. to 3.
todr.av.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
oz.
4ns.. 52.
53.
54.
55.
3bu.
56.
pk. 6 qt. 1
2
59.
286
to U. S.
First
Sua."
3pk.
1 qt.to
bu.; then
li? gal.
.76 7
4ns.
pt.
71 ft bu.
12
Ans.
58.
bu.
4ns.
pt.
3060
4ns.
pt. to pk.
57.
gills.
.9461 gal.
Ans.
8 pt. to bu.
130
Ans.
to gal.
gal.3 qt. Is gills
47 bu. 3 pk. 2 qt. to pt.
52.
1923.
ISOjqt.
Ans.
av.
33
12
pk.
bu.
4/ts. 47
4ns.
4ns.
imp. bu.
to cu.
in.; then
to
pt.
286 qt.
278.02"
imp. hu.
60.
99
w.
61.
67
beer
56
63.
13bu.
64.
BE
"
w.
VIEW."
220.
Is it as
should
convenient
he done?
in thi* form?
Who"
th" divisor U
RAY'S
50
IIIGIIER
G3.
1 4 f 5 5 f 3 48
GG.
1 0
G7.
G8.
GO.
2 yr. 108
6K3
3f3
to
Aiia. 9510m.
m.
Ur%.
39.62^3.
Ans.
Ans.
f5.
to
to
sec.
72470400
AM.
70.
71.
72.
3 wk.
to wk.
1U
74 da. IGhr.
23. 028
45 min.
75.
9" 1 3. G"
to minutes.
7G.
42' 57V'
to
77.
163"
78.
79 12"
79.
80.
32.756" to
$76 5ct. 21 m.
81.
82.
$391
83.
84.
83.
86.
5 dimes
87.
"304
88.
12s.
10]d. tos.
89.
"58
7s. lid. to d.
90.
"25
4|d.
91.
Reduce
92.
How
sec.
many
to hr.
sec.
636r7c"/olir.
ct.
28' 7"
to
6' 20"
9.1054
III.
"
may
Ans.
to mills.
$.
ct.
.00021046, nearly.
Ans. 760521
Ans. $.0991054
1 cwt
2i
ct to
$.
to
TO
221.
be reduced
$206|
Ans. 400.03142
.0596
Ans.
eagles.
"304j"i
Ans. 12.^s.
Ans.
Ans. 14015
Ans. 500
to
Ans.
pwt.
of
gold weigh
much
as
If the
a
SIMPLE
A
COMPOUND
NUMBER.
OP
ANY
d.
!"s.
29166J
Ans.
REDUCE
to
Ans.
s.
ounces
many
lead?
84325'} in.
Ans.
to
39 100. 7 ct.
Ans.
mills.
6 mills
222.10o"
Ans.
mills to dimes.
TO
ART.
Ans. 588487".
circum.
mills to
.715972"
Ans.
7 mills to cents.
540.226'
Ans.
degrees.
dime
3155G928.
Ans.
year?
seconds.
to
eagles3. 142
of
to yr.
sec.
degrees.
4'
pound
CASE
in
solar
How
vVr'a
.204G525567, nearly.
Ans.
74.
sec.
.87840072da.
to da. Ans.
sec.
319
Ans.
Ans.
73.
j'g
Cong.
.115030
Ans.
Cong.
to
ARITHMETIC.
as
14/2
NATION
DENOMI-
NUMBER.
is a whole
number,
given number
this
number
by
compound
it
RAY'S
U)--"
Reduce
5 of
SOLUTION."
result
HIGHER
wine
ARITHMETIC.
gallonto
Multiply
f gal.by
is
tut
reduce
fills. This
the
"
required.
Ib.
pt. 1 |
to
av.
nations, is
2 T. 9 cwt.
SOLUTION.
1657
yd. by 5^,to
rd.
To
do this
multiply
both
to lower
Ib. reduced
4905
denominations,
to
higher denomi.
give 2
results united
T. 9 cwt.
5 Ib
reduce
number.
compound
the
5 3")165
7 vd
2
it to
conveniently,
dividend
11, and
visor
yd. to
by 2, making
divisor
These
5 Ib.
Divide
"
1 5 8 3 3 6 dr. Am.
answer.
1657
Reduce
number.
compound
.OG185,reduced
number
is 15.8336
-TT
^989 6"o*.
cwt. 5 Ib.
fraction
The
"
4
-11
1J3
0)49 cwt.
~~2~T.9
SOLUTION.
1J
1;'
pt.: qt.2 I
2
pt. to 1^
25)49^5 Ib.
4)l_9_6_qr."lb.
2
?.
of
4905.06185
gill
is
the table,
being
Hie operationmust
stop, and the compound
number
required is 2 qt. 1 pt. 1^ gills.
Reduce
number.
w-|^qj-P*-
4; the
number
the
limit
compound
the
and
the
di-
JO
1 *
yd.
rd. 3 half
40)301
dividend
nail
yd.
-i
rt1
fur' 21
rd"
^d'
half-yards,without alBut ^ yd.
1 ft. 6 in.
teiingthe quotient The re"mir,,lcr 3 is also half-yards
^ fur" 21 rd. 1 yd. 1 ft
Am
(Art.221. Note),and is therefore written
^ yd. 1 .Jyd.;
Ihe i yd. is then reduced
to a compound number
by the last rule,and
j)"oedto the result already obtained.
,
,,
l\
8314
"
f"
"
REDUCE
TO
COMPOUND
NUMBERS,
ANSWERS.
EXAMPLES.
1.
44753Aft.
2.
99.75yd
3.
tfur
33rd.
lyd.
2ft. 3 in.
2ft. 6 in.
OF
REDUCTION
COMPOUND
NUMBERS.
103
ANSWERS.
EXAMPLES.
4.
8760531
5.
904.178fath
8871
7.
8.
69.1525yd
GOliaqr
9.
52. 003 E. Fl
in.
138
na
yd. Iqr. 3]
55
na.
52 E. Fl. .036
na
181 1.0625
11.
12.
64. 10826
13.
832,'Jsq. yd.
14.
1.10475
10.
15.
P.
832 sq.
sq. mi.
322. 7372 A.
17.
18.
87g sq.ft.
19.
93111 A.
20.
mi
535sq.
21.
22.
| sq. rd
T7Tcu. yd
23.
1013854cu.in.
24.
.0038yr.
25.
65.387cu.
26.
4.2045cu.yd.
30.
131IC
8. 56^ T.
31.
4000
32.
78?
min.
19cu.ft. 1246cu.in.
ft. 668.736cu.
yd.lieu.
ft. 901.1
34
35
45.54oz.Tr.
36
692
cu.
13C.
=
.
78 Ib. 8
=llb.
oz.
31b. 9
oz.
120Scu
in.
ft
10^
gr.
7pwt.7.2gr
15 pwt.
10 pwt.
10 07.
=21b.
oz.
in.
6 pwt. 16 gr
11 pwt.
loz.
=
in.
sec.
52Asec.
timber.
hewn
52
7yr.231
gr. Troy
Ib. Troy.
pwt
sq. in.
ft. 314i*Tcu. in.
*267.3pwt.
ISoz. Troy
33
36
yd. 7sq.ft.
yd. 5cu.
4cu.
18.9142mi.
18mi.
40152381
2cu.
P.
76sq.in.
sq.ft.
90 sq.in.
sq.ft.
ft.=
An".
29.
sq.
=21cu.yd.
P.
=17cu.
28.
=9sq.yd.
=16
27.
=1
P.
yd. 2
=70 A.
706.2814sq.ch.
1567804
sq. in. =1209sq.yd.
16.
24.10826
1R.
9^
gr.
19.2gr.
12 pwt
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
KAY'S
HJ4
ANSWERS.
EXAMPLES.
13 Ib.
9315
19
2.944
37.
13. 7G441b.
38.
43 53 19 9Jgr.
19 lojgr.
=55
314ft. 53 33 19905G29
8g 13 19 7T3Tgr.
ytb
lY0053.62gr.Apoth. 29tb. 63 23 13.62gr.
=llb
Y3 33 29 12 gr.
467^9
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
805H3
fas
gr.
8ib.
192.206gr.
45.
.37013
T85T.
46.
.4815
47.
809[Acwt.=40T.9c\vt.
3qr.l61b.lOoz.
48.
4220311b
49.
7331
1 qr. 61b.
3cwt. Iqr. 18 Ib. 12 oz.
50.
ilcwt
51.
8A
52.
10072
53.
95ijr|t.
54.
301.46pt.
55.
56.
2191009.
44.
10cwt.
Ib.
qr.
2qr.
16lb.
av
7oz. 11.264
=9T.
2qr. 201b.
dr.
lOjdr.
211T.
lOjdr.
lOoz.
=8
gal
5;!,dr
gal. 3 Ji gills.
13oz.
=314gal. 3qt.
gills
gal.3qt.l?gills.
gal.2 qt. 1 pt. 1.84 gills.
23
.....
=37
measure
25 bu. 1
=
.
pk. f pt.
57.
1.3 dr.
4T.5cwt.2qr.81b.lOoz.
560052l43oz.av.=ll7T.10cwt.31b.4oz.l3ridr.
58.
365. 242241
3dr.=
Ans.
59.
"jg
60.
61.
$33|
|\vk
62.
.7 1'3
63.
64.
br
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^ bu
65.
.555"
CO.
f'igal
67.
67.7")8
(58.
27.35"
Hi).
32.4
70.
gCong
days.
sec.
78Td.
=6s.
=$33.625.
=4
=5
=
da. 16 br.
f3 36m.
33 min.
=1
sec.
pk. n pt.
=lls.
lid.
=2qt. Hpt.
="3.
7s. 0.12.1.
=27"
45
=4Cong.
"=8()
21'.
3f3
12m
8fS IfS
36m
6f3
OF
REDUCTION
COMPOUND
NUMBERS.
ANSWERS.
EXAMPLES.
=.6
73.
.075qt
3.07pk
46-18f 3
74.
260234"
75.
1246.05'
76.
18563d
77.
281923ss
78.
.8054bu
79.
100000m
80.
.1934
71
72.
gill.
3pk. 1.12pt.
"5f30f357m.
=72"
"140
I7.052pk
83.
2[?circum.
84.
19019.2m.
85.
84312
86.
cs
87.
TVof an eagle
88.
2093.
89.
795of
pt.
48' 7. 2".
=5"
$7.57ct. 5m.
=4bu.
Ipk. .832pt.
2c. 327b 16' 21TV'.
20.
7f3 4f3 59.2m.
=
.
=$84.312.
mills.
dollar
57
19s. lid.
'.
82.
83d.
14s.
46' 3".
"7
=
.
81.
17' 14".
=20"
sign
7543dimes
of
165
44
/^in.
=$4.730fi
=$20.9357.
cents.
90.
degree
6407] pt. dry meas.
91.
10808107.
87
ct.
100
=
.
ft".
qt. l\ pt.
28' 25
bu. 3
sec.
=
125da
2hr.
lomin.
7.87
sec.
92.
6. 045964
93.
6yr. 16 da. 18
17000.12 da. (365J da.
94.
yr.
REMARK.
decimal
rules
Common
and
"
If
our
basis, like
hr. 38 min.
to
40.704
sec.
yr.)
tables of
U.
S.
methods
would
fractions
would
tin
were
on
Weights and Measures
and
the
French
the
same
tables,
Money
do for compound as for simple numbers.
less frequently,the comparaalso occur
tively
223.
the
RULE.
in
denomination
same
lower
denominations,
hand
ct'luitin. Add
the
to the next
and
before,
as
found
are
in
the column
added,
the next
continue
of
the
write
xet
re*
quotient
tne
carry
right-
the result,
reduce
column, reduce,
down,
and
have
been
until
so
the
but
any
and
units
to
fraction*
any
higherdenomination;
next
Add
column.
reducing
column,
none
be added,
to
right-handcolumn, and
the
under
if any,
mainder,
the numbers
until
if In rye enough, to
carry
Write
"
NUMBERS.
COMPOUND
OF
ADDITION
AKT
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
100
added.
PROOF.
NOTE.
Same
"
If the
"
fractions, add
higher
them
right-hand column
according to the
denominations
in
the
and
lower denominations,
SOLUTION.
Reduce
"
each
in
fraction
contain
usual
the
number
bu.
pk. qt.
column,
added, gives
pt,
8,7?
12 j pt.;
the
the
write
1 qt. with
IVj
the
carry
qt
"
The
duced
to
the
in.
The
added,
as
1 ft. 3.055
carry
10 ft. 3.055
in.,making
in.
the 1
in
Write
which
ft.,
1 bu.
rd. lift. 6 ir
3.055
gives 1C
answer.
ft
|^
added
~_
t'rra
^ ^
re-
in.
^*
16 rd.
15.C55
the
carry
the
foot is then
fl.C55
in.;4
and
pre-
are
is
answer
cipher
'
numbers
Am.
column, making
2rd.
Add
.125 pt.
"
13V=
pt.
5 qt. 1 pt.
2 bu. 1" gt.
pk. lA
and
next
the
51=
201
2] pk.
bu.
lj
pt.
when
right-hand
and
the
it to
fraction,rtdace
0=3
1
The
in columns.
kind
same
to
of
any
322
to
denominations, (Art.
222,) and place units of the
9A
rules ; if
a
decimal
or
common
it in.
lower
the
simplenumbers.
.125 pt.
and
add
of
has
answer
add
3 bu.
Add
in addition
as
b-b=
in.,
9\
16
but
rd.
-.
4 ft.=
"-Tft
9.655
6.
ADDITION
1.
5. 24
Add
OF
COMPOUND
NUMBERS.
18*7
rd. 16ft.
fur.;37
Jin.; 1
AM.
mi.
Ans.
4 E. Fr. 4 qr. 2
4.
in.;|E.Fr.; l.bna.
2E.
5.
na.
Iqr. Una.;
Fl.
in.
^ in.
Ans.
14E.Fr.
| in.
2qr. 23 na.;
na.
na.
ft'ona.
sq.
23
642.132cu.
8.
cu.
yd.14
ft. 121 6
9.
cu.
cu.
in;
107
Ans.
ft. 1072
cu.
21b.Tr.6fd.;Iftb.; 12.68pwt.;
10.
in.
cu.
lloz.
13pwt.
5 Ib. Tr. 9
9 pwt. 2. 85
oz.
gr.
13
85l4.6gr.; 4.183; 7.523;232318gr.;
lib.
AM.
13.
|3.
2$ 43
"12.
AT.; 9 cwt. 1 qr. 22 Ib. ; 3.06qr.; 4 T. 8.764
Ib.
Ans, 5 T. 6 cwt, 2 qr. 14:J7o
cwt.
cwt.; 3qr. 6lb.; T72
Ans. 5 oz. GJ T's
dr.
.3lb. av.; Boz.;^jdr.
13.
14.
Cgal. 31 qt.; 2gal.Iqt.3.32gills;1 gal.2nt. Apt.;
I pt.
yl"s. 11 gal.2 qt. .403 gill.
| gal.;fiqt.;
4 gal.Skills;10 gal.3qt.Upt.; 8 gal.3 pt.; 5.6J
15.
Aus. 29gal.2qt. .22jgill.
fgill.
gal.;2.3qt.;l'.27pt.;
11.
12 gr.;
RKVIEW.
measure:)
"
wore
compound
common
bibber
What
222.
on
number."
or
denominations
the
V
would
decimal
Wlmt
decimal
be
basis?
is the
the
advantages
Whiit
223.
proof?
fractions,what
of the
answer
has
If the
must
if
fur addition
ri^ht-hand
be
done?
fraction, what
and
weights
our
is the rulo
column
If any
must
bo
of
tains
con-
of
thl
donnl
RAY'S
i("S
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
Apk.;Tfli
bu.;3Pk. 5qt.1 ! pt.:!"!..,;}.28
Ana. 12bu.
pk.; 7"jt.l.lGpt.; ,-do
pk.
8pk. .4G.'"|"t.
17. Add
|bu.; fpk.;gqt.; apt. AUK. iipk. ^ pt.
10.
Ibu.
Add
2f3
7f'3 ^^m;
2U3;
25m;
1 f3
-4/m. 14 f 3 7 i'3 38m.
2lf3; 3f3 6 1-3 ol m.
A sec.
ID.
AddAwk.; ida.; -I.hr.;
2 min.;
-4".s. 4 da. 30 min. 301 sec.
18.
Add
20.
Add
6f3
21.
27"
Add
14'
55.24";
22.
23
in.;
23.
24.
18V;
55
-j sec.
loj';
1"
154"
42 min.
24s min.;
lUhr.
1 hr. 14 min.
Ann.
116"
14' 57.29"
Add
Ans.
$J;|ct.;gm.
Add
$3 7m.; $520ct.; $100 2
let.
25.
G2da.
9"
50 ct.
ct.
$127 23
Gs. 3 id.;"517.?s.; "9.085;
"21
SUBTRACTION
224.
ART.
OF
COMPOUND
2g
m.
$19
ct.
4.!m.
74!d.;
16s.
10s. 8.15d.
^l/i*. "37
"fsz.
in.
Cm.;
AHS.
Add
Oct.
NUMBI^RS.
RULE.
of
units
many
higher;subtract
PROOF.
NOTE.
"
reduce
Subtract
SOLUTION.
the
1
the
yd.
To
1ft. 6.5
the
subtract
3 ft. ( =
the
of
subtrahend
the
yd.
9
1
the
1
add
it in.
1 ft. Gl in.
in.; reduce
yd.) to
them
subtract
higher denominations
decimal,
2 ft. from
next
simplenumbers.
of the
9yd.
in. to
the
ji(jure.
denominations,and
ft. from
inches, making
above, add
making 4ft.; set
number
it to lower
of
one
column,
riglit-liand
is in any
fraction
Change
to the next
in the
.are
make
as
in subtraction
yd. 2.45
the minuend
A't ft. to
yd.
"
carry
as
rules; if
of the answer,
making
and
If fractions
the usual
by
its denomination
Same
"
"
T=
ft.
ia.
G.5
5.4
T~
ft.,
and
to
compensate
for
HIGHER
RAY'S
170
21.
ARITHMETIC.
2bu.
Am.
15 wine
22.
gal.from 15
3}t
An*.
SUGGESTION.
Reduce
"
w.
beer
gal.
gal.to
10
Reduce
"
the
If34f338m
24.
gal.(Art.191.)
vr.
imp. bu.
26.
day
from
33.3
lyr.
28.
1832
yr. 8
29.
What
is tbe
2G.7BCC.
12 min.
27.
.4ns.
1 wk.
from
sec.
3 da. 7br.
AM.
201ir. 24min.
AM.
{wk.
5f3 22m.
2f5
Am.
.9 of
(Art.194).
S. bu.
4f32f3.
from
25.
of G. Britain,
imperialbu.
AM.
SCUOESTION.
2pk. 3qt.l.GGpt.
the beer
10 U. S. bu. from
23.
41 qt.
3bu.
2.4816
from
21. 16
yr
sec.
2C
18 da. from 1840 yr. 5 mon.
to be 30 days, as is customary in
da.,considering1 mon.
8 da.
business involvingtime.
Ans. 7 yr. 9 mon.
1848,
and
the
difference
of time
Ans.
14th, 1851?
Mar.
SUGGESTION.
mon.
Proceed
"
as
in last
5 da., and
between
2 yr. 7
9 da.
mon.
in the
14th
5th,
Aug.
6th
mon.
subtrahend, as
14
since
these
dates
are
mon.
respectivelythat long
da.,
beginning of the year; allow 80 days for a month.
as
the
30.
1855,
31.
Find
difference
tbe
of
time
July 1st,1856.
Des. 31st,1814,
Between
aftei
Sept. 22d,
between
-4ns. 9
and
in
minuend,
mon.
9 da.
and
7 yr. 3 mon.
20th, 1855, and Oct. 15th, 1857.
25 da.
,4ns. 2 yr. 4 mon.
Ans.
32.
Between
May
33.
Subtract
43"
18' 57.18"
from
Ans.
34.
35.
161"
36.
$12.857
37.
4 mills from
"
i " w.
"
24"
34' 11.8"
224.
from
How
52".
from
Ans.
180".
$19.
$40.
is the difference
quadrant.
46
An*.
41' 2.82"
"
of time between
$6.143
$39.996
two
dates found
^p
MULTIPLICATION
38.
1 ct. from
39.
86 ct. and
40.
.08 dime
41.
fo ct.
$5 43
42.
$1
COMPOUND
and
$2.62i
Ant.
$32-
from
2j
Ant.
$12
from
m.
6 ct. 85
18s. 6R
43.
"9
44.
|s.from }25".
from
OF
Since
225.
8 ct. 4$
63
ct.
Ans. "10
5"
Is.
Ans.
MULTIPLICATION
ART.
"20.
let.
COMPOUND
m.
5R
3gd.
NUMBERS.
number
compound
every
number
m.
m.
$6
Ans.
m.
$1.7644
Ant.
let..8 mills.
from
99 ct. 1
Ant.
m.
.6 mill from
ct.
NUMBERS
can
be
re
to
before
the reduction
and
after
multiplying.
GENERAL
TO
MULTIPLY
OR
BY
ANY
SIMPLE
FRACTIONAL,
the
Reduce
nominatio
compound to a simple number of either of its deThe product
and multiplyas in simple numbers.
denomination
the multiplicand,
as
simple number of the same
and
NOTE.
NUMBER
COMPOUND
WHOLE
NUMBER
will be
RULE.
"
may
It is
be reduced
to
best
to
generally
compound number.
reduce
the
multiplicandto
lowest denomination.
Multiply2
Bu.
pk. qt
2371*
J.
llpk.
8
95 qt
2
T 9l] pt.
bu.
pt.
1 0.8 7 2 4
=191|
pt.
27181
108724
978516
108724
2)2079.3465
pt.
pt.
its
RAY'S
172
226
ART.
If
reductions
may
of beforeand
TO
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
the
take
afterit.
MULTIPLY
COMPOUND
BY
NUMBER
SIMPLE
WHOLE
NUMBER,
ROI.E.
Legin
"
if,e
multiplyeach of
at
simple numbers
that compose
the
in succession:
compound number
reduce each product to the next
higher denomination,
and carrying
lettingthe remainder below the number multiplied,
PROOF.
NOTES.
Same
"
1. If
PRODUCT.
in
as
of simple numbers
multiplication
the
results.
3. If there be
fraction in the
multiply it first;if
of the
one
lowest
of
plicand,
multi-
the
nations
higher denomiadd
and
denominations,
in any
occurs
product,reduce
denomination
it to lower
of the
it in.
Multiply9hr.
SOLUTION.
81.7
21.7
sec.
and
sec.
140 min.
1 min.
tiplication.This
21 min.
3 da.
20 hr.
21.7
carry
obtained
2hr.
times
Ten
"
by
A.
Write
sec.
the
to
the next
"
84
14
sec.
8.1*7
10
~OA
2hr.
carry
91
P.
by
This
91
h~~
gives
92 hr.
84.
7 X
12,multiply
these
and
this
of
one
factors,
product
by
by the other; the last product is the one
result can
be obtained
required. The same
by multiplying by 84 at once; performing
lio work
side and transferringthe
one
on
SOLUTION.
min.
and
28|
3R.
hr.
mul-
141 min.
21 min.
Since
10.
by
sec.
8.17sec.
1 min.
gives
Write
Multiply12
8.17
14 min.
'
'
-*--1
"
'
~j~s
'__
90
38g
12
-.
q~
r\or
results.
REVIEW.
by
"
225.
What
should
tho
multiplyinga compound
fractional ?
To
multiplicandgenerallybe reduced?
by
which
226.
simple whole
number
of its denomination!
is tho rule for
What
number
The
proof?
OF
MULTIPLICATION
COMPOUND
NUMBERS.
1.
Multiply7rd.
3.
Ans. 33*7yd. 1
yd. 2| in. by 21.
1 uii. 14 rd. 8| ft. by 97.
10ft. 5 in.
by
8.
by
Am.
5fur. IGrd
16
4.
by 47A.
Ans. 231yd.
2ft. 9. 14 in.
4yd.
6.
12E.F1.
7.
6 E.E.
3ina. by 18.
4qr. 3.44na.
8.
9.
41 A. 3R.
26.
10
yd. 3
cu
12.
231913
13.
16cwt.
28.
Ans. 195 E.E.
by
Iqr.
.32na
sq.in.by 13.
Ans. 77 sq. yd. 5 sq.ft.
82 sq.in.
1087 P. by 9.046.
379
cu.ft. 428.15
23.
4593+
by 67.
A.
cu.in.
gr. by 174.
^n". 113 Ib. 3oz.
gr.
P.
cu.in.
16Agr.
5 pwt.
by 20.
Ans.
6 g 3 3.
ST.
12? dr. by
7 Ib. 6oz.
14.
221E.F1.
pwt. 5|
16
oz.
in.
9.73T6Tin.
Ans.
11.
2ft.
Ans.
Ans.
10.
3]
^HS.
5.
ft.
2qr. 11.68lb.
19cwt.
283.44.
3 Ib. 15
Ans. 1 T. 1 cwt.
qt. 3j gillsby 7.
Ans.
oz.
8.98? dr.
15.
16.
17.
Ans.
18.
3f348mbyl2.
19.
18 da. 9hr.
267 bu.
Ans.
7qt.1.7pt.
5f g 5f 3 36
42min.
29. 3 sec. by
Ans. 306 da. 4hr. 25 min.
m.
16T7i.
2 sec.,
21.
nearly.
Ans. $454567 8m.
$1072 9ct. 2m. by 424.
16s. 2jd. by 75. Ans. "16185
"215
14s. |d.
22.
10"
20.
REVIEW.
done ?
In the
When
"
28'
226.
tho
mind, what
42"" by 2.754.
Ans. 28"
51' 27.765"
should
be done
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
174
two
227. The difference of time between
places
gitude?
lonof
difference
what
is
their
20
18min.
is 4 hr.
sec. :
ART.
SOLUTION.
hour
Every
"
15"
of time
cor-
to
of time
the minutes
min.
sec.
18
20
of
longitude; every
time
15'
of longitude;
of
to
minute
of time to 15"
of longievery second
tude, (Art. 201). Hence, multiplying
in the difference of time by
the hours
15 -will give the degrees in the difference
icsponds
hr.
1 5
rTT^
^
of
Lonff
ing
longitude,multiply(x)of longitude,and
15 will
give minutes
by 15 will give seconds
by
oTy/
rj/
the
to hr. are
iu
both
gitude;
lon-
(") of
same
being
cases
CHANGE
RULE.
OF
DIFF.
INTO
TIME
DIFF.
LONGITUDE.
OF
Multiplythe difference
of time by 15, accordingto the.
'
"
rule for Compound Multiplication,
the product "
and mark
instead of hr. min. and sec.
"
REMARK.
The
"
work
X*
26
times
divided
the 30"
Write
CO
by
and
6'
^"
15 times
30/;
36'.
30',making
60",making 64"; the answer
this
it is 4
When
Carry
is 64" 36'
o'clock
r.
sec.
is 74"
York
SUGGESTION.
Of
"
P.
at
M.
0" W.
P.
M.
of the latter
30",
as
car-
one
York, it is 3
Cincinnati:
the longitude
is the longitude of
: what
at the
p.
M.
at
Cape
placeis 18"
i E w.
"
difference of
under
227.
What
longitude?
thin rule
can
St.
84?
of Good
28' 45"
shortened
24' W.
later time
is
cait
the other.
Hope:
E.: what
Ans.
be
product,
New
at
M.
of St. Louis?
v
60
by
before.
two
it is 1
When
j sec.
tudo
30".
18 divided
Ans.
2.
"'
since
in the 6' to be
add
Cincinnati?
55
30",
ried with
1.
6^'
-=
30',since
00
op.
cairy
a=ffiX18 4i"==4"
=ir_""
90
15
for
by cancellation,
shortened
be
can
90"
the
is the
prove
by
Show
cancellation.
longi-
15' 10" W.
convertingdifference
it.
longitudi
how
of time
tho
into
tions
opera-
DIVISION
3.
travels from
man
shows 9
24 J sec.
40" W.:
A.
A.
COMPOUND
OF
what
Halifax
Chicago; his
watch
at
min.
longitudeof Halifax
be the
must
to
175
Chicago is 7 hr. 24
being 63"
of
longitude Chicago?
tho time
M., while
Tho
M.
NUMBERS.
36'
Am.
When
it is 10 A. M. at Stockholm, it is 3 hr. 24
miu. 58 sec. A. M. at Wheeling: the longitudeof Whec-1ing is 80" 42' W.: what is the longitudeof Stockholm?
Ans. 18" 3' 30" E.
4.
Noon
5.
47 min. 17
comes
is the
Time
G.
than
former
latter?
is 30"
at
19' 46"
E.:
is the
what
it is 1
r.
at
M.
longitudeof
89" V
Utica, whose
Hock:
longitudeof
is the
A.
sec.
it is 3
When
P.
sec.
longitudeis 78"
whose
M.
A.
at
M.
hr. 23 min.
tho former
longitudeis
M.
at
Little
92"
12' W
what
is the
Ans. 9'
longitude
17" W.
it is
When
9.
50" W.
Regent'sPark, London, it is
of Virginia,
at the University
the former?
of
the
the latter?
Ans.
8.
than
Ans.
When
Detroit
is
burgh
7.
Detroit?
longitudeof
at
sooner
longitudeis 94"
Calvcston,whose
at
sec.
16. 2
E.:
what
is the
longitude
of tho latter?
it is 11 hr.
When
it is 1 A. M. at Constantinople,
of the previousday at Paris,and
loinin. 25 j7s
P. M.
sec.
is that of
the longitudoof Paris is 2" 20' 22" E.: what
Ans. 28" 59' E.
Constantinople?
10.
11.
4 hr.
what
ship'schronometer,set at Greenwich,points to
the meridian
43 min. 12 sec. P. M.j the sun
on
Ans. 70" 48' W.
is the ship's
longitude?
A
DIVISION
ART.
of
228.
OF
Division
bimplonumbers,
COMPOUND
of
compound
has two
cases:
NUMBEHS.
numbers
like division
RAY'S
17(5
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
CASE
229.
ART.
divide
To
I.
number
compound
by
simple
number.
Since
number
compound
every
simple number
reduced
be
can
to
of cither of its
denominations,(Art.220),
the division of a compound number
by a simple number
will only differ from
the division of simple numbers
by
the reduction before and after dividing.
FOR
DIVIDING
GENERAL
RULE
COMPOUND
NUMBER
WHOLE
NUMBER,
the
Reduce
its
divide
denominations;
will be
simple
and
NOTE.
It is
the
of
be reduced
may
"
number
simple number
simple numbers:
to
in
as
to
the
either of
the
denomination
same
to reduce
generallybest
of
quotient
dend,
the divi-
as
number.
compound
SIMPLE
FRACTIONAL.
OR
number
compound
ANY
BY
to its lowest
dividend
denomination.
Divide
SOLUTION."
which
17 da.
divided
reduces
2dn.
to
ART.
by
gives
13 min.
3hr.
If
230.
ductions
8.07
quotient
38.737-}-sec.,
is
1488259.208
the
the
sec.
thir
-|-sec., and
quotientrequired.
number,
whole
place during
take
may
sec.
1 84418.737
divisor
the
19.208
24 min.
5hr.
8. Of
by
sec.
the
division,instead
re
of
beforeand afterit.
TO
DIVIDE
NUMBER
COMPOUND
BY
SIMPLE
WHOLE
NUMBER.
RULE.
Divide
"
denomination
if there is
229.
F. v
to the next
fractionof
i K
What
w.
"
228.
is tho
denomination*
simple whote
by
How
he
many
cases
What
in
is the
is the dividend
nuuioer,
expressedas
or
common
that denomination.
1st case?
a
lower
it should
remainder,
number
one,
what
division
compound numbers?
pound
generalrule for dividinga comor
fractional?
generally reduced?
is the rule?
of
230.
To
which
If the
of its
divisor
i;
by 7.
Divide
1.
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
Am.
37
2.
18.
by
Ans.
3.
4.
675 C. 114. GO
18.3453
+ cu.ft.
10 sq. rd. 29 sq. yd. 5 sq. ft. 94 sq. in. by 17.
5.
19 sq.
Ans.
1000A.
by
7.
Gsq. mi.
35 P.
8.
1245
yd. 24
cu.
88 Ib.
by 22i
110
Am.
9.
yd. 4
160.
6.
III..
GA.
Am.
ft. lG27cu.
in.
cu.
yd. G
338.4-f-cu. in.
ft.
cu.
IGpwt. I7.62r. by
by
11.303
54.
lib.
35 75 18gr. by 12.
COOT.
7cwt. 86 Ib. by 29. OG
10.
11.
12.
62 Ib. av.
13.
312
9G.
by
oz.
bu.
6.215
3105
Am.
by
Apt.by
63.
bu.
Am.
53bu.
16.
2G.18scc.
by 45.
254 da. 27niin. 31.25"
sec.
Am.
lyr.
53? sec. by 71
19 hr.
152"
231.
46' 2"
Since
of
difference
by 15, givestheir
multiplied
places,
"
16"
Am.
by 9.
the
'
16. 06-}-sec.
26 min.
2hr.
Am.
AHT.
G J dr.
15.
18.
oz.
19302
17.
124- dr.
oz.
10
Am.
Am.
14.
20 Ib. 14
20 T. 13cwt.
Am.
TO
ll$H"q.in.
sq. ft.
Ans.
cu.
Am.
eoc.:
na.
ft. by 83.
cu.
^LHS. 80.
the
3H
"
time
58' 265"
between
difference of
instead
two
longitudo,
of hr. min.
and
conversely,
DIFF.
CHANGE
OP
TO
LONGITUDE
DIFP.
OP
TIME,
"
Divide
minutes, and
the
seconds, instead
of
"
'
'
DIVISION
NOTE.
canceling,in
The
division
The
"
required by
explained
be
shortened
in
Art.
by
227.
81"
then
two
5hr.
_39^_
22"
26min.
31^
sec.
15 into 81"
"
Instead
of
dividing,proceed thus:
same
into G X
15
as
ried.
car-
GO/
60-1
G X
and
"
J-=24/,
d
15
as
into 39'
gives 2'
quotient is
whole
2G'
quotient and
and
(marked min.),
9
9 X
for
9'
remainder, the
9'
can
longitudebetween
of
15)81"
SOLUTION.
rule
170
placesis
difference
the
to that
similar
manner
NUMBERS.
COMPOUND
OP
which
GO",
divided
by
X604
gives -^^-
15
remainder
36",
which
with
-ip
y75obtained
1. What
is 4
P.
result,and
same
Columbus
at
time
it is 10
when
P.
is 3
A.
M.
at
n.
88"
Mobile,flong.
3s
at Louisville
noon
it is 6
5. When
6. What
number,
ho-s a
time
"
day before.
(long.85" 30' W.),
1 hr. 6 min.
M.
P.
230.
may
52
35
j5
sec.
A.
M.
the
day
What
is tho
bo done?
decimal
How
fraction?
50^
proof?
can
sec.
A.
M.
If tho
the
divisor
day after.
is
when
How
operationsunder
tho
after.
What
can
M.
22' 21"
35" E.)?
or
P.
sec.
difference of
common
it
at
what
W.), when
Havana
at
9hr. 33 min.
it is 9
RETIEW.
the
(long.82"
Paramatta,(long.151" 1'
M.
P.
time is it at
Ans.
W.)?
M.
when
A.
M.
57" E.),
W.)?
day after.
11'
Pittsburg(long.79"
at
it is
time at
W.), what
sec.
P.
sec.
it
34'
58'
20'
30"
at Dublin,(long.6"
W.)?
10
hr.
5
30
Ans.
min.
the
p. M.
sec.
time
4. When
what
16
Copenhagen (long.12"
at
may
time
at
M.
37T73",
(marked sec.)
X31.
composite
tho divisor
converting
prove
it.
180
RAY'S
HIGHER
it is 7
7. When
W.), what
A.
AKITHMETIC.
Washington (long.77"
at
M.
time at
CASE
232.
To
divide
1' 30
A.
sec.
M.
II.
ART.
similar
one
the
cumber.
RULE.
the
of
Reduce
"
dividend
denomination, and
same
PROOF.
NOTE.
both
Same
"
and
divisor to
then divide.
in division of
as
simple number*
simplenumbers.
It is
to their lowest
generallybest to reduce the numbers
both
contain
a
or
denomination; if,after reduction,one
fraction,
fractions.
proceed as directed in division of decimal or common
"
often
How
can
barrel of molasses
37A gal.
SOLUTION."
300pt.^234 pt.
then
filled from
1^pt.
gal. 3qt.
300-f-^-=300X --=125
J pt.;
times. Ans.
"
23
/0
lunar months
of 29 da. 12 hr. 44 min.
many
2. 84 sec., in a solar year, (Art.196, Note)?
Ans. 12.368-f1.
How
2.
How
many
^/
'
The
wheels
100
run
The
4.
locomotive
make
?umfcrence,and
will it
of
miles?
the
U.
S. contains
dollars in 11
silver;how many
into 66s.
and
if it be coined
silver,
pure
worth in U. S. currency?
shilling
4s
"nd
each
21
How
car.
half
many
each
eagles,
2|gr.fine,can
be
made
what
Is.
car.
by
to
another
reduce
232.
similar
What
?
one
tho numbers
ia tho
The
rule for
proof?
To
one
dividing ono
which
sovereigns,
fine?
Ans.
"
is
of 1000
REVIEW.
7 pwt.
23777"V
:t.
weighing 5 pwt. 9gr,
$15.411,and
Ans.
soon
sec.
2 pwt. of
oz.
gr. pure
5.
6240.
half-dollar of
new
are
take
man
Ans.
973IJIS
compound
denomination
number
is it best
PARTS.
ALIQUOT
6.
comet
tiuic will it
many
fund of
How
8.
receive each
can
persons
$59 6| ct?
each
half-crowns,
many
in -what
day;
ono
complete the
7. How
of
moves
Ans.
out
1"]
300" ?
or
ncai'ly.
18ct. 7 2m.,
$2
Ans.
worth
1043d.?
2s.
27.
6d., are
in
147T29ff
9. The Julian calendar assumed
the year 365 da. 6hr.,
instead of 365 da. 5 hr. 48 min. 48 sec., its true length;
in how many
Ans. 128? yr.
a
day gained?
years was
10. In how many
rian
years is a day gained by the Gregothe
which
allows
for
fraction
of
a
calendar,
day by
97
400
3600
in
in
Ans.
adding
years?
days
yr.
"18
7s.
Ans.
ALIQUOT
233.
ART.
number.
is
Aliquotparts
product,when
PARTS.
one
or
both
useful
method
of the factors is
The
followingis an example of
which it is generally
applied.
problems to
What
28 A. 3R.
cost
25
price of 1
P. is equal
is
former
$4
$2
"
of
to 20 P. and
this
5
the
$2
$A
$4.
P.;
of
-}of
is worth
R. is
the
20
of
P.,
of
per acre?
"
16
28
1 9 Q
o^
$448
the
sort
the
$16
25 P. of hnuUt
finding
compound
of
2
1
2 0
5
R.
R.
P.
P.
|
|
8
4
2
.50
50 ct. These
"46'? 50
added, give the value of 28 A.
result could be obtained
8 11. 25 P.,
by re
$462.50. The same
and
28.90625
A.,
multiplying
"lucing28 A. 3 R. 25 P. to acres, vii:
it l"y16.
results
This
234.
ART.
is
:
method
can
be
compound number,
appliedwhen
as
in the
the multiplicand
ample
followingex-
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
182
far will he
travels
m'
day)?
rd
fur"
ex.-.in-
ple
like the
is solved
except
tiplicationsand
performed
"re
^_
divisions
on
of
instead
pound
ceding,
pre-
da.
0
4
6
8x9;264
1 5 min.
%
1
3
3 0 sec.
g
^
^ 5
4
g
com-
simple
33
hr.1
"
""
number.
..
One
valuable
of the most
paid for
When
the
30 days, and
is reckoned
the
$47.52
4
aliquot
190.08
The
mills
accordingly.
in the result are
usuallyneglected
5 ; but,if they are
if they are under
1 cent.
counted
6 or over, they are
above
result
much
1 month
parts taken
The
1 yr., how
19 da. ?
is
money
of money,
use
"
14
18!
9*
""
If
SOLUTION.
applicationsof aliquotparts
the product is to be
is when
U. S. money
; for instance,
24
32
would
be
23.76
3.96
j.mon.=
-i
An
_";
2.376
-J
.132
called
$220.308
$220.31.
REMARK.
When
"
the number
is to take
of
which
parts
are
taken,
ends
in
instead
simplestway
tenths,
halves,
fourths,"c.
30
1
since
mon.
example above,
da., separate 19 da. into
is yfi(j
18 da. and 1 da.; the former
the value
of 30 da.,and
ponding
corresis found
by multiplying the value for 1 mon.
(3.9G)by
y\5 .0,which is the same as to multiply by 6, and set U^ figures
of the product 2.376 one
place farther to the right.
0, the
In
the
the
of
In
235.
ART.
all
indicates
'be numbers
whose value at this rate
number
FOR
RULE
REVIKW."
kind of
for
233.
number
whose
What
may
ALIQUOT
indicatingthe
is to be found.
unit
is
tho
the rate
Aliquot parta?
multiplicandbe?
PARTS.
rate
Explain
its
use.
*"i
What
PARTS.
ALIQUOT
of
numbers
183
directlyby a simple
values
of the preceding values. Add these different
be obtained
Sometimes
"
one
the result
required.
obtained
of the values
one
be
may
of
instead
precedingvalues
two
subtracting
or
can
by adding
by multiplying OT
dividing.
If
1.
Ihr.,how
2.
per
What
86yd. 3qr. 2
cost
Find
$17.28
4.
per
yard? (Turn |
3.
the
into
231 A.
34 P.
IK
127yd. of
of
Ans.
Here
"
the
only
The sum
yd. respectively.'
these is the cost of 127yd.
be
value of
taking such
5.
5 0 ct.
2 5 ct.
REVIEW.
$238.122
at
number
by
aliquotparts of this
the
of
cost
42
of
example.
the
value
two
when
articles,
findingtheir cost
as
are
yd. 24
cu.
necessary
at
the
$1
to make
234.
What
235.
In
is
wticlos be found
be
when
one
gr. of
of its most
questionsin
quantities?
sometimes
cu.
ft. of earth at
$53.61
gold at $15.46
Ans. $1435.04
Ans.
"
15.87J;
12^ct.= 2
oz.
an
31.75
=2
given price.
Find
Of
63.50
$1.25acu.yd.
6.
'
$127
in U. S. money,
is known
one
piece,and
1 8 7
of all
used
at
127
ct.,25 ct.,12^ct.,a
at 60
at
$1.87-J
$238. 122
carpet
yd.?
land
of
$3999.672
AM.
is the cost
What
$2.43!
at
$211.76
-4ns.
decimal.)
of
cost
cloth
of
na.
per A.
SOLUTION.
can
PRACTICE.
FOR
EXAMPLES
What
obtained?
th"
priceof
valuable
aliquotparts
what
applications? Give
relation
aliquotparts?
How
value
one
the
an
exists between
How
of any number
can
ii given in U. 8. money?
can
of
184
RAY'S
Find
7.
2 qr. 21 Ib. of
su-sir,
"626.77
5 1 -,",.
Am.
ct.
Am.
cwt.
Of 3 Ib. 7
8.
ARITHMETIC.
|4.68| a
at
HIGHER
oz.
of
cheese,at
15 ct.
Ib.
In
11.
in 38
1 bushel
in 15 bu. 1
$2.25
80 ct.
15.
weigh
17.
much
10
yd.
22
cu.
19.
I build
1 wk.
If
long
ft.?
it go in 6hr.
much
will
7s.4-
"59
38
in
sec.
digging a
digging44
108 hr. 46 min. 3lM
will he
Ans.
comet
"
is 2 hr. 25min.
man
Ans.
at
corn,
$6.82
Tr., how
4-
earth,how
A
qt. of
Ans.
If "3
Built
pk.
beer,at
$13.94
Ans.
at
$66.65f
Ans.
bu.?
hr.,and
of
of 46
is the value
What
in
cu.
many
Ans. 33230. 7 42
gal. qt. 1 pt.of wine,
gal.?
10821?
of 29
gal.?
can
18.
in.: how
cu.
in
cu.
many
Am.
2150. 42
is the value
What
62ict. a
16.
are
in.: how
cu.
beer?
What
13.
282
gallon are
\'l. In
14.
beer
be
in
cu.
cu.
yd.
sec.
times
ART.
236.
Aliquotparts can
when
S. money,
in State currencies.
bills in U.
given
What
cost
the
be
appliedto making
prices of
the
items
tables
The
show
of
$332
State
that
$33.50
2
in
currencies,(Art.207),
the
New
"1.
England States,6s.
^o8
Tho cost at 6s. or $1 a gal.is $33.60,
from which,by multiplying and taking
suitable parts,the cost at 12s.,
i j'
2s.,6cl.,
=
f"
$67
11.167
2.792
-i
is found
1 ;,"!.
"nut.
oost
nt
at
14a
14s.
; the
lli\
7^dM usas
sum
of these is the
romiiroii.
required.
are
gal.,New
England currency?
SOLUTION."
out
.698
''*~~Q~I
7*~c
"81.66
"
186
RAY'S
240.
ART.
HIGHER
What
ARITHMETIC.
cost, in Canada
currency,
1.
2.
5bu.
Ipk. 7qt.of
dried
gal.?Ant. $9.91
16s. 8d.
at
apples,
ART.
241.
MISCELLANEOUS
bu.?
$18.23
Ans.
EXAMPLES.
1. How
long is a rope winding 276 times round a tre"J,
whose circum. is 4yd. 2ft. 6tin.? Ans. 1339yd. 4 in.
2.
What
is the
of
area
field,
length 67 rd. 8 ft. 5 in.,
Ans. 16 A. 2 R. 38+ 1'.
breadth
3.
How
4.
many
ft.
3
2
in.
wide,
How
5.
bu. in
high?
much
long,56.27ch.
land
in
Ans. 469
wide?
9884V
Ans.
bin, 8ft. 10
22ft. 3 in.
room
in.
2. 7008
2R.
A.
P.
G.
how
did he receive?
much
How
7.
quart, pint,and
many
equal number,
an
44
of
cask
man
can
time
10 hr.
to
9.
What
will
If
"Weightof
mow
cu.
Ans.
of 161b.
is the value
gold,at $15.85
10.
he
day?
ft. of
in
the water
Ans.
water
room
Am.
9 ft. 10 in.
12 pwt. 3 gr. of
oz.
oz.?
an
102.
day, 2 A. 3 R. 20 P of grass:
78 A. 1 R. 36 P., allowing
in 1
mow
containing
Ans.
gal.2qt. Ipt.?
8. A
in what
"
of each
half-pintbottles,
filled out
be
can
$302.37
Ans.
$3163.76.
high?
If a ship sail 10 mi. 6 fur. 18|rd. per hour,
11.
long will it be in going 3236 mi. 2 fur. 36.508rd.?
Ans. 12 da. 11 hr. 28 min.
In
12.
are
rectangularfield,
ft
thin is
How
13.
cu.
is the other ?
in. of
kept
time
had
was
correctly,
NOTE.
"
come,
and
6+
Ans.
Cincinnati,my
so
to
as
watch, which
degree of longitudeat
From
the east;
Cincinnati
covci
in.
SST'OTJO
42 min.
how
s*c.
2 R. 36 P.; one
Ans. 21.67"
ch.
A.
gold,beaten
8 in.?
Ans.
traveled?
160
how
is about
564J
53
tion
direchad
mi
" mi
RATIO.
XII.
242.
ART.
is
Ratio
187
RATIO.
Latin
word
relation
signifying
The
that 5 bu.
Ratio
since
are
to 5bu.
is
of 2 bu.,and
only such
can
how
(Art.60), showing
the whole
ratio of 4
The
2
(:) between
colon
1 4.65; of
number
Each
to
contains
them.
of
4:9;
is written
yd.-1 ft.,
is called
The
simpleratio is a singleratio
compound
ratio is the
5
ratios 4:3
value
of
3 X
of
ratio is
term
is
terms; as, 3
of two
is the
two
4=3.
simple
more
or
productof
the simple
5:7=?.
ratio
both
ratio,and
first term
productof
7=
and
2 ft. 8
4.65,is written
in. : 1 yd. 1 ft.
following.
means
ratios;as, 4
to
going before;the 2d
means
the consequent,which
2]
the
of
term
ratio.
together a coupletor
which
the antecedent,
The
number
one
is written
2 ft. 8 in. to 1
y30;showing
ratio of two
numbers
is indicated
by
in the order in which
are
mentioned,
they
writingthem
with
is
The
243.
ART.
3yd.
yd.
to
10
times
many
of another.
part
or
one
of the same
kind,
quantities
be divided,one
the
other.
by
is
abstract number,
it
an
a
quotient,
ratio is
of
or
quotient.
10yd.
yd. T30of
relation
only between
exists
Since
f; of
the
depends
not
on
the
but
absolute,
on
TO
RULE.
Express Hie
"
of a
form, will
E v
i E
common
be the
Giro
Arithmetic?
What
eated?
kind
of
Give
in the
terms
and
OP
ANY
RATIO,
same
the antecedent
is the
examples.
number
examples.
is every
meaning
When
ratio?
of Ratio?
can
Why?
two
the denominator
as
2-12. What
w."
VALUE
the numerator,
consequentas
THE
FIND
to
its simplett
What
is ratio
quantitieshave
243.
How
is
in
ratio?
ratio indi.
188
NOTE.
The
"
and
method
antecedent
The
value
the
of
ratio is
is
the
f; by
the
merator,
nu-
fraction;the
English, |.
the
the
equal to
been
consequent
consequentdivided ly th*
that
the antecedent
equalto
if the value of
the
equal to
ratio; and
The. consequent is
value of the ratio.
Hence,
antecedent
of
is
has
the
by
of
method,
ratio
the
the
makes
denominator
the
the French
in.,by
obtaining
method
English
value
ARITHMETIC.
of
consequent
to
the
divided
French
the
ratio of Sin.
Since
HIGHER
The
here.
adopted
RAY'S
ratio is
by
multiplied
known,
and
the
of its
one
be found.
can
What
SOLUTION
"
15
'-g5 f
=
if Ans.
is the ratio of 2 A.
What
SOIBTION."2A.
3R.
25 P. to 1 A. ?
3 R.
25P.
1 A.
or
465 P.
^""
160P.,
|f Ans.
4f
is the ratio of
What
2i?
to
$.
Ans.
oj
SUGGESTION.
is reduced
the rule
Here
"
is the ratio of
0
SOL.-7.108
of 112 to
tol|; of
Aiis.
-f" which
4ff
16;
to
%?
27 8
=
of
9.26f?
7.108
9.26|
7to5;
Of
1.
fraction
Art. 132.
by
What
gives a complex
FIND
THE
9tol;
of
RATIO
2to4; oflatoS;
36to50;
8-"to4$.
*; i; 2; 4; ITS; 4; lg; Iff; TO?;
2"
of
4|, of
of 20
iV; iftW.
9f : 17.28, of 116J :
18.75, of4i : 9.8, of I : H, of i : i, of 10. 08 : 31,
of 2.176 : 14.3, of 6.37A : 34, of 91 : 44.4.
Of
2.
6.5
.013,
of
6IH, 51,4|.
li,27254,
ll,,h, 11,/r,2A, 1258,
R
TI
w."
213.
togethercalled?
10
called?
rain* of
What
a
ratio
"Which
is
is each
What
is the
of
antecedent?
simple ratio?
depend
on
the numbers
called ?
What
arc
compound
ratio?
What
does
both
Why
th"
RATIO.
2 ft. 6 in. to 3
yd. 1
189
ft. 10 in.
3.
Of
4.
5.
Of 13 A.
6.
Of
20.
7.
Of
3 Ib. 10
3 R. 25 P.
12
ft.
cu.
6 pwt.
oz.
6 A. 2 R. 10 P.
8.
Of
9.
Of
10.
Of
11.
Of
12.
Of
13.
Of
14.
Of
15.
Of
16.
Of
17.
If
10^
gr.
2 Ib.
TYB""
7 3 14.32
2^2"
13 Ib. : 9 Ib. 15.2 dr.
Ans. |"8
14 T. 12 cwt. 1 qr. 18.44 Ib. : 7 cwt. 4i Ib.
Ans. 75 55 sis
3 qt. If gills
4n". 1012%
: 8 gal.1 pt.
10 gal.1.54pt. : 7 gal.2qt..98pt.Ans. 3841
56 bu. 2 pk. 1 qt.: 35 bu. 3 pk. 6.055 qt.
Ans. f|83
5hr. 26min.
443 sec. : 3|da. Ans. 14|fT?
2 yr. 22 da. : 7 yr. 216 da.
Ans. 3ffff
"
42" 15' 27^ : 90".
Ans. 28708S5T
the ratio lj, what
the antecedent
is 7 and
is
2 g 3 3 1 3
5 g
consequent?
18. If the consequent is $13.42!
gr. Ans.
and
2|
and
the
If the
3s, what
ratio
Ans.
15.7248
is the antecedent?
what
$35.80;i
6.048, what
Ans.
consequent?
20.
is
is
the ratio
Ans.
If the antecedent
10
Ans.
is the antecedent?
is the
7U
1443pwt.
the
19.
ft
AM.
AM.
"
]$|
Am.
150.
4]
Ant.
the ratio
2yd.
2i in.
is 5bu.
If the
23.
If the
antecedent
consequent is 4 and
antecedent?
24.
ii
If the
|, what
Ans.
many
"
methods
antecedent
numbers
243.
of
equal
found?
lj|
12ifdr.
45 Ib. 9oz.
ii the antecedent?
REVIEW.
is the
is the antecedent?
If the
25.
What
Ans.
is the rule for
valuing
ratio?
findingtho value of a
Explain the difference.
to?
Tho
How
consequent?
Hotr
is tho ratio
decimals
found?
$3.18.f
ratio?
What
of
two
IIow
is the
mixed
Find
2G.
tie value of
$13.00;
of
$44,
numbers, by
two
standard
or
$2. 56}
$22
of
343T)
S,si,TOO
be formed
with the
ratios may
takingeach of them in succession
same
as
the
and
two
num^
7
the latter,
ratio between
7,and
to 5.
ratios which
of the
bcrs will be
the
is the ratio of 5 to
; thn former
the ratio of
$10,
22 ct. Ann.
comparison; thus,
of
7
One
of
ARITHMETIC.
Two
244.
ART.
is
HIGHER
RAY'S
190
be
can
formed
and
improper fraction,
an
with
the other
proper
fraction ; for the sake of distinction,
call the former
the
and the latter the decreasing
ratio. If the
ratio,
increasing
are
equal,the ratio,which ever way it is
quantities
ing
formed, will be equal to 1, and therefore neither increasnor
decreasing,but a ratio of equality.
two
TO
MAKE
RULE.
to
fraction,
to express
fraction,
proper
Make
1.
4f,
and
the
in
increasingratio;
an
express
DECREASING
OR
tioo numbers
the
Write
"
INCREASING
AN
with
An",
A.ns.
form of
18
22
132
1276
7g,
T55,
T373
245.
in the
but
improper
an
decreasingratio.
6Qsi
.00.
ART.
form of
an
Make
2.
a
and 9f, with
1 K,5
RATIO,
ratio is
every
fraction whose
ator
numer-
the
antecedent,
ratio; hence,
ratio 10
The
the ratio 10
if the
2;
y*g |; if
j-g=f, which
4 is
12 is
antecedent
ratio
Ihc former
be
divided
multipliedby
the
consequent
is the
former
by 2, the ratio
be
multipliedby 3,
by
ratio multiplied
5
is 5, which
is
2.
REVIEW.
Give
244.
"
example.
equality? What is
245.
an
How
is
ratio
How
many
ratios
can
be
formed
with
two
numbers?
is a ratio of
they distinguished? What
or
making an increasing decreasing ratio!
is a ratio divided 7
How
Why?
multiplied? Why?
How
arc
PROPORTION.
The
7
ratio 7
2 is
be
which
7,
^;
is
191
ratio 14
multipliedby 2, the
by 2.
ia
-f$ |,which
is the former
ratio divided
3d.
or
Multiplying
dividingboth terms of a ratio by a
number, does not alter its value. (Arts.116 and 117.)
The ratio 9:6
is $
f ; if both terms are multipliedby 2, the
18
ratio
is jg
: 12
f 8till"if botl1 terms be divided by 3, the
ratio 6 : 4 is
the
at first.
same
as
|,
g
==
"
XIII.
ratios 3
The
value
Proportionis
246.
ART.
PROPORTION.
5 and
an
Placinga double
the proportion
3 : 5 : : 6 : 10, read 3 is to 5
the ratio of 3 to 6 is equalto the ratio of 6
or
3.
REMARK.
is the
the
same
as
ratio may
: :
first;thus,6
written
be
each
10, since
to
6 is
10.
:
the
expresses
10
to
: :
10,
3
equalityof
ratios.
same
Instead
used; as,
A
Either
"
as
the
of
double
6
10, is
proportionwith
the
same
as
of
equality is
: :
sometimes
.10.
more
proportionhas
two
than
an
two
antecedent
and
antecedents
and
consequent, every
two
consequents, the
antecedents,and
2d
the
and
The
first and
called the
last terms of a proportionarc
All the terms are
extremes; the middle terms, the means.
called 2)roportionalst
and the last term
is said to be a fourth
the other
to
proportional
Ratio
proportionis
The
former
REVIEW.
Why
What
3 in their order.
246.
other
has
"
245.
What
way?
terms,
two
IIow
is
is
is
two
the latter
by
by
their
their
quotient:
equality.
four.
Give
continued
shown
ratios shown
ratio altered
Proportion?
What
numbers
two
in
form
example.
proportionT
an
and
How
not
in value?
is it written
HIGHER
HAY'S
92
Three
numbers
in
are
ratio to the 2d
same
16 are
being 2. The
and
in
the 2d
as
second
the
247.
Variation
has
4
is
Thus,
the time
ship
the
to
of
tional
proporthird
expressing
of
inverse.
or
when
quantities
two
they
together.
at
goes
uniform
as
rate,varies directly
that
the
mean
last term
is either direct
means
ratio
the
generalmethod
decrease
it sails ; which
equal
Is
distance
the
second.
together,or
called
and
two;
proportionoften used,and
increase
3d; thus, 4, 8
8 : It),each ratio
the
to
is then
term
other
proportionalto
when
proportion,
for
proportion,
between
ART.
ARITHMETIC.
corresponding
distances
two
times
in
taken
the
order.
same
variation
Inverse
increases
one
ratio of any
248.
ratios
of
men
is
Since
to determine
Find
which
times
two
will
piece of work
employed; which
equal
ratio of the
to the
of
ratio
in
equal,the proportionis
are
that
means
ARE
TRUE
1.
2.
2 ft. 1 in.
3.
16"
4.
3hr.l8min.
REVIEW.
"
10
form
21
246.
What
true
?
Proportiondistinguished
247.
Give
is the
What
an
second
term
is variation?
example.
What
then
62^
: :
min.
in
Jg"and '^
When
called ?
is inverse
two
ct.
24
18.
"1.
What
What
numbers
Give
the
How
in
is direct
an
How
extremes?
are
Ratio
Proportion?
third term
is the
What
kinds?
are
last term
three
variation
NOT?
yd. 2 qr.
: 2 gal.
Iqt.: 4gal.2qt.
The
are
the ratios
proportiongenerally?
called ?
What
men
proportion,
WHICH
: :
consequents?
tho terms
and
Pk. :
ratios
many
moans
are
in.
fhr.SO
many
How
AND
and
2 bu. 3
:
How
12,
yd. 4
The
What
:
:
antecedents?
nany
the
proportion;if these
if not, it is false.
the
PROPORTIONS,
of
numbers
varies
proportion,
each
done,
be
order.
in reverse
the truth of
the value
when
quantities
two
decreases.
employed
ART.
in
number
the
between
the other
as
time
Thus, the
as
inversely
exists
called ?
variation?
example.
RAY'S
194
FIND
12
1.
16
HIGHER
THE
UNKNOWN
( )
: :
ARITHMETIC.
3|
5 and
OP
TERM
( )
Ibu.
2pk. 6qt. :
3.
( )
4hr.
4.
2.16 A..:
5.
12
6.
$162.56^
6bu.
pk. :
$3.871
Ans.
:
yd. 3
30 min.
()
2"mi.
"13
46
qr.
6s. 8d.
yd. 3
qr.
$270.931
46"
31' 9"
8.
$16
9.
45
()
ct.
: :
Ans. 2. 43 A.
"15.
6 T. 1 cwt.
Ans. 1 T. 13 cwt.
( )
234
men.
3 hr. 36 min.
( ).
390
men.
2 hr. 42 min.
Ans. 34" 53' 21!"
1 Ib. 9
:
( ).
$15.50
:
: 3. 375 mi.
Ans. 3 hr. 20 min.
Ans.
7.
5.
84 and
Ans.
2.
2.
oz.
av.
( ).
11}
Ana.
dr.
Ans.
SIMPLE
250.
ART.
PROPORTION.
Simple Proportionis
questions by
practical
called
obtained
at the
15
same,
9
=
ANALYSIS.
9
cost
of their costs, we
position?
75 ct.,what
other
9 qt. worth
are
have
what
What
uso
Since
"
135 ct.
ct. =
qt. :
Cor.
the
qt. :
cost
75 ct.
Is*,Art. 249, to
is Cor. 1st?
are
"
75 ct.,Iqt. costs
6qt. cost
Cor. 2d?
the Corollaries ?
Give
of
76 ct
$1.35.
of each
the number
as
directly
worth
" as much, or " of
of the quantitiesbeing the
found,by
249.
Of
proportionwhose
varies
If
"
FnaroRTiou.
the whole
REVIEW."
cost
sr
term
is
answer
rate?
BY
SOLUTION
times
some-
known.
are
same
ct.,and
or
of
term
solving
it is
proportion;
of Three, because the
qt. of strawberries
SOLUTION
=
Rule
the
ratio
by findingone
three terms
If 5
of
method
of
be
Of
an
is the
75 ct. =
same
the ratio
( ), in
9
quart
V*
what
as
which
=
use
example.
136
^7 6
the
ct
quired
re-
ct-
is the pro
PROPORTION.
SIMPLE
REMARK.
which
do
resort
to
Sample Proportion is
"
of solution
admit
not
close and
careful
be
195
sometimes
applied to questions
that
in
In
w"y.
to the
analysis,or
of doubt,
cases
followingtest
solved
by Simple Proportion,must
and
contain two
kinds of quantities,
of each kind
two
three of the quantities
and one
must
be known
required.
The
which are
of different kinds
two given quantities
questionto
be
must
related,that
so
doubled
necessarily
which
rate
obtain
or
QUESTIONS
With
"
kind, form
the two
BY
ia
the
be greater
the
Express
PROPORTION,
or
are
of
the
same
SIMPLE
given quantitieswhich
or
increasing
an
should
NOTE.
the other
TO
answer
is doubled
one
is
the
RULE.
when
this ratio,and
ratio in its
simplestform, and
cancel
when
possible.
of
in the form
RULE.
give the
we
"
Write
that
largeror
who
quantityfor the 3d
which
term
is
of
the
next
the answer;
to it,in the %d term, put
smaller of the other two quantities,
accordingas the
denomination
tame
the
For
as
The
larger or smaller than the third term.
remaininggiven quantityis then put in triefirstterm, and the
fourth or requiredterm, is found by multiplyingthe second and
and dividing
their product by the first.
third terms together,
should
answer
1.
much
be
7^
worth
2 1 Ib. of sugar are
sugar is 19.81b. of rice worth?
If
19.8
19.8
.
SOLUTION."
"
of
r
11
2f lb.
7"
"
"
"
30
7j
rice,how
217.8
=
"
lb. of
19.8X2-1
Or, 7-| 19.8
:
REVIEW.
Give
What
2| : ( ); 4th
249.
Of
what
term-=
ri
"
7*
denomination
will
i=
7.26 lb.
f
the
required
term
be?
Before
250.
"
: :
RAY'S
196
If 15
2.
will 36
SOLUTION.
do
"
ARITHMETIC.
be in
pieceof work
doing the same?
Since
36
men
men
HIGHER
in
will
men
require lett
9|da.,how
time
than
15
long
to
men
should
be less than
9|da.; make
work, the answer
decreasing ratio,| g, and multiply the remaining quantity by
do the
same
if xaf-if
If
3.
"=*"**" Ans-
xV
lOAmi.
I walk
10 hr.,at the
same
and
in
far will I go in
Ans. 35 mi.
cumference,
carriageis 8ft. 2 in. in cir-
rate?
If the fore-wheel
4.
it:
of
670
round
turns
hr.,how
often
times, how
will
turn
hind-wheel,which is 11 ft. 8'in. in circumference,
Ans. 469 times.
distance?
round in going the same
the
If
5.
horse
he trot in
at the
hour
an
trot
rate?
same
What
is
servant's wages
per week?
7. What
is
bbl. of
6.
if 15 Ib.
body
8.
in
file: if
24
If
9.
times
10.
from
were
pulse beats
is that?
minute
On 15 successive
1 is No. 277?
No.
for 3 wk.
are
36
Ans.
42
in rank
in
rank, how
28 times
squares
Ans.
in
worth,
$47.85
they are
in file
many
Ans. 28.
16 sec., how
many
Ans. 105.
614
are
Ib.
when
be ?
there
would
they
powder containing132
of soldiers
can
Ans.
$5.43f ?
sold for
are
far
houses:
6^14,or nearly 7
how
far
squares.
many
bu. of
13.
If
coke,each 96 Ib.,can
of
farm
160 A.
rents
he
draw?
for
Ans.
20i
REVIEW.
be
"
How
for
250.
What
should
simple proportion T
portion?
solvingquestions by Simple Prothe
is
rul"
What
ordinary
expressed?
is the rulo
the ratio be
for
PROPORTION.
SIMPLE
17.
equatorialdegree is 365000
An
in 80"
24'
18.
If
19.
how
days
many
20.
how
piece of
should
long
he
lend
garrison has
1 Ib. 2
man
oz.
to make
22.
during
the
the
what
was
24.
last 9 mon.,
should be a man's
to
14
oz.
be received?
a
If I go a
long would I be
25.
of
cloud
moves
av.
of the
If
A,
What
-4ns.
silver be
The
two
similar
ship,and
9 ninths of
worth
$5840, is
$256.01?
are
4 Ib. 6
oz.
quantitiesin
the ship.
taxed
of butter
this
worth
2R
a
day,how
17-r da.
the whole
$10800.
question,are
$78.14, what is
Ans. $19133.59
worth, at 2 Set.
-4ns.
If I
30.
If I
much
31.
must
If
Ib.?
$1.224
"4
Ans.
is taxed
worth,who
28.
"
18.fsec.
14/1 nii-
in
Ans.
SUGGESTION.
27.
400ft.
worth?
of it worth?
5 ninths
giving each
how large
per man,
Ans. 240 men.
velocity
per hour?
Troy of English standard
is 1 Ib.
-4ns. 136.
keeps it 1
and
the wind's
If 1 Ib.
If
of
days, of 83 hr.,
ance,
dailyallowfood last lyr.8mon.? Ans. SAoz.
560
have
men
provisionsto last
if
rate of lib. 4 oz. a day per man;
could
shadow
6s.,what
26.
what
486] I\ times.
to
is reduced
dailyallowance
23.
"3
same
garrisonof
siegeat the
reinforcement
food
day:
75
often
yr. 8mon.:
$1200 to compensate for the
5 da.
Ans. 2 yr. 5 mon.
favor?
21.
-4ns.
I be?
$1750,
borrows
man
day, how
in 108
work
6-4hr. would
of
times
ft
many
29340751
Am.
beats 5000
pendulum
ft.:how
Ans. $1028.16
$1285.20 worth cost?
32. If I gain $7.75 by tradingwith $100, how much
-4ns. $65.6859
ought I gain on $847.56?
33. A has cloth at $3.25 a yd.,and
B has flour at
A
$5.50 a bbl. If,in trading, puts his cloth at $3.022,
what should B charge for his flour?
-4ns. $6.13/3
What
34.
is a pile of wood, 15ft. long,10A ft. high,
and 12ft. wide, worth, at $4.25 a cord?
Ans. $62.75
did
RAY'S
198
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
7 mon.
rent, at $4*75a yr. Ans. $277-08
36. If a boat is rowed at the rate of 6 miles an hour,
and is driven 44 feet in 9 strokes of the oar, how many
strokes are made
Ans. 108 strokes.
in a minute?
of
35.
Find
37.
If
of
an
$3", what
is the worth
$13^
Ans.
In Fahrenheit's
thermometer,the freezing
pointof water
is marked
grade,
32", and the boilingpoint212" : in the Centithe freezing
pointis 0", and the boiling
point 100":
in Reaumer's, the freezingpoint is 0", and the boiling
point80".
38.
From
thermometer
2|"F.
39.
108"
Convert
25" R.
Convert
degreesof
to
In the
mometers.
ther-
two
42'^"C.
and
the other
mometers.
ther-
two
46" C. to
Convert
other
Ans.
41.
the
33?" R.
32".) Ans.
(Firstsubtract
40.
degreesof
F. to
working
of
mometers.
degreesof the other two therAns. 36f"R. and 114*" F.
machinery,it is ascertained that the
as
inversely
the
NOTE.
allowed
43.
6 ft. 8
If the whole
"
The
available power
512
If
Ib. bo
Find
"
lifts a
the whole
power,
^ being
impediments.
is the power
in.,what
SUGGESTION.
44.
other
-fof
is taken
by
weight of 1440
Ib.
then
by
moving
power
Ans. 144 Ib.
add
| of
wheel
itself.
and
axle;
uniform
at the hook
motion,by
rises 12
ft.,how
wheel
and
axle
much
is it?
if the
Ans.
weight
594 Ib.
in obedience
to
this
and
PROPORTION.
COMPOUND
123
the
If 3
48.
will
A.
doing the
gain 15
doz.,what
in
build
men
If I
50.
5 A. of grass
mow
13^
mow
be in
men
solved
inoon
move
99892+
mi.
?
by proportion
250.)
men
If 6
49.
Art.
the
250
be
questions
following
(See Rem.
men
miles would
many
miles?
Am.
How
respectively.
Can
199
is my
7 da.,how
wall in
many
long would
10
same
each,by sellingbooks
cents
gain
day, how
day?
in
each
on
COMPOUND
$5.40
at
$4.80
at
doz.?
PROPORTION.
is a method
of solving
Compound Proportion
than
or by more
by the use of a compound ratio,
questions
one
proportion.
The questions
to which
Compound Proportionis applied
resemble those under simple proportion
; but the value of
the quantity
requireddepends not on one pair,but on two
or
more
: for instance,
pairsof similar quantities
251.
ART.
If 3
10
8 A. of grass
be in mowing 36 A.?
men
men
SOLUTION.
36
A.,
of
the
answer
would
operation;
but
be
_r2j
-^jof
they
"8"
"~
will
long would
**"*"
shown
da.,as
being the
this result
in which
time
time
AllS.
in
36 A. will be
mow
the
in which
10
men
3g6
of it=
mow
A,
3g6 ^
of
reduces,by cancellation,
da.,
cession
6f da. Hence, a questionin Compound Proportion,is only a sucof questions in Simple Proportion,
each of which gives a result
in
the
be used
required.
next, and the last result is the answer
of 4
to
of
i"
T"
da.,how
men
instead
be
question would
Simple Proportion,and
rt-
one
to
8 A.
the
/"
the
If the 10
"
to mow
were
in 4
mow
in
shown
as
sufficient
After
the
the
practice,
dispensedwith, and
fraction at
answer
written
steps may
as
be
compound
once.
SOLVE
TO
the
successive
QUESTIONS
BY
COMPOUND
PROPORTION,
RULE.
"
Form
an
HIGHER
RAY'S
200
the odd
and
two
NOTE.
will
To
and
odd term
The
"
TEACHEBS.
the
otherwise
be the
is the
for
reasons
the mental
obscure
analyze each
difficult
such
term
example thoroughly,
will
course
is the
and
powers,
and
the odd
is unlike
which
step
every
and
ratios
answer,
one
Pupils should
"
give
training to
an
multiplythese
term;
the product
together;
ARITHMETIC.
only
way
be
able
valu-
to clear
up
subject.
If the
succession
a
use
proportionalform is preferred,
of simple proportions,
as
already explained,or the rule
in
A
Ray's Arithmetic,"3d Book, Art. 205.
simple
mode
of statingquestions
in proportionis this
"
RULE
their
and
EFFECT.
AND
the quantitiescontained
Separateall
causes
CAUSE
OF
the
in
question into
two
effects.
the
NOTE.
The
"
two
; and
in 10
If 6 men,
fence,how many
1.
48 rd. in 12
SOLUTION.
whose
hours
10 da.
men
is 25 rd. ; 8
9hr.
the
2.
makes
while
rule?
What
rd. of
build
9 hr.
constitute
men
) hr.
the
1st
constitute
catise,
the 2d
Hence,
men.
12
da.
25 rd.
48 rd.
( )hr.
is
required term
6osx8X**8 10|hr.
=
(Art 249,
Cor. 2.)
boy
the
REVIEW.
of the
and
12 da. and
men.
10 da.
And
effects.
effect is 48 rd.
cause, whose
two
and
days?
"
effect
the
must
so
in the number
exactly alike
be
must
causes
makes
going 3|
is
man
251.
What
What
is
the
is said of the
odd
two
term?
causes
What
The
4g mi.
does the
Proportion? What
Solve
the example. What
is
Compound
quantity required depend on ?
"
Ans.
miles?
two
is the
rule of
effects ?
cause
and
valne
is tba
effect?
202
HIGHER
RAY'S
will 5 times
to each
per day
16. What
$44
$540
Am.
hundred,
for 1 yr.
8 mon.,
the
at
252.
phraseper
made
to
unit of
Latin
It is understood
as
of
the
from
is derived
centum,
100
as
PERCENTAGE.
PERCENTAGE
to embrace
at
$7 for
$466.66"
rate
Ans.
XIV.
ART.
oz
7? moil.
for 3 yr.,
much
as
use
is worth
hundred?
every
1 yr.
is that whose
of money
for every
of 12
at the rate
men,
man
sum
the rate of
the use
of
last 3500
much
as
ARITHMETIC.
reference
is
comparison.
terest,
and Loss, Commission, Inapplications
are, Gain
and
Taxes.
Banking, Stocks,Insurance,Duties
If I have $750 in business,
and gain $180, what is my
gain on every $100?
Its
SOL
DT
solved
"
This
follows
as
Cor.
by
JON.
is
$760
1st,Art. 249, to
a
:
be
100 X
180
=
$24. Am.
750
Hence,
means
gain $24
on
every
$100, or
24
since
cent.,
per
per
cent.
the hundred.
on
hundredths
is
so
Thus,
other,and
hundredths
many
7 per
cent, of any
any per
cent,
thing is
7 hundredths
of it.
do
is
2^
do.
do.
100
do
is 100
do.
do.
"
What
What
252.
are
mean
its
of
ber
num-
of it.
2^
REVIEW.
embrace
it is of that
or
the whole.
PERCENTAGE.
how
SOLUTION.
required term
In
3,
SOLUTION.
6i"0^3 ^
whole
force
183
100
78 X
the
there
first of
three
are
the
numbers
representof the same
of
one
are
253.
the
other,as
NOTES.
$182.50
saves
they
of
comparison
subject,it is too
therefore
a
specialrule
I.
A
OP
CENT.
work
GIVEN
NUMBER,
to indicate and
$182.60
$182.50,divided
by the given
cancel.
done
in
by pointingoff in
the multiplicand
ana
$182.50
9 per cent, of
times
"
9 percent, of
"
can
whole
SOLUTION.
cases
both referred to
per cent.; if they are
and
their
100 per cent.,
rates per cent,
of their relations to it.
2. The
Find
second, or
these
RULE.
1. It often
"
the
is the standard
numbers
PER
GIVEN
13^ per
PERCENTAGE.
CASE
ART.
All
found.
the
Although this rule covers
generalfor practicalpurposes;
will bo givenfor each case.
ANY
compared,
FOR
to each
FIND
cent.
per
quantity.
for the
TO
100
percentage, accordingas
of
be
RULE
two
If
: :
,R,l5men'
numbers
two
GENERAL
"
per
per
men
cases
per cent., is to
be solved by the
NOTE.
100
13i
~40~
their rate
Any
is
engaged?
were
many
3X78X100
18T"
Hence,
which
killed,
78
portion
pro-
Ans.
are
rs
:
cent.
per
sheep.
The
"
100
: :
battle,78 men
whole force; how
of the
cent,
'
(160)being
flock
whole
The
"
I sell?
sheep do
many
sell 35
sheep,and
160
'2. If I have
203
Si 82
=
y"-gof
by 100, as
50
Q
$16.4250
REMARK.
the
We
"
rate
divide
then
and
by 100 first,
multiply by
multiply by the rate per cent, written ai
may
cent.; or,
per
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
204
hundredths.
decimal
2.
Ans. $4.94J
6 per cent, of $82.372
14s pr. ct. of 6yd. 2ft. Sin. Ans. 2 ft. 11.96 in.
3.
42 per
Find
1.
REMARK.
Business
"
the character
42
62^ %
Find
5.
35
6.
ISO% of4|
7.
98
42
"per
cent
fe.
1040
AM.
men.
men.
of
words
of the
is written
cent,
of 1664
4.
per
$525.
Ans.
instead
use
men
thus
$1250.
of
cent,
8.
9| %
9.
42
QQ-i
SOLUTION.
Since
"
1U
10.
Find
11.
40^
of
|,take \
-"
of 6hr.
of the
given
$3283.47.
15
28min.
number.
$364.83
Ans.
sec.
675^
of 31b. 10
13.
104
of
75
14.
15
of
15.
23i%of45ct.
16.
How
%
f%
much
A.
of
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
90 pages.
Ans.
18| %
of
^/i8.
337^ % of 11
561 % of 144 cattle.
16| % of 1932 hogs.
871 % of 1634 C. 72 cu.
1000^ of $5.431
61 % of i?
2j #ofj
cargo
78 T. 2
that
weighs
cwt.
"
considered?
example
they?
2.
41 6 T.
3 qr. 10 Ib.
4"
AM.
Find
REVIEW.
are
576 pages.
^Hs.lOlct.
15 cwt. 20 Ib.?
17.
sec.
oz.
16pwt. 22 gr.
Ans. 26 Ib. 4 oz. 4pwt. 4jgr.
=78 A. IE. 38 P.
1 R. 35 P.
book
is
18
81 cattle.
Ans.
Ans. 322
ft. AM.
hogs.
1430 C. 31 cu.ft.
$54.37i
AM.
fr
AM.
AM.!,
ia of anotbrt
is the rate per cent that one number
?
Give examples. Sol7fl
is any per cent, of a number
252. What
What
Also, example
What
is the
How
general rule
3.
many
cases
of
for percentage?
percentage?
If
one
of the
rate
Whut
given
per cent
PERCENTAGE.
24
part is 25 %
What
of
205
farm ?
Ans.
T2055 \
also 8| %;
=
quantityis 6] % of it?
10#; 12"#; 16i#; 20%; 33* "; 50%; 661%;
and 75 % ?
4",. T'g,T'2,
T'5,$, J, ", J, ", f | of it.
26. What
part of a quantityis 18| % of it; 31J %]
37*%; 432%; 56j%; 621%; 68} % ; 81-j% ; 83i %;
What
25.
part of
87i%;
931%?
and
T3s"T6s"
i" T7e"T9g"i lii ii" l" I" is
Ans.
27.
How
250^;
675^;
A
what
quantity;125 %
of the
of
ship did
he
sell,and
; and
o31. Out
is
of
6| %'. how
32.
much
of it for
T\ %
f"r
much
does
paid
does
he
78" %
cask
was
at
money;
he paid him
him
20
time
one
25
he
paid
he
of what
of what
still owe?
he
then
-"5of
Ans.
it.
of 12 T. 6cwt.
81b.?
Ans. 9 T. 12 cwt. 1 qr.
containing47 gal.2 qt. 1 pt.,leaked
that?
Ans. 3 gal.l"pt.
an
income
of
save
has
it; afterward
much
What
of
sun:
he
finally
how
30.
part did he
what
Ans.
29.
A owed
him 40 % of
owed:
it;
stillown?
owed
of
9437i%?
1000%;
owning |
man
part
of
Ans.
28.
is 100
much
of it.
how
much
does
he
38.
court-house
R
by
100
I B
contracts
man
w."
for
253.
performed
to
supply
$119449,
if the
What
1 ?
How
is Case
may
the
The
dressed
rough
rule ?
stone
stone
How
operationbe performed T
for
costs him
is the
division
16
ct.
ft.; but
cu.
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
206
if he
48
man
swallow
times
in 40
CASE
254.
ART.
per cent,
RULE.
divide the
by 100, and
the
PROOF.
18 is how
and
as
fft
276,
as
IfX
this,
276; but
so
6 is
"
| of
or
many
..
SUGGESTION.
2.
KB
18-=-
1800
mall
what
"
rule
12
/276
g, |
9, and
to find how
To
will make
that
Reduce
to the
254.
can
same
both
cent"
is Case
be used?
hundredtLs
this,say
6G" %\
or,
to
of
f of
1 unit
^
"
66" %
$54?
Ans.
as
before.
26| %.
to ct. ; and
generally reduce
before applying tue
of 6?
2d ?
Ans.
The
rule?
Explain example
of
multiplyboth
denominator
100 ; here,
the
denomination
many
What
many
many
do
66|hundredths
is how
"
9 is how
VIEW.
o\144
~
33^,which changes |
$14.40
numbers
other
fg",
into hundredths.
number
multiplieris
1.
the
as
76^)1 8 0 0 f6A?
f\(*
the
same
of 9?
cent,
per
many
f by
the other.
directs.
100 hundredths
of
terms
cent,
is
of 276
of
it be
is,convert
| of
of
obtained,and
comparison,proceed
is the
per
many
18 contains
the rule
part of 100
hundredths
tfg, (Art.131),
SOLUTION.
is how
will
6 is how
0 it
many
1 hundredth
as
cent,
percent, of 276?
is how
18
Now
hundredths
=
18
means
often
the rate
thus
per cent,
is the standard of
many
"
such
small, Take
are
of 276.
find
is to be
the rate
which
the number
of 276,
pt. 2. 4 gills.
With
"
SOLUTION.
ft.
cu.
which
product by
numbers
which
the number
os
ft.?
cu.
alcohol does
being given,to
Or, when
cu.
is of the other.
one
"
ft. would
II.
numbers
Two
cu.
gillof brandy
years if he drinks a
Ans. 657gal.1 qt. 1
day?
ct.
cu.
ft.,
ct.
many
for
dressinga
charge
and I7i
ft.,
brandy is alcohol;how much
cfoof
bill;how
358347
Ans.
39.
get it for 15
can
1.
When
150
pound
com-
rule.
%.
the numbara
Example
2.
ar"
PERCENTAGE.
3.
15 ct. is how
4.
many
2yd. 2ft. Sin. is how
5.
gal.3qt.is
6.
is how
%
%
what
many
207
$2?
of
many
of 4rd.?
31.2gal.?
of
$?
of
"
{"
and
11.
12.
$5.12
13.
14|
15.
16.
17.
many
of
^?
is what
%
%
of
$640?
of
of
2|?
$2000?
of
$12?
is how
is how
$3.20
$45 is
many
'
is what
what
750 men
8| is how
is what
many
is what
20.
$7.29
$ is how many
3qt.I2pt. is what
21.
16bu.
22.
A's
18.
19.
32pk
SOLUTION.
"
their difference
23.
If
^; 62^ ^;
375
many
Ans.
is
!-"01 |
"
of tht
Ans. 250.
.Ans.
I?
of
$216?
of
of
of
8633
Am.
222|
less than
Am.
5172
Ans.
Ans.
Ws
^TW. 375
63
Ans.
1050.
^TW.
3|
Ans.
-4"". 192"
"?
5 gal.23qt.?Am. 16|
7.125bu.? Ans. 236JI
than
more
B's;
A's?
then
Ans.
33
"
B's
3
160^:
150
%\ 125 %\ 25 %; 31| ^;
%; 100 ^; 150 %; 200 ^; 225
is 10
75
1000
663
^"s-
of 12000?
of
lOiYs
4n*.
A's money
%\
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
less than
many
431
;
is what
is 50
money
is how
money
An*.lltf
14.
12^
Am.
.4ns. 83
| }f ; the first
but "
| of 100 %
83| %.
last,
7. | is how many
% of |?
8. 2 of | of 4 is what
% of 1TV
9. 2" is how many
% of 3|?
10. | is how many
% of H?
SOLUTION.
72
Ant.
more
than
B's;
then
B's
is how
A's?
more
Ans.
than A's ?
%.
RAY'8
"208
25.
What
HIGHER
of
ARITHMETIC.
is 8
number
of 35
of it?
2j
Ant.
780XT'0so 2ia
SOLUTION.-
What
26.
What
27.
of
of
250
"floo#
2j #
of 2
number
is
number
is 40
of
=2$#.
of it?
ylns. T'S
of it?
621 #
-4/i5.25.
28.
12
29.
If
$
A
$75
of
is what
of
$108?
ship be sold,what % of it is
SUGGESTION.
T52of 100^=4lf $.
of
8i
Ans.
sold ?
"
of
U.
S. standard
how
alloy:
How
33.
man
own,
of
many
who has
9000
township 6
acres?
75$
of it?
30
36.
lose,who
Ans. 29g
man
of 25
of it?
of the
whole
of
article is how
an
25
"
of
of
article is how
an
RULE.
To
255.
find
number
of
many
"
cent., or
PROOF.
Divide
the
given number
be 1 per cent.,and
the number
required.
"
be the
man
money:
of it?
133
when
certain
per
cent
given.
quotientwill
must
III.
CASE
of it is
of
many
Ans.
ART.
it?
A"s. 45.
of i of it?
37.
of it?
%
%
of
also,4^ % of 120
80 % of 661 % of it? also,I % of 36 %
also,"1% of 221 % of 96% of it?
Ans. 10, 6, 5, ITS, uVo,
371 %
of
of
square does a
Ans. 891*5
miles
How
34.
71
Ans.
% alloyis it?
many
Find
the
same
as
gave a
how much
100
by the
times
beggar 25 ct.,which
had
he?'
rate
per
cent. ;
21 %
per
this
of the answer;
was
the
of
his
6| $
of your
what
did each
money:
before:
how
B
27.
had
48
how
29.
which
his
gave
for
pays $13 a month
his salary:what is his salary?
Bought
whole
stock
in
llf %
81
34.
45
35.
If 32
men
of 75
of
which
who
son,
20
800
of his share
cent,
256.
RULE.
"
the
number
rate
cent,
given
this, 100
per
per
per
cent, will
cent,
year.
57? %
of
bu.
.Ans. 14
Ans.
2700
number
was
ct.
men.
1200.
Ans.
of
of
is
1539,
8 01
7 2 % of his share
$55555. 55f
apples,took out 88i%
Ans.
to
37^ %
gave
his
to his
sister,who
Ans.
thus
80.
IV.
is
given
per
Representthe
tultingrate
is 20
Ans. 6000
beinggiven,which
number
less than
or
more
A. 3 R.
in the basket?
were
many
CASE
ART.
$162.50
Ans.
gave
note
pay
was
bu.?
of what?
father,having a basket of
for his children ; of these,he
of them
had
bu. of coal,which
ship,sells
to
$780
is it?
37.
he
$12.60
2188
I before?
A, owning 60 % of a
for $2500 : what is the ship worth?
of
increase
100
or
number
per
cent ; allow
decrease; the
the
or
requiredby
re-
from
found by
given; and
required,
can
be
III.
Case
PROOF.
add
bank,
of what?
36.
for
of what
Ans.
did it cost
18! %
of
had
of 60
llc had
$42.50
board, which
puttingin 25
what
5
are
is 20
much
for
of its cost:
33.
what
ct.
whflt
An?.
wheat,
bu. of
how
40
Paid
32.
J-%
Am.
8000
$60.
31.
$40,
Ans.
did he own?
30.
my
31
of my
funds
had 1 left?
much
of B's.
Ans.
was
$160.
41* %
of
he at first?
farmer
13:1%
was
says, thera
Ans.
he then ?
2 R. 26 P. of land, which
land
and
Aw.
had
much
$150:
money,
$3 bill,which
I drew
28.
and
$10 bill,
debt?
of A's
$5,
much
lost
loft: how
was-thc
have?
found
26.
him
what
82.")'
i" G2A %
25.
of
ARITHMETIC.
A, owing B, hands
21.
is
HIGHER
RAY'S
210
"
it to, or
:
thn
Find
subtract
rest)
and
of the answer,
be necesit from, the answer, as may
bo the same
the given number.
as
the
It must
given
per
cent,
PERCENTAGE.
year
rent
this year
is 116
get
Call the
"
100
per
being
16
the rent
was
100
1 6
rent
the
cent. ;
H*
or
last year,
28 yr.
am
brother's
SOLUTION.
less,is 85
32|,
1.
136
2.
5.
$4.80 is 33| %
i is 50
%
j\ is 28
%
96 da. is 100
%
6.
2576
7.
8.
872ct. is 87s
1| is 500
9.
3 bu.
14?
brother's
x"6
4.
JJ
is 20
f0\ my
my
more
than
what?
less than
what?
more
than
oz.
13.
$7.
Ans. 7*5
what?
93 mi. 6 fur.
less than
what?
5 Ib. 2
what?
than
more
oz.
9s dr.
^"s.
155|
what?
Ans.
$4358.061
1"
J%
is 233
bu.
Ans.
3 bu. 1
Am.
12.
6440
Ans.
than
4gdr. is 50 %
$
3"
.4ns. 48 da.
what?
more
Am.
what?
less than
Ans.
what?
than
170.
$8.60
Ans.
what?
14| %
100 tir'Ci
Ans.
than what?
2,pk.7 qt. is
21b. 9
riy
age.'
more
more
; and
what?
less than
being
age
is 1
jj|j,
brother's
less than
bu. is 60
85|
by
ft,or
age 100
Ans.
11.
inn
-^^^
less than
cent,
per
Ans.
10.
5"^$325.00
is
28 yr. divided
this,or
3.
"
old is he ?
is 100
con
old,which
Call my
"
',
$325.
how
age
'
tient,
$3.25,by 100,to get 100$,
the rent
more
7"
more,
then ?
"
"
is 16
house, which
than
more
$210.50
what?
$1307.41^
is 7s % of the
water
60 gal.
w.
sp., 4j gal.
Ans.
15.
In
spirit
; how
16.
many
gal.of
$32;
cost
coat
each ?
the
Ans.
trimmings
cost
70%
SUGGESTION.
their
sum
180
Cloth
"
$32.
100
Find
%\ trimming
1
and
then
30
did each
$8.88"
%\ making
the rest.
less,
50
RAY'S
"M2
If
17.
of
cost
farmer
bu.
of wheat
is 4
grinding
ARITHMETIC.
39.Ub.of flour,and
makes
"/0;how
bbl. of
many
18.
HIGHER
flour
15
Ant.
the
can
bbl.
many
gr.
of pure
19.
is 10
4246^
20.
of 110 %
*==!,
is 6
of 50
less than
what
of
466! %
drew
out
of his money,
he at first?
22.
what
of
"f ^e
his
to
; what
AM.
40^
had
left
of my
remainder
the whole
of
60%
how
wife
$1700.
his
property to his
75 % of the remainder
balance,$500,
had
much
had left $2 ;
Atu. $3.50
to
Property, $7500;
of
and
his son,
the
what
3725.
of
$1557.20;
money,
to
daughter,and
was
50%
of
Am.
dying,left 33g %
man
wife,60 %
bank
and
23.
than
more
Ans.
A
70 %
had
2300.
AM.
number?
21.
number?
$2500;
son
vant
ser-
$3000;
daughter$1500.
24.
women,
In
who
company
of
87, the
443 %
are
"f the
In
school,5 %
and
the attendance
how
many
XV.
of the
is 570
absent?
OF
APPLICATIONS
The
AIIT. 257.
Percentage, can
9 children.
always absent,
pupilsare
many
Ans.
of the
of each?
many
24 women,
how
37s %
are
; how
men
54 men,
Ans.
25.
children
the
on
600;
roll,and
and
30.
PERCENTAGE.
importanceof thoroughlyunderstanding
not
be
estimated.
over
"
In
of
are
one
Although
the
and
principles
specialrules
in
satisfactory,
especially
RE
TIB
example.
w."
256.
What
the
are
first two
the
is Case
methods.
4?
The
simplestand most
cases, the general
role?
The
proof?
SO!M
GAIN
AND
rule
(Art.252), is easy to
for the firstthree cases, and
LOSS.
213
and
recollect,
serves
very
even
well
case, after
Blightpreparation.
Particular
should
care
exercised
is the standard
quantitywhich
the rate
be
takes
per cent,
effect;and
quantityalways represents100
REMARKS.
All
they
1. The
"
is,on,
mean
of hundredths
phrase is
but
used
it is
words
or
of the
in
more
BO
per
comparison
bear
cent, have
no
hundred,and
say,
in mind
that this
reference
"Ten
to money.
rate
it may
than
per
cent, is a
per
It is
be.
of any
cent,
of
ber
num-
true, the
other
article,
the
cloth;" "Seven
per cent, of
hundredths
of the labor, cloth,and
many
which
on
cent.
by
quantity,whatever
speaking of money
to
the
ascertaining
of the
cent,
per
per
the
perfectlyproper
"Twenty
meaning
of
in
labor;"
the
time;"
spectively.
time, re-
XVI.
The
258.
ART.
AND
GAIN
increase
or
LOSS
decrease
which
variable
any
therefore
per cent.
GENERAL
RULE.
east,is
"
should
itandard
gain
the standard
REVIEW.
care
In
"
of
of money
the sum
loss of money,
of comparison,and is therefore 100
or
What
by 100
the nature
invested,or
per
cases
What
cent.
?
must
What
th"
RAY'S
214
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
4 cases
of Gain or Loss, solved
259. There are
like the 4 correspondingcases
of Percentage.
ART.
which gain or
on
Given,the quantity
of gain or loss,to find the gain or
I.
CASE
"
the rate
and
what
$4800,
invested
Having
$4800 being
the gain
which
the quantity on
accrues, is 100$; the gain being
hundreths
of it, is
13| ^=13g
I
of
in
found
Case
as
Percentage,
it
bj multiplying
by 13|,and diTiding the product by 100.
is
13s %'
14400
4800
4200
"
jj"
66 6.0 0
$5
REMA.RKS.
1.
gain
$4800
13j
The
ANALYSIS."
gain
loss.
gain?
is my
or
of
rate
my
loss accrv^i,
When
"
the
loss,is obtained
gain
by
an
loss
or
addition
4 6 6
is
or
of gain is 25
If my rate
for sale that cost me
$8;
Sum
Gam.
after
known,
the
gain.
amount
after
subtraction.
should
how
%,
mark
goods
should
those
I mark
that
cost
me
$7.68|; $8.10
yard?
10 ct.; 20 ct.; 35
Ans.
60 ct.;
ct. ;
88 ct.;
$1.92;
populationof
The
3.
26? %
increased
of them
Ans.
left?
5.
more:
what
how
REVIEW.
1760
was
is it now?
lost 11| %
inhabitants,
died,and how many are
4963 died; and 37577 left.
5760 gr., and a Ib. av. 21 3 e %
citycontaining42540
by cholera: how many
4.
town
many
"
In using rates
268. What
is
example.
How
gr. does
257. What
per
cent
it contain?
of
Ans.
per
cent.?
ordinary ratios?
7000 gr.
What
Give
an
advantage
example.
tho
or
lof"sbe found
(JAIN
how
far does
per
go
TJ. S. standard
7.
LOSS.
6.
AND
day; B, 15 %
faster:
6fur. 14.7rd.
48mi.
Am.
day?
gold is
215
ard
pure, and Englishstandpure is it? Ans. \* pure.
n)
gold is l|f %
purer: how
8.
U. S. standard silver is T9opure, and English standard
silver is 2 3 "/0
Ans. 40 pure.
purer: how pure is it?
9.
The
of publishinga book is 50 ct. a copy;
cost
of sale be 10 % of this,and the profit
if the expense
Ans. 67^ ct.
25 c/0'.
what does it sell for by the copy?
A
10.
business
began
with
his
capital;the 3d
better off
Ans.
started?
he
year he
2d year
he
was
year
than
$452.92
at $1.25
an
government land
160
break
him
160
fence
it
to
it
cost
to
it,
%
c/0
acre;
% to plant it,100 % to harvest
up. 80 % for seed, 100
each
it,112 % for threshing,100 % for transportation:
acre
produced 35 bu. of wheat, which he sold at 70 ct. a
bushel
12.
gain
farm
much
how
did
of
he
gain
14.
how
What
35
I sell
must
horse
Bought
rest,so
16.
"
added, to get
$2.50
at
I sell them
Set.,and
15.
hams
Since
that
Ib. at
the
to
above
acre
house,and
all
$13.10
$150,
$202.50
cost
Ans.
must
for,that
%1.
SUGGESTION.
for
every
Ans.
on
the firstyear?
expenses
to
bought
\\f
me
offers it for 20
$3880.
Ans.
Ib. wastes
costs
rate
10
%,
or
8" ct.; to
I get
J'Q,
which
30
only -faIb
% must be
sellingprice.
bought
.a
cask
of
I sell the
gal.; if 6 gal.leak out, how must
Ans. $3.59! per gal.
to gain 25 %?
as
I started in business with $10000, and gained 20
per
gained 20 %.
ART.
260.
loss accrues,
gain or loss.
or
What
CASE
mid
had
II.
"
the
I then?
Ans.
Given,the quantityon
gain or toss,to find
$17280.
which
thf
gain
rate
of
RAY'S
"1"
ARITHMETIC.
IHGIIIOK
The
165000
was
creased
; how
Here
the
100$ =266| %.
gain
which
the
how
many
do
cent,
per
goods, how
per cent, do I
Ans. 50.
many
lose?
If I
3.
buy
at
$1
and
sell
buy
at
$1
and
sell at
at
"9, how
many
per cent
Ans. 800.
$4, how
per cent.
many
Ans. 300.
gain ?
If I
4.
gain?
5.' If I
buy
at
$4
and
$1, how
sell at
many
do I lose?
If I sell
6.
how
"
money,
my
If I lose half my
how
7.
wit
Ans. 100.
2.
me,
it in
is
gain?
de I
and
Ans.
If I double
1.
do I
had
cent,
per
many
45000,
was
in the interval?
ANALYSIS."
of
in 1840
populationof Cincinnati
1850
in
If the
"
of
an
many
per cent, do I gain?
If I sell g of an
article for what
cent.
75.
the whole
Ans.
cost
80.
of it cost
me.
Ans. 31
do I lose?
per cent,
many
8. If
per
Ans.
(15850mi.) than
If I sell
10.
its
article for
an
do I lose?
3ent.
The
11.
since
1.1in.
are
log 1ft.
thick
6 in.
what
1853, contain
before,contain
per cent,
the former?
thick,is
sawn
per
many
Ans. 66 j
Ans.
into 13
is wasted?
boards
Ans.
more
7,~ii
each
9|t
i E
w."
260.
loss accrues,
gain
wo
proceed?
or
What
and
i? Case
the
2 ?
The
quantityafter
If tho
rule ?
gain
or
quantityon which
loss,
given,how do
arc
RAT'S
$423.50
what
$12.32
; and
in Case
as
How
1.
to
what
lost
how
5.
it
to
in
at
22-J%
B each
and
3s % of B's money:
$222. 22'!
lOct
make
the
most
75
"2400,
ct.
of all
$35.
"f A's
an^
and
money,
$30
had
Ib.r
7? %
was
2? %
was
profit
how
B.
than
more
is 120
which
% of my
pain last year, and that is 44g % of my gain the year
before: what were
gains the two previousyears?
my
last year.; $4500 year before.
Ant,. $2000
The dogs killed 40 of my sheep,which
7.
4^ %
was
6.
of my
gained this
it,
$25000.
Ans.
had
Ans.
gain,I
$5, which
which
much?
from
Ans.
lost
:"
accrues
he-low cost:
I?
had
$1232
at
year
gold coin,which
dollar
=s
subtracted
or
Am.
much
loss
or
JMj,
accrues.
"50 by sellingsugar
I had:
gain
AH*.
3.
4.
gain
-j-
"12.32
100 times
I make
must
$423.50
the cost?
was
how
-which
quantity on
the
large sales
clear $2000?
I lost
2.
cost
tt get the
of 8
After
"
=$423.50,
%, or the whole
Percentage.
A of
(he
IOWH,
34| %
1 gave, my
than
more
me?
100
REMARK.
did it cost
Since
ANALYUIS."
ARITHMETIC.
By sellinga
is
HIGHER
flock: how
lots h"is
Sold
IV.
accrual, and
which
quantityon
for
goods
I left?
had
many
CASE
262.
ART.
year
920.
Ans.
gain
loss accrues.
or
$25.80, by
which
gained 7 2 %'"
what
the cost?
was
BOLDTIOV.
107.J%\
tost
The
"
then
"
fouL-1,the
difference
will be the
RBvtKw."
quantity after
example.
261.
How
$24 ;
%\
the $25.80
gain
as
or
it and
gain
ia the gain
4 of
which
!he
being 1\ %
100 %
Percentage.
more,
24 ct., and
gain
or
loss
or
accrues
quantityaftergain
it
the
is
or
loss
can
the
loss.
is Ca."e 3d?
be
.J
=
in Case
quantity on
between
What
lose or
the
After
is TOO
$25.80 -=-1 07
REMARK.
Vhe
cost
found?
or
Analyte
262.
loss found T
the
What
exhiiple.
is Case
Ho
4th?
GAIN
how
cloth
Sold
1.
much
S3. 85
at
yard
33' %: what
gain
10%:
wa?
$3.50
Am.
sold
horse
at
and
bought another,
sold
horse
him
out
at
$1212.68
$1082.75 and
40 % gain; with
An*.
my
did each
got if I had
I have
12 %?
Sold
what
yd.; my
pay?
of
at
$5 a piece,yield a profit
AH*. $3.75
cost
a
piece?
$952.82 aud lost 12 %\ what was the
21'J
did I
3.
gain of
LOSS.
pens, sold
did they
Gold
2.
AND
proceedsI
the
$238, losing20 %:
for
me?
cost
An*.
the
year on
the end
each
For
years
the
100 %,
previous,
was
it worth
of
at
lost
9.
the
my
and
XVII.
remainder
Ono
benefit,and
merchant, agent,
When
the
country
at
or
i "
the
his money
2d, and so
on
was
reduced
his
w.
AND
buys
debts, or
the advice
or
"
263. What
of
270.
year
on
to
the
1st game,
for 10 successive
last dollar:
$1024.
BROKERAGE.
sells
transacts
of
at
$100000: what
Ans. $1502.50
of
property, makea
other
another,is
business
in
foi
commi'"aion
factor.
merchant
or
each
Ans.
commission
called
frequently
v
ho
who
collects
vestments,
worth
became
COMMISSION
263.
ART.
property increased
play 50 %
at
years, and
it at the end
was
first?
games,
Lad he at first?
what
R E
what
Am.
when
the
405:
was
previousyear?
8.
50
previousone,
of the 5th
for
lives
in
different
his
employer,he ia
or
correspondent
consignee; goods pen!
ia
commigiinn
merchant, agent,
or
factor r
RAY'S
2-"0
to him
to be
sold
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
called
arc
and
consignment,
at
or
the
merchant
his
business, is called
certain
rate
per
other's
the person
This
benefit.
is
invested
sum
rate
acting
trans-
and
commi^inn,
of the
cent,
for
is
cent,
per
of commission.
rate
BROKERAGE
is
charge of
generallysmaller.
but
264.
ART.
The
the
nature
same
as
sion,
commis-
GENERAL
RULE
COMMISSION.
FOR
sale,purchase, or
Percentageas
Commission
CASE
Given, the
285.
ART-.
and
collection,
the
commission
like the
of
the
rule
of
corresponding
Percentage.
of
cases
4 cases, solved
has
sion
commis-
amounting
2-i%: how
rate
I.
amount
of
merchant
of the
commission, to
makes
$1684'75.37i, on
to
much
sale,purchase,or
sales
which
find
the
mission.
com-
during a year
charge wag
his
to?
come
The
"
REMARK.
"
If the commission
of sales
amount
the amount
1.
to the
I collect for
much
2G3.
Flow
is
What
i"
n.
($4211.88)be
the remainder
($10847o.37A),
paid
Low
ion:
of
amount
What
brokerage?
from
will
($104203.40^)
the
be
consignors.
A,
$268.40,and
do I pay
commission
subtracted
is
over?
have
Ans.
consigner? A consignment?
merchant
paid f What is the rate
a
commis-
$254.98
A
consignee?
of commission
COMMISSION
2.
28bbl.
whisky, 35
commission
my
3.
of
6 hhd.
5 ct.
commission
4.
at
$648.75:
what
is his
tho rest at
for
the
fee,ana
ct.
lb.
$61.60
a
collecting
of
note
proceeds?
net
$51.90,
Ana.
lb.,and
54
Ans.
8 %
lawyer charged
(36547 lb.):
6 ct.
%?
is
$114.65
25 hhd. sugar
lb.,and
bbl,
gal.:what
(16875 lb.)at
10 hhd.
(8246 lb.)at
is my
ct.
Ans.
commission
on
I sold
22A
gal.each, at
2\ %?
at
Received
which
what
sell for
of
BROKERAGE.
AND
$596.85
and
$1346.50 to collect,
compromises by taking 80 %, and charges 5 % for his
fee : what is his fee,and the net proceeds?
AM.
$53.86, and $1023.34
G.
Bought for C, a carriagefor $950, a pairof horses
for $575, and harness for $120; paid chargesfor keeping,
packing, shipping,"c., $18.25; freight,$36.50: what
was
my commission, at 3s %, and the whcle bill?
Ans. $54.83, and $1754.58
5.
NOTE.
lawyer,having
Commission
"
500000
Sold
7.
is
debt
of
pork, at 5j
lb. of
ct.
commission,at 12; %1
my
what
for his company:
for the company,
$28302.75
and
for his company,
the year after payment
c/0of
what
received
sums
the end
at
and
pays
losses.
$3169.16
Ana.
of
make, if he
will he
architect
An
ceives
re-
$2830.27-1
Am.
$47363.87-,
$31344.50?
superintending
is his
$973.51
3i c/0for guaranteeing
fee?
Ans.
A
11.
2? % commission, and
payment: if the sales are $6231.25,
factor has
he get r
RK
year, if he
remains
what
of losses:
in
received
sums
insurance
An
9.
make
he
is
$3437.50
Ans.
docs
purchase.
lb. : what
insurance
An
8.
of the
the amount
charged only on
VIEW.
Am.
"
264.
What
is the
of commission
the net
What
generalrule
?
proceeds ?
265.
quantity
are
is tho standard
the net
for conm.ission
What
is Caso
1 ?
of
proceeds of
what
$389.45
comparison ?
a
sale
or
What
collection ?
and
doe"
cases
ara
IIIGHKR
RAY'S
;"i"'2
2,3%
for
building
costs
lions, and
if the
$14902.50
sells for
broker
i:".
architect
]"_'. An
ARITHMETIC.
'(
lOhhd.
me
$014.73
Ans.
at
(9256 lb.),
sugar
and
r/n,
proceeds?
brokerage,at f
my
Ans. Brokerage,$3.47; proceeds,
$459.33
14.
at $3850, and charges
A sells a house and lot for me
Ans. $24.00.1
t~% brokerage: what is his fee?
5
ct. a
lb.;what
15.
I have
through a
lot of tobacco
broker
brokerage \\ c/0:what
the
do
is his
does
What
K).
Ans.
keep?
$-37850,at
I pay
the
keep $63.84;
and
do
gathererget
tax
on
and
how
much
for
does
broker, and
what
$52.23
tax
a
collecting
brok.
of
over?
he
pay
%,
$1135.50 rec'd; $30714.50 paid over.
collector is paid 4i % for collectinga tax
Ans.
17.
tax
$218090.75:
is his
what
fee,and the
proceeds?
$9814.35 fee,$208282.40 paid over.
AM.
CASE
268.
ART.
II.
to
collection,
misnion.
$50,
the
and
paid
sum
the
of
amount
of
rate
sellinga
for
owner
com-
was
$1200:
$6.43?
$1250, as
commission
A
a
bbl.,and
is his rate
of the
in Case
II of
remits
the
net
was
was
c/0,
find
Percentage.
bbl. of flour,at
proceeds, $5021.25:
of commission?
2j %.
Ans.
4
then
sale,$12oO;
sells 800
merchant
let
what
Ans.
the amount
Find
"
"/c $50 is of
what
commission
auctioneer's
the
SUGGESTION.
2.
iind the
of commission?
rate
what
the
An
1.
net
or
sale,purchase,
the
of
$19017.92, including
was
$553.92:
charge?
what
AUK.
rato
%.
0.
$8400:
An
agent
what
was
gets
his
$169.20
rate
of
for
sellingproperty
brokerage?
Aits. 2
fur
%.
AND
COMMISSION
for sellingbooks
My commission
proceeds,$02.28: what rate did
7.
the
BROKERAGE.
not
"6.92, and
was
charge?
An*. 10
the
wis
$38.40
Paid
8.
of
rate
Paid
9.
what
$42.28,
111.
11.
what
collector
tax
subtract
the
the whole
coat,
as
My
the
wore
commission,
the
ease
commissions
sales,and
may
III of Perec
2.
10
An
the
ut
Ans.
and
lax
%.
over
pays
\\%.
Ann.
the
to
charged.
which
is
commission
charged,
it,to find
add
proceeds,
net
of com.,
rate
or
be.
iu 1 year, at
the whole net
2^
$3-300;find
%,
then
100
%\
as
in Case
age.
insurance
the
on
is
on
AUK.
SUQOKSTION."
of
ITI.
sum
find
to
at
*2i"/#*
collectinga
his commission?
commission
finding the
After
"
1.
which
on
sum
NOTE.
for
267.
part
my
Com.
%;
$0826.45,
retains
c/0is
what
jjf/0.
as
him?
is allowed
rate
CASE
find the
Brok.
$539280.55:
AUT.
retained
what
sellingu consignment
brokerage,and my rate
of
rate
and
for
Ans.
tax
$74220:
of
the
was
commission
Ans.
.
$24.16,
broker
%.
$0400
goods worth
selling
brokerage?
$2116:
for
received
sums
company's
agent's income
fur the
$1733.45, being
is
what
company:
were
$15001.05
receipts?
3. A
pork merchant
charged 15 c/n commission, and
cleared $2370.15, after paying out SI 200. 75 for all expenses
of packing: how many
of
pounds
pork did he pack,
if it cost 4" ct. a pound?
Ans. 530800
Ib.
An
4.
aj:cnt purchased,according to order, 10400 bu.
jf wheat ; liis commission,
at 1] %, was
$150, and chargos
for storage, shipping,and freight,
$527 10*. what did he
| ay
bushel?
Pai-1 $04.05
5.
.
what
REVIEW."
the not
and
what
$1.20
Am.
eiagc
Ans.
net
are
266.
prococdd
for
What
Ibund?
the whole
bu., and
the
was
net
cost?
$13103.10,
which
soiling
enffoe,
proceeds?
is Case
2?
2t"7. What
cost?
whole cost.
was
Auk.
I%
brolc*
$7255.95
if Caa"
5?
How
ar"
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
HAY'S
surplus
my
produce on commission at 2j r/f,\
after paying i ('/0
commission,
brokerage, is $107.03: what
net
of the sale,the brokerage,and
the amount
was
pro
cceds?yl"s.
Sale,$01 10; brok.,$30.58; pro., $5078.39
0. lU'coivcd
what
collectingtaxes at 2 A %'"
received by the State?
the taxes, and the sum
Tax, $34450.80, paid to State,$33589.53
paid $801.27
is
7.
were
Ans.
were
for
Ans.
IV.
CASE
Given, the
268.
ART.
the whole
or
proceeds,
known,
1. After
"
2. When
the
"
The
charged, is 100
what
and
Sent
2.
must
then
100
3.
mission
com-
debt
%\
100
debt for
is
the
the
100, use
client,takes 4 ^ for
quantity
taken,
in Case
fa] as
is
charged
(Art.69.)
being
if 4
case
balance,$207.00:
Ans. $210.25
the
is
commission
there
IV
of
what
$8.05
and
"wjich
on
is left 90
the
was
commission
=
"207.00:
Percentage.
commission
2j %
$1000 to buy a carriage,
the carriagecost?
Ans. $975.01
% 4~2i %
100
SUGGESTION."
then
this
the fee?
SOLUTION.
f0
which
on
sum
the net
subtraction.
Division.
of
which
on
by
in
remits
fee,and
find 1
sum
lawyercollects
debt and
is
the
divisor
method
1.
his
contracted
commission,and
of
rate
charged.
is
NOTES.
what
.?-"":
$109020.7.9
1
at
collecting,
proceeds?
net
my
$1952.04
Paid
8.
for
102| %
find
=$1000;
%.
A
buys
per order
commission, l.{%;
"
Ans.
Take
out
the
the rest
charges;
as
$470.80
before.
Buy
4.
sugar
KEVIRW."
tJO
at
100-J-2]
-f 2i
SUGGESTION."
If
"6S.
AVhat
is Case
4 ?
104f^=$1500;
How
100, what
can
may
rest
the commission
bo done?
as
before
be
found
RAY'S
2-20
business
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
transacted
is
generallysuch as to exceed
Hie menus
of
one
person;
as, Banking, .Mining, Insurance, "c.
Railroads, canals, steamboats, turnpikes, bridges, telegraphs,"c.,
owned
and
are
managed by joint-stockcompanies.
The
them
by
The
Persons
stock
Jioli/cm ;
shares
own
be
can
called
are
or
stockholders,
transferred
from
dividend is the
On
account
one
of
sharcto
person
ownership.
the stock
gain to be divided among
holders, in proportionto their amounts
of stock.
Hence,
is
in
the
nature
of
a joint-stock
a
partnership.
company
certain
of shares
declare
to
the
Given,the stock,and
"
the dividend
for that
18
own
Co., which
has
of
$50 each, in
declared
dividend
147
of railroad
stock:
how
many
Ans.
7 shares,and
of 12
dividend
The
of
7;j%
to
dividend
additional
bank
of
what
"07.50
("50 each), on
5 %, payable in
do I receive?
shares
"17.50
shares
stock
toward
stock
share.
another
("100 each),and
%:
how
much
is that?
Cincinnati
Gas
Co. declare
of 18
dividend
gets
"'201"j.
Ans.
%:
E get on
50 shares ("100 each)? An*. "1*00.
The
Western
Stage Co. declare a dividend of 4i per
5.
if their whole
cent
it.
railroad
declared
is
"150000,
Co., whoso
dividend
stock
d"
I K
w.
"
2'if. What
What
iln-ytransact?
the rtofkiioldi-rs?
itock holders?
What
What
is
account
what
3^ c/0'.
of
much
how
Aim.
Ans.
j'-int-stock
company
ii the ."tc,ck?
is the
is the rate
dividend?
of dividend?
distribut. I
"148'Jl"0.
What
kind
lluw
L" it dividi-d ?
How
is it divided
What
is distributed
$(?750.
"4-~)l"OOf|,
was
sum
the stockholders?
monir
stock
the stockholders?
to
Tii'?."
ance
City Insur-
do
what
II
entitled
am
has 218
4.
shares
which
3.
the
Ans.
own
per
rate
do I receive?
I
rate
of dividend,to find
(See Case I,Percentage.)
slock.
shares
dividend, as
stock ; this
per cent, of the whole
be called the rate of dividend.
I.
CASE
2.
in such
rate
may
1.
great number
it is convenient
concern,
cent,
of the
is Case
"'f luisi.
What
among
I?
arc
llu'
AND
DISCOUNT,
PAR,
PREMIUM.
ea
rued ?
7.
" 1 1750.
vi us.
8.
which
coal, at
270.
CASE
It.
what
rate
dividend,to
find (he rale of dividend.
(See Case II,Percentage.)
1
My dividend on 72 shares bank stock,("50 each),
Aim. 9 c/0.
the rate of dividend?
is $324: what was
2. A
stock is $225000, earns
Turnpike Co., whose
A
IIT.
$10384.50
"
of dividend
Ans.
3.
in
of
it declare?
can
The
III.
CASE
271.
ART.
di'int,
given,to
Jind
The
"
(he stuck
Percentage.)
what
2.
Co.
Insurance
1. An
dividend:
gets $04.50
man
$1 8000, and
earns
($50
shares of stock
as
how
cach\
$26
and
stock
how
of another
272.
CASE
Having
another
of
received
%,
I
had
many
XIX.
TAR,
273.
terms,
$15
dividend, and
of another
then
share:
2.
AHT.
stock
($;"0 each),and
two
dividends
stuck
my
at
has
in
increased
DISCOUNT,
AND
had
to
102
how
many
Ans.
03.
stock,one
lirst?
appliedtit
Gi".
IV."
Received, 10 %
shares had
hu"v
shares
many
An*.
AUT.
1.
many
27.
Ans.
I?
shares
15%
$120000.
Ans.
dividend:
5 shares ($50
3. Received
blhire, as an
8 c/0dividend
on
had
declares
of
5%,
507
shares:
Ans. 500.
PREMIUM.
PKEMITM,
and
s/oc'/.-s,
lnjinl*,
medium
of trade,in
Mitnryis the circulating
and
bank
and
silver
notes.
coins,
gold
are
tile
mercan-
"/M/*/*.
the lorn: of
HAY'S
228
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
Banks, Insurance
nies,
compa$50 or $100 each.
checks,are written orders for
invested in
money
in the form of sharesitc.,
S/orks,are
Drafts,Li'llsof exchange,or
Jionds
money.
to
obligations
at
money
pay
time.
future
value
All
274.
ART.
sfoc7is,
bonds,and
money.
face,called
their
on
nominal
value, is what
real
Their
or
have
drafts,
value.
par
worth
intrinsically
they arc
sell for.
and
their
When
they arc
Latin).
they arc
is the
real
same
their
as
value
nominal
at
or
par,
When
discount.
a'
value,they
their nominal
than
more
a
written
arc
they
above
are
sell for
at
or
par,
premium.
much
less,
money,
drafts,"c., arc worth,than their face. Premium
much
they are worth,than their fa ce.
more,
is the rate
Rate
of premium, or rate of discount,
the premium or discount is of the face.
ART.
is how
Discount
275.
ART.
face
The
276.
or
drafts,
"c.,is the standard
of
subjecthas 4 cases,
of Percentage.
This
cases
per
cent,
stocks,
hence, this
RULE.
cent ; and
then
proceedby such
of the question requires.
the nature
as
is how
money,
comparison
of Percentage
of
:
GEXERAL
rule
value
par
stocks,
corresponding
I.
CASE
or
"
Percentage.)
NOTE.
'o
(he real
get
RE
VIE
is money
above
What
What
What
When
par,
"f discount?
What
have?
Ktoclc:,Ac.?
called?
270.
or
arc
at
Rato
is
premium,
if it is
correspond to?
What
they
value;
w."
Cnso
do
result
If the
"
273.
are
2?
What
274.
What
they below
premium
of
premium?
par,
275.
or
What
are
at
to
the par
be subtracted.
Case
3?
drafta 7
is the
par
nro
discount?
is discount
and
Whut
When
What
272.
Par, Discoim*,
arc
What
stocks ?
bonds?
271.
added
be
it must
discount,
is Case
nro
it, must
Premium
""th-T
value
they par?
?
doo
When
Premium?
name
of mo.i-v
Wl-v
nro
so
tlu"y
TUta
the discount
2.
and
cost.
Sell the
4] %
at
same
Bought G2
30
at
Bought $150
premium, and cost?
in
what
premium:
7.
draft
8.
do
$425
Sold
on
($50) at 28 %
AM. $3908.
Railroad stock ($50)
shares
for it?
get
$5
$2581.29
Ans.
at 3 % discount:
what
money
Ans. $412.25 and $12.75
uncurrcnt
$1645.
lose?
is
bank
worth
note
at
c/0discount?
$4.70
Am.
32
Exchanged
9.
for 40
payment
$4000
" %
at
cash
much
did
Bought
11.
sold them
at
REMARK.
face,instead
of the
exchange
what
was
13.
of
for the
my
What
did I
of
discount
loss
many
84
on
balance
at
shares
106
($50)?
amount,
69
%;
$2JO.
so
"f0
many
sold it at 01
%\
a
how
$140.
Ans.
generallygiven as
or
premium.
for
cash:
($50)at
stock
in
gain?
is
so
Orleans
New
on
Ans.
cost of stocks
$8651.40,
same
the
Turnpike
shares
stock
Bought telegraph
12.
what
56
$120.
15 % discount;
it? Ans.
was
($50)at
premium, and
I pay?
76A %
The
"
what
stock
hill of
($50),"% premium,
($50),10 % discount,
stock
stock
cash:
and
cave
Bank
shares
Railroad
shares
find
$1656.
and
Am.
5.
Sold
discount:
stock
cost?
of 47
discount?
6.
"81,
Railroad
they
is the cost
What
4.
did
what
premium:
shares
22tf
$144,
us.
prcm.:
Ana.
and gain.
price,
3.
($100) at
18 shares stock
Buy
1.
PREMIUM.
AND
DISCOUNT,
PAR,
Ans.
draft
one
Ans.
on
%\
$630.
phia
Philadel-
N.Orleans
on
$151.40
Ans.
15.
Find
of 9 Ohio
the cost
State bonds
("500) at 8 %
Ans. $4896.45
premium, \ % brokerage.
REVIEW.
"
27i". What
is the
in
this
subject?
standard
of
What
comparison?
How
stocks,drafts,Ac.?
sellingmoney,
do they correspond to?
What
$795.96
or
discount
What
is the
many
is Caso
is known
'(
HAY'S
change $380
10.
$25
iniuin:
the
of
hank
notes
%:
sell
\* my
277.
AKT.
much
them
IT.
for the
difference
2. If the
of
of
rate
or
are
known,
take
the
rule.
real
value
their
cost
or
is
face.
$2300
New
on
shares
York:
1? %.
Ans.
26
the
(See
premium.
premium?
for
the discount
then, apply
draft of
16
required,the
the
for
"2508.03
Paid
2.
1 5 ct.
discount
f/f/
face, and
value
real
lost is
g"iinor
fhe
premium;
comparison, not
the
was
the
or
$2401.30
Paid
be
of discount
rale
fitceami
discount
of
rate
the standard
1.
t""
1. If the
"
10
at
Gicen,
"
find the
II,Percentage.)
NOTES.
should
change
($50),at
.stock
gain?
CASK
premium,
pro-
arc
shares
^brokerage;' %\
what
1 .1 ^
;it
Ann.
3o4
Buy
17.
what
gold
the broker?
given
Case
for
notes
il' I receive
or
ARITHMETIC.
are
difeount;!?(."""
f"
HIGHER
($100),and
stock
of discount?
rate
4} %.
($50) $3040 :
the rate of discount?
AUK. 35 '^
what was
If the stock in last example yields8 c/0dividend,
4.
Aim. 12 fV %.
what is my rate of gain f
"Aiu.
Bought 112
3.
shares Railroad
stock
for
I sell the
5.
mium
is that?
If I
G.
is my
what
count
rate
bonds
shares of Railroad
the latter?
were
stock
for 280
8.
$266.661
Gave
fenvnn, and
of
vh;it rate
10.
was
gave
EV/.
rate
"
If the rule
of
the
stock
draft
on
($50) at
Boston
the draft?
was
for
an
What
is Case
if the
2| %.
40 % prc-
Ans.
gold?
for
Ans.
$5
uncurrent
of discount?
277.
corruspondto?
2?
What
and
case
of
$4000:
lj %.
what
note:
Ans.
What,
face
?
gain or loss i* roquirc'l
87 $,.
% discount,for $250
of notes, 4
payment
$4.60
6^;
($1000),1% premium,
count
($50): what rate of dis-
of
premium
Received
the
in
pro
63
Ans.
premium was
shares Mining
of
rate
\*%.
part of the gain, what
^l;/.s.
75 f^ %.
as
Ohio
what
Ans.
gain?
dividend
my
gain ?
Exchanged 12
of
of
rate
1.
of
$5936:
stock for
same
'.
Percent;iyo iloc? il
nro
known
What.
TIT.
CASE
278.
ART.
AND
DISCOUNT,
PAR,
PREMIUM.
Given, (he
"
flu1 rate
ami
of discount orjfcTMMMN}
III,Percentage.)
Case
NOTKS.
subtract
the
1. After
"
face is obtained,add
orrespoudiug to it,work
1.
much
gold
'1.
lost
36
Paid
stock
$11 7:
how
($50)
shares
many
many
premium,
or
cost.
or
rate
of
cent,
per
for
gold | %
above
the foci
par:
stocks
on
was
discount,
and
104.
Ans.
$93.75:
sold?
how
$48.
Ans.
were
(See
111,Percentage.
discount,at 7 2 %,
The
3.
to it the
at
premium,
or
tlteface.
there?
was
Took
Case
by
premium
ct.
find
to
the
(Hwm/nt
Ans.
how
25.
4.
loss,$600: how
8.
Stocks
$239.97
many
12
at
AUK. 37.
($50)?
c/odiscount, brokerage,$0.03, cost
shares
the face:
less than
how
shares
many
($50)?
Ans.
Bonds,
9.
$300.87'
20
at
the fa-.-e:what
than
more
premium, brokerage
41.
%,
cost
is the face?
$1450.
10 % discount,2* %
Ans.
Buy
10.
bank
uncurrent
at
at
notes
par, and
gain $348.75:
what
was
$4500.
11.
Buy stocks at 40 % discount, brokerage \\ %\
sell them
at 20 %
discount, brokerage 1.}%, and gain
Aits. 63.
$574. 87A: how many shares ($50)?
Ans.
of premium
CASE
AllT. 279.
or
"
"c.
NOTES.
it and
1. After
"
the real
RKVIKW.
"
value,to
What
278.
can
the
rate
per cont.
the
or
of
cost
face ia known,
find the discount
is Cnso
bo
3 ?
found?
how
the/ricr,
the
take
or
premium.
What
docs
When
tho
proceed?
difference between
How
correspondto?
Ion
it
or
gain
given,aoJ
it
KAY'S
of
rate
mind
in
2. Bear
gain
that
value
par
What
1.
$0398.80:
what
face of
draft
draft
in stocks
I
26
at
at
Orleans
Ans.
How
7.
$2470.
25 % below
($500),
Ans.
Railroad
bonds
6] c/0premium:
at
much
gold,at
much
at 1} % premium,
silver,
shares
many
Ans. 60.
how
% premium,
$7567?
for
c/0discount,for
at 3
stock
par, for bank
($100),did I get?
How
how
Ans. 43.
its face?
was
Exchanged 17
G.
discount:
buy?
New
on
costing
$2819.16
AM.
is their face ?
5.
Baltimore
on
$6430.45
65 % discount,
2 % brokerage,
cost $881 79
what
Notes
4.
or
$1591
Bought
8.
cost.
($50) did
shares
lany
li % premium?
at
Invested
2.
of
rale
/ace,as
or
is the
2861.45,
tho
entirelydifferent
loss,are
or
the
to
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
be
can
bought
Ans. $3212.80
$3252.96
currency?
8. How
at j % premium, is worth 54 city
largoa draft,
bonds ($100),at 12 % discount?
Ans. $4740.15
9. Exchanged 72 Ohio State bond's ($1000), at Gj %
premium, for Indiana bonds ($500),at 2 % premium:
of
for
how
many
XX.
property and
Life
Insurance
Insurance
is of two kinds
on
Insurance; the latter will be explained
on
"
of Annuities.
head
the
Under
INSURANCE.
INSURANCE
280.
ART.
150.
Ans.
get?
Propertyis
kinds
of two
Fire and
"
Marine;
ty water,
R
i E
w.
"
is the discount
rate
of
standard
aiany
vessels and
as
279.
What
premium
or
is
their cargoes.
What
4 ?
case
found?
kinds
of insurance?
?
Marine
How
?
is the
What
U Fire insurance
docs
rate
of
correspondto?
distinction
gain
or
loss?
What
is insurance
it
on
between
What
2SO.
property divided?
How
tho
is the
How
What
HIGHER
RAY'S
how
ARITHMETIC.
ance,
deposit? and if,on terminatingthe insurdo I get ?
1 receive my
depositless 5 %, how much
A/is. $135 deposited
received.
; "128.25
G. A shipment of pork costing $1275, is insured
at
g^.thc policycosting 75 ct.: what docs the insurance
much
did I
cost?
7. An
Insurance
having
company
$25000
risk of
at
re-insured
$10000 at 4% with another office, and
rao#",
how
much
$5000 at 1$ with another:
premium did if
what it paid?
clear above
283.
ART.
what
rate
Paid
2.
the
Given, tlie
of insurance.
"
rate?
the
was
IT.
| of
819.20 for insuring
Paid
1.
find
to
premium,
CASE
$18000
worth
cargo
$95.
Ans.
of
what
insured, ana
amount
(Sec
Case
centage.)
II,Per-
$4800 :
Ans. i f/0.
suring
$1.50,for inpolicy,
house
worth
the rate?
was
AM.H
for the voyage
$2.50 : what
A
4.
for
was
at
$10000
my
share
rate
risk
$42000; $18000
rest
at 4j f/0
: what
the
$45000;
of
re-insured
premium was~$202.50:
policy,
21 %,
at
is tho
at
"5000
them
\\%.'
rate
-V\%.
An*.
and
each, in 3 offices,
of the
insured
for
$42000?
I took
rate,
the rate?
Ans.
3" %. and
the whole
5.
of the
vessel is insured
"Si5000
on
books
Bought
3.
%.
the
in
what
same
another;
the
w;"s
AUK.
2.;'%.
0.
and
risk at
2i %
of it at
what
took
\\.%\ re-insured \
what
rate
of insurance
is left?
SUGGESTION.
it
do
Ans.
Find
"
take
is of the
this
what
from
per
III.
insiu-anee,find the
taken
"
of
by
the
risk
find what
is
per
at
%,
I get
on
-ft%.
paid
for
insurance;
re-
cent.
"Uo
mainder
re-
me.
amount
to
cent,
rate, and
my
partialrisk
CASE
284.
ART.
of
and
rate
of
insured.
ccntage.)
1.
$118
Paid
amount
RHVIKW.
ZSJ-. Whtit
for
insuring,at
insured?
"
233.
is Case
what
J//s.
What
3?
is C;iso 2 ?
What
AVhat
docs
to?
doe* it corro.sjximl
Case
TJC
was
$14750.
2 corrospon
'
INSURANCE.
Paid
2.
their value?
was
ftir insuringI of my
1'aid $42.30
X.
what
is the house
house,
worth?
I //.s.
Took
4.
share
risk
$58.11:
was
Took
0.
how
$8000
$-07. oO:
what
suiu
be titxi/i'i'J
so
IV.
to
us
insured?
was
of property
tin' ttinnttnt
to
insured
that
if
was
large,
$26284.
it
of
tin
at
premium
$11(370.
pri-mium.
is m"tiJv up nf the
loss occurs, both the
of the
'ff
\
$10000 of it at
of the premium was
AHS. $J8000.
coccr
il\
at
"
In
value
how
AHS
share
,'o'/"
:
$7:""-0.
of the
the risk?
\\ ":/0
; my
at
it
of
half
share
2 "fc\re-insured
at
at
CASE
285.
\\c/f,;
my
it at
largewas
risk
2' ^5 and
AUT.
was
Is %\ re-insured
at
\ of
-rate, and
same
premium
|
$107.13:
re-insured
AHA.
Took
5.
the
of
my
he ri^k?
2} $;
risk at
what
.!//.""".
$'21-\'2~t.
the
premium,
shall be
recovered.
value of the
The
the
than
amount
IV
in Case
What
must
sum
$4800,
of
and
The
"
he
iiisuro'l
certain
divisor
wants
property worth
?
'/t
ueiug
t"tan"lur"l of
the
O'.ii=
~-
union
to
ut
he
can
is
fl
Analyze
be
i K
w."
tho
when
(iteration,
generallystated
2Sa.
\\"h;it U
ex:itnple. Whut
?
Apply
perfuruiixl
fiiso
appliedto
in the
4 ?
insured.
"4.
.12
c
j. o
this
j~T
case
example.
of Insurance,
followingRule.
i- f:iid nf tho
it tu the
be
$4800.
is (he
(!?-lf"lMi),
performed
with
parison,
com-
au"*
$18.241 '_'-{-,
but
the division
this mode
per cent,
is foun 1
rate
insured
cover
of
ft. S-JSOO
ihe
$J$lM.l'J,
generallyhappens
unit, and
to
the rate
ammini
insured,
at
is KlO
It
always
Percentage.
premium
ANALYSIS.
it is less than
of the amount
as
is
certain rate
insured, since
premium, which
the
by
property is
divisor
ilovr uiuy
\\by
the Jivisiua
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
PRACTICAL
RULE,
RAY'S
230
INSURING
FOR
PROPERTY
BOTH
PREMIUM.
AND
miiun,
ike
sum
1.
to be
be insured
must
sum
to
to the
premium.
property worth
cover
Am.
$2618.33
prcm. at TO %t
2.
Insured
to cover
a
shipment of pork, valued
$12368.50, at 1 c/0: find the amt. insured, and prem.
$2600, and
Ans.
Insured
3.
what
what
library,$1856.20,
my
cover
Ans.
premium?
Insured
4.
3
to
the
was
to
the
was
property
cover
to
the value
of
Ans.
premium?
paidby the
money
to defrayits expenses
; and are
286.
TAXES
government,
at
Tfi
$11.20
$4840,
$36.57
'"
at
TAXES.
XXI.
ART.
at
subjectsof
are
either direct
indirect.
or
Direct
of
consist
taxes
and
capilation-lax,
generallycollected
are
poll-taxor
once
year;
all
but
that
property,
exempt
prujHThj-tdx
by law; it is estimated as a certain rate per cent, of the
assessed value of the property : this rate per cent, is called
is levied
the
on
of taxation.
is a fixed sum,
or
"-"tpitation-tax
i"nll-ta.r.
citizen,without regard to his property.
rate
every
This
standard
charged
on
sponding
subject has four cases, solved like the four correof Percentage: the taxable property is the
cases
of
comparison. Hence,
GENERAL
this
RULE.
Wh.it
is
poll-tax?
is t!:o
What
What
is
is tho
practicalrule
a
property-tax?
general rulo?
2SC.
How
What
are
taxes
is it estimated?
What
What
TAXES.
CASE
I.
Given,the
"
to
the
ation,
nf tax-
rale
NOTE.
added
If there
"
to the
The
1.
property of
of taxation is 78 ct.
The
"
to be
so
many
it should
be
tax.
on
raised?
of taxation
rate
convenientlyas
most
produced by
sum
is the tax
11 KM.
poll-tax,the
taxable
the rate
what
is
Am.
$3792.75
is
expressed
mills
many
$1.
on
A's
2.
property is assessed
$100 (iVo%)
poll-taxof $1 ?
is 96 ct.
he pays a
3. The
on
taxable
$3800
at
:
what
; the rate
is his whole
of taxation
tax, if
$37.48
1855, was
Ans.
property of Cincinnati,in
and
for all ?
State tax,
Ans.
township and
In
making
the
with
the
To
each.
tax opposite
corresponding
find the
each
on
this
table,the
4.
AVhat
i K
on
rate
is
will be
and
sum,
Ij %,
or
TAX
TABLE.
the tax
the
by
sum
125
by
add
ct. on
the
table,take
out
the
the results.
In
$100.
table,on
sessed
property as-
$25349?
at
i: v
tax
any
the
of
figure
tax
bills for
out
w.
"
What
is Case
1 ?
To
what
does
it correspond?
So
LunoN.
$^034!)
5s
NOTE.
The
"
point to
tax
used
rate
If there
is
whole
tax
find the
is the
The
2.
's
of Sl.25
Au
A't-
of
?ach, ami
is
fa.rtitinii.to
NOTE.
is
of 1742
polls,is
proposed. If a poll-
be the
pays
\'it"
*%
hv
taxable
property
" %
56|
the assessed
value
of
what
$100.
on
polls,at $1.50
what
ct.
is tho
on
"
"100.
on
$5670:
$1-62
for 3
pays
ct.
of
tax
of taxation?
rate
95
Ans.
it. lH
2. A
46
v
part of the
fioin the
What
1.
property-tax, and
-iQQf/o
-us.
$350000
III.
is
should
$53.46;
find
town
of "66913.54
CASE
If any
"
deducted
is the
subtract
rate
$100.
the
rate
(he property.
of
(See
III,Percentage.)
Case
or
and
produces,
at
Ans.
2S8.
it
what
remainder
the
of taxation?
ART.
Ans.
find
poll-tax,
$8704
owns
$10424.50
at
tax
$.00375.
"
for 30 ct.
tax
nificant;
insigdollars,by moving
the
too
II.
what
levied,
estate
from
property in
tax
is
table,as being
the
each?
Note.)
3.
foi
tax
of taxation.
rate
taxable
$6814320.
,'Sce
for 300
$85.19
Ans.
property assessed
on
of taxation ?
rate
in
found
be
Property,assessed
1.
fax
is not
$1.50
fiinithe
the
to
$6815.30.
tax
CASE
"
it from
for
left,2 figures:the
the
287.
NOTE.
for cents
tax
is the
0. What
and two
polls,at
lax, to
is
is
for
desired,it may
if
ART.
for 20000
tax
.60;
tho
Find
5.
ARITHMETIC.
S3JG.3G.
--
The
"
is 3. 75; for 40
be
HIGHER
RAY'S
"jbS
given
tax
arises from
polls,it
be
first
tax.
is the assessed
value
of
%1
$3720.
the rate of rVo %t
Ans. $122700.
An*.
should
v:
.--If
Case
2?
Wlmt
from
polls,what
trie-re
does
it
should
i*
what
poll-tax,
eorivspond
be
done?
to?
should
If any
be d-me
2^7.
is
What
is
produced
OR
DUTIES
.i. A
$1.32
a.
"7l.Gl
"100: how
is taxed
on
CUSTOMS.
than
more
B; the
is A
much
is
rate
assessed
Ijs^,
than
tuorc
15?
"5425.
town
containing1024
propcrfcy-taxof iVfl
r/0
An*.
4.
polls,by
"100):
is the value
what
of the
taxable
An*.
"1240000.
income, and
"0510.
Ans.
239.
ART.
A
1.
CASE
pays
paid for
lot fjr
tax:
vriijt
XXII,
290.
ART.
of 1
valorem
Ail
A"1
and
duties
by
is Latin
291.
U?ual,called
Draft
out
is
the
KKVIKW.
"
OR
beside
$"7450.
CUSTOMS.
taxes
upon
of two
foreign
kinds,
so
arc
much
the
on
value
of
2SS.
for
on
the value.
Gxod
as,
is
bill of the
cost.
for
sum
"10
invoice
An
cwt.,
fixed
"30
quantity,
hhd.,"c.
In
allowance
What
made, that
It is calculated
is Ca."e S?
What
the
as
goods
may
kinds?
What
arc
ad
valorem-
duties?
doe* it corn-spnml to ?
Why
are
hold
follows:
what
2Stf
should he done!
pan of tho t;i.\ if produced from polls,
Duties
Customs?
"loog C;i.so 4 correspond to?
290. What
or
are
many
the
the invoice.
an
his
on
2 %
and
Aits.
nnd
kinds,quantities,
retailed.
when
cost
was
CUSTOMS, arc
the
Specificduties arc a
without
regard to cost;
ART.
"100)
on
.tpccijic.
shown
goods,showing
Percentage.)
the cost?
was
I-!;/TIES or
valorem
which
DUTIES
valorem
goods as
./a# ("1.35
"7599,
merchandise, paij by
ad
of
his capital,
"125127. Ht" : what was
Ait*. Cap.,"120840
; tax, "1712.34
't
Sold
2.
IV
(Sec Case
left
1*1*1
hi.stax
and
IV."
tax
and
capital,
pio-
is 16
income
A's
of his
and
it?
in
5.
is raised in
poll-taxof "1,
(24wi. on
perty
"4000
of
tax
so
called?
Tfnny
What
Uuv
RAY'S
240
On
each
HIGHER
parcelweighing
it is 1 Ib.
1121K, or less,
from
from
Tare
is
at
..
..
from
33Glb.
21b.
from
1120
31b.
over
package, etc.,or
certain
the
71b.
Olb.
Gib.,
..
deducted.
estimated
is sometimes
201
41b.
cent,
per
..
contains
certain
11201b.,it is
Ib. to 201(3 Ib.,
to
for the
allowance
an
whatever
cask, or
ARITHMETIC.
at
weight
certain
for each
quantity for
each
cask
"c.
cwt., tun,
sized bottles
common
ART.
***iatio"i
CALCULATING
RULE
FOR
292.
Find
the net
which
for
estimated
are
2| gal.per
at
SPECIFIC
dozen.
DUTIES.
the rate
of
100
In
ad valorem
Percentage,and
is the
in custom-house
business,28
293.
ART.
that
Observe
"
since
which
quantity
on
Ib. make
1 qr..
1 tun.
the
duties,
the invoiced
the rate of
calculation
value
is
one
of the
duty takes
goods
it is
effect,
per cent.
RULE
FOR
ALL
QUESTIONS
IN
DUTIES
AD
VALOREM.
What
"
290.
allowances
ia it estimated?
is it calculated
What
on?
in
What
is taro
is
estimated?
In eattom-honm
specificduties?
How
ia tare?
How
What
invoice?
an
made
are
Wha't
is
is it
292.
Wh.it
is draft?
generallyestimated?
sometimes
leakage?
specificduties?
aro
What
estimated?
Breakage?
What
business,hc;v
is the
many
is gross
is the quantity
How
rule for
Ib. in
How
What
calculating
qr. ?
laces,invoiced
If
2.
$9142.50,
what
If 40
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
242
$7018.75,
at
is the rate
of
cost, when
20
Ans.
duty?
landed,
%.
lihd.
ct.
"
295-
ART.
III.
CASE
"
$806.12 duty on
1.
296.
ART.
IV.
charges,$73.80, cost
invoiced
"
Percentage.
cloths,after paying 30 %
French
1.
CASE
duty, and
$7389.03:
in store
what
Ans.
at?
80
were
other
they
$5627.10
champagne, 12
bottles each, 5 % breakage,duty 40 %, freightand other
charges$67.20, and the whole cost $729.60: what did
it cost a bottle at Havre, what in store, and how much
a
bottle should I charge to clear 35 % ?
Ans. 50 ct. at Havre ; 80 ct. in store ; selling
price$1.08
in store of 20 puncheons Jamaica
cost
3. The
rum,
84 gal. each, is $631.43; duty 15 %, leakage 2%,
Imported
2.
charges$53.34
Havre
from
what
baskets
did it cost
of
gal.in
Jamaica?
Ans.
XXIII.
ART.
297.
INTEREST
30 ct.
INTEREST.
is money
charged for
the
use
of
money.
The profits
accruing at regularperiodson permanent inTestments,
such as dividends
or
rents, are called interest,since they are the
growth of capital,unaided by labor.
R
i " v.
"
297. What
is interest ?
What
arc
sometimes
called interest ?
INTEREST.
The
principalis the
The
principalis either
income; or a debt, which
agreement
The
law
or
loaned;
sum
interest is
invested
money
charged.
to secure
due, is
when
being paid
an
allowed
by
interest.
with
principal,
is the
Interest
298.
which
on
not
to draw
amount
ART.
sum
243
is
be agreed : if there
as
or
half-yearly,
quarterly,
may
y 'arty,
is no agreement, it is understood
to be yearly.
299.
ART.
the
cent,
The
yearlyinterest
per annum;
If interest is
rate per
to the
annum
per
per cent, of
rate per
: it is called
principal
meaning by the year, in Latin.
or
payable half-yearly,
quarterly,the
rate
or
annum,
generallygiven ; but
month, is easilyfound
per
In
year.
the rate
is
If the
of
rate
per
thus,2
f0
short
year,
month
of interest is not
rate
is still the
rate
24. fc a year.
the
specified,
ed
establish-
rate
the contract
is made,
by the law of the country where
but not
called the legalrate, which
is generally,
prevails,
always,the highestrate allowed by the law.
lows,
If a higher rate of interest is charged than the law alis subject
it is called usury, and the person offending
to a penalty.
each
The
300.
ART.
followingtable
the
shows
legalrate
LEGAL
STATES.
RATES.
7 "f0in
Louisiana.
10
6
%
%
%
%
in
rn
in all other
What
297. What
"
is it
is it
payable?
given ?
found?
is usury
the U.
If
?
is tho
293.
is tho amount?
how
then
placesin
Iowa.
When
no
301.
Simple or Compound.
principal? What
may
payable? If
How
is interest
299.
What
is the
What
of interest
two
the U. S. courts.
S.,and
Interest is cither
301.
REVIEW.
time
and
in Texas.
ART.
What
in
kinds
is
of interest?
rate
it sometimes
there
How
is the
is mentioned, what
of interest ?
no
For
be'.
agreement,
what
rate per
one
yeai
prevail:-?
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
244
if
Simple Interest is interest which, even
and
due, is not convertible into principal,
interest itself and
draw
not
and
principal,
the time
interest
$100
lend
I receive
should
interest
paid
SOLUTION
BY
$10
"
SOLUTION
is
in the
mean
SIMPLE
INTEREST.
COMPOUND
of
10$
in this
of 10
to
debtor,
creditor
example :
of three
what
annum,
per
presuming no
years,
time?
The
"
$30,and
"
of
The
"
is
for 1 yr. is 10
interest
the whole
INTEREST.
being paid,makes
$110
"11, the
from
favorable
more
shown
the end
at
in the hands
the rate
at
; for 3 yr. it is
BY
can
of the
it is retained.
simple interest,as
If I
$100
into
and accumulates
itself,
accordingto
Compound
than
in the hands
accumulate
may be retained.
Interest is interest which,not
due, is convertible
interest
therefore
long it
debtor, however
Compound
paid when
not
then
"110
interest
sum
due
and
due
for the
2d
is
$130.
terest:
drawing inwhich,
year;
SIMPLE
XXIV.
302.
ART.
SIMPLE
INTEREST.
INTEREST
differs from
the
other
of
REVIEW.
U
The
303.
ART.
interest are,
301.
"
favorable
more
802. How
docs
If the
Interest be
four
What
to
simple interest?
the creditor ?
simple interest
time
were
solved?
quantitiesare
is
embraced
in every quesquantities
tion
the
1st,
principal; 2d, ths interest;
involved
How
Show
differ from
left oat
of
may
they
in every
the
difference
interest?
Which
by the example.
the other
view,
be
Compound
how
solved
of age?
percentapplications
could questions in simple
as
it is?
303.
What
four
INTEREST.
SIMPLE
3d,
the
rale
the
time
of
these
of comparison,is 100
standard
beingthe
Any three
by
4th,
245
per cent.
of these quantities
being given,find the 4th
this
GENERAL
RULE.
If the amount
"
perform
addition
an
tho result
has
is
given
or
required,it may
applying
or
subtraction
proceed ae
i*
be necessary
to
the rule, or after
before
obtained.
been
304.
ART.
rate
Given, the principal,
to find the
time,
RULE.
from
then ascertain
of
and
interest,
interest.
the
Find
"
I.
Case
yearly interest by
it the interest
for
the
of Percentage;
parts.
NOTE.
In calculations
"
days, and
every
is the
What
19 da. at 6
SOL.
being
the
80 for 3 yr. 7
as
30
mon.
principal,is
I of
Case
Percentage;
3 yr.
for
is then
obtained
parts; each
item
is carried
$354
regarded
yearly interest,
interest
19 da.
of
is
of the
f0
found,by
simpleinterest
The
"
12
as
year
month
interest,
every
months, or 360 days.
of
mon.
by
quot
ali-
of interest
than
lower
no
mills,
figurebeing neglected
than 6; but if 6 or over
"he next
if less
RK
for
"
303.
questionsof
maybe
are
VIEW.
What
custom
How
many
month
304.
be known
must
simple interest?
necessary?
counted
$77.41
1 mill.
it is counted
What
in interest ?
If tho
is Cose
How
prevailsin computing
What
is
amount
1?
many
interest?
Tho
a
Am
is the
general rula
given
required,what
rule?
How
days
many
year
Why?
or
Solve
the example.
RAY'S
240
If the
HIGHER
of interest
ARITHMETIC.
%, 7j %,
10
were
%,
at
first
customary, whatever be the rate,to compute the interest,
6 % ; then increase or diminish the result by such a part
be necessary
as
of itself,
may
to
the
at
ratt
given.
SHORT
305.
ART.
As
METHOD.
is the
year
same
as
for
'2
thus:
SOLUTION.
off the 2
line ;
figuresof
the
da.,bein
is the
being
T30of
1
ART.
306.
Interest at 5
at
4^
at 3
at 2
at
1^ % =|
at
12
18
%,
10
%,
after
vertical
\
1
"
$70.90
is
774
064
059
the
41
int. for
19 da.
mon.
^of it.
\ of it.
at
int. for
3 yr. 7
Int. at
"
80
The
mon.
19 da.
mon.
6%, observe,that
of itself.
1
the $.059
And
\ Int.
the
the Interest
Q%.
at
Int. at 6
%.
of it.
#=Int.atG"6-f-"
6 #-f-" of it
at7A#
Int. at 6
%.
at 8
%=
Int. atG
%.
at 9
%=
%,
%}
moving
307.
6^
ft,
interest at 6
Int. at6
=:
ART.
96
findingthe
Int. at
70
3*5of $1.774,the
day, being
at 4
at
; cut
top number;
After
mon.
times
20
of these
sum
the
by
$1.064 is
top number;
int. for
dollars
being
18
righthand
$3.548 is
mon.
54
principal,$354.80
the
Write
"
the
24
15
"
%
%,
the
20
point
ANOTHER
"
2, 3,
"
at 7
%
one
times
T2-
g.
figureto
METHOD.
Sfc+l
"
"
Interest
at
%.
Interest
?i
the
right.
Take
of it.
the
at
al
example
ready solved.
REVIE
6
has
%,
Ac.
w.
"
been
305.
Explain the
short method.
306.
At
found, how is the interest at 5 ^ obtained?
7 % ?
307. Explain "another"
method.
?i %, Ac-
4J
at
f0 ?
SIMPLE
INTEREST.
247
$354.80
ANALYSIS.
interest of any
The
"
($354.80)at 6 %
that sum
($177.40)at
year equals 1 % a mon.,
43 mon.,
which
is
hence,the
of
interest.
of
"",and
the
mon.,
rate
time
70960
mon.
638640
for 19
da.,
5913
]$ %
is 43]" %,
is
principal will
the
.436j
',
be
$77.40553
$77.41
the
To
hundredths
for 3 yr. 7
rate
43] \ %
and
12
But
%.
and
is 43
the rate
-]"
12
$177.40
sum
of half
get
Am.
$17.740
"=
By using
the
in
(explained
contracted
Art.
153), the
the answer
shortened,and
.436J
multiplication
work
obtained
7096
be
may
639
ly
correct-
t"
to cents.
$77.41
In
multiplier.436s, the
the
number
of
months,
and
1.
than
as
19 da.
RULES.
thousandths:
2.
"
it
This
alreadyhas.
days,from
aliquotparts.
Either
In
"
cipher to the
they will
I yr. 4
mon.
REV
uw.
Jredths
not
1
"
the
found by
tht
of days is 1 or 2, place
rule,when the number
and
write
the " or f : otherwise,
right of the months,
stand in the thousandths'
place : thus, if the time is
2 da., .090|.
da., the multiplieris .IGO]
; for 9 mon.
307.
How
can
tho work
to?
bo shortened?
Tho
use
of?
What
thousandths?
multiplierequal
The
2il rule?
computing interest?
days are 1 or 2, what is necessary? When
Which
rule
is 8, how d"5 we proceed?
short times ?
In taking aliquotparts for
make
GO
1st
of tho
we
be
can
or
rule for
ihould
decimals
more
these mles
of
interest at any
NOTE.
two
for
the
this number.
RULE
the
the
(43) are
(6]) are 3 of
Express
"
whole mimber
by
hundredths
the thousandths
In
fraction
generallymost
tho
tho
is
are
What
days
in
tho multiplier
cou/euient
HIGHER
RAY'S
248
multiplieris f it ia
/ia//theprincipal.
principal,than
better
found
generallybe
will not
for short times, and
require more
well as
for the days, by using the tenths,
as
(See Art. 234, Hem.)
REMARK.
In
308.
A.RT.
II. S.,and
New
in Great
365
at
rule will
2d
The
"
to take
of
ARITHMETIC.
York
and
days
the
to
than
In
year.
aliquot parts
fourths,"c.
halves,
other
some
convenient
two
the
parts of the
for
interest
Britain,the
most
of the tohoU
lated
days is calcuplaces,1 day's
those
TJSS
of
Hence,
da.
to
of days,counting365
any number
few than the interest for the same
number
the interest
year, is
73
for
of days,counting360
FIND
da. to
year.
SIMPLE
THE
INTEREST
OP
AMg
3.
$31.12
26da.,at.7 %.
$6084.25 for lyr. 3 num., at 4 A %. =$342.24
$64. 30 for Iyr.l0mon.l4da.,at 9%.= $10.83
4.
$1052. 80
5.
$419.10
6.
$1461.85for6yr.7mon.4da.,atlO%.=$904.01
$39.02
$2601.50 for 72 da.,at *l$%.
2.
7.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
for 8
da.,at 10%.
16 da.,at 6%.
mon.
72 da.
mon.
12 da.
$2878.40
$2.76
$271.33
$1.07
$323.05
$1023.83
$607.l7
$615.38for4yr.llmon.6da.,at20%.=
=
$2066.19for3yr.6mon.2da.,at30%.=$2l72.94
22 da.,at b%.
$92.55 for 3
$1.44
mon.
"
308.
Britain,Ac.?
places?
"
REVIEW.
dlrided?
=$8.19
=$17.88
for 28
REMARK.
8.
Why?
307.
What
How
Into
how
is said
is interest
many
of
for
aliquotparts
interest
any
number
of
tho days
can
for days
in
New
always be
York, Great
days obtained
in those
RAY'S
Find
the
44.
ARITHMETIC.
simpleinterest
$681.75
$1353.10
43.
HIGHER
of
da.,1%
for 98
2yr. 8
for
in N. Y.
York.
$6786. 24
for
lyr.10
16
mon.
Ans.
If I
do I
what
$12500
borrow
gain in 3
at
%,
12 %, and invest it at 7
23 da.?
Ans. $2498.83
%,
what
3, 1847,
Feb.
REMARK.
to
Find
"
$3416.20,
Aug. 9, 1851?
the time
Art.
by
325, Rem.
13 yr. 2
minor
10 da.
mon.
%,
from
$925.79
3.
old, and
retained
till
Ans. $8543.93
(21 yr).
he is of age
51.
What
$4603.15 is loaned
what is due March
8, 1855?
50. Find the interest at 8%
from
at
Ans.
If
49.
$1273.89
6 %, and lend it at 10
4 da.?
Ans. $1672.22
at
mon.
$23275
If I borrow
47.
yr. 4
in New
da.,at 10^
York.
46.
in New
$260.10
Ans.
45.
$12.81
da.,at 7 %
29
mon.
Ans.
$5772
26, 1850,
$8348.56
to April12, 1855,
10%?
52. In one year, a broker loans $876459.50 for 63 da.,
and pays 6 % on
at 1$ % a mon.,
$106525.20 deposits:
Ans. $21216.96
what is his p;ain?
is a broker's gain in 1 yr., on $100 deposited
53. What
is the amount
of
Ans.
at
at
%,
loaned
and
Oct.
from
at
2 %
Ans.
Fird
54.
at
mon.
simpleinterest
the
the interest
Find
"
""
of
sterlingmoney
by Rule in
dividing as in compound numbers; or,
denomination, as pounds',and apply a
Find
the
simpleinterest
of "24
%.
57.
for 1 yr. 9
for 7 mon.
Of "651
68.
Of
56.
Of
"25
"648
at 5
"9.
7s. 8d.
307.
i* Art.
55.
$18.20
8d. for lyr.
16s.
Ans. "49
%.
SUGGESTION.
Rule
of "493
mon.?
Of "14
at
mon.
at
(Art. 308.)
from
March
23
%.
4A %.
%.
Ans.
June
Ans.
to Nov.
3s. 9d.
to
"15
25
12s. lOd.
November
2, at 6 %.
Ans. 10s.
3|d.
SIMPLE
Find
60.
the
INTEREST.
251
of "66
simpleinterest
8s. from
6 to
Is. 5d.
May
61.
Ans. "1
bk%.
Of"98for3yr.l22da.at6$.Am. "19 12s. lid.
62.
Of
Aug. 21,
at
"374 5s.
from
April 1
to Dec.
29,
4 %"
3s. 1R
at
Ans. "11
II.
CASE
309.
ART.
Given,
the
and
interest,
principal,
time, to
on
Assume
"
PROOF.
"
if it agrees with
NOTE.
If
"
the
ig
amount
subtracted
be
principalmay
given
from
at
interest,the
tLe interest.
obtain
it,to
the
of
and in 2yr. 3
$6875 at simpleinterest,
receive $7823.75, what is the rate?
If I loan
18 da.
SOLUTION.
2yr.
18
mon.
$7823.75
six
da.,at
$6875
"
times, it
'Assume
"
is
%,
have
must
mon.
accumulated
at
six times
rate
great;
as
is,6 fe.
that
for the
use
If
2.
$65.47
days,what
Suo.
What
1.
the rate
If I borrow
3.
4.
what
At
double
itself
15, 20,
25
by
SUGGESTION.
$5000
for
If
it
"zample.
7 yr. 6
is the rate?
annum
per
divide
28
mon.
Ans.
will any
in
interest,
it
sum
by
12.
da., and
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12,
respectively?
Take
"
be divided
100
at which any
REVIEW.
rule,and
for 93
2i %.
Ans.
the
per year
by simple
years,
$844.75
of
AM.
wrest.
rate
loan
per month?
$10000, what
return
amount
paid for
is the rate
Find
"
be
turn
"
given
What
instead
the
will double
309.
$100 for
is Case
of
the
2?
The
rule?
interest,what
is
The
proof? If
necessary? Solve
the
th"
HIGHER
RAY'S
252
At
5.
-what rate
ARITHMETIC.
will any
annum
per
treble itself
sum
at
At
6.
what
rate
per
will any
annum
quadruple
sum
itself at
AH
10 %.
Ans.
terly?
When
40
stock
bought at
of 5 % ?
% discount,yieldsa
annual dividend
Ans. 16f "f0
per annum.
11.
A house that cost $8250, rents for $750 a
is -fo%,and the repairs3 %, every
the insurance
Ans. 8 %
what rate of interest does it pay?
10.
CASE
the
year'
"
time, to
find
principal.
RULE.
on
year;
III.
310.
ART.
semi-
this
$1 for
Assume
"
Calculate
"
if it agrees
NOTES.
it,and
to
2. The
the
1. After
"
be added
with
the
the interest
principalhas
the amount
method
thus
(he interest
on
found;
principal
the work
given interest,
the
contracted
principal; determine
divide
and
supposition,
PROOF.
the
been
is
found, the
right.
interest may
obtained.
of division
be
generally
used.
What
at 15
mon.
23
Assume
"
15
da.,at
$228.80, contains
XJ
3840
times
$.059T73
(CaseI) :
this 3840
large,that
as
da.,
$1500
2.
$1830
in 2 yr. 6 mon.,
"
310.
year, at 6
What
be afterward
is Case
found
of it for
the
3?
as
PRODUCE
WILL
1.
REVIEW.
23
given interest,
times,the principalproducing it must
is,$3840.
PRINCIPAL
WHAT
the amount
interest in 4mon.
per annum?
SOLUTION.
4
yield$228.80
will
sum
Ans.
at
The
rule ?
Ans.
The
$25000.
$14640.
proof?
How
can
SIMPLE
INTEREST.
253
What
3.
will produce
principal
$45 a mon., at 9 % ?
4.
$17
$86.15in9mon.llda.,atlO^?Ant. $1103.70
6.
Ant. $14383.47
$313.24 in 112 da. at 7 % ?
$146.05in7mon. 14 da. at Q%1 Ans. $3912.05
25 da. at 7 % in N. Y.?
$79.12 in 5 mon.
Ans. $2329.72
7.
8.
da.,at'l%
in 68
mon.?
CASE
311.
ART.
the
rate, and
amount,
as
1.
"
2. The
What
the
amount
finding
method
contracted
principal,subtract
the
SOLUTION.
of division
in 1 yr. 8mon.
$1
Assume
"
for
at
What
2.
to
principalin
$1367.84?
What
principalin
$2718.96,
at
2 yr. 3
10
to
REVIEW.
Solve
nsod
Is
the
"
310.
example.
an
Solve
the
arisen
from
311.
example.
method
What
cipal
prin-
amount
to
$2493.19
amount
to
$4613.36
$4048.14
Ans.
will amount
will
$1203.03
to
Ans.
$562.07
$553.68
in
WORTH
of
importantapplication
What
amount
da.,at Q%,
Ans.
year)?
given
26 da., will
mon.
of $1 for
the
Ans.
PRESENT
312.
12
mon.
10
used.
be
at 7%,
principal,
What
ART.
th"
5 da.?
% interest?
3. What
at 4^%, will
principal,
in 3 yr. 1 mon.
7 da. ?
4.
from
will amount
5%,
amount
it
(Art.158) may
drawing simpleinterest
sum,
$819.45
1.
it.
found;
principal
is right.
the work
given amount,
After
the
on
the amount
to
amount,
the
Calculate the
"
same
NOTES.
How
find
time, to
principal; determine
divide the given amount
by
supposition,and
PROOF.
if the
$1 for
Assume
"
that
to
the
IV.
principal.
RULE.
on
Given,
$6000.
Ans. $750.
Am.
of division
is Case
obtained?
4?
What
may
The
method
Case IV.
be
generally used?
rule?
The
proof1
of division may
be
RAY'S
854
Worth
Present
before
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
is
is the
it is
due, and
will amount
of interest,
in
phrase used
speaking
which
sum
to
the
at
of
debt
rate
prevailing
it is due.
The
the
discount,since it is the
the debt
from
be
must
deducted
nominal
or
which
sum
or
real value.
REMARK.
The
"
abatement
deduction
or
between
tlie nominal
value
nominal
1.
due
(the debt),but
Find
the
value:
at
3.
the discount
payable
$2906.30,
of
$6344.25, due
of
12
worth
of
what
Ans.
CASE
313.
ART.
Given,
the
in
103
$2841.27
in 23
$4250
for
cash, or
1 yr.
payable in
I
do
me?
to
due
days,rate
Ans. $20.20
$12720.40, due in 9 da.,
Am.
$12698.48
$4000
and
mon.
prefer? and
should
in
Worth).
da.,rate, Q%.
$1445.26; Dis.,$31.55
sell
can
of the
of
Ans.
5 %.
interest,
5. Find the present worth
7 % in New York.
6.
certain per
11
mon.
days,rate, 8 %.
of
(thePresent
discount
Find
latter is
$5101.75
19 da.,rate of interest,6 %.
wor., "4603.775 ; Dis.,$497.975
and
2.
4.
27-5,is an
fact, the difference
in Art.
present worth
in 1 yr. 9 mon.
Ans. Pros,
Find
the
but
this is
value,\vhile
value,-in
the apparent
from
that
which
gain by it if money
The latter;$80.86
is
V.
to
principal,
rate, and interest,
Assume
PROOF.
if it is the
REVIEW."
What
What
is the
"
on
312.
as
the
Why
difference
is it called ?
Why?
the
given interest,
is this
between
313.
important?
case
a
debt
What
not
duo
is Case
6?
work
is
right.
What
is present worth
and
The
rule?
The
proof T
INTEREST.
SIMPLE
NOTES.
i
quotientwill
The
1.
"
and
it to months
reduce
fraction,
given,subtract
interest;then,apply the rule.
2.
the
is
If the amount
time will
In what
$830
355
amount
if it contain
the
to
$1000, at
% simple
interest?
Assume
"
"
WHAT
IN
1.
"1200
2.
$415. 50
to
amount
WILL
TIME
$1800, at
10
$470. 90, at 10 %?
$3703.92 to $4122. 15, at 8%?
3.
to
5 yr.
Ant. lyr.4mon.
An*.
Ans. 1 yr. 4
NOTE.
"
part of
day
in the answer,
is omitted
in interest ; it must
be
taken
28 da.
mon.
cognized
being reof,however, in the
account
not
proof.
time will any sum, as $100, double itself by
simple interest at 4", 5, 6, 7, 7s, 8, 9, 10, 12, 12", 15,
4.
"
In what
30
% ?
22|, 20, 161, 14?,13i, 12*, 11$ 10, 8i,8, 6|,
An*.
5",5,4r 83
In
what
time
by the
divided
in which
ofyears
the number
5.
100
yr.
any
will any
sum
sum
rate
will give
of interest,
will double
treble
itself.
itself by simple
4, 4i, 5, 6, 7, 7i 8, 9. 10, 12 % ?
Ant. 50, 44|,40, 33|, 284,26f,25, 22",20, IGfyr.
interest at
6.
In what
sum
quadrupleitself by simple
%,
8.
to pay
How
long
$4007.54,
9.
12
at
will
interest at 6
"
what
is necessary
What
is said of
Ans.
it take
?
a
$175.12
to
Ans.
%1
313.
will the
What
What,
part of
Ant.
$1480.78?
it take
$3642.08
long would
How
REVIEW.
of
debt
if the
day ?
If it
quotientbe?
ia
amount
given ?
amount
to
10
8 da.
mon.
to
1 da.
mon.
produce $6.43
7
10 da.
mon.
contains
Solve
the
fraction,
example.
HIGHER
RAY'S
250
How
10.
$10.09
REMARK.
305, instead
12 and
of
at
produce
to
134
da.
In this
"
York
in New
interest
$415.38
Am.
7 %t
it take
would
long
ARITHMETIC.
by
Principal.
$100.
ART.
1 yr.
Time
315.
The
Interest.
of
modes
in
strikingsimilarity
and
operation,
FOR
RULE
show
cases
THE
LAST
be
can
FOUR
put into
tlie interest
be
if it
Amount
CASES.
Assume
Rate.
in yr.
last 4
GENERAL
divide
(or
the
BANKING.
XXV.
of Simple
important application
Interest is Banking, including the Discounting of Notes,
accounts.
Exchange, and the settlement of depositors'
deal in money.
which
BANKS
are
corporations
ART.
The
316.
most
of issue is
bank
money.
A bank
bank
of
depositis
"
elected
president and
of
discount
one
issues
is
which
one
its
takes
notes
own
which
makes
charge
as
loans.
of money
others.
belongingto
REMARK.
which
one
bank
by
the
tors,
generallycontrolled by a board of directhe
stockholders ; the principal officers are
is
cashier.
REVIEW.
314.
"
general rule
315.
What
will
it be necessary
to
for the
serves
the
use
banks
troll-d ?
What
What
are
kinds
the
Define
In which
last 4 cases?
amount?
each.
principalofficers?
316.
Why?
What
How
does
is
What
case
is the
it include?
bank
only
most
What
generallycon-
Bank
the
when
due
legally
If
If
318.
ART.
notes
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
of this sort,being
are
demand,"
payable "on
presented.
is
note
bearer
payable "to
it is
demand."
on
in the note, it is
day of payment is specified
it is due
on
3d day afterward; in some
places,
due
the
day specified.
If
is
note
certain time
payablea
after
"
date,"proceed
thus,
RULE.
months
Add
"
DAY
THE
FIND
TO
the date
to
NOTE
of
in the note
of days mentioned
the number
note is
or
must
and
more
this will
a
if this givesthe
of years and
day of a month
DUE.
elapsebeforepayment
to
LEGALLY
IS
the one
counting in the days, do not reckon
additional
three
the counting begins. The
days are
from which
countries
called "days of grace"; in some
they are 4, 5, or more.
is nominally due; it is
The day before "grace" begins, the note
due on the last day of grace.
legally
in a note are calendar
months.
mentioned
Hence,
2. The months
NOTES.
1. When
"
would
note
mon.
run
NOTES.
DISCOUNTING
319.
ART.
is
discount,and
done
chiefly
to be discounted
Notes
NOTES
DISCOUNTING
by
be
must
is
banks
payable
buying
and
to
them
at
brokers.
order, and
indorsed
by
the payee.
The
proceedsor
discount; it is
is the
the note
has to
REVIEW.
paid when
If
of
difference between
The
"18.
cost
"
317.
due, what
note
is
note
is the
sum
paid for
it.
more
or
run.
If
note
is the
payable
"
docs
not
contain
What
consequence?
on
demand," when
these
is the
is it
words,
of
and
is not
day
maturityT
legallydue?
DISCOUNTING
The
time
to run
is the number
of
the
the
is
to
discounted,
but
the
latter,
counting
note
time to
day
250
daysfrom
is
note
the
day the
legallydue,
the former.
not
is taken
in
REMARK.
IB
The
NOTES.
to
month
320.
ART.
lime
"
In
run
it is convenient
to run,
to
tht
this
use
TABLE
SHOWING
REMAKE.
ja
the
"
OP
THE
NUMBER
In
leap years,
time,1 day
be
must
PROM
DAYS
if the last
added
day
to the
ANY
DAY
of February
is included
obtained
number
OP
from
the
table.
maturing Sept.13, is
note
vious
what
is the time
SOLUTION.
13th
being 11 days
REVIEW.
rule for
What
From
"
to
"
June
to
run
June
discounted
24
pre
24 to
before the
"
run.
If it is
318.
finding when
due ?
days of grace
When
legallydue
drawn
for months
are
after
it is
How
What
is this
are
the months
avoided
irregularity
day
is
What
date,what
is not
a
note
is th"
counted?
nominally
is said of note*
in short notes?
Note
I.
CASE
321.
ART.
of
HIGHER
RAY'S
260
of short
ARITHMETIC.
To
date,custom
and
has sanctioned
proceeds
this
RULE.
Take
the
proceeds or
NOTES.
1. The
"
on
money,
or
face,
differs
but
2. Since
discount
the
the
face
the
to be
is called
of
be
to
discounts
the
every
is
the true
as
debts
on
debt
of
due
that
discouui
the nominal
on
and
at
value
long notes,
true
discount; latter,
present worth
the
same
Bank
note
the
notes, resembles
short
on
discount.
future
debt,and
time,
the
bank
discount.
As
the
from
the former
ought
cost
discount
note.
(Art.312) :
its
of the
cost
it
is,the
former
is
is the interest
difference
of the difference
between
the Present
Worth
the
Discounted,Feb. 18, at
Ans.
RKVIBW.
What
note?
kind
Tho
the table.
ft.
of
What
319.
notes
are
discount?
What
counting short
is
notes?
discounting notes?
discounted
What
is said of
What
da. to run;
What
is the
timo
leap years?
does bank
is the
By whom
proceeds
to run?
321.
discount
$774.27
Pro.
320.
What
Show
is the
resemble
is it done?
cost
or
the
rule
uso
of a
of
for die
DISCOUNTING
REMARK.
is
note
2.
261
the
before
nominallydue, the
other when
when
th"
$1066Tyo
Value
Thomas
"t the
G. TV. ALEXANDER.
City Bank.v
Discounted
June
8, at 6
%.
Ans.
3.
date
The
"
NOTES.
$1962 r"f5
Value
da. to run;
NEW
received,four months
Ans.
$1053.77
Pro.
nine
hundred
sixty-two
E. WILLIAMS.
26|29;95da. torun;
Nov.
Due,
$1926.70
Pro.
$543A85
after
date,I
received.
T. H. SHORT.
Discounted
Oct.
$2672TVo
Nino
month.
H.
Ans.
Dec.
"
JEREMIAH
BARTON.
July 19, at
Due,
Pro.$537.88
torun.
after
months
Edward
pay
Ans.
5.
31, at
"|, 3
pe"
; 147 da.
$804T3o9fl
to
$2606.71
Pro.
run.
Discounted
Ans.
ere
long
the cost
September 3, at
Due,
REVIEW.
notes
a
Nov.
running
to bo?
note
is greater, bank
discount
rule of interest is
be shortened
%.
12|16j 73
What
321.
"
of
COLUMBUS,
kind
for
of notes
one
What
or
da. to
or
more
would
true
generallyused
discounted
are
in
notes?
this rule?
by
discounted?
years
the bank
discount?
$794.60
Pro.
run.
discount
Why?
How
may
What
the
much
ought
Which
then be?
How
How
What
operationoften
RAYS
262
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
$3886.
7.
ST.
31, at U %
Jan.
Discounted
Am.
REMARK.
note, drawn
"
"
"jointlyand severally
makers
as
by
firm
are
or
for 8
For
pay
15, at
that
3 da. at G
.
promise
four hundred
at 6 per cent,
date
"
MARSH.
f0to
this
the face of
is the
note
$1437.73
Pro.
run.
amount
of
$1425
fc.
6, 1850.
after date, we
value received,four months
promise
three
thousand
" Newcome,
to the order of Jones
Discounted
Ans.
10.
For
June
Due,
BALTIMORE,
18, 1850, at
Oct.
"|9; 113da.
to
received,sixtydays
fc a
11.
$737T4o"o-
'
received,two months
to J. K. Eaton, or order, seven
dollars,at the Suffolk Bank.
Feb.
"
T. FISHER.
JAMES
Value
after
Wells
Am.
Discounted
$3564.33
Pro.
run.
DAYTON,
month.
$813T6o"o
value
June
and
Savings Bank.
Ans.
date,we
thousand
interest from
$3703T8c4o
hundred
seven
the
June
Observe
mon.
9.
April11, 1853.
after
order,one
if the words
collected of tht
NIXON
Discounted
N. B.
"jointlyand
only be
annum.
Ans.
persons,
makers, but
NASHVILLE,
dollars,with
twenty-five
per
$3825.77
company.
or
Henry Hopper,
to pay
more
received,
eight months
value
For
or
Pro.
run.
used, it can
not
$1425.
8.
two
to
"everally,"may
to
I. FOSTER.
month.
month.
da. to
run.
Pro.
$779.43
7*0/
hundred
thirty-seven
WILLIAM
ALLEN.
23, at \"%.
da. to
run.
Pro.
$726.34
DISCOUNTING
"4085T3o0o-
12.
NOTES.
NEW
six months
received,
John
A. Westcott,or order,four
at the Planters' Bank.
dollars,
Value
Discounted
Ana. Due
Dec.
31,1855, at
May ^(^
3,
T?
eighty-five
thousand
E. WATERMAN.
%.
144da.
1856;
263
to
Pro.$4003.50
run.
$2623TVo-
CINCINNATI,Aug. 7, 1854.
For value received,
eighteenmonths after date,I promise
to pay to the order of Jonathan
Evans, two thousand six
with interest at ten per
hundred
twenty-three
T5^ dollars,
13.
cent, per
MORRIS
annum.
Discounted
June
the
is
received
sum
rate
or
having
that
so
of interest
be found
can
TO
out
OF
RATE
THE
FIND
309.
in Art.
as
simpler,however,
view, and proceedthus
It is
of
Pro.$2728.61
the discount
while
runs
month.
322.
paid,when
7|10,1856;231da.torun.
1^ %
24, 1855, at
TALBOT.
INTEREST
WHEN
NOTE
18
DISCOUNTED.
RULE.
Assume
"
and
run
the lime
What
of Simple
II
Case
is the
discounted
at
SOLUTION.
rate
For
"
03 da. at
Interest.
interest,when
oi
month
$100 in
every
month,
is
of interest is found
earn
"
borrowed?
foun.l ?
What
322.
by
When
What
$4.20,and
tnav
note
its interest ?
be
the face of
loft out
sixtyday
is
note
the
discount
proceeds $95.80;
for 63 da.,the
its
interest
$4.20
25$%%, per
Art. 309 to be
and
$95.80 being the principal,
REVIEW.
proceedsfor
this position
supthe time it has to
on
the principal;and
former will be the interest ; the latter,
the time : from which the rate of interest can
to run,
be
found by
for
is discounted, what
How
of view
may
the rate
then
rate
annum.
is the
principalor
of interest then
in this calculation
be
HIGHER
RAY'S
264
WHAT
Ans.
annum?
8.
When
4.
When
30 da.
When
THE
HATE
01'
INTEREST,
1, 1|,lA,2 % a
12$|g, lo^es,ISiVaV 24i8883
% per annum.
60 da. note is discounted
at 6, 8, 10%
a
per
Ans. 6nm", S-iVs,
10 5% % per annum.
io discounted
at 2, 2A, 3 % a mon.?
a 90 da. note
^4?is.25llf,32rV;i,
39g5l % per annum.
a note
running 1 yr. is discounted at 5, 6. Y, S,
1. "When
mon.?
IS
ARITHMETIC.
is discounted
note
at
'
9,10,12%?
RE
has
ARK.
It may
"
seem
to
unnecessary
the time
regard
the note
in
1 and
'2
all notes
it
case,
the
oe
cf the
face,varies
same
referred
was
when
but
same,
the
to
the
time
to run,
the
principal,
same
the
as
discount
rate
becomes
if in each
and
of interest would
tarter,
proceeds
me
or
the
smaller,and therefore
referred,becomes
discount
with
increases
the
rate of interest corresponding
to any
rate of
discounter
the
is
time the note has to run.
the
of
Hence,
profit
greater
the
than
short
notes
at
rate.
same
proportionallyon long
ones,
which
principalto
323.
ART.
[nterest
DiscountingNotes
the
it is
is an
like those of
solved
sufficient
of Simple
application
is the
cases
simple interest.
importance to requiredistinct
CASE
Given,
the
correspondingto,
The only case
of
notice,is
II.
proceeds,time, and
rate
of
discount,to find
this
REVIEW.
to
to any
rate
with?
322.
"
Give
of discount?
What
the
The
sort
rates
proof ?
the
in
face of
and
supposition,
run
The
$1 for
Assume
"
rule.
determining tho
What
Why not?
of
notes
of discount
Solve
arc
are
most
the
the example.
rate
does
of interest
the
rate
to
profitable
same?
323.
Can
the
time
corresponding
of interest
the
What
crease
in-
discounter,
is Case
27
HIGHER
RAPS
take
$103.50, tmount
and
"3.50
aud
as
$103.50
by
Oll01-f/ir"4"i-in39I
,o
St?
90 da. notes,
On
3.
659
.4ns.
OQ
^9T3'7"
oO3TT,
o
-I
d;iys,
I 0 ft
:* *" 3
Q 3 -,/
( 25i
%.
interest?
1 'J 8
o
,f o
4Jas
oliiijgf,
" iai,
'
inter-
7 2
amon.int.?
yield1, 1^,2,2.4,
3,4^
4 1 9
Q
"7
lljiiaT, I/joss,
^-rt?,
-l-i
1 8 i
Ans.
U3
60 da. notes,
On
2.
note, or principal,
principal for
27
Ans.
the
DISCOUNT
30 da. notes,yield10,15,
OD
1.
that
of
OF
RATES
WHAT
of
Simple Interest,
II of
Case
the face
as
interest
discount, or
"ho
ARITHMETIC.
,,/"
%"
yield5, 6, 7,
i
4.
notes
16",20%.
PAYMENTS.
PARTIAL
AJIT. 325.
paid at maturity,draws
the day it is due till it
at
but
date.
from
Partial
terest
in-
sums
their
In
Payments.
paid ;
interest,"it draws
with
"
is
of the note,
paid on account
respectivedates, and are called
Any
with
indorsed
arc
the words
if it contains
interest
not
note,
the legalrate, from
such
the
cases,
balance
due
on
U.
in the
PAYMENTS.
PARTIAL
FOR
firstplace, to
the
discharge of
the ind'sexl,the
ten
dm:; if the payment EXCEEDS
the subseand
quent
surplus r/oef toward dischargingthe principal,
the balance of principal
inter, st is to be computed on
the interest
due.
remaining
t1^^ paymeTl
"If
interest must
continvis
taken
"
If
for
mado
If
325.
it
co'
On
what
note
itains
are
castinginteresl
?
taken
le
to
surplus of
principal;but interest
the interest,the
than
the
augment
What
commence?
LESS
the
on
REVIEW.
not
be
on
the
is not
paid
words
"with
partialpayments?
notes
and
principle\t
bonds
this rule
maturity, what
interest,"when
at
What
when
founded
is tho
does
is the United
partialpayments
?
quence?
conse-
interest
States
have
rule
hoen
PARTIAL
is to be
to be
I!
and
KM
AUK.
2. It is
the
of
draw
shall
payment
nor
1. This
"
of most
the
on
207
and
dischargingthe principal,
balance as aforesaid"
applied toward
computed
PAYMENTS.
worthy
of
interest
of
the
U. 3.
neither interetl
interest.
remark,
that
the whole
aim
and
of
tenor
lative
legis-
and
have
to favor
To
6
the
the
illustrate,
suppose
fe,and
the
to be for
note
month
pays every
interest then due ; at the end of the year he would
the $10 each mouth, at G
But if he had
invested
the end
had, at
debt wou'd
his
debtor
have
favor,and
3. To
find
reckon
days ;
by
his
leaving
of time
the difference
and
years
months
far
as
fa,he
have
between
two
of
$2000.
dates
possible,and
as
$2000.
owe
would
for
increased
the note,
on
then
the
count
318.
as
$123.30 available
of the year,
still
$850.
or
Dec.
1851,$125;
due
was
SOLUTION.
Oct.
Oct.
Indorsements."
What
K.
CHARLES
received.
11,
Nov.
Interest
"
13,1850,being
mon.
June
1852?
face
on
TAYLOR.
($850)from April 29
14 da.,at 6
to
per annum,
$23.238
850.
tfhole
to be
Payment
Balance
due
REVIKW.
trate
nn
by
due
sum
an
the note
"
Oct.
deducted,
Oct.
225.
example.
T
13, 1850,
873.233
.....
40.
....
833.233
13, 1850
How
IIow
docs
find the
compound
difference of time
interest
between
Illn"-
two
dates,
RAY'S
208
Interest
HIGHER
balance
on
($833.233)from
Oct.
13, 1850, to
27
9, 1851,being 7 mon.
Payment not enough to meet
June
interest
ARITHMETIC.
32.913
da.,
the interest,
32.
.913
Whole
not
due
interest
June
9,
9.999
10.912
833.233
Whole
due
sum
Payment
to be
Balance
due
Interest
on
844.145
125.
719.145
the above
10 da.,
1851, to Dec. 1, 1851,being 3 mon.
Payment not enough to meet the interest,
11.986
....
10.
Whole
interest
interest
1.986
not
March
due
Dec.
1,
12.585
16, 1852
14.571
719.145
Whole
due
sum
to be
Payment
Balance
due
Interest
on
Balance
on
mon.
733.716
........
80.
16,1852,
26
653.716
March
from
16,1852,to
Nov.
11,
25.713
da.,
$679.43
$304TYo-
1.
10, 1852.
six months
value received,
after date,I promise to
and four yVo"dollars.
Riley,or order,three hundred
For
pay G.
No
due
16, 1852,
deducted,
March
1852,being
Balance
March
CHICAGO, March
IL
McM.VKIN.
payments.
What
was
due
2.
$2250.
For
value
/Vlbert
What
was
3, 1853?
Am.
$325.63
LOUISVILLE,Dec. G, 1850.
year after date,I
two
order,two thousand
received,one
Rogers, or
with
dollars,
fifty
Indorsed:
Nov.
interest.
promise to
hundred
NATHAN
PniLirs.
Ans.
$1634.63
pay
and
R. WILSON.
PARTIAL
was
4.
$1750.
For
value
to the order
with
dollars,
Indorsed:
$600;
Dec.
What
269
Oct.
Indorsed:
What
PAYMENTS.
NEW
7 per
interest at
cent.
JACOB
AViNSTON.
due
was
Feb.
10, 1856?
$879.71
Ans.
$4643T5o"o
Indorsed:
$540.
value
EVANS
received.
"
What
Nov.
due
was
1, 1853
March
Ans.
HART.
Feb.
27,1852,
$291.60
$2500.
dollars,with interest
Indorsed:
$50;
was
6 per cent.
HENRY
CROSS.
Nov.
Oct. 21,
What
at
due
July 1, 1855?
Ans.
$1362.04
$6875.
and
dollars.
seventy-five
DAVIS
"
UNDERWOOD.
Feb.
RAY'S
$550.
0.
For value
17, 1848.
Louis, June
ST.
one
received,
year after date, I promiseto pay
and fifty
of Ross " Wade, five hundred
dollars,
the order
to
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
with interest.
TIMOTHY
GORDON.
Indorsed:
was
ART.
326.
due
RULE.
CONNECTICUT
"
commenced;
the
from
balance
be
due
from
principal,and
or
year
it to
the time
to
the
more
of
the
first
the payment
total.
sum
If there
"
the interest
Compute
$195.87
Am.
afterpayments
to
the next
and
payment
But
"
another
be
one
year
be made
if any payment
obligation,
for
the intereston
the
year, add
one
on
it to
paid,from
sum
more.
year'sinterest hath
due on
the ^n'ncjpcZ sum
the principal,and compute
beforeone
or
the time it
was
paid, up
to the
of the year ; add it to the sum paid, and deduct that sum
from the principaland interest added as above. (See Note. )
than the interest
If any payment be made of a less sum
arisen at the time of such payment, no
interest is to be computed,
but only on
the principal sum, for any period."
end
"
"If a year does not extend beyond the time of payment ; but
of the principalremaining unj"aid
up to the
ifit does,then find the amount
likewise the amount
time of settlement,
of the payment or payments from
and deduct the sum
the time theywere
of
paid to the time of settlement,
these several amounts
from the amount
of the principal.
NOTE.
"
is due
What
1.
notes,
by
4n*.
on
the
the Connecticut
the time
4th
of the
preceding
rule?
ART.
327.
it
Find
the
begins to
draw
RULE.
of settlement,and
it to the
balance
due
on
settlement.
EXCHANGE.
NOTE.
a
1. What
frequent use,
the
on
the Vermont
REMARK.
RDLE
for
the
takes
place
begins.
of the
preceding
followinghas
Partial
Payments,
settlement
rule?
The
"
when
2d, $1608.88;
Am.
"
is of
is due
by
notes,
rule
less from
or
year
This
"
271
than
in
any
as
the
of
sum
of the
table
equi-
more
use.
; deduct
the amount
recommended
been
Worth
these Present
by Simple
Worths
from
to the
Simple Interest,
Principal:
balance,by
day
will
be
the
then
due."
turn
of tettlement,
The principleof this rule is,each payment discharges
a part
of the
with its simpleinterest to the day the payment is made ; making
principal
interest and
principal due at the same
time, instead of the interest
all due first,
and the principalafterward.
EXCHANGE.
XXVI.
is the method
328. EXCHANGE
of
transmitting
money
one
of Exchange.
by
If the placesare in different countries it is called Foreign
Exchange ; if not, Home, Domestic or Inland Exchange.
ART.
from
placeto another
of Exchange, also
Bills
for the
orders
A
SightBill,is
Time
is
Bill
of Bills
means
called
draftsor checks,are
ten
writ-
payment of money.
payable"at sight."
time after sight,or
payable a specified
one
after date.
The
signer of
The
one
whom
to
the payee.
The
one
who
the
money
he sells
holder ; when
be is liable for payment..
RRVIEW.
change
"
What
323.
arc
bill?
Who
What,
if he becomes
drawer.
addressed,and
What
is
Bills
is the drawer
an
is ordered
possessionof
has
or
owner
or
who
is
quested
re-
pay
one
the maker
the draft is
to whom
to
The
bill,is
the
the
it,and
be
to
draft,is
becomes
an
paid,is
called
the
indorser,
Home
exexchange ? Foreign exchange?
'I
What
is a sight bill
A time
of Exchange ?
The drawee ? The payee? Who
"n tLa holder .'
indorser?
specialindorsement
named, who is
person
is
Harris/'
and
the
and
back,
is in
as
indorsee,
draft
particular
W.
"
the bill.
writes his
merely
payee
has lawful
to
to F. II. Lee.
Pay
"
collect
can
blank,the
who
one
any
the
the
to pay
the indorsee
but
one
no
ARITHMETIC.
order
an
called
the indorsement
When
on
HIGHER
KAY'S
""72
possessionof
name
the draft
can
collect it.
"
and
responsiblefor payment,
A
329.
ART.
be
payable"to
in
case
the
In
"
acceptance is refused
or
330.
ART.
acceptance.
an
States,drafts
some
is called
billof
payment
to the
the draft
not
are
entitled
or
days
to
forms
followingare
titled
en-
time bill.
sight
it is also
of grace.
of drafts
bills of
or
exchange.
INLAND
DRAFT.
$1500.
CINCINNATI,Feb. 8, 1855.
teen
order,fif-
Please pay,
sight,to Williams " Baker, or
value received,
hundred
and charge
dollars,
at
"
To Kiyo
FOREIGN
Exchange "2000.
At sixtydayssightof
of the
date and
same
To
DRAFT.
unpaid),pay
tenor
the
to
order
of
pounds, without
further advice.
" JiATES.
SPENCE, Merchant, Liverpool. ELMER
OEOROE
NOTES.
ATKINS.
New
thousand
THOMAS
York.
words
1. The
"
"value
received"
are
essential
not
to
bill of
exchange.
foreign exchange, three separate bills are generallydrawn,
that if one
two
or
are
lost,the other may reach its destination.
2. In
BO
When
KB
What
bill of
one
VIEW.
set has
328.
"
What
is the
in
is
of
paid,the
What
is the
effect
of
M'hat
it?
329.
AVli.it is
promissory note?
?
;;30. Give nn example of an
niglu-bilis
What
is said
ac^e
of
When
the words
one
of
"value
a
set
rest
is
How
said
of
inland
received"?
is paid, what
void.
are
special indorsement?
specialindorsement
a
consequence
blank?
Its eonsequeuee?
exiimpio.
rcsi.-mt.lo
been
an
Give
?
What
example.
an
is
an
acceptance?
does
bill of
Of
protest?
drafu
What
Of
is
u
a
un
exchange
grace
Of
foreigndmft.
of foreign
set
is the consequence
ment
indorseGive
RAY'S
274
Since
the
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
when
NOTES.
1. For
"
and
U. S.
dollar,it
sterlingmoney
to reckon
"l
was
and, consider
"1
or
than
purer
at
"9
as
"f0of $4.44|),
OTJ^J
part
$40, which
difference
the
between
comparing
that
formerly the
then
20s.
or
U. S. money
and
$4.44$ (41|ct.,
=
of
exchange.
actuallypar, ("1
$4.86),when
is
change
ex-
$4.86
of the rate
Hence, sterlingmoney
of
$4.86
present, and
at
$4.44g,or
20s.
of
English sovereignwith
an
$4| or $4.44|.Instead
equal to
was
with
U. S.
of the
silver coin
that
is found
her
in
ol
RATE
possessions,the
foreigncountries,the COURSE
2.
"1,
Britain
Great
is
exchange
in
the former
it is
TABLE
333.
ART.
COINS
FOREIGN
OP
MONIES.
AND
100 cents
times
1 florin
$.40. Some1
6
is
used
florins
follows
as
:
pound
money
1920 pfennings.
240 groats
20 schillings 120 stivers
400 reas
4 quarters
50
1 rupee
16 annas
Bombay.
45
in
this table meansct.
Cents, U. S. Money.)
pice
(ct
Same as Lisbon.
Brazil.
1 thaler
360 swares
72 grootes
Bremen.
=
78| ct.
1 peso duro
16
Cadiz.
lOf reals of old plate; 1 real
10
34
maravedis
1
of
11
reals
ducat
ct
plate
quintas
;
; 1
5 ct
real vellon
Calcutta.
1 gold mohar
16 sicca rupees
64 cahauns
3072
256 annas
50 ct ;
pice 20480 gundas ; 1 sicca rupee
1 current
lac
100000
100
ct
a
44^
croro
a
;
rupee
rupeod ;
lacs.
Amsterdam
and
Antwerp.
"
Flemish
"
"
"
"
"
which
What
When
Why
performed ?
country
States
332.
"
exchange
is the
What
is
is the
tuate
Does
it flucexchange?
of exchange is given,how is the comcourse
putation
the rate
of exchange is given ?
On
How, when
of
rate of exchange given ?
On which
the course
the actual
of
the
United
between
exchange
par
and
was
England ? What
sterlingexchange ?
England makes
sterlingmoney
When
at
course
of
the
the
of
of
"
REVIEW.
real discount
old
par
Why
reallypar?
?
What
rato
When
in
is used
Which
of
exchange
is it at
putations
com-
in favor
real premium
EXCHANGE.
275
Canton." I tael=10
mace=lOO
candarines=1000
cash=$1.48.
Civita VeccJiia."l scudo
10 paoli
100 bajocchi $1.
1
4 ct.
40
120 aspers =
=
Constantinople. piastre
paras
6 marcs
96 skillings
Copenhagen. 1 rix dollar
; 1 rigsbank dollar
52 ct.; the old rix dollar
$1.05.
360 pfennings=
Dantzic.
1 thaler
30 silver groschen
69 ct. ; sometimes
used : 1 rix dollar
3 florina
the following
are
90 groschen
69 ct.
=
270 schillings 1G20 pfennings
Genoa.
1 lira
100 centesimi
$1.86. Old divisions : 1 lira
20 soldi ; 1 soldo
=
12 denari.
192
lubs =
16 sols or schillings
Hamburg. 1 mark banco
Tubs
thalers
Also
1
$.35.
3f
pfennings
2j crowns
pound
240 grotes,Flem.
20 schillings,
Lubs is
=
Flem.
7^ marks
for money
either
is
banco
a contraction
of Lubec.
or
rent
curMoney
the latter.
; the former being at a premium of 23 fo over
1 dollar
Havana.
20 reals vellon
8 reals plate
$1. A
doubloon
$17.
La, Guayra. 1 dollar =
8 reals
75 ct.
20 soldi
240 denari
1
of
8
reals
lire
Leghorn.
5|
pezza
87 ct.
The Tuscan
=
scudo
$1.05. Also, 1 lire
corona
or
20 soldi
240 denari.
Lisbon.
1 milree
1000 rees
$1.12; 1 milree of Azores
83 3 ct ; 1 milree of Madeira
400 rees ; 1
$1 ; 1 old crusado
crusado
480 rees ; 1 testoon
100 rees.
new
Madras.
1 pagoda=32rupees=42 fanams=3360
cash=$1.84.
1
ducato
di regno
10 carlini
100 grani
$.80 ;
Na2)les.
1 scudo
12 carlini
$.95.
Palermo.
1 ducato
counts
10 piccioli 100 bajocchi $.80. Ac30 tari
are
: 1 oncia
generallykept in the following
600 grani
3 ducati = $2.40.
St. Peiersburgh.1 bank rouble
100 copecks=
$.214. Also,
1 silver rouble
360 copecks
$.75.
Stockholm.
1 rix dollar banco
48 skillings 576 rundstycks
$1.06.
$.40; 1 silver rix dollar
Trieste. 1 florin
60 kreutzers
240 pfennings
$.48^.
Venice." I lira =
100 centesimi
1000 millesimi
$.16.
=
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
==
"
"
"
"
="
"
"
"
REM.
in
"
the
The
U. S.
values
gold
If their values
values
given
ART.
1.
"What
at
2.
"t
334.
"%
What
1%
wterest
of the
and
in the
above
INLAND
or
sightexchange on
discount,interest
are
ton,
Bos-
$3824.43
Orleans for $7216.85,
Ans.
30 da. bill on
discount
cent.
EXCHANGE.
premium?
for
and
7"| per
be increased
most
HOME,
is
New
off at 6
calculated
%
on
Ans.
the face
$7150.09
of the draft.
RAY'S
276
What
3.
cost
HIGHER
check
$1505.40, ai
Am.
$1501.04
York
for $12692.50,
St. Louis
on
discount?
\%
4. What
cost
GO da. draft
at
ARITHMETIC.
5. What
off at 6
New
on
be tho face of
must
for
draft to
divide
and
the
What
6.
\\%
at
for the
$1
Of
21 da.
int. off at 6
and
1. What
SUGGESTION.
of "1
rate
face,"c.
see
if it
10
6d.,at
Express
York,
"1
$4^X
the face
divide
~,
3.
$1
What
="-
and
^"
; reduce
4.
Of
What
at
$1
Of
=
$,
at
the
%.
Boston
$26550,
for
at
9s. 7d.
"5455
Ans.
for the
the decimal
draft
on
to
and
shillings
London,
it to $ at
at
pence.
9? %
mium,
pre-
3s. lOAd.
9| % premium
on
$47j"
Philadelphia
costing"1500, at 91 %
Ans. $7283.33
sterling?
is the cost of a draft on
Paris for 6072. 25f.,
draft
on
"fc|l"=5.85f.?
6.
to
for
premium
5.
pounds, reduce
result by 10
on
$13437.48
^tns. "1280
face,reduce
$6244.50 by it
divide
Ans.
London
on
100
is the face of
"1
in
draft
costing$6244.50?
Assume
$6925.04
iuo
the value
of
% prem.?
of a draft
Liverpool,
9s % premium for sterling?
As
1% discount,
EXCHANGE.
In
2.
by sellingtht
amount.
Ans.
$4u",
increasingthe
Prove
$?
"
$4681.25
$5256.27
Ans.
FOREIGN
11s.
supposition,
draft to cost
for "2748
this
on
draft,costing$6836.75, at
335.
ART.
cost
$4740.51
draft,
costing$5264.15, at " % pre
proposed,and
as
the
a*
Ans.
18 da.
an
Assume
8.
be the face of
must
int. off at 6
mium,
draft
the
discount?
Of
7.
face,determine
given cost by it.
for
$1
$2000,
$1987.58
cost
Am.
*% premium?
Assume
$12054.42
Am.
draft
on
5.37if.?
Ans.
New
York, at Havre,
AM.
for
$1135.
$2918.50,
15687.
26f.
EXCHANGE.
is the face of
What
7.
$453-1.20, $1
at
What
8.
schil. 8
1 mark
at
35 ct.?
Ans. 5219
A. draft
1 florin
1 florin
42
ct.
What
12.
What
at 1 milrce
cost
draft
$1.25 ?
at Lisbon,a
I real
draft
U.
on
What
milrces
Stockholm,
at
17.
3494
What
What
19.
I rouble
20.
What
draft
cost
What
What
22.
bank
at
cost
What
at 1
cost
I tael
U.
on
Moscow,
Ans.
S.
for
draft for
draft
14112
roubles
Berlin,for 634
on
Irix dol.
rix dol.
$5530.29
for 8751
Archangel,a
roubles
$2362.94
$3387.06, at
75 copecks.
rix dol. 13 silver
cost
at
cost
14
at
cost
draft
51
on
ct. ?
Ans.
What
98 ct.?
on
Ans.
rigsbankdol.
24.
draft
Ans.
24 ct?
dol. 5 marks
23.
reals 22 maravedis.
27 ct.?
1 rouble
66 ct.?
dol. =
$7564.12,at
on
draft
at
groschcn5 pfen.,
21.
plate,
rix dollars 26
cost
copecks,at
rccs.
$1.01?
7 rundstycks.
skillings
656
$103.36
Ans.
88989
Ans.
cost
railrccs 960
$906.20
S. for $3542 60,
at
cents.
reals 27 maravedis
on
cost
at
Ans. 2767
83 ct.?
16.
63
florins 48
What
$0312.80,
Ans.
}5.
cents,
$1300.42
Lisbon,for 724
on
pfen.
florins 15
draft for
15030
Ans.
$1.28?
draft
1-1
at
for 3422
Ans.
U. S.?
cost
2 schil. 3?
banco
Amsterdam,
cost at
$400.t45
$1826. (TO.at
draft for
marks
Amsterdam,
on
10
marks
33 ct.? Ans.
38 ct, U. S.?
Wiat
11.
banco
Hamburgh,
at
for 1231
Hamburgh,
to cosf
24484.081*.
Ans.
on
mark
cost
bonco
10.
draft
pfen.,at 1
What
9.
Bordeaux,
on
5.40f.?
cost
draft
cost
at
8681
Canton,
rigsbankdol. T*
draft
for
skil.
$13653.85,at
$1.55?
Ans.
8808
taels 9
mace
3 candarines
5 cash.
HIGHER
RAY'S
278
ARITHMETIC.
OF
ARBITKATION
Exchange may
exchange is confined
Direct
cf the drawer
Circular
drawn
New
is it
of the
one
on,
York
circular.
or
the
places,
two
residence
drawee.
or
by
succession
intermediate
more
is called Arbitration
merchant
wishes
$2240
to remit
through Paris
and
premium,
1 milree
"1
at
of
to Lisbon:
Lisbon
at
25.20f.,to
bills
points.
of- Exchange.
more
1 milree
to
is effected
exchange
circular method
The
at
and
a^ and
be either direct
336.
ART.
EXCHANGE.
at
Lisbon
6f.?
is,2240
The
"
^Ox
to
"-|
ft
25.20
multiplying
", by
the
Q8
reduced
direct
"
are
it
reduced
I960
the
by
value
SOL."
result
by
can
The
same
obtained
be
equations,
expressing the
of exchange becourse
tween
two pointsin the
circuit,
except the first,
a
$"2^0
28
1 milree
2 5 2 0 f.
""")
each
which
has
be remitted
unknown
the
sum
equal
number
to
appear
sides
-wn
on
ex"
'
Bhange?
"
336.
Circular?
dicating
in-
) milreeB.
fif.2
"1
$-4Q
X
} 9 4
!
to an
J-P?
7 g " f.
Gain
0 9
"
L_
.
1 2,1
7'* Jnilrsea.
quired
re-
on
both
the
the other
to
side,cancelingfirst,
REVIEW.
After
"
p.^
being equal,
product of those
milree.
.09)176.40
iggo^
G.
the
milrees, by
to
ft
( )
of the denomination
is
is
$1. which
reduced
"0
chain of
of
is
$2240
francs, by multiplying by
to
'
of
value
The
railrees.
What
What
two
so
sides of the
vacant
term
side,by
shorten
kinds
the
nomination
dearranged that the same
the
product of
);
sign (
id found
by dividing the
product of the others on ita
=
the v.ork.
of
ej-hange?
What
Solve
is direct
the ezarap.o-
ARBITRATION
Hence,
337.
ART.
OF
which
it is
which
it is
is
Reduce
"
different
tions,
denomina-
the
rule,called
I.
of other
medium
CHAIN
RULE.
279
of
quantities
two
to compare
EXCHANGE.
the
RULE.
compared; reduce
with
with
to
duced
compound fraction,thus obtained, resimplestform, will be the amount
of the required
denomination.
ROLE
II.
Form
the conditions
of equations,
expressing
the quantitygiven equal to
of the question
; tliefirstcontaining
unknown
number
an
of the quantityrequired,and all arranged
in such a way
that the right hand
quantityof each equationand
the lefthand quantityin the equationnext following,
shall be of
the same
denomination, and also the righthand quantityof the
last and the lefthand
quantityof the first. Cancel all equal
and divide the product of the quanfactorson the rightand left,
tities
in the column which is completeby the product of those in
"
series
The
is called
the
chain
"
the proper
hundredths.
of decimal
number
FOR
EXAMPLES
1.
New
York
$4.85;
Ans.
REVIEW.
rule?
337.
AVliyshould
What
bancos
is the chain
this chain
or
to
Hamburgh,
"1; 1
rule?
connection
premium or discount,what
brokerage is charged at any point of
is at
or
"
25.20f.
mark
4214
$1460
remits
throughLondon
if "1
merchant
PRACTICE.
mark
Why
be done?
what
circuit,
l.SOf.?
pfennings.
is this called
be made?
should
the
banco
6 sols 11
received,
If any
the chain
of the
rencies
cur-
If commission
should
be done
RAY'S
"280
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
wishes
to remit
$4532.80 to
A, of Philadelphia,
St. Petcrsburgh: the direct exchange is $1
3 roubles 3G
copecks,while through London, Paris,and Dantzic,it ia
follows: 8 % in favor of London; 25.20f.
"1 ; 1 th.-iler
as
4f. ;
1 thaler. Which
roubles GO copecks
is better?
Ans. Circular,
by 509 roubles 94 copecks.
10000
in Amsterdam
3. A, of Boston,owes
florins. How
much
in U. S. money
will pay it,by remittingthrough London
and Paris at the following
rates: 9% in favor of London;
2.
'2
"1
25f.
London,
; 1 florin
and
SUGGESTION.
allow
4.
direct
of
is
will pay
debt,and
his
By
SUGGESTION.
N. Y,
5.
the
home
to
or
Exchange
it is
Orleans
New
discount.
method,
Ans.
6.
and
how
much
being
currency
$,
the
wishes
to
New
much
the
Orleans
the
same
place,as
money.
$7165.80
premium; but,
to remit
is
\%
from
Havana
the value
of
name
New
and
money
from
will be
What
the
the
% premium;
Havana, i % discount;
New
exchange,how
gain?
Baltimore
on
on
of St. Louis
merchant
York
The
circular
exchange,
annex
circuit,
to Baltimore.
on
In
"
York.
Orleans
in
to
.OO^,
by
exchange
New
is his
what
Ans.
throughout
but
discount.
in New
to pay
premium;
k.-%premium, and from
is 1
York
$6000
has
Memphis,
exchange is
Orleans
the francs
"
for the
A,
allowing1 % brokerage
Ans. $4563.87
in Paris?
2.32f. ;
New
Orleans
to
Baltimore,1 "/0
Baltimore by each
to
in
$7238.36;gain,$125.90
Direct,$7112.46; circ.,
A
Louisville
merchant
$10000
has
due
him
in
Charleston
is :{Exchange on
% premium.
he advises his debtor to remit
Instead of drawing directly,
York
to his agent in New
at g % premium, on
whom
he
immediately draws at 12 da.,and sells the bill at IA c/0
premium, interest off at 6 %. What does he realize in this
the direct exchange?
way, and what gain over
Ans. Realizes $10087.17; gain,$62.17
Charleston.
SUGGESTION.
"
Interest nt 6
7.
account
per
the rate
Cincinnati manufacturer
of sales from N. Orleans
annum
of
A % a month,
premium to \\ fais
or
\%
receives,April 18th, an
; net
proceeds$5284.67,
RAY'S
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
fo?
imperialquarter (480 lb.),
allowing4 % commission
the
advancing
freight,sterlingexchange 4 % premium ?
Ans. 11s. Cfd.
If
16.
the
commission
is the
U. S.
bu., chargesand
example, exchange 8 % prem., what
Ans. 26s.
imperialquarter?
ct. per
in last
as
freightper
What
17.
66
freightis
is the cost
in New
in
of
Liverpool,
per quarter,
bu.,charges4ct.
corn
ought
13d. per bu.,commission
per bu.,exchange 8 % premium, freight
5
29s.
?
Ans.
|d.
(on Freightonly^) %
Find
18.
be
Orleans
how
At
filled in
5 Oct. per U. S.
at
qr.;
qr., and
add.
cents
many
per U. S. bushel
New
Orleans, limited at 28s.
can
order
an
per imperial
quarter, the freightbeing 15d. per U. S. bu.,commission
Ans. 42 ct.
5%*, and exchange 6 % premium?
Find
the
the
cost
per
28s.,and
How
19.
it from
qr., subtract
S. bu.
be
cents
can
many
leansrto fill an order from
for
paid
This
find
cost,
bu.
in New
corn
Liverpool,limited
Or80s. per
to
Examples 17,18
and
received
and
account
paid
out, is
Current
Accounts
the value
and
THE
338.
the
Hero
of
goods
are
an
banker
Account
an
also
on
Freightonly.
keeps of
money
Current.
kept by merchants,showing
to their
thereon.
Current
Account
charged
CURRENT.
which
delivered
payments made
is
is
ACCOUNTS
XXVII.
ART.
19,Commission
of
bank
with
tor
deposi-
REVIEW.
does the
?
What
"
Dr.
What
338.
side
What
show?
is it also
is the direct
rule?
is
an
Tho
called?
current?
account
Cr. side?
What
What
ii necessary
is
By whom
kept?
an
settling account
in
making
the
What
rent
cur-
balance
CURRENT.
ACCOUNTS
Da.
in
Henry Armor,
The
left
hand,
the bank
paid by
sums
acc't with
Bank.
City
side,shows, with
Dr.
or
283
the checks
on
of
CK.
their
dates,the
Armor,
Henry
for
he is their debtor.
which
righthand, or
in the
deposited
The
sums
Cr.
is their creditor.
or
an
account,
Settling
closing
at
time, between
particular
called
a
striking
Generally,in
"
current, each
account
an
SETTLE
TO
day
ACCOUNT
AN
the
Find
the
sum
findinghow
parties.It
much
is due
is sometimes
from
RULE.
balance.
is
of
item
of settlement
DRAWING
(lieitems
draws
hence,
INTEREST.
the Dr.
on
The
followingis a
convenient
more
PRACTICAL
1st item
Multiplythe
the 2d
it
the number
by
the balance
of days from
E
as
i E
Vf.
"
338.
appliedto
What
the account
is the
do
lh*
be th*
and
RULE.
the number
to
on
Find
dates.
by
terest
in-
of days from
2d
afterthe
tfie2d
to
the 1st to
item, and
multiply
to
is
is Dr.
practicalrule
given.
or
Cr.
Show
the
Balance
reason
the
284
RAY'S
the interest
columns
two
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
this balanct
on
Jbr 1 day, at the at/ reed rale. This will be the balance of in
tfrent in Jit
cur
of the larger column, which being added to, or
subtracted J'rom, the last balance
of Hems, according as they
the same
on
are
or
quired.
oppositesides,will give the final balance reDKMO.NSTRATIOX.
item, S50I),being
is
account,
the
on
6 da. is the
Place
eide
of the
interest
in
it
from
days
of
$200
in
down
second
interest
of
This
red
(Jan. 5)
balance
ink
to
1 da, ; set
This
the
this
column
the
on
third
$200
for
deposit
on
in the form.
shown
date
$400
pencilor
of
for
the balance
sum
check.
the
on
belongs,as
the
; the
set
out
the
between
ol
for 1 da.
$-500
the
forming
to which
interest
on
(Jan. 7),
$400
sake,be
"
$-300 X
products opposite;find
($300) paid
sum
account
is
the
as
the
of
of
Is
account
is the difference
for convenience'
balance
date
in the column
($200),which
("500),and
may,
the interest
as
$2500
of items
from
(Jan.5), which
same
balance
interest
item
next
Take
"
same
product
balance
the
and
of
day
settlement.
In
this
the
example,
products will
all be
balance
in
one
side,and
being always
column;
sometimes
but,
Cr.
the
on
if the balance
the
side, the
were
times
some-
well
as
a
other, Dr.,
for products,would
be needed
Cr. column
; adding each column, the
would
be the balance
in favor of the larger
difference of the sums
column
be the excess
; the interest of this difference for Ida.,would
of- interest in favor of the largercolumn.
The
of products in this example, is $12400; its interest
balance
for CO da. at ("% is $124.00 (Art'.
terest
303) ; dividing by GO gives the infor 1 da., $2.07, in favor
of the Cr. side : as the balance
of
items,$125, is also in favor of the Cr. side, the total balance to Henry
Armor's credit,
of the two, ($127.07).
is the sum
on
one
NOTE.
In
"
on
in
settling depositors'accounts
as
New
York,
Great
ished
be diminBritain,"o., the interest,as ordinarilyobtained, must
of itself,
(Art.308) ; but elsewhere,this deduction should
by ^'.j
for it in case
of depositors'
not be made ; as, there is no more
reason
of the bank:
it is manifestly unjust
accounts, than in the discounts
for the
bank
REVIEW.
Uow
do
we
\Vhat should
to
"
then
make
338.
When
proceed?
be done
with
deduction
on
will two
columns
On
which
it when
obtained
for
and
not
products be necessary?
of interest
be?
CURRENT.
ACCOUNTS
allow
it
it
t.-reucewould
FIND
1.
the
on
interest
285
with
vary
INT. DUE,
TUB
Da.
AND
*L
lut
DR.
Morris,$13.34:
Wn.
Ibe interest?
"
to Oct.
$246.33
Willis,
$ Co.
CR.
6 per cent.
bal. due
12, at
CR.
G per cent.
Interest
UKVIKW.
Kennedy.
bal. due
30, at
ACCOUNTS.
THESE
31, at
$2. 33:
Willis,
due
A.
to Jan.
Interest to June
3.
BALANCE
Interest
An*.
Morris,$298.23
CR.
$ Berry.
Id pel cent.
338.
Should
In
New
York, ic.,
this be done
whal
elsewhere?
bhould
bo
Why
not?
done
in
finding
RAY'S
280
339.
ART.
HIGHER
rule
The
merchant's
ARITHMETIC.
is not
(Art. 338)
applicable
so
BALANCE
TO
HULE
ime
MERCHANT'S
Multiplyeach
"
it is due
item
cash until
as
of
in
account
ACCOUNT
by the number
the
day of
of days from
settlement.
CURRENT,
those
of
the
Cr. column.
each
of their
find the difference
the interest of this for 1 day, at the rate agreed,u-ill be
turns;
the balance of interest in favor of the larger column, which is
placed on the side of the account where it belongs; the difference
between
the two sides will be the whole balance in favor of the
Add
of
largerside.
REMARK.
4.
This
"
due
the amount
rule
closing an account
required.
F.
Archer,in
T.
acc't with
Am.
Int. due
$310.05
5.
DR.
Ans.
The
$1057.87
T. "
W.
Int.
be
used
Mason, $30.73
at
to
to
CR.
Day.
W.
Dec. 31.
Day, $3.95:
Int. due
sales,when
particulardate is
at
DR.
for
serves
here
to
bal. due
Archer,
advantage.
Sharpe $ Swift.
; bal. due
Sept.30.
Sharpe "
CR.
Swift
CURRENT.
ACCOUNTS
NOTE.
Cr., fall
what
In
"
due
is the
obtained
on
them, are
sold
by
order
on
(he
suffer
on
of 600 hhd.
sales
other side
one
discount,or,
hence, the products
account, opposite to
items.
the
contains
6. Acccu*t
put
therefore
from
that which
items
287
and
for
Discount
sugar, per
account
and
interest
to date.
REMARK.
"
The
(56da.);the sales
yarious
and
91
7.
E. S.
Da.
Lee, in
acc't current
9
"Interest
Ans.
Int. duo
Co.,$1227.18
REVIEW.
ft
merchant's
"
339.
account
Burns
(*Days
Why
"
f0 to
with Burns
June
are
current?
What
CH.
iJO.
Co., $27.18
of grace
Co.
not
; bal. due
Burns
"
counted.)
accounts
not
so
applicable t*
8.
Joshua
Da.
In these
Parkins,in
Dec. 31 ; interest 6
Closed
AcH.
current, and
in
bal. due
Foster,$1754.91
graco
ACCOUNTS.
340.
ART.
and
%.
STORAGE
one
CR.
counted.
not
arc
ARITHMETIC.
Foster,$49.04;
Int. due
Ans.
*
HIGHER
RAY'S
"088
been
delivered,and
at
what
times.
Storage is generallycharged at
each bbl.,package,"c.
on
much
so
per
month
of
30 da.
TO
FIND
RULE.
"
TUB
BALANCE
Multiplythe
+f days from
number
DUE
ON
STORAGE
o/"bbl.firstset down
date
of
ACO
by the
number
set
the
of products opposite.
Find
the number
of bbl. on hand afterthe second item has been
get down, and
multiply it by the number of days from the 2d to
the '3d date,settingthe result in the column of products opposite.
Continue thus, multiplying
the number
of bbl. finallyon hand,
by the number of days from the last date to the date of settlement
Add
these products,and divide their sum
by 30: the quotient
will be the number
of bbl. stored per month, and this number
multipliedby the price of storage on each bbl. per month, will
give the balance due
RE
ft
i E
storage
w."
account
S40. How
T
on
the account.
is storage
charged?
What
settling
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
fouud
thus
of
buy
Jan.
7,
$400
; Jan.
20, $320;
mon.
SOLUTION.
will
If you
with.
Start
"
date
Any
$000;
of
invoice
do
start
is it dated?
of the 1st
0
4=
6
13=
2 1
24 ) X
fore the 1st payment, count
400X
forward for the multipliers
320
X
and
quotient; if you start
1200
X
at or afterthe last payment,
If you
backward.
count
will
there
payments,
columns
of
the
purchases before
it;
in
divide
time
mean
"
date
or
r
Jan.
days afterJan.
19,
.,,
the note.
of
of
one
each
the
date, and
column,
by
total
sum
of
take
the
the
other
of
difference
debts:
this
those
of
the
after
sums,
be
quotient
backward
from
forward
the assumed
counted
or
date,according as
the products afteror before that day preponderate.
and
it
two
the assumed
case, add
9GO
2400
41GO
25200
^32720^12
,0
JJence. 12
,,
the
then
97(50
last
be
products,
that
start
first and
the
between
purchase,Jan. 7;
Disc. Prod.
0 0 0 X
be-
or
follows:
Purchases.
Start
to
time
credit,as
mon.
when
the date
The
cash.
Jan.
amount:
at
at
Jan.
the
time.
average
dealer,at, 3
"whulcsalc
an
or
mean
be considered
to
for which
must
interest
after the
gained on the purchases made
mean
time, should be just equal to the interest lost on the purchases
fixes the mean
is
made
before
time
it; but, if the quotient which
number
interests will slightlydiffer,
of days, the two
exact
not
an
of
the
size
the
fraction
neglected; in the example
according to
above, the quotient is not exactly 12 days, but llgg days, on which
REMARK.
interest before
account, the
after
it,but
as
TO
part of
AN
AVERAGE
RULE.
Start
Jan.
day
be considered
must
answer
The
"
10, will
is not
be
little
more
than
that
the
correct.
ACCOUNT
HAVING
DEBITS
ONLY,
the earliest
REVIEW.
time
"nd
or
341.
What
date
is the
startingpoint? Would
any other
What, if you start at or before the first payment?
What,
if yon
if
after the last payment?
between
start
fie
tra*
Whnt,
you
"
do T
start at
at
Insf "Int""fi
T
What
is the
ml""
for
averaging
ao
aceonnt?
PAYMENTS.
OF
EQUATION
to the
the
Assume
"
day
other
time
day) ; determine the mean
alreadyobtained.
agrees with the one
it may
If the account
342.
ART.
be
is due
debits,
as
this
principle,
by
same
ii' It
see
well
as
u-tll
(or ai.j
again,and
credits
has
the
averaged,on
291
RULE.
Slart at
in
the earliest
item, both
Dr.
the Dr.
on
due
each
and
product in a
the item multiplied. Balance
Cr. column,
according to
the columns
of items ; the
of products, and also the columns
former divided by the latter will be the number
of days to
or
be added
to
the balance
of
items
is due.
in this
is the balance
What
DR.
in
made
"
due.
or
the
dates
using
products,68050,
time
mean
to be
Start
with
Find
the
when
suffer
discount
of
discount
of
the
balance
REVIEW."
an
93
after
days
role.
In
"
$97450
$58050
due
of
for
for
Mar.
341.
account
items
by
discount
1, the
products, both
divided
DEMONSTRATION.
must
Mar.
the
What
1
1
on
the balance
1
order
the Dr.
is the
for
the
Dr.
on
Mar.
and
side
the
1,
and
then
Cr.
side,
of
balance
342.
What
the
the
the
Dr.
items
Cr. items
suffer
"
must
Cr. side.
side,is $025,/"*
the
is
payment
2.
day,
than
Solve
2.
items,G25, determines
due
1
June
The
cash.
as
Dr.
proof?
day
June
The
day.
day, more
earliest
of
be
to
$155500
$625, due
due
are
Mar.
CR.
owes
is it due ?
B.
acc't with
ins. A
SOLUTION.
Therefore,
the discount
of
raging
ave-
example.
Demonstrate
ik"
RAY'S
for 1
$58050
the
as
day
March
1,
due
days
93
REMARK.
March
IP the
"
the
balance
balance
June
is
on
products,it will
if
343.
ART.
rule for
Discount, and
Bank
on
The
paying $100
day
is (lie snme
2.
of items
of
for 1
discounted
being
after
from
licount
$G'J.j for 93
of
after
ARITHMETIC.
discount
HIGHER
by
instead
interest,
the
quotient; or,
is founded
equationof payments
that the
assumes
five
it
interest
lost,by
exactlythe
is
same
as
days beforedue,
it
five
gained,by paying $100
days nfu-r is
due.
This is not strictly
true; for,if I pay $100, 5 days
before due, my exact
loss is not 5 days' interest on $100,
but on the present worth, which is less than $100; while,
if I pay $100, 5 days after due, my gain is exactly5 days'
interest on
$100; a little interest is thus gained by the
the
interest
but
the
the
rather
debtor,or
time
mean
being confined
rule
to
is
of payment
debts of short
EXAMPLES
What
1.
is the
FOR
time
mean
PRACTICE.
of the
followinginvoices:
to B.
DR.
Ant.
REMARK.
"
Start with
E
DR.
in acc't current
Am.
R
tountg
date, the
is small.
error
2.
postponed,
e VIE
from
"f discount
w.
"
342.
ff the balance
the balance
i" the
rmis
of
owes
of items is
products,what
foundedT
To whoso
30, 1851.
with
Oct.
Ca.
F.
$205, due
on
different
does it indicate?
Feb.
side
On
advantage is this?
26.
of the
what
WhyT
ac-
sor
8.
IT. Wr
PAYMENTS.
OF
EQUATION
Jf Giles.
Mason
fit to
iff
293
DR.
.4ns. Due
REMARK.
4.
DR.
Ans. A
the
owes
balance
Start with
date
C in acc't current
DR.
6.
$1600,
of
20, and
Feb.
CR.
B.
with
the
April 23.
due
remittance,Mar. 15,
it is received.
day
5.
in acc't current
"
is due.
"
REMARK.
13.
June
$012,
owe
C is Cr.
Oct.
due
with D.
16,
Ca.
and
12.
Dec. 20.
should
Oct. 1, 15 daj*sbefore due, when
If I pay the first,
27
Jan.
da.
due.
al'tcr
Ans.
I pay the last?
16, next,
7.
when
8.
owe
one
of
he wishes
each, and
$660,
wants
Ans.
due
July 1;
exchange them
to
one
to
one
$840,
owes
$200, Aug.
when
fall due
I
Sept.30:
owe
Oct. 3 ; ho
will the balance
due
when
one
of
of
$800,
$940,
Am.
Ans.
10.
Sept. 29.
due
of
for two notes
June
1st; when
$500, Aupr. 4:
I pay
followingnotes
the
man
Sept.16;
duo
due?
is the balance
May 1C;
29:
$2150,
owe
I pay
be
duo
Sent.
$1:200
should
Sept.!).
ye.
RAY'S
294
An
11.
HIGHER
of
account
ARITHMETIC.
$-500
Sept.10; $500
is due
paid An-.
"21
Ans.
arc
will
when
9.
Nov.
25
the
Exchange
12.
K ii A R
K.
Since
"
the notes
use
respectively,
is
the
length of
diiys,
13.
balance
five
these
of
$1300
numbers
are
as
tervals
1,2, 3, 4, 6, 6 inmultipliers: the quotient,
due
at
the interval.
buy property
for
$12000,-
-g
in
cash, and
; I
in 2
down, and
is the interval?
what
at
Ans.
the
pay
tervals:
equal in-
inon.
Ans.
sales of lard
15. Account
acc't of X
and
30 da.
oil,
per steamboat Madison, for
Y, Cincinnati.
MARK.
"
The
CO?.:iOUND
10.
344.
ART.
follows
as
sales of 1000
Account
of Messrs.
couut
INTEREST.
and
Accounts
boxes
295
star
candles,for
ao-
B, of Cincinnati.
averagedby
are
tables of
interest,
(he interest at
TiiIce out
countingfrom
and refer
tiny: find the balance of interest,
the
under
head
the.
table,
same
of
rate, for the time
other convenient
the
to
to
corresponding
required.
E H
K.
"
each
date
of
must
be taken.
item
XXIX.
345.
ART.
in
this balance:
will show
this will
day
how
of the
many
Interest
into
previousyear,
months'
differs from
it
due, much
increasingthe amount
time and
simple interest,for the same
i E
w.
"
345.
Does
compound
the
days' interest
and
interest
more
terest
Simple Into
accrues
principal
; thus producinginteres*
and
because
time
INTEREST.
COMPOUND
Compound
be the average
or.
be
verted
con-
interest
kapidlythan
rate.
differ t.om
simple interest!
ART.
able
per
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
HAY'S
29G
is ":iven for
cent,
simple interest,that
the
and
year, it bein";
the
rate
semi-annually is
rate
quarterlyis
one
not
are
$1 for
4
"
"
"
"
2
.,
"
347.
ART.
"
"
.08
% annually, is
% Bemi-annually,is .0816
% quarterly,is .08243216
like
Compound,
time
Given, the principal,
and
h"IJ\
rate.
in
rates
annual
of the
in
pound
com-
rate;
of
of
$.
"
"
has
Simple Interest,
CASE
amount
one-half
and
one-fourth
semi-annual
and
rate
as
one.
understood,
pay-
cases.
I.
and
compound
interest.
at the
principal
for 1 interval,
rate for that interval; then, Hie amount
other
of (his amount
for anand so on through the whole number
interval,
of intervals;
of
if there be, besides,a part of an interval, Jind the amount
the last amount
for this time by the rule for simple interest.
This will be the compound amount
required,and the compound
interest can
be found by deducting the principal
from it.
RULE.
NOTE.
the amount
Find
"
interest may
the
Find
for
be
the
2yr. 3
mon.
SOLUTION.
is 3 "".
The
year,
payable.
The
"
is meant
the
half-year,or quarter, as
interval
By
"
of
interval
is 6
months,
of intervals
number
and
the
being 4, find
corresponding rate
the amounts
of 4
suc-
cossive
REVIEW."
the
annually
What
a
346.
in
rate
aro
compound
not
given
time
How
and
and
is compound
interest?
of
the
findingthe
rate
What
interest
Show
that
yearly rate
comp.
is meant
payable?
amount
compound
and
is said of
quarterly and
rate
in
What
interest
by interval f
somi-
interest?
of any
sum
317
for
RAY'S
298
Amount
of $1
at
HIGHER
Compound
ARITHMETIC.
Interest in any
number
of
yean.
COMPOUND
Amount
of $1
at
Compound
INTEREST.
Interest in any
299
number
of years.
RAY'S
300
Find
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
the
compound
6 %""payableannually.
10.
Of
11.
for
I7yr.at
"2019.58
5 % annually.
AM.
for 33 yr., at
"5428,
$750,
of
amount
"
$27157.31
An*.
The
17.
The
"8025 for 18
int. of
comp.
9 da.,at
yr. 7 mon.
.AHS. "26523.27
8%, payablesemi-annually.
If the time
is
beyond the
limits of the
this
table,use
RULE.
each within
Separatethe given time into two or more period*,
the limit* of the table. Find the compound amount
pal
of lite princifor the firstof these periods,then the compound amount
of
The last amount
this amount
for the second period,and so on.
will be the compound amount
from which the compound
required,
be found as before.
interest can
18.
10
Find
the
compound
of
amount
The
comp.
and
amt.
"3600
int. of
for
"11811.71,
$4000 for 40 yr. at
The
comp.
int. of
AHS.
Bcmi-annually.
"2500
%i payablescrai-annually.
21.
22.
The
Find
da.,at
interest
E
12
i E
or
w."
amt.
int. of
Ans.
"1200
II.
amount,
to
348. What,
"
Given,
the
mon.
da.,at
"23691.95
%, payablequarterly.
CASE
"8211.71
%, payable
"24838.27
for 32 yr. 8
of
the comp.
349.
ART.
comp.
15yr.,atS%,
Int.
payablequarterly.Ans. Amt.
20.
for 1 00 yr., at
"13780612.34
Ans.
%""payableannually.
10.
$1 000
time, and
principal,
time is
beyond
COMPOUND
RULE.
301
the interest be
If
"
INTEREST.
the amount;
then divide
NOTE.
the
If
"
time
contains
amounts,
them
with
AT
WHAT
the
the head
cent, at
per
of
part of
in
numbers
the column
interval, find
an
the
table,before
the
paring
com-
quotient.
BY
RATE,
COMPOUND
INTEREST,
1.
"\Vill$1000amountto$1593.85in8yr.?
Ans.G%.
2.
3.
Ans.
mon.
4.
It
SPOOESTION.
Bemi-anuual
The
rate
found
rate, and
must
be doubled
"
$7052.18
5.
int. in
(not quite6 % ;
ART.
to
get
the rate
mon.
9%.
is the
example
per
annum.
10
Ans.
double
sum
itself by
%.
compound
"
find the
principal.
Assume
"
interest
on
it.
by
PROOF.
With
"
the
giventime
compound interest,the
NOTE.
and
work
rate
is
; if it agrees
the
with
compound
the given
right
"
the
principalto
the interest.
What
REVIEW.
part of
20
ITT.
CASE
350.
RULE.
in 25
Ans.
yr.?
9$; 2d, between 7 and 8$: 3d,
4th,not quite5% ; 5th,little over 3i %.
time,and rate, to
1.
17 yr.
in
21 da.?
5 %
Ans.
the
by
us.
*l%.
yield$17198.67 int.,payablequarterly,
3 da.?
in 11 yr. Union.
G. At wl^t rate will any
The
will be
an
proof?
"
319.
What
interval what
Case
The
2?
necessary
rule?
360.
What
If tho
ia Case
time
3 ?
contain
The
rule
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
302
pound
6yr. 2 mon., will yield$1625.75 com? Ans. $3075.
int. at 7%, payablesemi-annually
will produce
3. What
sura, at 10 %, payablequarterly,
$3598.61 comp. int. in 3yr.6 mon. 9 da. ? Ans. $6640.
will proin 37 yr., at 5 % per annum,
4. What
principal,
duce
Ans. $1356.24
$0891.61 compound interest?
What
2.
What
5.
in
sum,
yield$31005.76 compound
will
time,and
RULE.
amount
the
compound amount,
principal.
this
on
$28012.63
int. ? AM.
Given,
"
to find the
rate,
SI
Assume
"
IV.
CASE
351.
ART.
the
in
sum,
for
the
it.
by
With
"
NOTES.
1.
"
the
To
subtract
get the interest,
the
principalfrom
the
amount.
If the
2.
compound amount
present worth by compound
its
the
and
debt
int.
the comp.
will amount
to
9 mon.,
debt
not
yr., at 4
$27062.85?
% compound interest,
$20565.54
AM.
Find
2.
and
the difference between
interest,
is the compound discount of the dell,or
present worth
its
of
present worth for the given time and rate.
principalin 7
What
1.
is
the
at
$10409.77
AM.
The
3.
discount
comp. int.
present worth and
25 da.,at 5
The
4.
$8767.78, due
on
12 yr. 8mon.
in
$4058.87
Am.
comp.
discount
of
$48941.28
6 da., at 10 %, payablequarterly.
in 10 yr. 4 mon.
P. W. $17606.60, C. D. $31334.68
Am.
due
presentworth
The
jomp.
of
$100000,due
in 50 yr., at 9^
Ans. $1344.85
int.
vi
the comp.
w.
"
351.
int. then
What
found
is Case
T
4?
The
rule?
The
proof?
Ilow
ANNUITIES.
interest
compound
KULE.
Given,
"
the
principal,
rate,
and
to
amount,
or
given,add
the interest is
If
"
V.
CASE
352.
ART.
303
the
it to
principalto
between
that smaller
the amount
divide
(hen
get the
and
one
the next
larger.
be
(or interval)thus determined can
and
annexed
to the whole number
into months and days,
alreadytaken out.
years (orintervals)
The part
PROOF.
of a
With
"
the time
at
givenprincipal
givencompound amount, the
the
1.
In what
to
of money
10 % ?
sum
7, 8,
13 da.; 11 yr. 10
14 yr. 2 mon.
2t) da.; 9 yr. 2 da. ; 7 yr. 3 mon.
AM.
mon.
21
mon.
?
payablescini-annually
Ans.
3 yr. 9
In
time
time
what
int.
10
at
will
will
$12500
amount
%,
In what
time will
by compound
interest at
XXX.
is
to
REVIEW."
The
da.; lOyr.
comp.
mon.
to
int. at
16 da.
$18000, by
3yr. 8 mon.
9 da.
to $22570.15
$9862.50 amount
12 %, payablesemi-annually?
Ans.
353.
itself,
by
?
payablequarterly
Ans.
ART.
5 da.
$1308
what
15 da.
mon.
double
draw
comp.
5.
$12000, at
$5200
3. In
4.
amount
-4ns. 6 yr. 11
of
if it agrees with
givenrate ;
work is right.
$8000
In what
compound
6%
the
interest?
compound
2.
time will
verted
con-
thus
of the
amount
year
7 yr. 1
mon.
7 da.
ANNUITIES.
of Compound
principal
application
Annuities.
352. What
is Ca"e
6?
Tberulo?
Theproof?
terest
In-
Annuity is
An
of
payment
which
estate
an
fixed
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
304
entitles its
to
owner
the
at regularintervals of time.
sum,
Hents,Dowers,Leases,
compriseLife-insurance,
Annuities
Pensions, "c.
Life-estates,
Survivorships,
It is called
Annuity,
from
Latin
the
year, because
the
it is half
year, though sometimes
is an annuitywhich
A Perpetuity
An
A
of
an
more
or
is
payments
quarter of
ends
birth
generally
year.
forever.
continues
ends
meaning
annus,
at fixed times.
with
happening
the
death
or
of
one
jr
persons.
An
354.
ART.
immediate
annuitybeginsat once.
beginsat
annuityin reversion,
deferredannuity,or
future time.
of
forborneor finalvalue of an annuity,is the sum
all
its
assumed
the compound amounts
of
payments at an
each
is
the
time
due, to the end of the annuity.
rate, from
The present value of an annuity,is the present worth of
such a sum
the final or forborne value; that is,
as
put out at
of
compound interest as proposed,will,at the expiration
the annuity,amount
to its final value.
The
The
value of
be
may
annuity
of its initial
to
one
annuity begins,not
value,at
year,
if
bofore;
between
worth
be
the
355.
to find the
RKVIF.W.
353.
"
called ?
10
What
the forborne
ual
value
years1purchase, as
many
as
at the
time
of
its
is made, but
an
payments.
of
or
I.
is
35-1. Wbnt
is
rate
its payments.
of
CASE
ART.
assumed
an
interval
be
is said
contains
present value
one
value;
interest.
compound
An
annuityat
its initial
called
present worth
An
deferred
is
are
annuities?
?
perpetuity
an
deferred
annuity
do
theycompri.se? Why
annuity certain
nuity?
contingent an-
an
355.
immediate
final value of
An
What
the interval,
What
Case
1 ?
RAY'S
;j06
Find
present value of
the
allowing0
8 yr.,
deferred
ARITHMETIC.
HIGITER
SOLUTION.
year,
int.
value
Initial
"
of $250
perpetuity
perpetuityof $250
of
by last
year,
1.
the
present value of
CASE
and
the
III.
357.
ART.
time
to
to
run,
the
interval,
of
nuity
an-
an
certain.
the present value of two perpetuities
having the
given rate, payment, and interval,one of them commencing when
the annuity ends.
The difthe annuity does, and the other when
ference
RCLE.
Find
"
these values
between
will
be
of
the
annuity.
NOTE.
This
"
deferred; in
2.
used
and
known,
By using
the rule
be used
may
1.
rule
the
Find
in
applies whether
latter,the
in
gettingthe
the
the
time
values
of
the
the
final
or
years, 6
forborne
an
immediate
REYIEW."
357.
What
356.
What
is Civso 3 ?
annuity
of
is Case
2?
Thornlo?
tuities,
perpe-
annuity 0'
"f0interest.
perpetuityof J'tfO,
of perpetuityof $250, deferred 8 yr.
the
annuity, which
(Rein.1,Case IV.)
value.
of
of the deferred
present value of
$250 continuing 8
present values
or
be
$250, ninn'nr
The
rule?
$4166.67
"
=
.
2614.22
3 JT
Solve
--
the
$15r"2.l5
example.
ANNUITIES.
The
2.
present value
7 yr.
in
1'res. 7al. of
and
30?
annuity of $080, to
10 yr., 5 % ir,t.
of
an
continue
Pres. val. of
Pros. val. of
7 yr., at 5
%,
17 yr., at 5
10 yr.
run
$9665.27
fc,
mence
com-
6933.20
"
$3732.07
running 15
5.
int. 8
yr. G mon.,
The
pres. val. of
in 3 yr. and run
A"s. $3484.41
f-/0.
mence
annuity of $826.50, to com-
an
13 yr. 9 mon.,
int. G
%, payable
Ans. $0324. GO
scnii-annually.
0. The
present value of an annuity of $60, deferred
12 yr. and to run
9 yr., int. 4i %.
Ans. $257.17
Sold
7.
8 yr. 9
lease of 8480
for
to run,
mon.
yr.,
$2500
payablequarterly,
having
8 %,
int.
jrainor lose,
do 1
payable seuii-annually?
CASE
ART.
and
IV.
358.
time
$509.90
Lose
Ans.
find the
to
to run,
final
or
value
forborne
of
an
annually.
RULE.
Hie
Consider
annuity
value,by Cute I. The compound
rate for the time the annuity ntus,
"
Find
the final
will be
theflnalor forbornevalue.
forborne value of
continuing8 yr., int. G %.
SOLCTIOS.
its compound
$4166.00-|;
.6938481
the
$2474.37,
=
REMARKS.
annuityof $250,
an
perpetuityof $2-jO,at 6 %,
$41CG/.r"2
interest,at 0 % for 8yr.,
x
final or
forborne value of the annuity.
initial value
The
"
or
final
of
value
of
annuity may be
pound
got by first getting its initial value by Case III,and findingits comfor the time the annuity runs,
amount
at (he given rate.
2. The
be obtained, by first getting
present value of an annuity can
its final or forborne
value by the rule in this case, and
finding
its present worth for the time the annuity runs, at the given rate.
REVIEW.
can
358.
the
"
1. The
357.
initial rnlue
What
final value
annuity
"
is Case
(if
nn
bo found
What
of
4?
forborne
of annuities
kind
deferred
What
annuity bo
from
or
tlio rule
annuity be found?
is the
found?
this rule?
does
an
rule of Case
Iluw
may
Of
-1?
the
apply
what
How
present
to?
uso
IIcw
is it?
el."e may
valio
of
the
an
308
ART.
RAY'S
859.
The
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
annum
in any
number
of
years.
ANNUITIES.
1.
Find
yr., int. 5
a year for
5300, running 18
2. A pays $25
would
he have
invested
better off
it
at
10%
$11004.81
annuity of $75, to
pays $5 a
what will his
of
an
9yr.,int. 6%.
run
14 yr. is not
The
"
Ans.
$801.85
used.
; if invested at
newspaper
have produced in 50 yr.?
subscription
for
year
Ans.
$4075.42
$150
annuity of
$8439.72
AHA.
%.
tobacco; how much
value
forborne
in 14 y*;.,and
SUGGESTION.
%,
immediate
an
in 40 yr., if he had
been
the
commence
of
Ans.
per annum?
3. Find
4.
value
the forborne
309
pays
ART.
360.
By
the table
in annuities
importantcases
the following
three :
are
be
can
CASE
the
Given,
value
of
RULE.
or
or
rate, time
annuity,to
an
Assume
"
final value on
finalvalue by
NOTE.
1.
to
V.
and
run,
An
SOLUTION.
The
or
final
the payment;
determine
the present
this supposition,
and divide the given present
it.
$6000:
"
present
J$l for
immediate
for
the
"
and
interesting
solved,among which
just given,some
the rule
by
annuityrunning 11
what
present
value
of
immediate
an
divided
at 0^,
$7.886875; $6000
tly.-.,
required.
IV.
be puryr., can
chased
int. G % ?
is the payment,
is
in Case
annuity of SI for
by this gives "700.76,
the payment
2.
it the
3.
much
How
year should
of 17 yr., int. 7 % ?
end
is the
What
running 16
payment of
361.
value
of
an
"
\he
one.
$15000
secure
Am.
$486.38
an
VI.
to
annuity,deferred 4 yr.,
$4800, int. 6%? Ans. $599.64
CASE
ART.
I pay,
Divide
proposed; by
lookingin
prescn
the
RAY'S
the head
NOTE.
below
If the
"
it ; the
balance
final amount
the
This
in
is not
remaining
annuity
is of
case
the
correspondingnumber
the
of
amount
use
annuity
of
$1000
the
under
Comp.
Final
be considered
may
at 6
year
required to
that
sinkingfund,
half-year,or
year,
drawing interest
year?
present value
the
$10000
but
%;
out.
-f-
$1000,
of
$10, the
time and
rate
annuity of $1 for the same
; by
to the table,the time
corresponding to this present value,
head
of 6 %, is 15 yr., a balance
being then due of $1)89.01.
present value
reference
$10000
The
"
taken
time
an
of
a
value, and
present
finding"the
debt
one
by finding the
of yeais
at
of
the nearest
table,take
be ascertained
can
compound
of the
"
C puidate a
number
between
REMARK.
ARITHMETIC.
J'uund.
be
difference
the
the given
of
can
years
HIGIIElt
of
of
amt.
val. of
an
$10000
for 15 yr., at 6
annuity $1000
Bal. due
at
=$23905.58
15yr.,at 6^,(Art.358.)
for
end
^, (Art.348.)
of 15 yr
23275.97
$689.61
a debt of $1000000,
many
years can
drawing
interest at 6 %, be dischargedby a sinkingfund of $80000
.4ns. 23 yr., and $60083.43 then unpaid.
a year?
1.
In how
2.
In
how
many
years
interest at 5 %, be
drawing
$'2000000?
can
debt
paid by
of
$30000000,
sinking fund of
28 yr., and $798709.00 unpaid.
Am.
debt of $22000, drawing
3. In how many
a
years can
7 % interest,
be dischargedby a sinking fund of $2500 a
Ans. 14 yr., and $351.53 then unpaid.
year?
CASE
ART. 362.
value of an
RCLE.
"
Divide
quotient will be
the
to
K v
i K w."
SCO.
What
is Case
rule
the balance
of
Ca.se
C ?
remaining
if
If the
for the
5 ?
and
present
yearlypayment
the
annuity of $1 similar
the table oppositethe given
of
The
an
rule ?
necessary?
number
run,
of interest.
the
by
proposed; by looking in
one
time to
VII.
Given,the payment,
annuity,to
How
8til. What
of intervals
partialinterval
bo
may
is Cnso
not
*5?
exact, how
What
find
CONTINGENT
31
number
of
the head
$9000
If
1.
to
ANNUITIES.
is
paid for
run
2.
$(J50,what
sells for
363.
5^ %.
$80, running 14 yt,
About
Ans.
Ans.
is the rate?
CONTINGENT
ART.
annuityof $750
immediate
an
ANNUITIES.
ContingentAnnuities
ance,
Insur-
compriseLife
Dowers, Pensions,"c.
A
who
person
death, the
his
has
life insured
premium,
insured
sum
he
every
is
fixed
pays
lives,and
year
to the person
paid
sura,
his
at
designated
in the
policy.
The premium is a certain rate per cent, of the sum
sured,
invarying with the age of the applicant.
Rills of Mortality
tables showing how many
of a given
are
number, say 10000, born in the same
year, die at each age.
of life is
Expectation
the
number
of years a
average
deduced
from bills of mortality.
as
person of any age lives,
A table of life-annuities shows
of any
person
age, to
secure
To
384.
ART.
a
RPI,E.
person
Find
"
age
of
(which
1. To
"
is
the
for
2. The
and
of
The
r. v
i B
w."
362.
at
sum
given age
reversion
in
of a life-annuity
of "1,
life-estate
in which
widow's
or
husband's
the
of
is Case
7?
What
policy?
dowei
real
estate)'
is held; tht
life-estate
be
whose
life-annuity,
or dower, is
life-annuity,
life-estate,
comprise?
5?
agreed rate,will
the value
How
What
of
one-third of her
an
the
annuities
tality?
value
of the property
yearlyinterest of this
value
the
life-estate
the value
Estimate
find
for life.
given annuity on
is known.
from
paid by
I.
be
to
sum
annuityof $1
an
CASE
life of
the
is the
What
The
rule?
is life insurance?
premium
espectntionof life?
found
by
the property.
estimated?
What
is
363.
The
What
a
What
do
annual
are
gent
contin-
premium!
bills of
uior
table of life-annuities?
312
RAY'S
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
TABLE
Showing the
values
of
Annuities
Carlisle
on
StnyleLives,accordingto
Table of Mortality.
iJie
HIGHER
RAY'S
814
ARITHMETIC.
.F^'d the
premium.
premium, divide the single
premium by 1 more
han the present value of an annuityof $1 for Vie given age and
To get the annual
rate.
NOTE.
premium
of the
exceed
must
payment,
one
of
viz
ordinary life-annuity
an
:
in
the
made
one
the
when
is obtained.
insurance
Find
the
to
secure
allowing5
To
2.
payments, by
same
1.
annual
The
"
$1500
secure
it to the Insurance
TO
VALUE
person
of
cessary
ne-
aged 32,
If the holder
368.
V.
CASE
ART.
of
$816.59,
Ans.
interest.
the death
at
premium
annual
Ans.
interest.
allowing6
singlepremium and
"1000 at the death
or
policy,
render
sur-
Co.,proceedthus,
POLICY
OF
LIFE
INSTTRANCE,
the
Take
"
The
2.
Value
premium
3.
now,
When
the
now,
R
E TI
differ from
when
the premium in it is $74,thii
policy,
$82, age 42 yr., int. 5 %. Ans. $112.81
the
w.
"
367. What
is Case
ordinarylife-annuities
of li"p-inpurano.o.
4 ?
?
The
rule ?
Hfl8. Give
How
does life-insuranc"
valuing a polk?
PROPORTIONAL
to 2, 3
proportional
Since
"
number
is 2
number
90
| of
3d is
90
contain
as
TO
common
factor
common
have
the
factor
2, 3
to
are
part;
is
" of
90
20, the
2d is
| of
90
20 +
30 +
40
and
90;
2, 3 and
4, omittingthe
DIVIDE
common
INTO
NUMBER
20, 30
and
40
have
PROPORTIONAL
the
the 1st
the
the
same
factor 10.
PARTS,
Take
"
and
30, and
then
same
40.
PROOF."
ratios
numbers
and
required
the
as
times
4.
and
ratios
PARTS.
the number
Divide
369.
SOLUTION.
315
PROPORTIONAL
XXXI.
ART.
PARTS.
"
to be
divided,
; the results
same.
NOTES.
them
1. If
"
least
to a
the
proportionalnumbers
denominator, and
common
reduce
fractional,
are
use
their numerators
for
proportionalnumbers.
the
2.
Any
factor
common,
numbers, before
Divide
1.
using
be
may
out
of the
30 and 40.
Suo.
"
ages, which
3. One
find each
Suo.
"
3 and
4,dropping the
factor 10.
common
60
applesamong
Ans. 6
part.
f and |,or
3 and
are
the
and 10
ft.,
ft.
proportionalnumbers.
4.
$222
SUGGESTION.
hence,27
and
REVIEW.
should
A's=
"
10
are
369.
"
tional parts?
what
40,use
36, 48.
Divide
2.
-4ns.
30 and
For
proportional
them.
number
the
canceled
Tho
be done?
the
What
fJ "f
proof?
If they are
is 27 parts:
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAYS
316
45
7.
"
and
or,
dividingby
Divide
share
10 and
"
the cost of
did each
as
to
Ans.
get?
SUGGESTION.
3 persons
among
their money:
A has $100, B $75, C $125.
Ans. A $1.50, B $1.12A,C $1.87^
B's
to
was
proportionalnumbers.
$4.50,
supper,
the
are
the
by
or
f" anc* 1""hence, 50
3-|are equal to 2g5and l^s,
4g
"
to
proportion
to
broken
tree,51ft. high,was
5.
3, and
and
is 5 parts, B's
is 4 parts, and
and
paid$3.60,and B, $2
lb. should
how
many
10. Distribute
each have ?
$180
among
of children in
to the number
for
A's
as
C;
4 to 5 : what
B $2448, C $3060.
B's to C's
$1632,
If C's share
"
children,
A,
bbl. of flour
A's is
5, or
(196 lb.):
Ans. A
5 poor families in
each, which
proportion
3, 4. 5, 2, 6
are
11.
12.
How
Ans. 1st
much
and
copper
tin,100
will make
11 of the latter,
a cannon
3 qr. 12 lb.? Ans. 17cwt. copper, 1 cwt.
to
13.
U. S. standard
silver and
gold are
weighing 18cwt.
3 qr. 12 lb. tin,
9
1 part alloy:
how much pure silver in the half-dollar,
which
how
which
8
much
in
the
weighs pwt.?
gold
eagle,
pure
10
weighs
pwt. 18gr.?
Ans. 7 pwt. 4.8gr.,
and 9 pwt. 16.2gr.
to
14.
much
is 112
Pewter
ingredientin
of each
Ans. lib. 12
15.
o
C: if the estate
Ans. A
4 dr. of
pewter?
oz.
bequeaths$875
man
oz.
6 brass: how
to
A; $2450
to
will
B; $6035
each get?
BEUABK.
$840,
owe
"
Divide
due
$840
in
proportionto
47 and
92.
PARTNERSHIP.
17.
%nd
$1200,
owes
15;
due
Nov.
what
are
3 J7
6;
the
he
pays
part Aug. 1,
payments?
Jan. 15.
$502.99, Aug. 1; $69*7.01,
owes
$1680, due July 18; he pays $480 before,
after due; when were
the payments made, if they
-4ns. June
13, and Aug. 1.
days apart?
Am.
18.
the rest
49
were
PARTNERSHIP.
ART.
370.
Parts,is
in
Partners
and
An
of Proportional
importantapplication
dividingthe gainsor losses of partners.
are
who
persons
constitute
The
money
and
is contributed
stock,
The
gain
because
REMARK.
loss in the
or
it is
"
by
the
partners.
business,is
called the
dividend,
be divided.
to
When
each
is
partner'sstock
employed
the
same
and
when
called Simple Fellowship,
time, it is sometimes
they
employed for different times,it is called Compound Fellowship.
I.
CASE
To
divide the
employed for
RULE.
the
Divide
"
gain
A,
B and C
is
time.
same
the gain
to their shares
stock
partner's
each
loss,when
or
are
of
the
loss among
the stock.
or
partners in proportion
are
T2
of
Bhouldhavethe
"
of
part
name
the
gain
as
of
_5
ho
J^
$5400
$ 5400
1*3of $ 5400
$1350
$1 80 0
A's share.
B's
"
=j^2J2j"0
C's
6 whole
~$5~4~0
"
gain,
has of the
stock;
the
hence,
gain shoulJ be divided
8, 4, 5, for 3000, 4000, 6000.
REVIKW."
itock
or
What
are
proportionto
partners 7
dividend ?
? The
capital
?
Compound fellowship
Solve the example.
?
rule?
370.
in
Why
What
What
so
is the firm?
called ?
is Case
their stocks,using
is the
lowship
simple fel?
The
partnership
What
of
What
is
and
1.
$1500.
are
Take
A, B and C
2.
$1600.
and
their
$1200,
$900.
divide.
then
are
$1000
C is allowed
business;their
to the
Ans.
gain?
the expenses,
out
$3600;
$2500
1 year
If A's stock was
gain in
each
does
much
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
318
store
gain,$7000.
Find
A's
and
B's
gain,and
"
income.
and
$671.07, B $447.38
partnership;A puts in $24000,
A, B and
5.
$28000,
but
C form
f more
gain of
$8000,
are
Ans.
than
at
is the
what
of their stock
cost:
by
fire,
if all expenses
each?
$7619.'04if
6. A, B and C are
partners: A's stock is $5760, B's,
$7200; their gain is $3920, of which C has $1120: what
$5714.28$,B $6666.663,
Ans. A
B's
is C's
A's
gain?
gain,$1244.44?;
B's
gain,
B's,
7.
C:
than
what
is the
more
gain of each?
$4446.
8. A and B buy a house and lease;A contributes $3480;
$108.30, and
arc
B, $2900: the ground-rent,
taxes, "tc.,
he
property
for
rents
$915.80:
Ans.
9.
much
Ans.
10.
acre:
each
what
$3744;
docs
each
get?
have capitals
A, B and C, in partnership,
respectively
$19200, $24000,
how
$2340;
Ans.
of this does
A$25396.82|j;
Four
A
and
men
puts
pay?
in
each
B
for
get?
57 A. 2 K. 16 P. of land
72 sheep: B, 80; C, 96; D, 112:
Ans.
rent
$100000;
at
$3.75
what
an
should
PARTNERSHIP
WITH
TIME.
310
11.
PARTNERSHIP
II.
CASE
"
TIME.
WITH
distributing
gain or loss among
each
partner's
partners, (Art. 370,) appliesonly when
fication
moditime; it needs some
capitalis employed for the same
The
371
ART.
if such
B, $4000
case.
are
6mon.; C, $3200
for
gain is $4750:
SOLUTION.
the
be not
A, B and
rule for
divide the
A's
lOrnon.;
for
their
net
gain.
capital($2500),used
months, is equivalent to
1 month
8 X $2500, or $20000, used
; E's capital ($4000),used 6
months, is equivalent to 6 X $4000, or $24000, used 1 month ; C's
used 10 months, is equivalent to 10 X $3200, or
capital ($3200),
$32000 used 1 month.
Dividing the gain ($4750)in proportion to
the stock equivalents,$20000, $24000, $32000, used for the same
time (1 mouth), the results will be the gain of each.
"
Ana.
The
A's
are
stock-equivalents
stock by
partner's
THE
WHEN
RULE.
STOCKS
USED
ARE
divide the
The
"
of the
sum
ratio of each
to
NOTE.
1.
"
takes
he
$3300:
R
E v
rule?
r K
The
DIFFERENT
TIMES,
the whole
loss
FOR
hence,
"
PROOF.
by multiplyingeach
obtained
Express
the
times
beginsbusiness
in
what
w."
B,
with
in the
proof?
What
In
$10000:
is Case
multiplyingby
What
at
the end
of 6
tiplying.
mul-
mon.
after,their gain is
mon.
Ana. A's
2 7
same.
denomination,before
same
$6000:
with
is each share ?
371.
be tho
equal
partner'sgain or
are
$1800;
stock
B's
$1500.
?
erinimleuts
ia necessary?
Thi
HIGHER
RAY'S
820
A and
2.
ARITHMETIC.
arc
and
3. A
and
B, 100; after 6
and
allow
much
and
months, A
days of
each
the
of the
pumps
37 and
each
40
givesway
are
if their week's
and
less
C, who makes
emptied,which
B go
4
is
A,
$1988:
9.
30
was
strokes
$5600:
by two
first,
making
after 5
22 min.
in
until the
minute
the
from
$2.
start:
and
and
$38.75,
$15.50
are
work
to
Ans.
which
joincapitals,
$800,
A
are
mon.,
same
minutes,
minute; after 10 minutes, A
after 3 mon., A
their year'sgain,$1675.
8.
after
cistern
a
minute;
respectively
5 strokes
hr. respectively,
wages
employed to empty
to
cistern is
how
$23.25, B
Ans.
bore:
same
strokes
makes
year:
year'sgain is $800:
A $200, B $600.
have?
each
B and
A,
6.
stock,
advances; the
week, and
should
what
Ans.
get?
on
their
more;
Avorks 9 hours
5.
$400, which
withdraws
should
of the
$1000
partners,each contributing
are
after 3 months
is done
what
mon.
sheep,
Ans.
A puts in 80
sell half their
:
they each
to feed 50 sheep the rest
each pay?
should
4.
are
partners: A's
$875.
as
-$,3, } : after
more, their gain
$728, C $546.
B
after 4
title
months, how much must A put in, to enhim to ^ the year'sgain?
.i"s. $2100.
1 0. A's capital
is $9750, B's $10500, C's $12250 : after
3 months, A takes out $1500, B $1250, C $1750: after 4
months
to
more,
of the
11.
what
must
and
year'sgain?
A, B
and
are
Ans.
in
$5550, B $3300.
with
partnership,
capitalsof
mon.;
$800
more
in
mon.;
and
in
mon.
returj"a
RAPS
322
DIVIDE
TO
RULE.
ARITHMETIC.
PROPERTY
THE
the whole
Divide
"
HIGHER
OP
BANKRUPT,
the creditors in pro
property among
their claims.
portionto
1. All
"
deducted,before dividing.
paid on a dollar can be found by takingsuch
be
must
property),
2. The
$1
amount
the whole
as
amount
proportion may
paid on the
the amount
has
1. A
$1500
cash
and
Sot.
which
is
are
" of
My
assets
by
is
$2520;
are
$2500, and
he pay on $1,
can
$4500?
notes
of property
$12000, the amount
60 ct.,
the whole debts.
the
Hence, f of $1
$-1500 X .60
$2700, the sum
paid to A.
C, $600; D, $1080:
what
owe
does each
$1200; B, $720;
get,and what is paid
dollar?
each
on
claim
whose
receive,
A "ggg,or
ditor's
cre-
$8000, good
$20000 : what
"
amount
2.
; his debts
will A
what
by
part of
dollar.
lot worth
found
then
be
property ; each
AVERAGE.
GENERAL
the
among
General
373.
ART.
of
owners
incurred
during a voyage,
such as sacrificing
a part of the
making necessary repairs.
the
cargo
to
apportioning
loss
any
or
pense
ex-
generalbenefit,
save
the rest,
or
and
by the ship,the freight,
cargo, in proportionto their values ; the loss borne by
in proporthe several shippers
tion
cargo is divided among
to the value of their goods.
Such
the
for their
of
loss
REVI
w.
"
or
372.
property ?
What
creditors?
What
paid on
is borne
expense
is
What
is the
must
dollar be found
rule
How
can
each
How
can
the amount
GENERAL
AVERAGE.
323
In
as
interests,
estimating these contributory
they are called,it is
customary to value the goods on board at the price they would bring
at the port to which
they are bound ; while the freightis the amount
of money
received for freightand pottage, less \ for seamen's
wages,
less
New
one
York,
(in
half).
If the loss is for repairs,throw off ^ from the cost of the new
that much
better than
masts, rigging,"c., as they are considered
the old.
RULE.
divide
ifierascertainingthe contributoryinterests,
"
loss among
The
them,
goods
cargo, and
in
thrown
their
bear
the
are
(jettison)
reckoned
part of the
loss.
proportionof
1. The
board
ship Dolphin,overtaken by a storm, throws overgoods worth $4000, and puts into Fayal for repairs.
The necessary expenses
of detention were
$250; repairs
$1200. Divide the loss,estimatingthe vessel at $36000,
the
SOLUTION.
INTERESTS.
CONTRIBUTORY
Vessel
$36000
Freight(less^),
Cargo,
Total,
62400
jVitno
Part
The
owners
The
owners
of the cargo
pay
Total
Owners
ceive
A
pays
B pays
C pays
Total
$90900
....
....
/oVoo
$4000
lost,
of
Expense
detention, 250
800
Repairs (less\),
2500
Then
DAMAGES.
Goods
tnat
eacn
loss,
$5050
interest loses.
freightpay $38500 X
$52400 X y 5
"
"
"
$2138|
=2911$
yg
"
$5050
loss,
$2138|and
,
PAID.
"CBIVED.
re-
1088"
$1050, or
pay
and receives
$41G|
and
$888"
receives
$583 3 and
receives
$2600, or receives
$900, or receives
$500, or pays
D pays
E pays
$2183^,
11$,
83 i
666|
_.
._
2194~!
2194^,
REVIEW
Which
are
"
the
373.
What
is
generalaverage
contributoryinterests?
How
How
are
the
is loss at
goods
355$
sea
borne
IB the
of
After
the loss dU
AVhat deduction
from the cost
is made
freightvalued?
the contributory
interests have
been estimated, how is
rirted ?
Why should the goods lost bear their proportionof the
How
valued?
repairs?
loss ?
The
-.
ni' N."\v
Jams,
brigA
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
324
York, bound
to
New
Orleans,
of cargo, "5600.
The
suffered damage, $480,
valued
vessel was
at
$18800; the freight,$3200; the
Divide the loss; and settle A's account,
cargo, $29600.
loss
and
relieved
Washington,crippledby
schooner
The
3.
the
by
the
of
rate
C, $19652
of loss ; A
$1355
; D, $506 76
$900, making a balance
.31
does each
D, $7348.
What
is
pay ?
$744.83 ; B, $1117.24 ; C,
; ship pays $1675 86, and receive?
to be paid of $775.86
pays
SCHOOLS.
FOR
BILLS
RATE
was
repairscost $1350,
vessel is worth $22000; the freight,
owned
was
by A, B, C, and D : A,
loss,and what
Js rate
Ans.
storm,
The
ship Leopard.
salvage$4500. The
$3450. The cargo
$10800 ; B, $16200
of proportional
application
parts is
in districts where
in making out rate-bills for publicschools,
they are not supportedby generaltax.
RULE.
From
"
if any,
money,
Another
374.
ART.
and
the school
of
deduct
the
public
among
convenient
to find first the rate per
generallymore
day. by dividing the expense to be distributed by the whole number
plying
out each pupil'sbill,by multiof days of attendance,and then make
of days of attendance
his number
by this rate.
NOTE.
1.
It is
"
school
and
repairs,
pays
$12.30
number
the whole
of
$500
for
for teacher's
and
fuel,
days of
draws
attendance
$26.50 for
salary,
$50 publicmoney:
is 3640.
Find
the
pupil 175
lays; of B, who sends 2 pupils,220 days each : of C, who
Bends one
pupil 108 days,one 76 days,and one 192 days.
Ans. Rate 13| ct.;A pays $23. 50; B $59. 09; C$50.49
ate
What
per
day, and
i EW.
"
374.
is convenient
the
What
in
bill of
A, who
applying the
sends
making
rule ?
out
one
ALLIGATION.
is $180
salary
2. The
money, $30;
what is the rate per
number
4160 : what
attendance,
who sends 1 pupil 116
4.
salaryis $35
The
number
who
bill,
; the whole
number
of
days of
7s ct.; D's
Rate
bill $16.05
per month
$10.20;
publicmoney,
bill,
for
the whole
days of
of
day? and
XXXII.
375.
ART.
public
attendance,2562:
Ans.
1 quarter,$6.80; the
days of
; the
$312
are
of
and A's
day?
Ans.
expenses
$18.75
; other expenses,
the whole
3. The
325
ALLIGATION.
is
Alligation
method
of
findingthe value
quantityand price
in
result of several
or
getting the mean
average
in
but
vations
same
kind,
differing degree,such as obserof irregularfigures,
"c.
by instruments,measurements
quantitiesof the
The
mean
priceor
or
is
by Alligation
average.
CASE
I.
To
RULE.
Find
"
the value
of each ingredientat
of the mixture;
quantities
of the ingredients.
NOTE.
"
Express
each
divide the
ingredientin
called the
the
lb. and
lb.,what
same
2 lb.
mixture, when
known.
these
itsprice;add
by the sum
sum
of
denomination.
at
4| ct.
lb. be
SOLUTION."
priceof 6
Find
REVIEW.
What
be
the average
"
is Case
expressed?
375.
1?
What
The
Solve
rule?
the
is
Alligation?
How
example.
must
the
What
is the
result
quantityof each
called?
ingredient
RAY'S
826
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
The
priceof
average
18?
Ans.
4.
Find
fine.
carats
specific
gravityof a compound of 15 Ib. of copper,
8
7| ; Ib. of zinc,specific
G| j and \ Ib.
specific
gravity,
gravity,
M" silver,
Ans. 7.445
specific
gravity,10^.
the
"
EXPLANATION.
eight of an
The
"
SpecificGravity
equal bulk
of
body
is ita
divided
weight
own
by th*
of water.
80 Jo
of 9 gal.,
per cent, of alcohol in a mixture
95 % strong; and 11 gal.,
gaL, 92 % strong; 10 gal.,
93 %.
Am.
strong?
What
strong; 12
5.
98
376a.
ART.
To
n.
several ingredients,
whose
prices
mixture of a givenprice.
be used, to make
a
find what
known,
are
CASE
of
proportions
must
relative quantities
of sugar at 9 ct.
1. What
Ib. must
be used for a compound at 6 ct. a Ib. ?
ANALYSIS.
If you
"
for
put
lose
ct.,you
1 Ib.
put
OPERATION.
5.
to be sold
ct. ; if you
then
be
To the
other side
would
of
when
each
15 ct.
1 Ib. at 9 ct.
9 ct.
by
which
smallest
is
2j4
this
row
in
top,and
draw
set this
Ib.
1 Ib. at 9 ct
with
vertical
ct.
in
row
the largest
at the
on
the
the place
o})posite
the right-hand
column ofprices.
and
left,
the
vertical line,and
mixture
two
in the
numbers
one
has
it
riglit-liand
price;
mean
G ct.
mixed
are
24
worth
^.
at the
price of the
ifit stood
Then connect
one
leftof
it set the
occupy,
column,
in
pricesof the ingredients
regularorder,havingthe
bottom.
if 3 Ib. at 5 ct.
equal
the
Place
"
3 Ib. at 5 ct.
RULE.
Ib. at
loss would
5 ct.
Ib. and
difference
oppositethe
the
and
number
price
mean
with which
it is connected.
Afterall
at each
the
have
differences
price will
be the number
unless
numbers, in which
case,
their sum
will
at that price.
be the proportionalquantity
NOTE.
One
"
if BO, several
taken
numbers
for its
PROOF.
"
number
be connected
may
will
stand
with
oppositeit,and
two
or
their
more
sum
others;
must
be
proportional.
With
the
ALLIGATION.
Case
by
I the
is
pricegiven,the work
mean
2.
45
relative
What
REM.
of
quantities
It is evident
"
the connections
mixture
worth
28
results may
6, 17,3, 3, 1
differently;
tea worth
be obtained
that other
as
with the
right.
be taken for
Ans.
; if it agrees
the mixture
priceof
mean
327
lb.,
or
by making
17,6, 1,1, 3 lb.
proportionalquantitiesdetermined
by
the
the rule,contain
them
all
least
common
fractions,
multiply
by
which
of
the
them
into whole numconverts
bers
denominators,
multiple
relative values.
having the same
SUGGESTION.
When
"
the
4. What
96
be taken
strong, must
What
Suo.
Any
"
factor may
common
be omitted
CASE
from
the
proportionals.
III.
ART.
tityand priceof
the
dient
RULE.
Find
"
the last
to
the relative
rule;
divide
of
quantities
the
the
ingredients
according
the
into
mixture
given quantity of
the
cost
with
ingredients
required.
"
the
these
of the ingredients
the
quantities
; also add
at the givenprices
of the ingredients
must
: these sums
agree
the quantityand cost of the mixture.
PROOF.
Add
quantities
of
The
"
376a. What
proof?
of th" others ?
When
What
is Case
2?
will it be
is Case
3 ?
Solve
necessary
the
to
example.
connect
one
50
What
ct.
is the
pricewith
RAY'S
328
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
SOLUTION.
18bu.
1. How
much
gravity7f with
copper, specific
lib. Tr., of spe. grav. 8|?
,
gravity1(H,
silver,specific
will make
7|fI
Ans.
ox.
copper,
4||" oz.
silver.
2. How
much
gold 15 carats fine,20 carats fine,and pure, will
make a ring 18 carats fine,weighing 4 pwt. 16
gr. ?
Ans. 2 pwt. 16 gr. ; 1 pwt. ; 1 pwt.
3. Hiero, king of Syracuse,gave his goldsmith14 Ib. of gold
and 3w Ib. of silver to make
a
crown
:
suspectingthat the gold
had not been all used, he requestedArchimedes
to find how much
had
been
abstracted, the specific
gravityof gold being 19 1 ; of
silver 1(U; and of the crown,
14f.
Ans. It contained 10!j|lb.
of gold and 6f" Ib. of silver;3^1b
of gold had been replacedby silver.
CASE
377.
ART.
and
ingredients,
the
mixture,
quantityof
quantityof one
and of
ingredients,
each
ingredientwill
the
pricesof
the
the mixture.
Find
"
the
the
of the other
RULE.
IV.
by Casel;
ingredients,
be such
belongingto
quantity,as its proportionalis of the proportional
the givenquantity.
PROOF.
NOTE.
By
Case I.
After
the
"
"
found, their
How
will
sum
bushels
many
65
ct.
50, 60
hops,worth respectively
of
at 40
ct. per
bu.,will
make
and
mixture
been
75
ct.
worth
bu. ?
SOLUTION.
first three
first sorts
"ort is
fg
sorts
must
to 10
be
II the
Case
By
"
of
j$ of
of 100 bu.
450 bu.
shares
2. I
I
must
bought 2000
buy
at
$4.75
cwt
a
of
cwt,
pork
so
as
at
85.80
to average
cwt
how
cwt.
Ans. 2200
REVIEW."
The
rule?
3766.What
The
proof?
is the rule?
The
proof?
?,77. What
much
?
cwt.
is Case
4!
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
From
"
PROOF.
Case
By
"
the
I.
What
quantitiesof sugar at 3 ct. per Ib. and 7 ct. per Ib. ; with
2 Ib. at Sec., and 51b. at 4 ct. per Ib.,will make
16 Ib. worth
Get. per Ib.?
S
L.
2 Ib. at
The
"
36
7 Ib. worth
8 ct. and
ct.,which,
5 Ib. at 4
the
deducted
the
from
ct.,make
16 Ib. worth
mixture
96
of
ct.,leaves
ct. as the
Taking 9 Ib. and 6 jj
worth
3 ct.
whose
quantity and price of the mixture
ingredientsare
and 7 ct. a Ib., find,by Case III, the quantitiesof the ingredients,
9 Ib. worth
$ Ib.
at 3
60 ct.,or
8} Ib.
ct.,and
REMARK.
There
"
Of ct.
9 Ib. at
at
Ib.
Ans.
7 ct.
be
must
at least two
ingredients,whose
ties
quanti-
required.
are
of
quantities
at 30
ct., and
at 40
ct.
20
Ib. ?
INVOLUTION.
XXXIII.
380.
ART.
INVOLUTION
is the process
of
findinga
power.
are
times.
root
of
of different degrees,
2d, 3d, 4th, "c., accordingto
of times the root is used in their formation.
2d
square
the number
The
3d
REVIEW.
many
power
of
number
is obtained
of linear
power
"
of
379.
ingredientsmust
is called
by forming
2d power;
units in
one
number,
is called
What
is Case
side
6?
its square,
by
viz.. the
the
area
product of
itself.
its
Tho
because
cube,because
rule?
quantitiesare
Tho
the
solidity
proof?
required?
How
INVOLUTION.
of
is obtained
cube
number
of linear
TO
the last
NOTES.
because
exponent,
once
2. When
of
number
the
of the
itself twice.
OP
NUMBER.
will
multiplications
is used
root
the power
of the
by
viz.,the product
"
multiplicandand
as
POWER
3d power;
1. The
"
side
one
ANY
RULE.
been used
it has
:
in
units
FIND
381.
ART.
until
by forming
33 1
once
instead
of
one
less than
the
multiplier.
as
obtained
to be
twice in
be
is of
high degree,multiplyby
the root
continually;thus,to get
of 2, multiply its 6th power
power
(64)by its 3d power (8);
its
5th
4th
its
or,
(16): the rule being, that tht
power
(32)by
power
product of any two powers of a number is that power whose degree is
of their degrees.
equal to the sum
of a number
3. Any power
of 1 is 1; any power
greater than 1 is
of a number
less than
itself: any power
1,
greater than the number
some
the
powers
by
9th
is less than
itself.
the number
From
Note 2, last Art, 43 X 43 X 43 X 43 X
43
41 6, but the expression
the left is the 5th power of 43:
on
5
quired
rehence, (43)"= 41 ; that is,when the exponent of the power
is a composite
number
(15),raise the root to a power whose
exponent is one of its factors(3),and this result to a power whose
382.
ART.
=
exponent
ART.
of
the
To
is the other
factor(5).
383.
power
Any
divided
numerator
raise
form, and
ART.
mixed
then
384.
number
proceed as
of
by
to
that power
power,
directed.
just
any
reduce
it to
fractional
contain twice,it*
of a decimal must
decimal placesas the root, "c.: hence,
cube, three times as many
to obtain any
of a decimal, proceedas if if were a wholf
power
and
number,
point offin the result a number of decimal placet
by the exponent (J
equal to the number in the root multiplied
The
square
the poicer.
EXAMPLES
1.
(5)'
2.
143
3.
66
4.
192*
5. I10
.
e.
7.
m4
FOR
PRACTICE.
HIGHER
RATS
332
EVOLUTION.
XXXIV.
385.
ART.
A
of
is some
root
number
Evolution
number
power.
Evolution is the reverse
the Extraction ofroota.
386.
ART.
of Involution,and
degree of
the
as
the degree
be raised,to
produce
343
to
Since
and
3d
roots
3d
is
7, since
7 must
produce
be
1024
is
raised
4, since
the square
the square
and
root
of
the
3/18 signifies
root
of
root
whose
to be
Thus,
the number
the degree of
the branches uf
;
without
388.
the
5th
root
index
2;
of
root
04
is obtained
by
because, as
will
itself,
number
8, because
pxactly obtained,the
number
on.
greater than
number
so
less than
1 is
ROOT.
SQUARE
producethe
7X7
number
trial
to
it lies between
64.
number
givennumber;
thus,
49.
found
If the
root
by
can
trial and
not
be
is called
within
figuresis
of two
8 X
is another
number
of 49, because
root
of
root of
square root of
which, multiplied
by
square
root
any
64i,and
itself.
The
7 is the square
1;
itself: any
number
THE
square,
indicated
usually
of 1 is
r-Any root
thus
the radical
use
the
18; ^/9 signifies
root of
7$,and
greater than
proof:
the
expressed.
the
The
cube,so
be expressed by a fractional
number
may
nent
expois 1, and denominator
is the index of the
ART.
be
numerator
Jl
NOTE."
4 must
^/10.
as
same
cube
is
root
square
thus,^/10 is the
The
and
number,
The
3d
cube root.
The
of 9.
the
fractional
exponent.
sii/n("J),
of
Thus,
to
1024.
called
are
powers
called
are
387.
ART.
root
same
given number.
2d
called
degrees,3d,
into
always the
given
is sometimes
divided
are
is
root
to which
of the power,
the
ARITHMETIC.
an
ROOT.
SQUARE
roots
are
than
:iud
9, either
its square
of
number
in its square
figures
its square root must
square
is its square
greater than
to within
root
8 and
unity,but
lesa
neither
exactly.
389.
than
more
figureshas
two
for,beingequal to
root ;
be equal to or
of such, first prove this
root
be
must
root
square
which
of
root
ART.
9, its
3JJ3
two
PROPOSITION.
If a
of
number
is
composed of
tens and
Take
"
of tens
posed
and
square
into
its
work
17
any
and
number
40
com-
units,as
and
47,
shows
that
consists
The
units.
the square
of
7
7
40+
it,first separatingit
tens
product of the
1600
280
280
j 000
.560 +
+ 49
49
sist
con-
tens
47
47
329
188
2209
of
1600, (thesquare
the
2 X
tens 40),of 560, (twicethe product of the tens by the units,
of
10 X 7),aud of 49, (thesquare of the units): the same
is true of any
other number
containing tens and units.
Extract
the
ANALYSIS.
of tens
of
up
than
more
and
the
Since
the
tens
7396
number
the square
of
duct
"
of 7396.
Root
Square
of these tens,with
and units,and the
be
has-
composed
will be made
twice the prosquare
7396(86
64
166^996
996
of the
The
square
of
tens
is
Subtract
"
her
7396, which
tens
by
the
units,and
be twice the
the square
productof the
of the
units
the remainder
996, must
RAY'S
To
of
(lie tens
by
ARITHMETIC.
it not
this
prove
HIGHER
the
product
units,but
these
consists of both
twice the
only
plete
right of the trial divisor (16),and multiply the comthe
units'
divisor
figure(6),thereby making twice the
(160)by
productof the tens by the units (1GO X 0), and the square of the units
GX6); since this produces 996 exactly,86 must be the exact square
and
oot of 7936 : the same
explanationapply in obtaining
process
ihe square root of any number, however
large. Hence,
the
figure(0) on
390.
ART.
RULE.
TO
EXTRACT
ROOT
SQUARE
THE
OP
NUMBER,
1.
"
brought down.
been
1. If any
"
before.
as
3. When
not
that
follow
remainder
remainder
is
found, and
remainder,
is
the last
largeenough
greater than
to contain
1 more,
if the root
were
the
be
the proper
increased
EXAMPLES
by
FOR
1.
PRACTICE.
AN8.
1.
V2809
2.
V1444~
7TT88T
...
=53.
AXS.
4.
^57600"
=38.
5.
Jl
=109.
6.
^49098049
6499844
240.
=4062.
=7007.
ROOT.
SQUARE
391.
ART.
of
oot
its
NOTES.
The
square
1. Reduce
"
that will
2. The
the
Extract
o
the
2.
root
by
terms
of
its lowest
to
if the denominator
the
mixed
the J?
i(s denominator.
before
terms
be not
square,
denominator, or
number
and
fraction,
common
com
make
smaller
some
Root
of
be found
verting
by first conthis
rule.
proceeding by
may
then
fgf.
gg" to f ; multiplyingboth
is f nearly.
terms
by 2,gives {",the
of which
v6f.
4.
2} nearly.
**"
*"
6.
V90|
392.
.=
"s/272T33
nearly.
ART.
of
Square
Reduce
L."
"square root
1.
fraction
fractionis
common
the purpose.
answer
root
square
it into
of
root
335
TiI8
=
"
"
=
.
=
.
164.
I nearly.
94
nearly.
Since
as
dtcimal
NOTES.
"
places,as
1. The
number
are
in the
given number.
mencing
placesmust be even before comwill be impossibleto point off in
contains
places as the number
of decimal
operation;otherwise it
decimal
the root exactly
half as many
decimals ; also to common
2. The last, rule applies also to mixed
fractions or mixed
numbers, after changing them to decimals.
or
be annexed
whole number
to any
3. Since decimal ciphersmay
decimal,if the s-juare root is not exact, the process may be continued
decimal
two
ciphersat every step, and pointing
by bringing down
decimal place in the root for every pair of ciphers annexed;
off one
the result is to
the process is carried,the nearer
and the further
is always one of the
The limit of the emr
the exact
root.
square
the
lowest order
!"
the root.
RAY'S
1. Extract
HIGHER
the square
2.
Of
3.
Of 2.135
4.
Of 3 to six decimal
in decimal
to
ARITHMETIC.
of .07625.
root
hundredths.
Ans.
thousandths.
Ans.
places.
Ans.
OPERATION.
346410
1.461
+
"
METHOD.
nearly.
27975
RULE
Extract
.93 +
1.732051
CONTRACTED
3|1.732051
.276 +
Ans.
CONTRACTED
FOR
the square
root
as
METHOD.
usual, until
one
than
more
half oj
APPLICATIONS
393
ART.
RULE.
square
"
root
Reduce
of
square in linear
th*
area,
the number
units
of
if
square
necessary,
thus obtained
tlie name
ROOT.
SQUARE
OF
name
figureof
to
Riven
nquare
area.
units;
the
of the
RAY'S
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
OL.
S'ncfc 3*
"
ratio of the
contains
lar-jer
the
sad
their mvas,
'5''s the
or
another:
largeas
as
sidrs, Vg9,is
^j"
the smaller
how
1. Ont" square is r2j times another:
of
-side
2d?
1st
the
of
the
contain
the
side
398.
Am.
The
cube
trial and
by
does
247
unit}/-,
thus, as
between
thuirs,6
Ji99.
ART.
root
as
to
3\.
12
how
5^ 5.
Aim.
of
root
number
is another
will
hnve
containing
number,
figuresor less,ia
83 = 512.
three
imperfectcube;
have
not
and
and
If
two
cube
exact
an
is obtained
its cube-root,
lies between
216
343, iw
and
by trial,to
cube
root
within
must
lie
7.
number
has
its cube
thr?e figures,
its
in
order to extract
units;
than
more
figures,tens and
root, firstprove
cube
loos the
KOOT.
number
of any
root
If the number
an
cube
which,
found
The
1 1 .1 times.
Jus.
two
CUBE
many
the ratio o(
times
many
similar rectanglesare
jany times does the largercontain the smaller?
diagonalsof
The
"2
how
this
PROPOSITION.
number
Tlie cube of any
containing tens and
units, will consist of the cube of the tens, three times the square
of the /en* multipliedby the units, three times the tens multiplied
by the square of the units, and the cube of the units.
"
DEJI.
-Multiply the
(47)2 1GOO + 560 + 49
(Art.389)
square
-I 7
4-'
40
t
~1
47
40
The
by
+7.
11200
3U20
343
+
+
result is the cube of 47,
64000
+ 22400
+ 19 0 0
which consists of 64000,
(therube oj the ten* 40), G4000
+ 33000
+ 5880
+ 343
of 33000, (3 times
the
by the units 3 X 1^OO X 7), of 5^80, (3
square of the tens multiplied
tinifs the tens multiplied
the
by
of the v"i'a 3 X 40 Y 4^\ and
square
=
of 47
-"
Find
the Cube
Root
the
same
may
be "J"nru
of aay
nun"'
of 238328.
23"-3"""(IJ2
ha,
5 A
L.
Si n
"
hun
more,
its cube
root
210*
238328
ce
figures,
must
con-
80x300=10800
_
Bist of
and
lain
tens
238328
the
nnd
must
parts
units;
conmen-
-i X
4_
"
1 1 164
2232P
ROOT.
CUBE
tionod
the
in
proposition,the
last
mi*
right hand
three
The
cube
and
figures,
339
first of
of tens
which
is th-" cuf*
being thousand*,
the
regard only
238,
of
the
pointoff tho
which
tliou
are
Since
sands.
210
lies between
and
tens'
the
do
this
400.
ART.
same
process
analysisapply
and
to
any
hence,
number;
TO
The
EXTRACT
THE
1.
Ilrt.E.
"
at
CUBE
Separatethe
ROOT
number
OF
into
WHOLE
periodsof
period
may
NUMBER,
3
commenting
figures,
contain
1, 2,
or
Jit/tires.
2. Find the cube root of the nearest perfectcube below the
hand period; thin will be the \stfignreof the root.
lefl
5. Under
the 2dfi"/ure
of the rooi
the
it,
multipliedby
Jif/nre
before annexing one cipher,and nine
second
t/ie t"piare of the
figureof the root,and add these it t/.4
ti ial dicisor for a complete divisor.
6.
subtract
root
alreadyfound
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
310
if
NOTKS.
2.
1. If any
"
the last
product
figureof the
is
root
trial divisor
If any
is
is greater than
of
ciphersat the righ1.
period,and proceed as before.
another
3.
If any
remainder
is
largerthan
quotientfigureis
follow
large enough to
found,
with
proper
divisor
times
that
to
into the
go
part of
the
the
contain
the dividend
in its
contained
not
obtained,but if
above
it,
large.
loo
(ti
is
no
dividend, put
trial
cipher
divisor,bring down
n
previousdivisor,it does
not
too
remainder, if
1 more;
the
root
is increased
by
1.
ANS.
1.
V5T2"
2.
V 10083"
3.
V 7301384
5.
FIND
ART.
make
l'"th terms
Ph/'n'.l
194.
OF
ROOT
Iteduce
"
187"
"
2137"
8.
*/7825
9.
V (10004409373)]13
10.
1022.
=00370+
V(30S4097945G)i=56
COMMON
FRACTION,
the
fractionto Us
perfectcube, if it be not
by the square
that will
a
VOS705-
CUBE
RIM.E.
for
7.
the denominator
numerator
=27.
=450.
THE
401.
number
^6506321
"
1067462048.
TO
0.
V048188I6
4.
=8.
of the denominator
or
lowest
terms;
by
so,
some
nuit/i-
smaller
for a denominator.
AMS.
1.
"
2.
'
il
1+
3.
ART.
an}'
n"al
nuu.
402.
The cube of ft decimal has just Iliree limes as
deetuuU placesas the root; hence, the cube root of a decicontain
must
be
just one-third
as
many
decimal
placesas
the
itself;hence,
TO
Rri.E.
"
they be
FIND
Make
not
so,
THE
CUBE
ROOT
OF
DECIMAL,
the number
numbers, and
i-lacex
as
are
as
many
decimal
ROOT.
CUBE
341
ART.
Eftrart
"
1.
403.
number
The
RULE
ftj'ii'Kn
requiredin
Iht lust divisor and
FOR
as
(he n"ol
of
decimal
CONTRACTED
usual, until
one
METHOD.
more
than
haJfof
the
trith
t/ien,
proceedas in contracted
diciaion to determine the other Jiyitres
of the root, except that two
fujnresare dropped instead of one from the divisor at every step
and one from every remainder.
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RATS
342
APPLICATIONS
ART.
404.
the
U.Msolidity,
Hn.E
To
the
side of
Ike
if
solidity,
the side of
25bu.
cubical
25 X
V53760\5
1. Of
in.=53700.5
cu.
37.75
3 ft.
in. =
4.
Find
cubical
tank,
to hold
in.;
1] in.
-2
Of
bu.
cu.
3.
as
containing25
box
2150.42
name
same
cube
2. Of
wide,
containinga given
cube
necessary, in a denomination of
of the rexult,and it trill lie t/"6
Find
ROOT.
CUBK
following
/fed are
"
find
OF
8ft. 7in.
Ans.
containing 39304
cube
Ans.
150 hbl.
ft. 8 in.
long,0
ft.
cu.
115G.
An*.
6. The
containing 83(55427
cube
Ans.
ART.
cubes
405.
1st
The
ratio
of any
2d.
The
etjnalto
1
Any
two
similar
of
ratio
l"ion.
2. The
in.:
solidities of
of the 2d
is 11
any
of
root
lengths of
contains
two
called
406.
each
other
as
the
hence,
similar solids is
equalto
the cube
of
Ihe
two
two
like dimensions
of similar
solids.
Ike
of
solids is
(lie ratio
similar
what
does
two
halls
solids
the 2d
IRHcu.in.
are
4 in. and
are
contain?
OF
Ans.
and
EXTRACTION
ART.
to
arc
like iliiiienxtoini.
two
the cube
The
of
solids
in.
247254.
cu.
875cu.
of the
ANY
1st.
50in.:
3125Ucu.
the 1st
in.
eter
in.;the diamAns.
10^iu.
ROOT.
There
is a general method
of extractingroots,
llurni-r'smethod, from its inventor,which
has great advantages.
It is comprised in this
RTLE
1. Make
as
many
FOR
EXTRACTING
columns
as
there
ANY
are
ROOT.
of
the
to be
hand
column, and
figureof the
root.
EXTRACTION
ANY
OF
ROOT.
343
duct in the
which
ber
from
Jignresabove
it.
5.
at the
column
rightevery
time, until all the columns have been thus dropped ; then
in (he 1st column, two to the number
to the number
tiplter
awl
column,
next
so
Picide
(he number
given number
be
must
in
in the Id
the
t"" which
by the
brought down,
in the
number
preciouscolumn
so
number
the
from
periodof figures
6.
must
the
to
on,
one.
annex
as
on
407.
ART.
The
been
process
brought down.
often be
may
by this
shortened
and
annexing ciphers
bringingdown
the number
With
in the
in the
right hand
column
the
and
in the
one
preciouscolumn,
directed
as
"
A"l"l to
column
next
band
column
Extract
in
the
one
of
column
any
1st column
iu like
the cube
man
root
n"l"l (o the
0
9
2700
3175
367500
371716
375D43
37659
3772"
the
right
The
trial
HIT.
of 44.6
to six decimals.
EXP."
0
3
6
90
95
100
1050
1054
1058
are
"nn/Q
1TQOQ
iivi8or8
17600
known
1725000
238136
12182
805
by ending
ciphers;the
complete divisors
in two
111
After
8
ting
get-
figures of
tLe
root.
the
operation by
last rule.
"
on
tract
RAY'S
044
RE"I."
raised
result
of 4
' "
is the
is
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RCI,E.
have
seen
the index
Whenever
of
the mot
be extracted ran
be
indicated
rely the roots
factors,extract
by
those factors,and Ike final result thus obtained will be Ike root
"
separated into
to
success!
required.
using this rule,begin with the smallest
Thus, to get the 4th root, extract the square
In
Oth
And
to
get the
Ami
to
Arid
to
get the
and
so
Oth
root, extract
root, extract
the cube
roots.
root
root
of the square
of the square
3 times
root
of
root.
root.
in succession.
the
cube
root,
on.
ASS.
1.
V'JT.41
2.
V3_._I
3.
5/21035.8
408.
.83938
XXXV.
AUT.
.0786007
=
.
SERFES
is
SERIES.
1.87445
RAY'S
340
414.
RT.
between
To
HIGHER
insert
ARITHMETIC.
of arithmetical
given number
meant
given numbers.
two
add
1.
yet the
to
1 arithmetical
Insert
"2d mean,
2. 5 arith.
means
between
G and
30.
3. 2 arith.
means
between
4 and
40.
means
between
2 and
3.
4 arith.
4.
415.
ART.
RULE.
terms
2.
"
by
3.
What
5. Of
6.
16, 28.
in
arithmetical
known.
an
are
series whose
extremes
57.
of terms,
number
is the
.0001
Ans.
sum
the arithmetical
of
series
5ih
is 21 ; 20th
term
1000000.
Any.
Ans.
409701
of terms,
Ant.
GEOMETRIC
416.
ft formed
sailed the
.25
46 ?
3178|.
SERIES.
GEOMETRIC
SERIES
is one,
by multiplyingthe previousone
in which
each term
by a fixed number
ratio.
common
417. To find
lr"tterm, the
the
41)95.
Ans.
terms
of
50000000.
Ana.
ART.
24225.
ART.
850
are
7. Whose
when
of
It may
be necessary
to find the extremes
number
or
before
of
the
this
rule.
one
previous rules,
applying
terms
Of
Am.
Ans.
of the arithmetical
sum
terms
4.
Ans.
To
the
NOTE.
10000
31.
0, and
and
Ans.
"
Find
1.
54.
series,when
on.
so
8 and
between
meim
and
ratio,and
common
of
the
geometricseries,
of terms
number
known.
arc
NOTE.
"
The
commro
ratio
common
of terms,
in
ratio
term
the
by
Find
2.
In
2, o,
8.
In
4.
1st term, 4 ;
given geometric
preceding.
6 terms.
find the
Ant.
3'2
Ans.
195
Ans.
78732
/g
^""'"15623
9 terms.
ratio,3:
b"
series may
"c., having
12.J,
com.
and
10th term.
SERIES.
GEOMETRIC
5.
3d
6.
83d
418.
and
of terms,
Un.E.
ratio,6:
com.
10lM;
term,
ART.
rule
1C;
term,
NOTE.
The
"
1.
Find
Of
the
570
com.
6Gth
com.
1410;
term,
419.
4Jg
2.
1st term,
3.
IGlh term,
ART.
729;
22d
To insert
given numbers.
"
series,and
terms, and
Jirstterm
by the
; llth
420.
two
RULE.
ratio:
common
common
4th
8;
term, 612.
of
3.
geometric
means
between
4.
geometric means
between
421.
series,when
To
the
"y
find the
63 and
Ans.
atl1'
14.08
112.
IW
jgsin
this
between
difference
It mny
of the
1. Find
the
sum
and
extremes
Multiplythe
between
difference
"
3j.
geometricmeans
g-
Ans.
tween
be-
last term
common
be necessary
by the
55*53,
5 73, 7*2
506.88
84.48 and
common
divide it by
firxtterm, and
ratio and 1.
to find one
geometric
the
sometimes
84.
12,24,48, 96.
product and
the
Ans.
3041.28.
and
Ana.
one
10.
NOTE
Ans. 4.
Ans.
givennumber
and
terms'
AM.
2.
the
of
term, 1000000.
between
geometric mean
between
6 and
geometric means
"
"73
that root
extract
Insert
Rrr.E.
Ans.
the extremes
by the frst,and
1st term,
lO./j
Am.
term.
ratio,when
one
Ans.
term, 49375000000.
the
6f
j,1^
f-.^
Ans.
Am.
1.
ART.
previous
will be
terms.
common
"
the
the
6 terms.
180,of
...90,
ratio,6:
To find the
known.
are
terms
RUI.B.
Dicide (he laat term
u-ltoxeindex is
of (lieifiiofii-nt
i/iixif ill be the common
ratio.
1. Find
; com.
of
13u',".
inverted.
of the series
number
AM.
transposed series
of the
series
given
1st term
term,
ART.
74f"4'.)6.
f 005' having
...27u"t9o.
3. 9th
term.
Ana.
series ;
ratio
common
ratio of the
frHiiinoii
",he40lh
Transposethe
"
term.
common
the 9th
find
|: find
ratio
com.
347
of the extremei
previous rules.
sum
of
2. Of
8. Of
-jj
|,287,
"c.,to 7 terms.
terms
terms.
0138.
Ans.
Ans.
82767
Ans.
$j
|^
j'f
RAY'S
348
4.
Extremes, 25
6.
Int term,
In
the
8th
of the
puai
1, ", 4,
8. Of
12. Of .36
13. Of
term,
Am.
^n".
422.
her of
things may
2.
number
yi
ceii
1. How
365]
to
How
in
the
compose
ve:ir,
any
word
1 A.
11. Of
how
"5
AM.
Ant.
oi
Ans.
8j.
-A *".
ij-
order which
with
permutationspossihle
ber
givennum-
of
natural
fwm
numbers
ofolyectsinclusive.
are
possiblewith
the
letters
Ana.
antlie-mf
different
can
be
ways
can
the
expressed by
the
notes
of
find the
To
using
objects,
numher
of
givennumber
that
720.
ures
fig-
same
302X800.
H".
nn
number
2.
undergo.
rhanjres of order
many
423.
]fJ and
and
written?
ART.
is 0.
term
changes of
the
arc
4. In
the last
",|. ^ "c.
"c.
I,1, !),
6.
3. How
as
Sum, 214(J2'7.
long can
da.
10. Of
Multiply tot/fiberthe
"
to the
2.
PERMUTATIONS
of
To find the number
of objects,
using them
Rri.E
10.
of terms,
PERMUTATIONS.
XXXVI.
nun)
Sum, 3J!f"2VJ\.
2r,21440.
4'2'j
; No.
Sum.
-j30fi(j
+ 7 oVofi" "c-
.349206,of 480, of
ART.
No. of terms, 9.
( I lib) term,
"c.
.3636,"c.
1701
204
Sum,
followinginfinite geometricalseries
f,v/5,
VVk,"c.
Of
decreasinggeometricalseries
infinite
Find
9.
216;
term,
an
List
40;
ARITHMETIC.
102100;
IJih term,
7;
6. 3-1 term,
7. 4th
nn.l
HIGHER
be
octnve
40320.
ns.
permutationsof
given
numlierx. c"m.Ifitl/ifiti/
toyel her the series of natural
number
omittftl
in each
than
the
irith
1
itmrc
of objects
meii'-in'j
permutation,and ending with the ichvle number of objects.
Riri.E.
"
1. How
many
permutations can
be made
of 7
letters,
using 3
Ans.
time?
2. Of 5 letters,using 2 each
3. Of G letters,
using 1 each
XXXVII.
ART.
424.
number
largernumber
same
time?
Ans.
20.
time?
Ant
6.
COMBINATIONS.
COMIIIVATIONS
of
of
are
objects,which
objects.
each
210.
the different
may
sets
containingth"
be selected from
STEMS
Bit
NOTATION.
OF
of combinations
349
with
possible
ber
givennum-
each time.
1. How many
combinations
of lOletters,taken 7 iiiaset? An*. 120.
2. Of 9 letters,
taken
4 in each set?
AM.
12"i.
" Of 8 letters,
taken
3 in a set; also,5 in a set? Am.
Each 50.
XXXVIII.
ART.
SYSTEMS
425.
The
radix of
ART.
428.
other system
one
decimal
ordinary or
ternary, "c., arise from
NOTATION.
make
radix of the
tunary,
OF
other
of the
higherorder.
next
radices ;
To change a number
radix is known.
in the decimal
system, to any
whose
RCI.E.
Diride (fie given number
l"ythe radix of tlie system to
trhich it in to he reduced ; divide thin quotientby (he radix again,
uiid so on, until a quotientis obtained smaller
than Hie radix :
the last quotient,
icilh the sererul remainders
annexed, will be the
number in the requiredsystem.
"
NOTE.
1.
and
When
"
RULE.
427.
(he
so
figureof
hare
^figures
in the decimal
428.
ART.
radix is
been added
in
by the
Jinarc;
Jiyurt,
the la-stresult
system.
70.V53-I1 in
1. Reduce
is known,
system whose
mi,
in any
system.
Multiplythe lefthand
"
multiplythis
ami
number
to the
binary ("2).
quinary (5),
10001000111100; 240024; 13o'l7.
system,
Ana.
To reduce
to the decimal
of
radix
no
(9) systems.
nonary
known,
is
Change
ART.
there
tu
any
To
to
in the
the octary (8) system, nnd 201221
1808785 ; 638.
Am.
the decimal system.
change
other system
number
whose
radix
to the.decimal
the given number
system by
tlie last rule; then,redact this result to the requiredsystem, by tkt
rule in Art. 42G.
RAY'S
350
1.
HIGHER
4210532
Change
from
ARITHMETIC.
the senary
lo the
(6)system
(4)system.
REMARK
Numhers
"
expressed
in
any
other
qunternary
3orJ3lM20.
Ana.
than
the
decimal
XXXIX.
429.
ART.
12.
DUODECIMALS.
The
duodecimal
system is the
whose
one
radix id
appliedin
of surfaces and
the
unit ; the duodecimal
solids ; the foot,square foot,or cubic foot,is
divisions are called primes, seconds,thirds,"c.
It is
430.
ART.
Re I.E.
duodecimal
in duodecimals
For all operations
this
use
"
that carrying,bin-rowing,reducing,tfcc.,
are
performedon the basis
cimal
q/'12 instead of 10; the result thus obtained will be """ the duodebe
the
then
number
to
and
whole
chanyed
of
feetmay
system,
tliedecimal system if necessary
.
REMARK.
of
"
whole
Primes
3 ft. 2'
1. Add
5. Of
10"',and
ft. 8"
by
is the surface
of
of
solidity
8. Divide
9. Divide
Divide
long must
1 2'" 7""?
What
K.
is
"
by
by
24
8.
cu.
similar
board
to
Ana.
3 ft. 7".
7}.
Ant.
8 ft. 7'.
Ant.
5 ft. 9'.
Ans.
contains
Ana.
1""5
cu.
fL
2 ft. "'.
solve these
examples
pupil prefers, he may
in
explained
Ray's Arithmetic, Tl*.d
the operationsin compound numbers.
If the
log
3" 7'".
is the
2 2* 8'",and
REMAP
system.
10. Divide
13.
Ana.
number
on.
8 ft. 10
Ann.
13 ft. 8'
Ans.
12. How
board
so
20 ft. 10".
long by
7. Diviue
11.
and
("),thirds ('"),
seconds
('),
6", 1
is the
6. What
10* 6" thick ?
be
not
Multiply 3
4. What
subtractingduodecimals, the
expressed in the duodecimal
and
adding
need
marked
are
2. Subtract
3.
In
feet
MENSURATION.
OF
MENSURATION
XL.
431.
AUT.
Parallelogram is
straightlines,and whose
adjacent Rides
rectangle;if they are
If the
arc
also
NOTE.
The
"
or square,
parallelogram,
rectangle,
base and altitude together,
afterexpressing
base is any
from
the
the area
1. Find
altitude 2 ft. 5 in.
2. Of
the
product
oppositeside
are
to
the base.
the base
and
parallelogram whose
many
ART.
432.
base
; the
base from
To find
"
in
in
area
perpendicularor
In a rectangle
altitude.
is 0 ft. 4 in. and
22 sq. ft. 80 sq. in.
base
Am.
the
will be
an
3. How
RULE.
of
adjacent sides
two
square,
are
of any
"
shortest distance
SURFACES.
figurebounded
by four
and
parallel.
equal
oppositesides
Rai,E.
Multiplythe
them in the same
denomination
name.
square uuita of the same
and
35]
2ii^
sq. yd.
AM.
1080.
'3
denominations
; this will be
the
in
area
name.
of
area
"
units.
the
1. Find
16 rd.
of
area
trianglewhose
base
altitude
is 72 rd. and
3 A. 2 R. 10 P.
Am.
13 ft. 3 in. ; altitude 9 ft. 6 in. Ans. 62 sq. ft. 135 sq. in.
1 sq. ft. 102"
Am.
3. Sides 1 ft. 10 in.; 2 ft.; 3 ft. 2 in.
sq. in.
3 R. 13.00"
Am.
P.
4. Sides 15 rd.; 18 rd.; 25 rd.
2. Base
433.
ART.
but
parallel
are
To find the
area
equal,and
not
of
are
of which
trapezoid.
of the
halfthe sum
a
it by the
bases and multiply
the
denomination:
same
the
altitude, afterexpressingthem in
units
the
in
name.
be
same
the
trill
area
of
product
square
RULE.
Take
"
NOTE.
"
The
1. What
and
altitude
2. Bases
altitude
is the
area
is the
of
trapexoidwhose
bases
are
9 ft. and
Ans.
10 ft.?
43 rd. and
the bases.
perpendicularbetween
Ans.
240
21 ft
sq. ft.
9 A. 18 P.
434.
ART.
four
HIGHER
RAY'S
352
more
or
find
To
the
straiht
ARITHMETIC.
of any
area
irregular
figurebounded
lines.
"
1. What
is the
arc
'2. Whose
sides
Bturliugpoint to
area
the
"
PLASTERERS',
435.
ART.
altitudes
Is
1. Find
the cost
2. How
of
roofinga
the eaves,
ridge to
WORK,
work
by
computed by the sq. yd.; glaziers'
the
work
and
joiners'
yd.,
by
carpenters'
sq.
PAVERS'
AND
PAINTERS',
3G ct.
at
tains
con-
$10'.i.20
Anx.
yd.
sq.
and
square,
house
a
is 10ft.
which
14 ft. 3 in.
in. wide.
Ans.
ft. What
ft. 3 in.
is the cost
high,
4o ct.
at
7
a partition
plastering
door
a
s"{. yd.,deducting
of
a
ft. 8 in.
long and
0 ft.3 in. bv
10
2 ft. 10
4**. $3.0-1
in.?
6. Flow
?q. yd. of
many
and
$(H)0.78
plasteringin
3 windows,
30
room
each
each
cost, at 25 ct.
7. Kind
yd.?
of painting a wall
chimney 4 ft. 0 in. by 3 fu
a
the
yd.,except
sq.
by 4'ft.
And
10 in.; the
what
will it
Aiu.
cost
8 ft. 2 in.
14 ft. by
$2.31
Ant.
10 in.
sq
.J
much
il. Find
the
20
the
cost
of
glazing the
g'orv
s"|. t't. Knch
1st story are 7 ft. 8 in.
ct. a
the 3d,
ft. 3 in.
high.
has
windows
windows,
high ; those
in
of
house
of 3
stories,at
3 ft. 10 it1,wide;
the
those
in
\n\'\\\in
$GO.OGjj
RAY'S
354
4.
Find
the
of
area
HIGHER
whose
ring
ARITHMETIC.
breadth
is 2
aide,9 in.
440.
ART.
R
in.,and
,4ns.
Divide
in-
"Vj.ll6-fsq.
circumference
or
diameter
in.
from the
area.
units, l/y
expressed in square
3 14 I59'"JG5 (or ?ff)/ the square root of the quotientwill be the
r
t, E.
"
the radius
twice
radius;
1. Find
the
will
be
the diameter
y'jj) times
or
area,
and
diameter
circumference
10 A.
2. Of
circle
containing 8sq.
ft. HGsq.
Ans.
MENSURATION
441.
ART.
bases, and
Prism
is
solid
circular
field
taining
con-
rd.,circ. 141.8
rd
in.
I). 40.18
OF
in.,circ.
12G.23 in.
SOLIDS.
having
faces
longitudinal
whose
of
D. 45.14
Ans.
two
parallelograms.
are
or
triangles,quadrilaterals,
figures with any
may
sides,and the prism is called triangular,quadrangular,"c.,
accordingly.
If the bases
are
parallelograms,the solid is called a parallelopiped
;
if they are
circles,it is called a cylinder.
The altitude of any prism or cylinder is the perpendicular between
The
bases
number
of
the levels
442.
"
it
To find the
by
NOTE.
circle, is found
or
1. What
is the
side,and
whose
2.
Bides of
2, 1\ and
the diameter
of
to
taperingregularly
The
Balled
If
The
rertex
bases
are
Ans.
bases
are
Ans.
30
base
is
parallelograms2ft.
i't.1'JOOcu.
cu.
trianglewith
Ans.
whose
is
base
cylinder whose
Ann.
solid with
pointcalled
may
be
altitude of
to the base
pyramid
or
or
the level of
cone
in.
base
cu.
in.
triangle with
10.75
is
ft.
cu.
10.1in.
cu.
single base,
and
in.
and
the vertex.
330
200.1(57
triangle,quadrilateral,
"c., and
quadrangular,"c., accordingly.
triangular,
the base is a circle,the solid is called a cone.
base
altitude
is 5 in.?
is
name;
name.
9 in. on
squares
153'.) cu.
in.
An*.
Pyramid
that
triangle,parallelogram,
previous rules.
3 ft.?
whose
443.
whose
base
ply
multi-
of 1 ft.?
solidityof
is the
5. What
ART.
an
whose
w'ide?
altitude
altitude
4. Whose
it be
whose
prism
3. Whose
of 8 in. and
the
of
units
is 1 ft. Tin.?
and
is ("~ift.,
1 ft. Sin.
long by
of
one
solidityof
altitude
Whose
10 in.
by
altiliub
cubic
base, whether
the
of
area
prism or cylinder.
any
one
solidityin
be the
will
The
"
of
area
the altitude
product
of
solidity
base in square
and
iuii(.i.
in
unitx
the.
linear
some
expressed
of
the
find
Rri.E.
the bases.
of
ART.
the
be
is the
the base.
the
pyramid
perpendicular from
it
the
MENSURAIION
444.
ART.
SOLH.S.
OF
To find the
of
solidity
355
pyramid or
any
cone.
RULE.
Find
the area
of (he base in square unity; multiplyit
the
altitude
one-third
expressedin linear units of the same
by
of
in cubic units of that name.
the product will be the solidity
name;
"
1. Find
whose
the
Whose
each
side
3.
whose
is
base
rightprism
is
pointsof the
is
rightcone
whose
one
in.,aiid
in.
cu.
.3
310.70
in.
cu.
parallelogram 34
'20332
the diameter
ft. 1008.35
cu.
ft.
ft.
cu.
Ans
in.
cu.
or
is
vertex
the sides
baseband
whose
one
is
vertex
equally distant
of whose
base
equally distant
the
from
all
are
from
all
equal.
points
of the base.
in the circumference
right pyramid
altitude
is 2 ft. 1 in.
right pyramid
angular
whose
cone
base
445.
to its
the
whose
94
trianglehaving
Ans.
solidityof
ART.
In
base
is
Ans.
altitude is 69 ft.and
of
of
Ana.
4. The
altitude is 1 ft. 2
1 ft.
Whose
long by
whose
pyramid
is
base
2.
solidityof
and
rightcone
the center
base.
446.
ART.
The
The
roni'fi
The
of
nl'inl fiiy/il
surface
from
ART.
surface of
the
rightpyramid
vertex
447.
to
the
To find the
but
the
base
of
the
bases.
or
tance
dis-
base.
surface of
convex
visible part.
is the shortest
right cone
or
boundary
or
rightprism
right
or
cylinder.
RCI.E.
Multiplyfhe boundaryof
"
both in the
expressingthem
be the
surfacein
convex
NOTES.
units
square
"
the base
by (he altitmle,after
denomination
name
the
of
surface, add
(he proa"net
;
same
will
name.
in the
of the two
areas
bases.
2. To
prism
whose
of
the
sides
2. Of
whose
rightcylinder whose
is 1 ft. 2i in.
of the base
ART.
right cone.
of
plane,becomes
surface
right
a
a
tangle
rec-
the boundary
of
l| ft. and
is
450
90 ft.
cylinder; altitude
Ann.
find the
convex
j in.
"q. in.
of
sq. in.
sides
of
28 ft.; circumfrrenct
A/,.i. 689.455
To
11
the diameter
righttriangularprism, the
19ft.
448.
altitude
Am.
Ans.
surface
in.
altitude
of
with
right prism
OA, 8j,10.1,9
6.J,
the whole
3. Find
4. The
are
of
surface
convex
on
the altitude
surface
convex
of base,
base
the base
adjacent sides
the
out
its base.
1. Find
and
the
prove
or
surface ol
sq. ft.
rightpyramid 01
RULE.
in (he
kit/lit,
after expressingthem
will bt the
NOTKS.
1. To
"
surface,add
the whole
get
the
prove
the
rule,consider
of
boundary
1. Find
whose
the
units
convex
the
of
in the
same
the
made
as
boundary of
solid,and their
to the
name,
of the base.
area
surface
slant
; the product
denomination
same
surfacein square
convex
by half the
tite base
Multiplythe boundary of
"
2. To
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
RAY'S
350
of
up
base, their
the
making
bases
its base.
whole
and
surface
convex
of
surface
rightpyramil
slant
2. Of
base
4 ft. 2 in.
ART.
449.
surface,which
The
diameter
terminated
The
of
sphere is
any line
the surface.
both
by
ways
is half the diameter,being the distance
radius
sq. in.
Ans.
and
center
from
the center
to the surface.
450.
ART.
RULE.
Multiplythe
"
ffl)ithe productwill
NOTE.
circles
The
"
having
1. What
and
are
spherefrom
to the
of any
same
its diameter.
surface
the
of
the surfaces
of four
area
27 ft.
sq. in.
two
Ans.
10 in. ?
(or
are
ART.
451.
To find the
"
To
find the
solidityof
sphere from
its surface
and
diameter,
RITLE.
Multiplythe surface expressedin square units
in linear units of the same
the diameter expressed
name;
in cubic units of that name.
li'illbe the solidity
by
"
NOTES.
"
1. If the surface
(or yflj)
; the square
apply the rule.
2. To
prove
the
"t
the
being the
1. Find
the
3. Of
a
a
of
their
of
rule,which
to consist of
and
small
bases
on
is identical with
the
sider
confirst,
vertices
of each
""f the
sphere.
solidityof a sphere whose
radius
face,113.007335
2. Of
the second
sphere
center
root
the product
sphere whose
sphere whose
diameter
Ans.
sq. mi.
diameter
surface
is 4 ft.
is
is 0
mi., and
113.097335
Ans.
cu.
33.5103
755499
cu.
g cu.
sur
mi.
ft.
mi.
MASONS'
AND
BRICKLAYERS'
WORK.
357
452.
ART.
A Fmslum
of a pyramid or cone
is what remains
after cuttingoff its top,making the upper base parallel
to the lower
The altitude of a frustum
is the
the levels of the bases.
between
The
slant
hight of
is the shortest
its
on
distance
453.
To
rightpyramid
of
rightcone,
of its bases,measured
the boundaries
or
surface of
convex
rightcone.
half the sum
of
Take
"
find the
of
rightpyramid or
RULE.
between
surface.
convex
ART.
of
frustum
shortest distance
perpendicularor
frustum
of
ifs two
of
the boundaries
bases,
NOTES.
"
2. The
of this rule
reason
1. Find
the
is
surface
convex
in the
surface,add
from
seen
of
that of the
frustum
in. square;
of
upper
of the bases.
areas
trapezoid.
convex
the diameters
surf. 78.5398
Conv.
454.
ART.
whole
surface
the
of
Ans.
and
surface
To find the
sq.
the frustum
of
in.;
the slant
of
solidity
of
hight,5
frustum
of
cone;
in.
sq. in.
surf. 124.0929
in.,whole
slant
square.
43
sq. in.
Ant.
2. The
with
pyramid
base. 2A in.
a
rightpyramid
rightcone.
the areas
base
RULE.
Find
of the two bases, also of a mean
equal to the square root of the productof the other two ; take the
sum
of the three,and multiplyit by \ of the altitude ; the product
or
frustum
of
"
will be the
solidityin
cubic
wills.
of a frustum
of
1. Find the 'Kiidity
1 ft. 4^ in.; lower base, 10$ in. square;
4.J
2. Of
of
frustum
upper,
455.
ART.
Ans.
Masons'
|| cu.
being
2530.03
cu.
in.
18 in.
in.
WORK.
BRICKLAYERS'
AND
square.
1)74 A
of the buses
MASONS'
\vork is sometimes
measured
by
the cubic
foot,and sometimes
"ni 1 ft. deep, and
tu.
the diameters
cone;
is
in
Ans.
and
altitude
pj'ramid whose
ft.,nearly.
456.
ART.
perchesin
piecoof
masonry.
the,solidify
nf the wall in cubic feelby the rules
mensuration
of solids,and dicide it by "2A\.
RIM.E.- -Find
given for
NOTE.
the usual
"re
"
Brick
size
work
being
laid in mortar,
an
generallyestimated
long,4 in. wide,and
is
8 in.
allowance
of
-j'jj
by
the thousand
2 in. thick.
is made
When
bricks
bricks
HIGHER
RAY'S
358
ARITHMETIC.
1. How
perches of 25 cu. ft.,in a pileof building stone 18 ft
many
Ans. 37.74
:"7|
long.^"."ft. wide,and b f t. 2 in. high?
nearly.
2. Finil the cost of laying a wall 20 ft. long,7 ft. 9 in. high,and will
75 ct. a perch.
Ant. $'.!.:"'.)
breadth
of 2 ft.,
at
a mean
3. The cost of a foundation
wall 1ft. 10 in. thick,and 9 ft.4 in. high,
for a building 80 ft. long,22ft. 5in. wide outside,
allowing for 2 doors
4 ft. wide, at S2.75 a perch.
Ann. $192.'."8
4. The co"t of a brick wall 150 ft. long,8 ft. G in. high,1 ft. 4 in. thick,
Arts. $2"'J.17
allowing y0 for mortar, at $7 a thousand.
bricks of ordinary size will build a square
5. How
chimney
many
=
inside
wide
SUOOESTION.
hollow
the bottom
at
"
the
and
4 ft.
up?
of
solidity
the whole
at
GAUGING.
457.
ART.
Gauging is findingthe
or
bushels, gallons,
form
vessel
in the
gauge
any
of
frustum
a
cone,
cone, "c.
To
KIM.E.
of
vessels,in
rectangularsolid,cylinder,
Find
"
of
contents
barrels.
inches
by the
will (/ice
rules ali-failit t/iten; this dicided by 2150.42
Hie contents
in bn.; by 282
idfl give it in beer //"/.;
by 231 will "/iceif in irine
gal.,which
NOTE.
many
10 in. wide?
cone,
depth
in
bushels
gallonsin
f-juare
6. In
RT.
When
vat
in
bucket
bottom
the form
being
in
of
frustum
at bottom
are
5.4264
pyramid,
in
gallonsof
in.,
gal.
deep, and
126.0733
Ans.
Am.
10
107.20 bbl.
20.1435
cask
or
bbl.
barrel
two-thirds of tht
head diameter (inside")
the head and bnng diameters; but if the,stave*
to the
between
difference
frustums of
as
two
last rule; but when the staves
the ca""k
of
frustum
11 ft. 6 in.
12 ft. deep ?
staves
Rri,E." Add
of
Aru.
the
cylindricalcistern
high, and
04.18bu.
13 in. and
Ans.
in the form
458.
Sin.
long,3ft.
12 in.?
barrels
many
7 ft. 8 in. wide ?
at
3. How
4. In
8ft. 3 in.
bin
is shorter.
and
same,
Ant.
wine
many
the diameters
2. How
to the
amounts
1. How
and
3.
by .0034, which
them by 31
dividing
In
"
3.1415020/3,
of
by
instead
cones,
2ft,
to bbl.
be reduced
may
TUNNAGE
OF
VESSELS.
359
art
the
mean
diameter;
NOTE.
as
After
"
if the cask
were
it in
exprexx
it Inj
inches,syuare it. "mil/i/"ly
thin
diameter, the
findingthe mean
a
cylinder.
contents
are
foun"
Fiml
the number
straightfrom
of
to
head,
TUNNAGE
VESSELS.
OF
CARPENTERS'
459.
AUT.
lengthof the
For
RULE.
sin file-decked
vessels,multiply
togetherthe
depthof
the /mill,all in
If
double-Jerked,
proceed ax for single-deckedvesthe di-fith
of the hold is not measured, but assumed
the vessel in
tt" be
at
the main
beam.
RULE.
GOVERNMENT
If the
vessel is double-decked,
its
measure
lengthfrom Iliefore
abort
xtem, to the after part of the stern-post,
deck ; measure
tlif.upper
at the broadest
the breadth
purl ab"ce
the
the main
vales, half of which
breadth shall be accounted
depth; then deduct from the length three-Jifths
of the breadth,
the
the
and
remainder
the
breadth,
nnif/ifily
In/
product by the
depth,and divide the result by 95 for the tunnage.
the main
part of
If
the vessel
is
single-decked,
proceed as with double-decked
instead
of being assumed half of the
depth,
rc.v.ve/.v.
except that the
breadth, should
to the
be measured
from
the under
side
of
the
deck-plank
AllT. 460.
RULE.
use
accurately,
more
this
hull, by
load.
"
"
1. The
the surface
water
line
of the
is the line
water,
when
made
the
on
vessel
the outside
floats without
of
the
any
RAY'S
3GO
2. The
product,of
the
in lb.,aud
menu
of cubic
(his divided
becomes
dividing by 2240,
2240
by
and
by 02.',,
as
ARITHMETIC.
HIGHER
=-
"
This
-.
but, instead
tuns;
get the
tuns
tiplying
mul-
of
by
ouce
is of the
water
viding
di-
weight
same
vessel.
of the
which
at
the
are
2. Also
3.
the 3d
breadth,26 ft. 7
4. How
bushels
of coal
wide, and
Wheel
All
The
contain
in
one
or
machine
that
the chief
of
is. the
applied,as
steam, horses,
overcome.
obstacles
to the
of
working
of
the
machinery
is
parts of the
of the power
a
friction;
machine
applied.
machine
are
to each
as
TO
COMPARE
ROI.E."
THE
POWER
The. power
the
moves
in
passes
through in
be found
the
three
by
AND
the
weight
resistance
ferms
463.
fulcrum ;
1st..When
there
:
:
IN
MACHINE,
time.
same
being given
in this
the
proportion,
fourth
Art. 249.
THE
ART.
WEIGHT
of
direction
Any
NOTE.-may
and Wedge.
Pulley,
The power
and weight in
their
velocities
inversely
; hence,
other
are
462.
ART.
boat
of these powers.
more
itself: this
ft. Sin.
POWERS.
is the force
T.
4468|bu.
Ans.
461.
The Mechanical
Powers
and Axle, Inclined Plane, Screw,
power
One
shipped on
line,leaving 1
the water
MECHANICAL
machines
breadth
8*7
be
5ft. to
water?
XLI.
ART.
Gov.
in.,depth
many
the
to the
rule,of
30] ft.
and
T. nearly;
Carp. 1037.^
Ana.
Also, by
ft. keel
vessel, 150
double-decked
of beam?
Is
are
the power
bar
LEVER
movable
about
fixed
point called
three kinds:
nnd
weight are
on
RAY'S
362
HIGHER
THE
466.
ART.
f:il
I
uiu"t
Hi; I.E.
Ir used
The
"
PLANE
INCLINED
distance
weight a
raise the
ARITHMETIC.
lengthr"fike
power
ike
weight:
the
the
plane.
plane 8
inclined
ft. long,and
THE
467.
ART.
May
high ?
5 ft. 4 in.
of the
be considered
circle whose
The power
"
thready
NOTK.
of
apart, allowing
2. What
inch
tiguous
con-
will be moved
468.
by
of
means
described
of 500
power
lever
6ft.
Ib.
Ib.
by
with
screw
PULLEY
Is
a groovedwheel, movable
about
and weight being connected
its center, the power
by a cord running in the groove.
The
the direction
In
movable
power
lifted;hence,
RULE.
of movable
number
1.
The power
"
The
pulleys8
power
what
2. The
"ulleys6
NOTE.
"
what
is 25
is
The
is
and
Ib., the
weight
number
twice
is
of
loOOlb., the
the power?
Wedge
the
weight:
the
pulleys.
is the
weight
the
movable
Ans.
number
double
400 Ib.
of movable
Ans.
125 Ib.
inclined
plane,
the
:
weight : : the head of the
power
wedge : its length; but the friction is so great in
the power
is so much
this machine, and
influenced
by other considerations,
obtain
of
that
it,is very
satisfactory
practicalresults
and
calculation,
hence
no
by
examples
difficult to
any
are
method
given.
the power.
acting at
are
251327
threads
47y':jlb.
Ans.
long?
by
threads
whose
screw
Ans.
THE
ART.
weight
hence,
is the circumference
the
for friction?
power
apart, and
is moved
tance
dis-
the
of
the
last term
weight
What
1.
end
The
"
firmly into
circumference
the
fy 3
Ib.
fixed
lever
describes
contiguousthreads
two
inclined
an
power
lever,while
is the
radius
between
RULE.
The
cylinder.
450
SCREW-
Ans.
the
1~,in.
Ib.
of
an
PROMISCUOUS
469.
ART.
PROBLEM
iquare
ILLUSTRATIONS
1.
inch
lli'LK.
QUESTIONS.
the
of
find
To
"
OF
the
surface
the
of
MECHANICAL
the
of
pressure
boiler
3G3
of
POWERS.
in
steam
pounds,
engine.
steam
each
ou
It/ i/s
iceigld at the end of the steam
guagc
distance
from the fulcrum, and divide the product by the distance
this quotient divided
of the valve front the fulcrum;
by f '\$ times
tlit square
the
diameter
the
the
voice,
of
of half
gives
on
pressure
ta:h
1.
The
"
The
the
is the
?.
the
The
4i
is
2.
RULE.
To
"
inches, and
its
find
horse
the
the
the
in
This
In
diminished.
some
in
may
3.
2 ft. G
4.
1 ft. 8
experience,
by
If the
is the
in.,
what
iemonstrations
is the
"Raj's Arithmetic,
the
the
this
engines
allowance
of
in.;
what
the
in.
sq.
inch
square
of
the
; the
cylinder
made
in
by
is
steam
elastic
considerable,
be
in
made
of the
its
steam
the
quotient
cooling
is
of
the cylinder
strokes
may
the
2ft.
fulcrum
which
cylinder, by
pressure
lb. per
ft.,and
of
force
and
for
the
this,
cylinder
the
lb. per
the
of
power
the
Student
Rules
in
Book":
of the cylinder
in., the diameter
18 double-strokes
piston makes
per
138
Ans.
engine?
horse-power.
sq.
the
ft.,and
Third
the
in.
sq.
engine.
4-1000
for
the
lb. to
length of
of
by
the
is 3 in.:
temperature.
The
"
of
its
is 44
length
TEACHERS.
or
power
pressure
its
the
21
double
allowance
An
the
is 34
pressure
what
minute,
To
others.
minute,
to
lb. to
the diameter
this
inches.
in. from
fulcrum
the
on
number
high-pressure
determined
If the
45
steam
in
its diameter
the
the
twice
by
the
no
boiler
than
more
l";ised*on
be
makes
the
from
passing
is
rule
lb.
of half
square
product
product by
of
power
pressure
1 ft. 10
is 3 in. from
and
divide
piston in a minute, and
the
the horse-power of
engine.
in
from
distance
the
"
and
fulcrum,
be
must
is
Ans.
this
this
NOTE.
lb., and
Ans.
diameter,
"
feet,and
the
58
Multiply
boiler by jjjj times
in
from
3Glb.,
in. in
pressure
PROB.
is
of the valve
pressure
is
guage
is 4 in.
valve
diameter
and
the
on
weight
valve
is the
distances
weight
fulcrum;
what
of the boiler.
inch
square
NOTE.
the
Multiply
"
diameter
paddle-wheel
engine?
is
makes
Ans.
supposed
series
hence
and
of
to
75
are
cylinder
revolutions
horse-power.
have
subsequent
they
20
the
learned
subjects,
omitted
here.
the
from
RAY'S
364
XLII.
ART.
HIGHER
ARITHMETIC.
PROMISCUOUS
470.
FIFTY
EXERCISES.
EXAMPLES
TO
BE
ANALYZED.
at
7ct.
dozen?
dozen,how
Am.
much
ct-f\2
2. If I
uch
26
Ans.
4. If I sell my
for Go
oranges
for 50 ct. : how
many
5. If I sell my
8ct. a dozen, I
cost
pears
6. If I sell eggs
1
must
per dozen
"
of
dozen, I
how
have
j.'irt
charge, to
is what
many
Ans.
of my
dozen,
at
money
their
| of
10. If
is
I lose
ct,
apiece?
22 ct.
Ans.
Ans.
| of
spend
the
y,
v.-hat
remainder,
Ans.
^ less
farms
A's
40.
part of 3ct. ?
and
quantity than
in
equals |
money
B's,what
of
%'g
in value?
compare
part
of B's
equals "
A's?
Ans.
11. I gave
A,
T54
of my
money,
what
part?
is A
old
13.
f older
is
as
of
15.
Reduce
shall
the
thirds
B,
whole
T7j
got
" older
in
thirds; g
to
will
-$s
than
of it
C:
than
more
how
A.
times
many
Ans.
ninths; 'and
to
put
we
our
larger than
much
to
money
Am.
T'yj
Ans.
1A
fraction,whose
Ans.
as
if
1 own?
be 8.
fraction is
16. What
who
1\
many
numerator
B,
Ans.
i,as f
-^8.,f
"'-'
?
is less than
ji
Ans.
17. After
I had
spent
paying
out
what
had
-{and i of my
I at first ?
10.
the
Four
I had
left
"
times
of
$8
present age;
how
his
man
is 12 less than
y\
the
of
his
property
balance,"4000, to
his
wife, f
of
daughter:
the
what
Ans.
estate?
21. I sold
to his
an
was
for "
lesa than
article
"
was
8$yr.
the number:
ia
what
Ans.
left
son, and
since
long
Ans.
number,
than
more
Ans.
umber?
20.
to
money,
present age?
of my
of
of the remainder:
equals 4 of yours;
money
part of
my
together,what
How
B,
and
and
C?
as
14.
than
if
than
Ans.
9 dozen
ct.
-ij
gain
I ?
1 left '.'
9. A's land
do
at G ct. per
dime
8. If I lose
how
11 ct.:
gain
oranges
me
7.
at 5 ct.
have
bu.
per
ct.,I gain
I sold them
j ct.
108.
remainder
was
the
$22000.
more
PROMISCUOUS
f"0yr.of
23.
pole was
is the
the
water;
"water
had
as
water
been
B;
old
of
-ij
2(5.
B ; if he
as
is $4
-|of
B's,and
is
A's age
B's, and
of
'
3i
is
works
4-.itimes
28.
If G
as
fast
can
men
29. A
and
man
30.
and
man
3|
as
a
more
men
do
boys
hr.,it takes
equal
can
certain
mow
9| hr.:
them
in 4 hr. ; how
to 3 boys ?
in what
Five
come,
32. 3
8
boys
33^
the
men
man
it?
do
can
do
if the
8hr.;
each
man
and
mow
than
in 5
work
it,allowing 4
many
8
:'.").
must
men
dnys; in
to work
men
10
the boy, if 2
men
15oymow
J hr.; boy, 20
what
time
can
to 0
they
30. 7
what
as
so
so
in
wall
G^ days;
in
2 more,
build
can
complete it
to
work
joined by
men
J"7. U
men
do
cnn
and
38. 10
the first
men
working
after
iuXi ^a-?
and
4* da.
dig a
many
in the
times
20min.
between
after
the work
be
40.
At
what
8 as
how
in the
many
same
time
days
Ans.
j\
may
same
o^0,absent
arc
with
time?
G and
them,
Ans.
7 o'clock
are
main
re-
by bringing 5
7i days; if 4 of them
must
they then bring
in
others
the
in
done
the hour
hand
2.
and
apart?
Ans.
far from
men.
10
8.' days;
the work
trench
A.
Ans.
the work
hand
minute
in
does
days, how
Ans.
?
can
what
work
min.
10'j-j
time*
between
thn hour
hand
Ans.
rest, and
each
can
finish
2.jdays, how
complete
89. At
yet
away,
with them
more
to
do
can
be
hr.
men
Ans.
time?
"ame
-
do
can
men
boy
equal
boys?
much
how
more
acre
field;
work
5
equal to
boys?
4.' dnys;
in
work
join them
must
it?
do
Ans.
"""34. G
hr.
63
the work
done
the 5 have
13
Man,
it take
would
Ans.
can
days.
were
men
by which
long
field in
time
Ans.
31.
Ans.
work
worked
boy
how
alone, if he
man
old is
28
yr.; B,
yr.
older:
A, 3U
who
hr.,how long will it take a man
Ans. 4rfhr.
a
boy ?
time would be
work in 5^ days, how much
do
eafcd, by employing
B's:
in 7
work
do
| of
A, $7G; B, $108.
yr. the
AM.
boys
long
18^ft.
less than
$5
Ans.
each ?
27. If 3
how
be -^ as
4 yr. older, lie would
Ans. A, 20yr.; B, 2Gj yr.
were
than
more
there
then
before
water
lias each?
much
rests
8ft., and
rose
above
old is each?
how
the
Arts.
AHS.
| as
is
as
tow
B?
365
pole?
24.
old
and
are
under
under
"inch
as
wiH
age:
father,who
their
B;
old
how
EXERCISES.
4 and
is from
after
o
G, and
54T"Tmin.
after G
hand
as
3 ?
3274gafter
4; and
49T'Tmin.
after
4.
HIGHER
RAY'S
360
41.
At what
tray bot
between
time
\vcfn
5 and
between
aud
12
hand
C dine
42. A, B and
loaves; U pays
divide the money?
4o.
how
Up
44. I
45.
than
how
many
how
hire
bread;
down
how
stream, and
bill of
had
joined them?
48.
8^
is worth
by gettingG more
passengers,
what
do they pay for the
:
$l|
the
beingjoined by
would
with
sugar
find the
good
the
prices of
.50. A
less,A
ingredientsand of the
Ans. Ingredients,8 ct.
and
would
have
the
same
2i times
have
as
the
$32
Ib.
Get.
Ib.
much,
as
find
sugar:
^^
471.
1. What
or
3ct.
5i ct.; Mixt.,7
and
B:
as
ct. per
Ib.
had
; if A
money
much
what
has
each?
2.
least
that
sum
be
can
and
A
bottle;
equally,and
keeps
the
quart
the
bottle
of
rest:
Find
3.
tween
4.
with
the difference
cu.
which
sq.ft.and
the
between
| ft.cubed.
ft. and
far does
How
square,
walk,
man
while
field of
planting a
being 3
rows
foot square;
in.;405
How
"very
6. I
Bam,
7.
a
bought
how
much
Find
remainder
8.
md
far
apart should
half-minute
How
.15 gr.
the
knots
speed of 1 mi.
sheep for $50 :
3 ft. from
25
less per
head
would
per
of
hour
if I had
I have
which, divided
5 mi.
carats
alloy?
in
G rd. G ft.
Ans.
got 3
paid ?
285 ft
log-linebe, to
in.
cu.
corn
the fences
indicate
44
for the
more
Ann.
and
by 2,3,4,"",
1 each time.
many
also be
32 sq.
Ans.
Ans.
5.
quarters, dimes,
Ans. $1.00
much?
"
paid
pieces?
EXAMPLES.
PRACTICAL
is the
the
mixture.
Ans. $32
ART.
more,
only J
good
pense
ex-
less,
ingredients.
10 ct. and
the
more
coach?
many
4 ct.
pricesof the
than
4.
paid, if none
Ans. $i!.10
worth
good sugar
1 ct. it Ib. less
is worth
| as
have
each
31b.
ct. a Ib. :
10 Ib. of
Bj'mixing
mixture
have
"48.
Ans.
Ans.
40.
hour
an
54 mi.
Ans.
Ans.
coach ;
i",Id.
10 mi.
A ?
5 Ib. of
I!y mixing
the mixture
ami
or
engage
supper;
is 00 ct. less: what
eacli
""".
loaves;
7d. ;
return, in 0 hr.?
the
~"
must
takes
ftor
furnishes
47. A company
midwaj
can
is diminished
to each
mid-
15 cows
on
ground; if I
my
Ans.
keep?
% of B's,and 1G % of C's; B has $100
has
Eight men
46.
of
go and
10 horses
is 12
much
hand
hand
3H niln.
ami
5;
hour
an
she
can
horses
A's money
C
15 mi.
far
pasture
can
9 cows,
after
Ans.
makes
beat
stream:
8 loaves
on
the minute
is the hour
'!
tlie others
;"
o'clock,is
min.
Ion's
Aiif.
B,
liaiul '.'when
the hour
the miunte
1 and
ARITHMETIC.
ft.
same
24 ct.
leaves
"'".
,-l//.s'.
111.
gold coiuistingof
wt.
lg
gr. pure
Ann. 21
gold
-,3/.
.
PROMISCUOUS
Until
9.
the
367
was
pay of a congressman
20 mi. he traveled
for every
live from
(lie capital: how
far did one
recentlythe
session,and
from
coming
EXAMPLES.
$8
whose
for
pay
session
of 158
"8
in
going
the
clay during
worth
10. Land
$1000 an acre, is worth
9U ft.depth ; reservingTlgfor streets ?
Reduce
12.
anil
11.
to
of government,
seat
how
much
f,?", |,}",-$j
mi.
foot front o?
Ans.
1050
$2.295+,
numerator.
^ifimttMlfclfl
what
sell at
and
how
I sell at 8
12A
"fe; invest
with
$1166.40
15.
sell at
of 15
insure
can
do I
'"
prefer,and
16.
and
how
house
my
allowing interest at 6
If I
18.
charge
19.
cu.
rate
of
21.
12i %
gain?
22.
rent
the
payable
23.
in
inches
face of
one
cube
which
cube
which
as
I receive
for
contains
18769.
cubic
many
in its surface?
inches
of what
contains
Ans.
is gain,what
article,
an
terly,
quar-
l^jVoVoVo^-
Ans.
inches,
6 in.
is my
Ans.14'%%,.
$1000
of
how
for
and
square
much?
circle
are
Circle;6.831
Ans.
20 ft. ; which
each
quarterlyis that
is
What
$3000, her
compound interest,parable
annum
note,
$1080.56
Ans.
most, and
If I pay
face of the
is the
is that?
annum
boundaries
The
He
what
Ans.
%
fe per
square
square
If
is the side of
are
contains
12
per
many
in.?
What
there
20.
rate
How
2571353
money
latter ;
mon.
for the
mon.
gain by it,if
in 1 yr. 10
balance:
$1500, due
of 6
^vhat
premium annually,
premiums : which should
12 annual
will I
much
advance
an
% loss,and quit
Ans. $1000.
y8g%
$2500, at
for
down
2| fc.
Lose
sell at
with
did I start
Any. The
owes
note
17.
gain or
me?
to
annum
Ana.
permanently, by paying
or
as
loss of 15
% premiunr.:
37A %.
Ans.
what
10
at
per cent.?
many
14.
of
sell them
gain?
gain
% discount,and
at 20
I invest and
and
do
cent,
per
13.
stocks
buy
age
the
value
being
of
40, and
widow's
interest
in property worth
Ans. $669.50
dower
1
Bought eggs on credit; the first time one dozen, and every
7i dozen.
The bill
My last purchase was
succeedingtime 3 more.
it?
how
much
for
120
doz.:
too
was
was
Ans.'"\doz.
large
presented
Jan.
bo
loaned
25. What
must
1, at 9 ^, to be re-paidby
principal
the
first day of the five sucof
5 installments
ceeding
$200 each,payable on
24.
Ans. $978.10
months?
25
26. After
% of my money,
spending
had I at first?
I had left $675 : what
27. I had
above
true
60
day
interest:
note
what
discounted
was
at 1
and
25
j" of
the
Ans.
fe a
month
and
Ans.
der,
remain-
$1200.
paid S4.80
$11112.93
"180
slock
31.
trieve
my
32.
If
33.
.{of
The
tax
roof
of taxation
for the
"fi"
gain, realiz
Ans.
of 20
how
18
at
left
father
8 years,
$20000
to
be
of the tax;
divided
$1520.
much
is the
ti.i.
Ans.
of
age
(21 yr.):
what
lot
$7500.
that
each
.
to the
sam"
the shares
were
aged
sons,
and
12 years,
so
respectively,
% compound interest,should amount
became
its possessor
the 2d
for
what
his
among
$275.924:
to
and
10 years,
at 4."
must
ft,i may re
Ans. $4000.
years'penalty,amounts
was
1-ffg%,
1st year
penalty is 30 %
the
and
$-137.0!)
i"liarc,
placed
35.
out at 45
falls,how many
52 ft. by 38 ft?
lot,with
on
lyVo %}
when
of rain
drains
year
assessed?
years,
ing
^ premium, ^fin-
1 have
14cwt
1 qr. 25 lb.
Ans.
f0 discount; sold
20
at
inch
an
which
if the rate
34.
sold at 3
and
weight
17 cwt.
loss ?
cistern
Ann.
at
the net
and
weight?
discount
%,
did I invest?
what
Invested
I borrow
18
tare
I invest?
stock
Bought
lag $2204:
at G
did
what
lb.,the
is the prross
what
)!.".,
2'.'. Bought
30.
is 7
If the draft
28.
1 qr. 3
ARITHMETIC
HIGHER
RAY'S
368
$30000
"
due
and
nually :
30.
I sell
yr., and
3-
4A
lot. for
yr.
'%
10
to me,
annum
per
is the cash
what
value
of the sale ?
Ans.
B. and
A,
are
for 12 mon.,
Ans.
$3228.14
for G mon.,
when
tain
cer-
C's
$400 and
15
mon.
of 3
stocks
The
mon.
39.
The
41.
A'debt
interest:
once
43.
is to
be
paid
respectively; its
months
42.
of
I
for
A
what
value
is the debt?
bought
$180:
receives
L invested
in
cash
horse
find the
for
$150 due
in 8
and
$"i7.'.'(),
$7.83^more
Ans.
than
months,
4 -A"/c.
15. $2!.'.
70, from
B,
what
did
and
each
An.". A,
Ans.
$7"4..4
sold
1"
him
at
j ','/r.
jnintspeculation: if
invest
S1G.OSJ; B, $8.25
HIGHER
RAY'S
370
ARITHMETIC.
GO. A
he
left,find
of the
hired
received
"'2 13
1 yr. at "8
4 d. and his
and
for
s.
his
livery;
what
gal.,
G2. A
the whole
what
cut
were
he
which
brandy
officer seized
revenue
receiptson
he, and at
received
had
10
after
G3.
From
$20
more
bag
s.
selling
for
which
he
forfeited
days
25 ct.
At
did he work?
Ans.
taken
mon.
hi?
remainder, by
how
had
tc $162;
gallons
many
Ans. 22 gal.at $9 a gal.
he
28 da.; every
day he worked
down
engaged
was
$198;
at
75 ct., and
absent
day he was
every
of 28 days he received $12 : how
many
the end
"4
the
of
price?
woi-kman
held
the value
was
Ans.
smuggler
a
in
livery;
livery?
61. A
10
was
servant
contained
of money
which
a certain
sum.
its half; from
the remainder, $30 more
19.
there
than
was
its
than
than
its fourth, and
then
third; and from the remainder, $40 more
did it contain?
Ans. $290.
sum
nothing was left. What
for the
G4. A bought eggs at 18 ct. a dozen ; had he bought 5 more
would
have
him
less.
How
2^
cost
ct.
same
a dozen,
they
sum,
many
Ans. 31.
eggs did he buy 1
Go. A person
bought sheep for $94; having lost 7, he sold $ the
How
at prime cost,for $20.
remainder
sheep had he at first?
many
.
Ans.
For
G6.
keeps
keep on
of
325
sheep
every
1 A.
pasture
keeps, he plows 1
sheep ; how many
farmer
5
for every
69.
He
per
knows
neither
only
that
have
lost
gained $1,
$3.
Find
G5
to
as
1000.
2 Ib. of
Ib.,so
A, B and C
B together could
it,or B and C do
that
the
weight
had
if he
the number
paid $10 74
" of it,in the
of it; how
must
are
Ans.
THE
Just Published.
Examples in
Ib. of the
25
had
first cost
nor
the
whole
sold
it at
sold
of Ib. in the
"
'
for
same
doing
box,
50
box
ct. a
and
time
that
the first
Ib. at 28
and
of
Ib.,
Ib.,he
ct.
piece of work;
ture
mixIb.
do
ct.
and
of
-jj
Ray's Higher
22
fresh
135
30
G mi.
new
of
at
iu
time,
much
salt,how
Ans.
do
in
Ans.
if he
but
ride
Ans.
hour?
Ib.
70.
the
so
salt?
oz.
recollects
have
would
cost
to these
but
he
far may
home
return
time ; how
contain
grocer
would
he
added
contain
shall
tea.
Ib. of sea-water
be
must
water
land, and
sheep does he
Ans.
of
A. ?
67.
68.
A.
47.
Arithmetic
and
'
lucid Solutions to
SYSTEM
ECLECTIC
OF
PENMANSHIP.
COPY-BOOKS.
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No. 6
Girls;
No. 8 Girls,
No. 8, Varietyof Capitals;
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the
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035" Tfie Girls'
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The
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Each
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ing
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THE
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011
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teaching
shading,
spacing;
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Penmanship.
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Copious illustrations
manner
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the forms
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showing
TUK
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THE
with
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The
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the
and
WRITING-CARDS;
Another
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HAND-BOOK
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The
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usually
Cards
reverse.
Cards.
white
on
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in Writing
Charts.
They
of thirty to fifty feet.
distance
are
studied
at
of
are
employed
can
be
For
convenience
in instructing
of each
letter is
classes, a description
It is confidently believed
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that Teachers
will find these
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by far the most Heauti/ul, Useful, and Practical Aids in teaching this
branch
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important
yet published.
The
thirty-six Cards
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lor
their
are
bolter
put up
in
preservation
neat
when
in use.
ling,
in hand-
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