Professional Documents
Culture Documents
No. 06-4078
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern
District of North Carolina, at Raleigh.
Malcolm J. Howard,
District Judge. (5:05-cr-00110-H-ALL)
Argued:
Decided:
PER CURIAM:
The United States appeals the 144-month sentence imposed on
appellant Robert Johnson for three child pornography offenses.
We
I.
Johnson pled guilty to a three-count indictment charging him
with transmission, receipt, and possession of child pornography in
violation of 18 U.S.C. 2252(a)(1), (a)(2), and (a)(4)(B),
respectively.
a
cooperating
who
permitted
Immigration
and
Customs
Enforcement (ICE) agents to utilize his email address and chat room
identity.
described,
inter
alia,
viewing
In these messages,
child
pornography
and
obtained
search
warrant,
and
searched
Johnsons
The search of
Moreover, many
judge
ordered
the
preparation
of
The
pre-sentence
life.
As counsel and the PSIR also noted, Johnson was 54 years old
when sentenced.
Based on the PSIR, which the district judge adopted, the
offenses
had
base
Sentencing Guidelines.
offense
level
of
22
under
the
advisory
A three-
U.S.S.G. 5A (table).
The top
for
counts
2252(b)(1).
months.
(transmission)
and
(receipt).
18
U.S.C.
18 U.S.C. 2252(b)(2).
attraction
relationships.
to
children
did
not
disrupt
his
personal
This
age,
stating
in
the
judgment
that
the
reason
for
II.
We review sentences on appeal for reasonableness, a complex
and nuanced task in which our ultimate goal is to consider
whether the sentence was selected pursuant to a reasoned process
in accordance with law, in which the court did not give excessive
weight to any relevant factor, and which effected a fair and just
result in light of the relevant facts and law.
United States v.
Green, 436 F.3d 449, 456-57 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 126 S. Ct.
2309 (2006).
presumptively
reasonable,
at
id.
457,
but
of
course,
this
we
have
noted,
sentence
if
the
district
may
be
unreasonable
for
A sentence is procedurally
judge
provides
an
inadequate
calculate
the
Guidelines
range.
Id.
at
432.
Id. at 433;
Id.
whether
departure
is
Id.
warranted
based
on
the
Guidelines
or
Id. at 432-33.
Id.
Id. at 432-33.
With these principles in mind, it is apparent that the 144month sentence in this case is procedurally unreasonable.
First,
for
age
is
explicitly
discouraged,
A downward
although
not
We note
alerted
the
district
judge
to
the
fact
that
age-based
departures are disfavored and thus to the need to take special care
to explain fully the reasons under 3553(a) for a variance
sentence.
The final procedural infirmity is the district judges failure
to acknowledge and take into account Congress policy judgment
embodied in 3553(b)(2)(A)(ii)6 that child pornography crimes
cases); United States v. Fierro, 38 F.3d 761, 775 (5th Cir.), cert.
denied 514 U.S. 1051 (1994) (downward departure inappropriate based
on fact that defendant would be 64 or 65 when released; departure
not warranted when defendant is not elderly and infirm at the time
of sentencing).
Indeed, no reported circuit decision has been
found approving a downward departure based solely on a defendants
age. But some courts have found that where a defendants age and
medical condition render him feeble and infirm, a departure may
appropriately be granted. See, e.g., United States v. Barron, 914
F. Supp. 660 (D. Mass 1995) (76 year old defendant, suffering from,
inter alia, heart condition, suspected prostate cancer, pituitary
disease, removed pituitary gland, and unstable mental condition,
warranted downward departure).
6
this
provision
mandated
no
less
than
Guidelines
United
States
2006).
v.
Hecht,
470
F.3d
177,
181-82
(4th
Cir.
variance.
procedural
Together
shortcoming
with
is
the
others
sufficient
to
described
render
here,
the
this
sentence
procedurally unreasonable.7
Quite apart from its procedural infirmities, it appears the
sentence is also substantively flawed; it is based on a factor
imprisonment
would
cost
the
taxpayers
several
million
dollars.
The question, then, is whether this variance sentence can be
justified on the basis of Johnsons age.
as
we
have
previously
declined
to
decide
whether
form
the
basis
of
variance
sentence
in
some
13