Evolution of trace gas concentrations at Airports

in the LA Basin via Residual Difference and

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
John France, Stacey Hughes, Donald Blake, Rafe Day
Auburn University
University of California Irvine

Background
Two Airborne Research flights
aboard NASA DC-8 Aircraft
o Flight 1 performed 11 MissedApproach (MA) profiles
o 6 Different Airports
Santa Barbara, LAX, Long Beach
(2x), San Bernardino (2x), March
AB (2x), Ontario (3x)

dual head metal

bellows pump

Forward
facing
Inlet
Outlet

Trends

Homogeneous environment
No influx of sources
Changes should be photo chemically produced

Goals
1.

Are there enhancements for trace gas concentrations?

o Variation within trace gas species
o Variation with location
o Variation with time

2. What methods can be used to determine these enhancements?

Hypothesis: Gas concentrations evolve as the day progresses

Null Hypothesis: Gas concentrations do not evolve as the day progresses

Methods
Residual Differences
Graphical representation

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Mathematical analyses of variances of means

Ontario Airport
Why
o

3 missed approaches

o Municipal airport
o Local emissions are minimal

Residual Differences
What is it

ONT MA

Concentrations (pptv)

MA Mean

Total Mean

6.70 (x1)

12:00 P.M.

Why

13.66 (y1)

9.89 (1)

9.31 (z1)

Isopropylnitrate

15.15 (x2)

1:00 P.M.

16.21 (y2)

15.22 (2)

14.29 (z2)
18.82 (x3)

2:00 P.M.

15.62 (y3)
16.67 (z3)

17.04 (3)

14.05 (t)

Residual Difference Results

oOxygenates

o Halocarbons
o Sulfur species

o Alkanes
o Alkyl nitrates

o Aromatics
o Cycloalkanes

Now What?
Determine which trace gases were associated
with these trends
Determine where the variability came from
Mathematically show the graphs hold true

Analysis of Variance, ANOVA

ANOVA Factors
Sum of Squares
o Total (SST)
o Within (SSW)
o Between (SSB)

ONT MA

Concentrations (pptv)

MA Mean

Total Mean

6.70 (x1)

12:00 P.M.

13.66 (y1)

9.89 (1)

9.31 (z1)

Isopropylnitrate

15.15 (x2)

1:00 P.M.

16.21 (y2)

15.22 (2)

14.05 (t)

14.29 (z2)
18.82 (x3)

2:00 P.M.

15.62 (y3)
16.67 (z3)

17.04 (3)

F Critical = 3.66

F Critical value chosen for significance level of 10%

o F-Statistic > F Critical value
Validity of hypothesis (Gas concentrations evolve as the day progresses)

F Critical Chart
120

Frequency

90

Above F Critical
Below F Critical
60

30

Ontario

March AB

San Bernardino

Long Beach

Understanding ANOVA Results

Alkanes
Alkenes
o Anthropogenic sources

Alkyl nitrates
Alkyl nitrates
o Secondary pollutants formed by
photooxidation
o From the ocean

RH+ OH R + H2O
R + O2 RO2
RO2+ NO RO + NO2
RO2+ NO RONO2

In Conclusion
Math
Math
Math
And Science

Conclusions
Residual Differences signify enhancements of gas concentrations
throughout the day
o Saves time
o Does not provide source of variation
ANOVAs determine enhancements/ reductions for specific trace gas
concentration
o Where variation occurs
o Can measure very small changes in concentrations
o Can predetermine sampling
o Saves money

Future Work
Use this model to determine year to year trends
o Analyze past SARP data to see what variations we can see year to
year
Analyze the trends and why they are occurring
Can this model be a viable test to maximize efficiency for future studies?

Acknowledgements
WAS Group, Stacey, Dr. Blake, Rafe
Dr. Emily Schaller
SARPanauts
NASA and NSERC

Questions

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