Nenu Tirigina Darulu

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NE NU TIRIGINA DA RULU a publication of SRI PRACHURANA,
travel writing by VADREVU CHINAVEERABHADRUDU.November, 2011.
Copies 500, Coverpainting in watercolor and inside charcoal drawings:
Chinaveerabhadrudu. Composed and designed by PALLAVI GRAPHICS,
Hyderabad. Book printed at SAMANTHA GRAPHICS, Hyderabad. Copies
available at DR.P.VIJAYASREE, 96, Navodaya colony, Mehidipatnam,
Hyderabad-28 and at all popular book shops.
Rs.100/-
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4
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seTD nH&T: s qy+ {]dT qTHs. n+ n_e~ k~+#< + &
eTq$T+. y+ dTHu&, s|{, jT|PsY +{ |{ bjTy.
|{+{ \T>Ty n~ d+KHsT. s {| # my
nH&T.
dwH dTq|s >T{eT< <s+> =+& kbjT m s
q, =+&y\T q| eT<V+ s+&T>+{ #*>* MdTq
yesDeT n<< <s<X + @< V dw H n&T>T|{q nqTu *+#jT.
us: deTT<eT{ 753 n&T>T mT nq s y] usT | n&
eTs de#seT <T. >TV\T @$T{, ny&THj, m by |
& |k mes ] n& \TdTed+<.
seTD q ny{q <]q eTeT* s{ y+u& q&|+#&+
yTT<\T|{&T . eb{T ~q {]dT #eT+~ jTTeT\T ~q|{qT+#
|{|>Z+& HsT. y <s+> e&e&> q&TdTq e m<TsT>
njT<sT>TsT j u+<yT T{ { y+u& dw H y| > ed qu&~ .
jTT sY |y T $#Y |d ?t n&>&T |wt y V+>.
;VsY nHsT y.
sY jTT $T+> |yT < y? V &T jTT | eT n&>&T |wt.
k] y # nyX+> y! V]uT! &H > <sY, |sY >& d, <C
q~+> u{ {{ &sYHd.t &sY Hdt n+& &sY Hdt n+{ dw H y| > y[b jsT.
y e{ qeP, XseT L& *> jT e.
y&e qMsu <T&T
22
M sh |s{XK m<TsT|& +{ m+u>TDT nH&T seTD.

dq *u{ y+u& q&T#T+{ bTq e e m<TsT> |~ e*+q{T>
m<Ts q |< =+&_+ qu&>H n{ eTsbjT @< ~ qT+&
+&bj+.
n& #eT+~ =+&CT sy {]dT >&T> HsT. y
jTTe&T #TsT>Z eTeT* nqTd]+#&T. n, seTDL |Ps|]#jT eTTq{T+~.
nqT e >TV >T]+ #| &+ yTT<\T|{&T . n+<T q, yT <J,
d |sD+ n >*dbjjT.
yT+ nyqTH _+ |y +q s qH d |sDM
]+#< T . n+< su+<T syT q >TV {]C+ &bsYy T +{Ty yT dsT+|t
y]# $THwH @s{T #jT+#sT. $THwH mss+ >T, |# s+>Tn<+ $s #sde e+ >TV> j s + ~.
yT+ =~< s+ q&#y < |esYd| j
T bjT+~. >TV n+ >&+< s+
neTT+~. >TV n+< sT>TTq eTqTw\T k]> >{> ss \T>
nse&+ yTT<\T|{sT . y \T >TV n+{ |< dTH jT.
N{, n+< su] yT q>TV, ns+ nsT| @< *jT $eX
b+<TTq eTqTw* #dT+ {, H nee qdb+ nDq ~eqe&
bNqd Ty < &jT.
mH j T T> | P s +, uj T { |qT T bqT, eT+# T | j
r+&dT q | &T, eT> eT+<\T y+{ sT eTT=dTq | &T nH>]&q H
|Pseqe&T {+{ >TVH < <#TH&T n|++~.
e y+{ eq {]dT > & T {sY yd dq y\TTs eTeT* eTT+<T
q&|+#&+ yTT<\T|{&T. | qT+ dTq|sjT ] k{T>, k>{T>
>TV n+{ @s& $+ T\T, $T\T.
TH eT mTq , q *+>. n&= |PC] B|+ y*+
nsq #dTH&T. j\T n& }>TTq q|#q C>> m eTw
eyT |{{ + =~ #{TH u& <e& m<{ y]\TT HsT. >TV
eT< q |q T+ sTTq sT sM T< |& {TT q sTC\T\T. e > & eTeT*
+ eTT+<T rdT &T . n&= #{ +CHjT T& b<eT, de TysT C&q
|dT | #|+#&T. n& d |sD+ |Psj
T+~.
23
HqT ]q <sT\T
<X+ b+&e\T ydeTT+& #{, de TysT Ce& rse T

+&< >TsC& nbse sd+~ >Ts=+~. e > & |q eTeT* eT]+
eTT+<T rdT[ & qT+ eTT+<T q&e& M\T<T. MTsT eTT+<T
HMT< b* nH&T.
] > & eTeT* C>> yT+ eq #{T rdT=#&T. >TV+
ujT{ _+ eTTK<s+ + $X+>, $d +>, <e+ m+& yTsTkq
*X+, >TV s +&+#TMT+N y&TTq n&$r>\T, |# s |s |\T,
=~d|{ N{, eqk+s+, |squj
<* +N, ]
*eT, |#<H, $ksyTq y\TT #d{|{ @< $eTTqTu
*+~.
HeT~> ujT{ e#+. n| &T #k+. ~>Teq dTq|s MT+ *|s<
C]q{T >d q~. b<s X+ ||* dTq {T+< <X+.
>TV q<$T{?, eT|++~? |X C+> ns+ <T .
>TV n&T>T yq n&T>T yk ~>T +{ eTw q | | &bjTq
|PsjTT> n&T>T|&TTq{T. < eqdqTue +.
& |-Vk] neXceTH <]j |wt n&T>TTH&T seTD.
neXc d+>y > < |< |-Vk] nqTue + n+~ |X+ qe.
neqeqT. y| >&s V d\T. <MT< #<q > s+>T\T, |e\T, qe\T.
| &|t duqdt yT+&, |q+ duyTu{. us>TV |+#~ eTq
n+s+ >yT nHHqT.
& e+ &sYHdt | eTsMT #& b jTq ;VsY jr+
<Ts< we +T < n L& nqTHqT.
5
|j D+ d+ e =+, >TV nqTq< H med| >&| q +<Te

=+ yT+ ujT{ e#{|{ kjT++ H\T>Z+{jT+~. kjT+|
m+& =+&MT+ y\T> |&T +~. >TV ]q+<Te, >_ ydq
&T | |q{jTme] @MT H|+#< T . C n& #| <>Z V{
>, s ks +{ > @B <T . q< { s +&T bu&\ T. n{+{ u& H
Lu& e b{T #T q u& , |S ujT{ rk+.
y&e qMsu <T&T
24
dj
qT+ eq $<ojTT C+{, $XK d b+{ qT+ eq V+B
u+> e{&T +{Tq <>T, kq ]CqT, s CTyS-
n& n+<] #dT+ { <+ $X+ @&+ K\T nq TTw XTu+ d +>
+~. nd{>, eTT> n& qT r<e n|++~>, yT {T >
_bsY d|t.
nDT+ eTeT* ns rdTbjT |jT+ seTD mese]H
d+|~dTH &T. n |jT M |* +q{T <T . e <>sZ = eTq+ &
ns s&T C+H < mes ] |{T b<+. n&qT+ udT\T <sTjT
ns be& nH&T.
m>H+, db+{ y udT yT+ eT*jT>& C+H e#{|{
njT<sTT+~. dsT&T q e] sD
L& eT<Te> yq rddTH&T.
m<TsT> s{> nq+] =+&\T. =+& yqqT+ eTT+#T=dTq eT+#,
s* edTq #*>\TqT.
ns> + { |> yjT{ #dq s d bd+CsT udT HeT~> =+&
m e+~. udT U>H +&{+ mk+. =~> eTT+<jT +{ u>TDT.
| &T N{ |&b +~. nq+] qTeT n+<\T $TdjTbTH+ eTq+
nH&T seTD.
n|{, =+&|q y\T n+#T y+u& yT*\T ]q |T { s&T qTN{
|&T Tq d+< y, n&$<]q |j D+ H< >+;sy T q eTVk+<s
=~=~> |]#jT + #d H +~.
udT nq+] med| >< T >, s dT+sy T { nq }
#d| +~. n& ~ys+ d+sC{. d++ y[b jT Cq+, ybsdT ,
dsT eT{ ]dbjT+~ udT. eTq+ =~> eTT+<T s>*+{
d+ #d+&y+ . b++ ~ u> |d< y T q d+ nH&T seTD.
|q d+ >T]+ $es+> #| =#&T.
]CqT\T =+&, n&e @sT # qsV n{M |kjT+
+|+ &T, H, s jT\T, +, dj, n& , N|S +{$ ysT
d+ neTTsT. eq &uT y edq edse dTe \T
=qT+{sT.
< |L*jTsY es{ |d .t & s s \T> ]CqT&T ydbH
H&T. njTq|{ d+ b<q+ @MT >Z b > sqT sqT |sT>TH +~
n #b&T seTD.
25
HqT ]q <sT\T
udT ns udtk+& +~. n|{ u> N{ |&b e&+ s

s+{T Bb y\TTs e |+q }sT q }s+{ |+> @MT
|+#< T . uk+& <>sZ H {]C+ &bsY yT+{ y] > dtV edt rdTbj&T
seTD. b<TD
+ N #dq |j D+e u> n*dbj+. #* u> my+ ~.
m&H + & <] <byqT+~. e <Ts< w+ , sC mes
>esyT+{ n~sT b>+. > dtV edt +& { Cq+, yVH V&$&.
n+ V&$&q seTD e d+ ><H d+b~+# |j d|& &T .
> dtV edt du+~ $dTe&+ quT#T ujT{=#&T. b<TD + N m+
V+>, &+{> q n eTTK+ | &T {qH. s m& >&b
n dTq {TH&T. V{M <sy &?nq&>qT.
}] deTd ~. & eqy +|s u T |d t <s& + #
w+ . HH | #kqT. MTsT eTT+<T>H @s{T #dT +{eT+{ e<H qT.
>esyT+{ b>eTT +. yTTe T+ $T+#ksT y. V{ +&,
<TD <+& L& y ]CsY #ddT+{sT seTD e{ ndV q+
L&q u<.
| & n seTD n+{Tq+ m| &=#sT n+{ n uT C &T
me]< |]+|. eqqT k |$] . n| & > dt Vedt |dtMT{
#dT ] y[b seTD #d |]+#&T. n seTD u> \TdTq{.
e |]d #d D
+ +#&T.
$TeT* e +{ rdTb<e n+{ e \T u> q~. MT M\T>
+&be#T. eTq+ | #<+. & {u| d+ d\T +~.
V&csT H u> \TdT. jT *d s d eTq @< =+
ed #|+#b &T nH&T. e{\T $+{H e bD+ e+~.
#* es<Z ] y+{ }] | q ]Cq bsX <]|{+.
6
]Cq bsX V&csT # dV<jTT&T. jTq e m+ #
< $T#&T. s e kH yD @s{T #k&T. jTH, jTq {
du+B eT q T+ eT+#, <T|{ rdT=#sT. jTq q +{H e
d+ #$+<T d<+ #jT+#&T. e kH, uCq+ njT{|{ s
=$T~>+{+ ~. n| &jTq m> s &T+{THsT <, ~ys+
s e | =+d| >&| + & n +|t |s Y @s{T #k&T.
y&e qMsu <T&T
26
s sTujT{ | +<s ejs+> LsTHsT. eT< |<H > & .

H>& y\TTs |\ T eT eq b{\T b&sT . &qT\T #ksT. eTT eT
>e q|{qT+N #dTq ]jH{+ |<\T b&sT . y| eT+{
sTy&> * y# > +{, yq y| M| eT+#T #u &TT+{, |
b{\T, {\T, qe\T, H{\T e< = nqTuy #jT.
D
q, e $X$<j $T+q >=| $X$<jT+, |{ n&MT
+{~, X# + +<, |B|s+ MT< |w+ #u&q{T> e|++~.
> yT jTy]{dt >Ts=k+~ nHqT seTD.
| V+ dsd b{\T b&++~. yT q |d q + qT+N $q
b{\T y]&\T *e yTT<\T CjTCjTCjT |jT us CqjTr,
~e< < q eq b{H b&+~.
seT+ eTTd{|{ X+ #T\T yTsTdHjT. <s+>
ns y n+{ $<TBb\T. s yT+ <bH< T . V&ws T >s, jTq
{ {#s eH d+>T \T #|P +&bjsT.
b<TH ys+&H |+ <jT+ yje >+&
#]bjsT. ]<$ T> $|+# $ #| &T yTe e ujT{ e#qT.
<s+> b>eT+#T. eT+#T+ ndw+ > yTsTdTq #T\T #d+ &>H
b'| y\T>Ts \T XeT+ y|+#jT. $TT+ =+<s =+<s>
eT&+ yTT<\T|{sT .
V&csT @&Tqs <TdT\T <]+ |e> e eTT+<T
|eTjsT. e+ e @s{T #dH eTs e+ bsX <q+~q
se |s y+ #T+{THsT.
MT |\ T # *yq y+ & n+~ |X+.
jTq $T$T. neH, + MT ]+# $HH e{. HqT
m+ #| H e #T{ ||+ #+ | < e{. e #T{ q deC+,
y #T{ deC+ y yTT<T+{ eTT<ydd+~. {u # &duT #
<e. |y &T eTqH m+ jT {y. y&T e+~ mDT+#! |
&+ <. | m+ |+e>, &d| H > , jT {y> +{T+<!eTq+
n +&> e?
27
HqT ]q <sT\T
#ed+ ed e$ >T =&>*+<. n&$ b|e\T,

d+|+>| e\T $#Ted+<. XeDed+ XeT, H @+ ed+<.
<T>, o+ ||+ #MT b>eT+#T b> #T{*+<. {Te+{ D D +
s+>T\T es dT+<se TjT ||+ #++ |\ T, <T>, H\T>Z& eT< =
ysT. eTq+ $< >T]+ @< #| +{+>, d m+ qs{y d+dH
}V+#>\s!
eTq bsX | H s Dj
T + ><? #&+&, e $]bjTq
\T, { |d, e sT{H dHbqqT. n+<T |yD eT
{| & d T H n<Ty T eTT+{T+~ #| +&?
yTT<T\ T y <T, eTq+. eTq $<$<H, eTq { uT, eTq d\T
$T{, eTq F n~sT.. esed+~ eTqeT+. C+> &duT eTqyT..
ec] e{ $eT, ejTdT e, nqTue + e $d+ q $y+
>*d b'q |DqB CMT+ M# eT+<> jT eTeT*.
sM+<T& X+q+ >T]+ $HqT > MT bsX C+> X+q+>
+~ n+~ dsd .
, y| bsX ns=s ks, | nHs>|P] <V ,
y u+<T L& e <w <{be&+ <T . J$+ |++ < &?
|< nsT<T nqTHqT.
u bdt njTq s q{ | $] , jTq |sT |k<, e *k&T
eTeT*. |DT+N b>eT+ q #T rdTH&T. #&+&. n+<s
MTeT ns y* n+{ @$T{ #&q d m+ <s+ qT+& eksT .
MT > n u+<T |& sT. rs#d &=#{|{ &+ #&
*jT<T y . mes #|y+ &sT L&. n{ { ] $dT+{ ns
{T +{ ]bsT
|k< + #| =#&T. | &T eTq+ y > #&<\ T+{ &
|<|s+>sH #d nDT+ sD& y{sYb #d j eTT+#*.
k] eTq+ =<sT b<+. eTTK+> seTD>] #|+#edq$
L& { s +&THjT nH&T.
yT+ ujTsu+&> V&csT e e |<es> | @eH
H\T>T eT+e{\T #| b+& nH&T. =~ d| y >&b qTqy+ ,
y&e qMsu <T&T
28
s> >~ >+{ |H L#T+&bj+. ]Cq XTe nejTyT q |X ,

y e<H s+, y d yT+ |* |e{ m+ u< jTT+>
|* {{T #kjT. |<e s> #~y | #<T e d+ @$T neX\T+{j
=s+ $es+> #b+. =+<sT |\ T n, MT s \T sjTT#TH n
n&>sT. n&dT \T rdTHsT.
bsX qT+& ujT{ edTq | &T C+>H bNq >TsTyTT<
#d edTq ueq*+~.
7
nsjTq,
|]dsq sE yT+ #H #k+. z|H mjTsY

~jT{sY, >+>eT >T&, |<|s+ >sH, |_ d-, H{ e j
yT+ C+>H eTse$ V{> &, sjT>&qT.
|<|s+ >sH #dq s eTq+ V{> & b<+ nH&T |k<.
} s +&T {\T <TsT ns }+ =+&<sT |j DeTj+.
sTy| *d\T, #eT\T |+&q #+ dsY z b+{wq eT< > njT<sT
MT{s |j D+ eTeT # esD eTT+{ #]+~.
~ ~yd n_e~ k+d d+|T + nH d#+ < dyd+d. }y >Td| dt H
nH q&CrjTT&=jTq > sejT> b++ ]CqT* d+|T {| ]
uc|]X<q , ejCq$<, { |+|+ , eH| D m+ w #k&T.
~ #|<eTH & rdTe#qT $TeT* nH&T |k<.
q ={j | k<sD ]CqT* d+|T {| ] , $<ojTT&T #dq
w eTeT* # Xs|]+~. e jT *d e{& neX |k<
@s{T#k&T. m+ kCq+ jTq e mH d+>T \T eTT#{+#&T.
d+d esD |P{ qs, |dT, e&+>+, +< |+|+ , ksT n
#k+. ~yd ]j uw ysT eTT~+q |T+{Te, ejCq
$<y#, n{M T >T]+N, | |+|+ >T]+N |#T]+q
yH>| , ]CqT < , b{ dsD
#d+.
~ud sY bs=u n ]CqT |+&> >T]+q $ws # q jTq
e | =] = | #=| q qT> #sT. ns dTq ]CqT
d+ y] d+d |#T ]+# u =usY (eT+ e{) nH | |T * L&
n+<] #sT.
29
HqT ]q <sT\T
yT+ V{>&qT+ edTq|&T |uT|<, d#+<d+d |<

eT< & seTD #> $e]+ #b&T. |uT|< $dsD eTTK+. e
+ me eT+~ |* * n+~+# |jT |&T T+~ |uT +. e ,
d#+<d+d #d |jT $j>+ eTTK+. =~ |*H Bs+b{T
|jCqs+> n+<{{T #ksT M.
n_e~ s +& eTTKyT. {- bddt |t Hd{ wqC w H . eTs={
bddt |t+{sCwH. yTT<{+ y*. |<|< yTT
|{Tu&T\T y*. s +&< e> X< y*, n+u e+ *q dy sT\T
y*. eTq <X+ H <T, ||+ #eT+{ n s |uT \T m<Ts=+{Tq
deTd ~. *{ u+>|&+& +{{{y mbqH m{ nq<.
V{>& qT+ ns ] edTq <]H eTeT* eTs= dq eT{u{
y+u& ]Cq>eTyTT< rdTy&T |k<.
|<|< #{ | eT<, +, e$T&, qT> #{ eT< <uTq{T+&
q ]Cq >eT+ sjT>& n&T e$T #|+#uTH& nqTH+.
;<]+ ={q{T> qu&TTq eT<qT+ q&Td, |q b q
eT+~syTT< <>Zs rdTy[ u&=ujT H& nq&>&T |k< n&Tq
]CqT&=jT.
=~ d|{H ms eT{s + >T >T&\ T <] +q k<T yw< sT\T =+<sT ]CqT\T
e #ssT e <>sZ . y >T]+ |k< #dq |]#jT + eTeT* m+ ]++~.
e+~ ]CqT. ]k &+H +<+> y|+q |q<]
eTVeT deC+ #]q U\T y. e <>Zs eqy] KeTVeT <s
|#s+ eTTKb eVdTq =+uTbD u&=ujT, <yTT<sY n~], >esH
{V*j HsT.
KeTVeT 1802 e d+es+ sD+ #+~q d<| sTw&T j> Xs
eTVeT|uT |#s+ #dq Jeq$<q+. <M <e eT]|PC w<+, @uV
bdq, nV+kbq, eT<e+dw<+ , mseT{ eTT+q $s+>T >T&*
{& + <s <V +s |>+- $ K JeqjTe\T.
MT |PC$<q+ @$T{? nq& =+uTb u&=ujT d>+ ]j, d>+
V+B >*dq $TXeT+ # HeT~> #b&T.
y&e qMsu <T&T
30
|PC$<qeT+{ @MT <T . b<Tq u> e +T& @&T ksT yTT+.

s e b+ |qT\T, +{|q T\T #dT +{+. ] N{| & +&H uCq+
eTT+ kjT++ eT njT<TksT <e&eTT+<T k|& +, n+ nH&T.
=+&, b s&+us+>, |{{|+ +& eT uT eTT
uTTq ={j , u>, =+&<s > #+~q ]CqT\T H J$
m+ dTuk < + #dT HsT!
n& uVDT s+& <T. u<T >V|]>+ <T. s nHH
J$$<H @ s{eT, n+< eT <T . |> MT |\ T L& | d]>
jTe\T b{+#? n |X n& n{+{ s+<y T MT <T . y
wyT b{+#e#T, b <T nH&T >esH {V*j.
8
es &d q eT{s & y+u& yT+ q&T#T+{ ns e#{|{ u> N{

|&b jT+~. nd eTuT |{ +<y eT>y\ TTs={ n+{ y|+ ~>T\T
|{dTq~.
s eTq seT+ @$T{? n&>&T |k<.
DT+ b&sT yqT+{TH+ nH&T seTD.
dsd | <T. qT sC de |{ e#q, s
m>H yC > y[b y |{T|{ + ~. ee] + @MT #dq{ <T . +
{H >eT+ yq >eT+ eT #d ] #& +~. dsd
] s y yC > |+|e T|++~. =~d| sq us q s |{
n+ yC > ] y[b y, eT =~ sE eTs= |<j
d<| & sy
rs+#TH+.
+ N{ udT d+ yjT{ #k >& |+{ @<H { <TsTe&yT
eT+< H & T | k < . uk + & e { e{ & T H+. + de
rdTu+&> |X+ H+ mH \TdTyqTHqT. & ]Cq > ,
y #s, ny{ \TdTyqTHqT. =+<s+ {+> L&
#j qTHqT. @B <sH < T . eT m| &H ed #|ks nq&+~ |k<.
|k< sTqe MT C+> ]CqT eT< byqT+<?| & b<+
nH&T. n V+ #d |j D+ m& eqT=eT+{& n uj
T |&+ ~
31
HqT ]q <sT\T
dsd . |k< ys #q H&T. nqT e b{ { m |<+ &.

eTq+ y< ]H s&TM T<H @<H ]Cq >e #<+ nH&T.
N{ yq &d q dsYz #{ |q M~Bb + |& yTsTd +&>,
{ ns e~* |&TT+{ H< #| u+> *+~. =+< s+ |j D+q
s n& m<Tsq L&* { |eTH&T |k<. N{ neTTq
>eT++ u> &d q eT{< ] y+u& eTeT* q| rdTbj&T.
s+&. ~ bsC >y + & q CHyd+. bsC\T & ]CqT eT
~eTJ$ #+~q >. y J$+ m+{T+< MTs #<Ts T >nH&T.
bsC n >|H<y T TV+ qe { |s Y |#T sD #kqT. n~ M
>T]+# nH&T seTD.
>|H<y T TV+ ]j s#j
T Cq|s uVQeT b+~q yTT<{ s#j
T.
jTq #+ s|{ |uT ~]> |#d ]CqT dyT d
J$+#&T. n& <T |q jTqsdq >=| qe neTd+ q+ \T>TnqTy<+
L& e+~ n #b&T seTD.
H+ Xs+ yd+ ~. m{Te+{ eTVjTT\T J$dTq ||+ #+ ~! HH
yTT<{k ] #dTH qT nqT+{Tq J$ HH eTT+< m+ n<T+ >
||+ # |{ + qyH s+{, y J$qTue + m<{ d>T Z e++~ H
eTqdT.
]Cq CHyd+ |+q yTT<{ +{ eTeT* rdTbj&T
|k<. >& | q beT{ +{ n&T>T|&T n<T + e#+. | se#TH
nH&T. s+&uu, s+& n $|+#jT +s\T +{+. e+~ mesqq
nqTeq+ <T , m+<T=#sq |X <T . q< nseT] Vq+ {.
yT+ n&T>T|{q +{ q+. yTT<{ =~d| N{ e
|+#< T . HeT~> $| #d +{ __&T m+ eT+~
eTqTw\T-&, eT>, |H, |< |+#sT. + *| s +&T><T \T. | qB njTq >~ | q H>& eT+&T+~.
H>& #T{ =+<sT L#THsT. >~ | q q eTs= q >~
e+{>~, <q+ >~ nqT. C < >~ n L& nq+. & eyT
n&T. | H yT dT | n+<] nq+ e&k +~. y+ yT+ y[q
y&e qMsu <T&T
32
deTj s uCq+ @s{ HsT. eTeT* #d @s{T | q |{ e

#T{ eT>sT.
nj, MTsT nq+ +{THs +~. nq+ q+&. |s<T. s
e{&T +<+ nH&T |k<.
|s<T , |s<T nHsT y.
<s+> &y y uw @< >=DT>TTHsT.
@eT+{THsT? nq&>. y e{& < T .
$dT+{THsy n+~ |X+. s {+ n& eT>y #bsT. |<y
m<TsT> |{T m{ +{+ n+{THsT y n.
n njT eL& |{+& MT b{T nHqT. +&u{ <>sZ > y[
#kqT. n~ keT_jT+ nq+. #]bjT+~. nq+ b{T |+&T
>TeT&jTLs.
$TT+ H>& # T { d{jsT. seTD ujT{ bjT e >+
_d{b{T | d+ |{T=#&T. HqT n&Tq uT&B |+ y\TTs
+ jT#kqT. +{ eT q {, <e&d +, eTs= | <q+
e#dT H bs. bjT+<{, u> q<{ s +&T &| \T, $eTT\T,
}#\T | b&T#T=q b>=&T>, s +&TeT&T +&, H, eTs=|
edq >T& , | q u+N|q s +&T d\ T_+<, | > s|{, s,
r, eekjTkeT^, eTs= eT T&T+, |]&, dHjT y<\T.
+{ CH+<] b{T eTq >< &. < | q &>+.
n&+ & . +{ yq yT={+. |XT eX. +{| + | q>
b># ]bjT+~. yq &d &d HbjTq eTT ydq. & +{ ujT{
b b>, eTqTw #dXk y& q> >*d + @< J$|
ydq y>{ T>, usTe>, eTT> .
+{ y+ <] |<, n&$ eT]#{T +{y& &=+uT. jTq
&u @+ {jT. njTH, ju@ y &> H&T. bsC > , n+{
|* > #+~q, |Ps+ eTw n&T . n us #+ +<{ >++~.
<sT =&T\T n. >d n|<=&T us. yT+ eT<V+ #dq
sjT>& >eT| &|& T #T. n s +&e=&T ds+, n us n&
HsT. |< =&T q\T>TsT &| , eT>| y &. |<~ sTD |j
T+~.
33
HqT ]q <sT\T
q |\ T #TeT, uqT, |<e T L& n& u& eTeT #dTH sT. +|]
ET , $T$T& eTeT* #dTq eT>| y & |sT H<. n>&T
ns jT Vw #<T e+{TH&T.
ds+ q\T>TsT |\ T. |d LTsT #TeT mT +~. |y D
H #T rdTHqT.
eT{ eD + H&T y&T. u $T |*+#T $]dq q\ Te>
H&T. u$Tds jTq H #T y& }|s&<TeqT k]
sYeTH&T. > n+<T+~ ye T yD. ds+ eTT>TsZ T LT eTT, |se T,
C+u n& HsT. nejTyT q H, d *+# e<H M +
sT>TbsT>T &y =+<sT HsT n&. yT+ eq d+<& #d =+<sT e
\T|<>sZ \THsT.
+{ H\T>T s #+~q bsC |sTw, d #]q d+<&
deyX+ yTeT{ m+d| >& |y e <T. |k<, seTD, |wt,
|X+, dsd r y ={ |X yq |X n&T>T+{ y y jT<s
J$< X HeT~> e eTT+<T $w]kbjTsT.
y u+<T\T, |uT + yjTdTq s&T| y L be&+, y
s wH deTd\T, eekjT+, |+&b\T, bs\Te\T, sees\T, <
+C\T, d+ <sT\T, cesT, nq+]=+& qTq q{T,
b+MT< < m\T>Tu+{T, eT>H |e<sTq bs dT> sT\ T, E\T+
#d j\T, >&MT< syT bws T , |y & ujTH MT< s+J$ ue,
+&M T< m>TsTTq \T>T<X+ C+&\T, &=+uT u$TT&q eJ +>dt
HjT&T.. n<+ |< Vk d]|& ><.
yT+ e#{| &T XeT+ e]+q |# <HH #k+. , | &
|# <q+ +< J$d+ >eT| &\T |dT H jT. &+ J$|T sD
>&y T q s+>T{ |j D+# +~. {]dT> <T. d& + {T>
<T. eTw>, y eTw>. k< yTH n~?
d$d ddt < jT+> |{T q |wt, | <X q yTs u+~+#
seTD, | deTd | ]bsY #d |k<, | y<q |d+~+# |X+,
| q+< |]+ >=+ >q+ #d dsd - M+ ujT{ ||+ #|
y&e qMsu <T&T
34
ysV sT\T. J$+ M | +& |u $+ #dT + ~. BqT+ M , M

yq+{q y L& @< qe# q + yTT>Z =&T>TT+~.
&d $bjTq b># ]bjTq >T&d s&T L\T> uTTq
bsC d |sTw J$k+<s eg+H, n+s+H, eTs<H,
eTqqH eT{T y & + n$y+ .
, us >TV, &._. q T |q yT+ eq s \ T +bsY yT+{,
dT+sy T { d+, ns XeTbsX , & | J$ +<+ y eT{
qTHjT. < XK\T X+ y|+#jT. N{> T js+ +{ >T&d
{+{ s [<dT >&|+{, +{ L& m| & C
e]\T+< n +&&!
9
s e#k+ $XK|{. , J$+q++ n&$ Mq >\T\T,

s*q |e+{ mq{ y&b eT<Ts C| . m| &H bsX
@ u\T&H H n&dt q C J$ e]k s + sjTb& n|dT + ~.
|sq eTVq+< ksue T{+ <] +q ;< bsC {T+u+ yT+
e#{| &T uu, {T>] #| & e >& z eT+ usT yjT+#+&,
e | d+ z u& |{+ #+& n ]q s\T, yT+ #& nHe +<
]Cq CHyk n{+{y mH s\T mq{H |P]> rsTj n|dT + ~.
u~ >qT e udsY n&e n<XyTq{ <T J$_e~
e b{, qe , |wed| y&T n+]+ b+& \Tkj
nL& n|dT + ~.
, ns+ s{ |sT >TrdTq $XK eTVCqdeTT<+ eT<
L& sY.{.d +| d+{sY X|w T &q eTV$ >TsC&, mq{ s
{ V dt >, m{Te+{ <HH yT\T+&b & n @< X.
+&j {T& y] d+, 1995
35
HqT ]q <sT\T
ek<
dTK+
b\TZDed| =*CeTT m+&. sT eTVuuq>sY

>e eT< qT+&, n& & d<+ #d, $ks+ > ;&T>
e~*q beT<qT+& |jDk+~. n| &| &T
>+ qeC y||P |]eT\T r|> n\T
bTHjT.
y&e qMsu <T&T
36
| &T eTq+ yTT<{ m& y&T TH+? n n&+~ dT#] q eT<Tyq

nyT]H jd.
eTq lX j u>+> yTT{yT T<{ #]yT q eeTVXs
y&T TH+ nHqT.
dT#] H yTq&\T. |{+ ~ nyT] n+ |sq k+d q>s
{q |&*j. H k<] dTD, yT us &. dTBsY b +<{H n&
ds | & sT . jTy]{ |t |dj bdt >&TjTwH eT< H |P] #dT
=H eTq <X+ e eT< q >&| & e+B nejT. ] y[b ujTeTT+<T
<>Zs +& @<H d #|+#eT+~. qT #&ujT |<X+ +&jTH
m|jTH |r> +&+~. n& b, = yT\TjT> +&,
nCjT yT q, n|VyT q eqeJ$# u+> +& e{H #| <T
>, +&jT H m|]jTH ks+XeT<< nqTHqT.
V <su< qT+ H\T>< T >+{ |j D+, { s +&T sE\T >&|
] se& nqTe> +&~ qeT n&e eT< H=q lX yT qT
j #<eTHqT.
dT#] ~ yTT<{k]. H > |<> n&e, jT,
eTqTw m{ dVTHs! qTe >V ~*|{q |k
jr&yq {. $TT& +{, s|] T& e#T>, u+<T e +{,
|ujT\T, e$T&{ de~Hq bjT s>H m+ = s+
|eVdT+ <! HqT eqe+sd s kq+ #kqT nH&= $ H= eTVq>s
#dq| &T. qTe +{ e~*|{q y+{H ||+#+ ysTT#T <>Zs
rdTe&+ m+ <sdT+<. n| &T qTe eT >VqTKT&yq| &T {
eTw> eTVeqe&> ]eke.
lX eT+{ {+| < n+, n&eTT+~ s +&TsE\T >&| & n+~
dT, H j |b<q $q>H.
{+| n+{ qTyeTqT+{THy>, e{ # $Xse TT+~. nd\T
#&* qeT n&$ yTTy T <yjT+ nHqT. +&T> ]+q eT~#{
n&$ <*q l|s eT+ ks eeTVeTk+> e TT+<T |dT + ~
H.
sT n#+|{ M<T + eTT+<T k+~. + C+ sE* |+#
d ydT. s& MT< |+&T, Ls>jT <TD\T. @ yVq+ ebTH |
md e]+# <TeTT. n#+|{ <{ s+>|PsT #s> H sT &y| bqT.
37
HqT ]q <sT\T
n& s&T |q jT uVbs<s+. <s+ >T+& =+& <]

rd dq u{. <s+> =+& esTd eT< @{y\T n+#T d<BsT+{Tq
m&> T +| jTKs\T. dqeT\T| sT>T =~d|{H |T { MT<T>
=+&| #s+.
nu, m+ #> e+~& n+~ dT sT+ +< > +TH.
njT, eds|+ | & nqTue eTsTT+<qe{ nHqT. yT eTT+<T
n&T>TyjT u+{ k] , {T eTq+ eq <] y| #&T nHqT.
yT yq ] =~d| Hs+& #d+ &bjT+~.
yT+ eq <]b&eH |s#Tq |#jT $d]+, $d]+
eTT<Ts|# dd \T>, |q |~ n+ e]++<y n|+# < H
|su $T *n>, |q eTuT X+ *CsT>, |+# <XeT+
Hq+< bdTq |+&T{ <d*> |++~.
y[s + &, |s y[ s+&, MT j XTu |<+ y*. | n+<*
yT+ mH esT e <s q& y[q jr <s $H+. yT+ & *
+{+. MTsT e T+> y[ u+ > s+& nq{THjT jT, ~>+eTqT.
<yjT+ lX s bs+. ~ rjTT + qT+N u>
b#Ts e+~. s#s e<qHjT&Hy&T =+& yT{T {+#&T.
|<e T& X_H sds s+ nH >+<+ |dT ++~. jTsD+
|< \T> X_ C]+< >T]+#sT > & > #| q H e{* #+|
$+{H, eTs= #+| dT s eT< qT+ eP{sTTq |]XT< C* Hq
C\T+{+~.
<yjT+ uVy\T d++ CsT>TjT. $XwyTT{T+~&.
| &T eTq+ <{e#yT, s+>|PsY, n&= eTVjTT&q d| k<T e e+&y&T,
s+CH c e n. jTq <sZ +< &. & uVy\T C]q| & n&
#+<HeeT CsT>TT+~. & eq u+ n& ysT. n&
eq X< e+ & eksT n+{T+{, qTy| &H y\T #ky?
nq&+~.
|X $q>H H= d++ e] |wed| d+<< [ d+s+u+
>&| q kjT+d eTqd+ e]++~. >\T e]+q l#+<q dT>+<\T,
<sZ| | q |$ek\T, e]+q ms>T ; |Ps\T, *|P e\T, | ~q
us\T >Ts=#jT. #& $T, #kqT, q+< mq{ eTseqT nHqT.
y&e qMsu <T&T
38
eeTVX s + qT+ + < ~ eTqqs T | T { m lX + y |

|j Dd + &> n&$ deTV+> e m<Ts=+~. $$< y<, >H,
d+wbseX u+<>q+ +{ sT qTe, <sT<V eT< n&$
{ s&T MT+ <T, |\T+ #&* |< n |s V u< C+H qT+ sT
| bqT. <<| |~ MT{s b{T, =+& n+#T< | |j D+
#dT q +d|P, dT H s \T> m>TsTq b|{ > |++~.
XTwb+&TsyT q VeT+e n&$ me]|H eT>yT q n&$H
+~. @< |j |jT k< + dyT q J$$kq+{ y~+#TyH
w+ |eXjT +H n&M, dTN ]=sT m<Ts q {T> +~. n| &T
n&$, u* eT< u<yT |+#<T. dT#] n&$H #dTq< < n&$
s dT#]H #dTq< \TbjqT.
|s u< bjT+{ <>sZ #s {|{ n&$ eTeT* |P]> eV++~.
d bqT, -yTjT \T, +{s{ eyT ny{q u* yTT<{k ]>
~>+|]y| d+<X k<yT+{T+< |]#jTeTsTT+~. ~ d+<XeT,
nqTue eT L&.
yud{ d+<X eyT n+~+#> <T. n~ MT&jT + < yTdC eyT .
qTe& d+<X eTH<V \Ty k~+#e. n~ n|]|Ps,
nd+| d+ + eyT . & m<TsT> e]+q eTVXeT, *
s+ >, < eTd< XyT q sqqeT, eT< $dd T q qe+C\,
d j\, n&$ $qedTq n&$ nsT|, HeT +s, y{e
eT]+ dJe+>, dTdw+ > $qedTq n&$>s + |>& XueT- e H
H]u* d\T #T{TeTT{jT.
eeTj, n{+{ eTVdeTT< s+ eTeTq meTs b&=
$. yTT<{k ]> n{+{ #dq| &T me+< | & +~ H n+~
dT. q yTT+ yTsH ujb$T n+{q L& n{+{ +
XujTeq+> e+&<y n|++~, eTVdeTT< mq& #d+& H
.
||P >\T+, n&$T+ $qe# nsT|+, s++
$T*q os| \T #s >T+&> eTu$ +q eq<e d~ sT DL &
DXeTu*eH H q{+~.
39
HqT ]q <sT\T
sT ] |T {s& eT\T| eTT+<T k>T+~. eTVdeTT< s+ >

q|H y+u& k>TT+& q | |&e sTqTeT esd , eT\T|,
y\T m>T&T~>T sT k>T+{ u{sT y| ed+>eTq |r n&$
*+~. m+&q e eT< qT+&, s\TTq |+&T{ >\T+, e
ydTT T q sT e qeJeq |d Xu <s+> *^ wy D
.
| &T b\T] keTH<T & $|+# +~ n |+&s< #]qT
>TsT #dT HqT. H m+ wy eeT+{. lX + >T]+ n+ bseX
b+~q ue&T eTs=&T H&qTqT. eTq+ eq{ +>D <sT+# jTq
L& lX d+<]+#&T.n| & sV <sT, @ yVH L& sE\T.
*q&q =+& ed+<s q V+ eTT+<T kq sE\T. &,
<T>, eTT+<T+& X n+{Tq{T+& =+&, BH #T* q{. .
n n+{T+&>H, ee\T, e$\T, eu \ T H eTqd+ +&bjTsT.
@ eTVeT <TseZ sD+ y n+ ry+> <>sZ |\T#T+~?
+w|& =+& <e& <>Zs m+<T=#sT y? dT d]>Z H
eTqdT e{H | |*+~.
=~ d| HHMT e{&<T. eTV>+;syTq $wjTyT< H esD
d+ |q>T&TTq{T> nqTue eTsTT+~. eTqyT<H |>&y T q $wj y&
#jT ujT{| &T eTq k<sD+> nqTue eTjT Bs yT< H L& *+~.
qu* n&q |X Cy_e& <T, H HH @< $wj dw+
#dT edq d+<s + eq{T> #| &+ yTT<\T|{qT.
nd\T e&T nH~ <e&T. <e<e&T. n+<TH jT eTV<e& L&
n+{sT. jTq |B<e&T
$we { <T. jTq X<e +. CsjTeT]. yu e eT]. |+usT&T.
$eTT&T. sTeTT&T. u> e BZ $u j>eT +~. n+<T $we q
dsb\T> #| qe Xssb\T, yu e sb\T. j\T. m& & J$+
q deTdy u e +, # $s\TT +< n<+ $we TjTyT. e{
#b+{ jTq sY |t < d+{sY
e&{ <T. jTq sY |t < |]|. XTwueTT, }ws,
<+>, L& jT #&> eT+~ y<+
m& & J$+ $d qsTT+<, X< H#TbjT+<, @~ sq +,
<TsZeT+, n>eT+> >#]dT+< n<+ jTq ydyT. |XTeeT+<\T,
y&e qMsu <T&T
40
>&u eTT\T, y{>, m|{q $eTT\T, eqeT*\T, e] >T&> u\T L&

jTq eTVeTsb
jTq d $wbjT. beTT\T, |XT e\T, c<T\T jTq Hk\T. yu e <]
eqedeC+ e s<sD >Tse eqys], , k+|T +sL
nryT q deC sTqys] jTq |\Tb y e. s&+usT\T, >sT \T,
ssdT\T jTqe <>Zs.
n&$H #&T. ~ <+&sD+> eTVsD+ <T. dyH
>&u eTT, sT >T, {b {e , qsS, u $T n+s
#sT Tq| &T $HdyT s&q eT+H, jyT{e]C+H
|sy T Xs |seTs +<|dT + ~
njTH, dTN, nqTu n+{ n+< < qTe edTq ~.
H #q* HH +&e nHqT.
2
yT+
dT+&|+{ #s{|{ eT<V+ eT&Tqs njT+~. e d+ e

$Tu+<+ sE, s &, wDT>+, lydt, <q+ ]>wH > dt Vedt <>sZ yHsT.
+ m+&y |j D+ H => <T> dT yTTV+ nd{ \TdH +~.
y& $T[yT eq|{ >\T\T +&{+ >, #eT{> e.
e uCH\T, uCq$seT+ n+ njTq s njT<T y=d+ &> | &T
eTq+ eTT+<T KsXs+ y+ nHsT $TT\T. lX sTqT+N, <D
+
qT+N e# jr+<] yTT<{ <s q$T#~ KsXsyT . kjT+| m+&
rD
Z >\T d+<e<T s+ n$T+{+&> @&$T~ MT{s |T {
eT\T|+ Ks+ #sT H+.
deTT<eT{ <<| s +&Ty njT<Te+< n&T>T mTq q Ks+
qeT n&e+{ +<_+<Te. jr\T qTeT+, jT+,
=+&y\T |{T e+<~ yT q& & #s> H Kskq+ MT+
<s+> jT lX <yjT>|s\T qu&>H m{Te+{ k| qTu
H +{s }V+#T. J$| nHwD Hsy ] q{T+{T+~ < . n+<T lX
Ks+ #d |qsq +&< |++~ eTq |P..
41
HqT ]q <sT\T
dT H e{\T $q&+ <T . yT &| n{{ #+>Tq > +T+~.

m{T#dH qT#| yTs esL |V ] eTVse + q <s~>+ |]y|y T q
n&e\T, *|s XD, eT< > qB|yVs K, >T+&+& k~+#Tq
eT<T sqTu +{ CXjT +, X| + MT+ CsTTq eT+#T_+<Te+{
d+<ds_+u+- {Te+{ eTVeyT q dT+<s< X+ #d |se +#ysT
mesT+{sT?
~X+sT \T {Te+{ d+<deTjT+H lX <s q+ b+~+{sT. jTq
b+~q bseX+ yq+<V]> e]+~. dTN, X+ $qT:
d+<s+u $C+_ XT s' kH+s~w y T
d|eT ue Ts_seT eTd <dH X_y T
u^+<us D
+ deTd dTeTq' |PC+ >TD$w yT
dy l] eT*sTq eTV*+>+ y*+yT
HqT X+ |P] #dT + &>H d+<s+u$ C+_+ nq e{ m+u>T+~,
C+>H d+<s+uy H @< #s >TTq{ e+~ n+~ dT#]. yT
qqT $+y\T>T. yT eTT+>TsT|q d+<dssD\T b&T>Z y*
yTXu yTsTdTH jT.
X| n+#T MT+ neqeTeTq =B ds_+u+ D
D
+ $+Xu
s+>T\TesT+~. nyT q < dTK+ <T , u $T n+ e]+q<<
n< dTKeTjT+ n |wY #| +< TTEe> q\T~ |s esd,
|q e]+, <s+> CsT>TTq kjT+d+<s, X+ n| & <jTdTq
b\TZD|P]eT eTVedsb $w]dTH jT.
eeTj, qTe eeTVXs+ qT+& n&$ #|+q| &T { s
#dq{T+~. s yyT |s V u<T, nDT+ #dT+ { \T| s\ T
zs> =*+ #dq{T+~. | & DT+ #dT+ { H\T>Ty| \T|
us ] s #dq{T+~. {Te+{ d+<<X k] #&{ H#T
bjTH, nqTuy H eT eT |{ | <T dTe n dT n+{T+{
e{\T ds Xsk< eT+{ *dq u e{ n|+#jT.
Ks+ <>sZ yT =yy ]|{sYdw H | q L& +&+
eq #{T #|+ n<$T{ n&+~. < |d #{+ {sT. y #{ L&
n+{sT. <qT+ e# >TsT ]Cq s=swH =qT>\T #dT + ~. @{ <<|
y&e qMsu <T&T
42
nsy sbjT $\Tyq >TsT #+#Ty d]ksT . n+ |sqyT q

> |{ < |<q JeH<s+ nHqT.
dT #{T #d+~. z, e+&sY | . #{T | q ]|{sY dw H .
b= yT\TjT>Z < n+~. yT @~ nqTue eTy HqT j
d+*+#H nqTu yT + s>H n+<&+ qqT # T D #d+ ~.
KsXs+ qT+& d+<Vs n+<Ty $Tu+<+ eTeT* lX
<yj |sT>T\T |{+#sT. sT n+> eT< eT\T| ]>{|{ |_
n&dt ddyT eT+>y<\T $|dTHjT. yT+ |sT>T |sT>Tq
yjT+ n&T>T |&TT+{ eTq+ kq+ L& #jT +& >T m
n&T>T|&+ nq&+~ dT.
<, k$T $w. qTe dsd] <TeTT ={Tq b<H,
esZj d+H HsT > jT |]+#e#T. BH < [<s qeT+{sT. q <s q+
d+ mH yT n&e, =+& |&e+< CyTq X<. |jTeT
u+<+<T nqTH k$T jTq nHqT.
<H V C { @ || >& n+~ dT.
kjT+d+<y eT+>y < q&TeT >sjT+ {, njT<T, =$T~,
|< =+&T, sy @&T T < yq { Vsd+ &> n~ #&{yT
CyT q qT |+&>. Vs q y+{H e*+> qT<T{ qeTd]+,
|q neTy] >T& Vs n+<TH+.
Vs eTTdq y+{H neTy] =\Te bs+uyT+~. n& eq
u +< ] k< s + > L seTHs T ns \T. n| & T ys T y T T< {
H\T>Ty<qT+N d\T $|+#sT. s eT+> |wT \ T, bD,
y\T, n+sXk qT+& = X\T $|+#sT. | #{q eTTdq
yq |s\T #bsT. es> |+#+>+ rdT ~ysq \T #bsT.
n| &T n|Ps>e<T s+ =Dd &TTq u s yT ue Ts+_w y T
>q+ #d+ ~. ns\T eTs=k] Vs eT+| w+ $|+#sT. <s H\T
yTT<jjT.
KsXs+ d+<s+uy bs+uy T q d C> neTy] <s q+
|]|Ps+> $d+ b|Vs+ #d eTeT* |]XTu|]q{|++~. n| &T
>T& b+>D+ q&Td <yjT #] #| &+ yTT<\T|{qT.
43
HqT ]q <sT\T
nH~qT+& l|s-lX deTT<jT |sXD sT |e,

s < D
q&TeT d+d dTe> +{e+~. | &T H>sTq =+&>
|eu&TTq l|s + qT+& $w +&qT< k+d +<+. n| &T
L& lX+ s<H +<+> +&+&e#T. @eT+{ bsjTT>|
eqeke neXcH #T{T| ujT{|&jT
nd\T lXeT+ {uT>ZeTjT+. & ~ |w neTy]<,
k$Ty]< #| +. nd\T neTysT ~eqe& neT* s|yT njT+&e#T.
< k$TysT ~eT<$& s|yT q |XT | e#T. eX dq+<+>
~ dT X + s&T XuH{ b#Ts+ e+~
l|s + +<+> d+d s , sT y|d, lX d+<X+ <D ,
|e |d] ++~. yTT<{ #-# eT< lX + d+ yTT<q bsT
sT y yH{ <Tsj
T T\T, rjTT\T, s &s E\T yTT<q sCe+X <sD
u|& $CjTq>ss E + >=| yu y #$#d+~
lw< e sjT | <sD m+H#T+<+{ jTb+>D+ jTq
q, q <ysT r]+#TH&T. eu b<ds sTe
H#Tq++ q ekjTTCeTH jTq sTH&T!
nDT+ eTT+<T rdTe <yjTeTTKeT+&b, eT< Xq>
udeq #|+, eTT+<T> MsseT+{|+ m<{ s>H H C<]++~.
B MsseT+{|+ n+{sT. eu \ T eT X<XjT + eT ,
#T , Xs+>, e] eT sdT e& =s n]+q eT+{|+. B
|< \T> X_ nqyes& {+ #&T. B >T]+ #|{| &T b\T] keTq
m{Te+{ MsyX+ #*+b&qTHe!
|sT ]+ #T b|+T H\T\
VsT ]+ #T&HjTeTq{T
H\T >d |H# >=
H\T e&d esq djTTysT...
\ e& > u<T
<H & T e& *#TysT..
jT+ qT+& ujT{ e#{|{ u> N{ |&+ ~. ] > dtV edt
yu +&> & e# jr+<] ed ks\T m>? n n&+~ dT.
y&e qMsu <T&T
44
n| &T <ekq+ ys, $$< ys sVdTq {J >T]+N, d

>T]+N $e]+#qT. @<jTH d+ m +{T+< #|+#eT+{ X_ y\T
CsT|q ]yq d rdTyqT.
d+ y yTHCsT>]
nu sq . yT+ e#{| &T d+ysT |#T ]+q $Cqds d+ H\T>T d+|{
d{ ysT e uVA]+#sT.
ujT{ eTT |q$T. bb | q+ #dT q {T> yH . <ekq
eT+{ es e+ eTTdq qy. >~ d+ m<TsT. s{qT+&
u d+<& n| & yTT<sTT+~. n&= |PdyTy& dT e{ |&+ ~.
sT| #+~q |PdjTq |+&> d+ & e#&{. n m<T{ |s q
sT< >T]+ |+#u q d+ >T&eT& |<uwDY &.sY..Xs
sdq < |t sT< nH |d #|+#&T! s&TMT< |PdeTTHy&
u+&>s+ + $Cq+ <+{T+< }V+#> e?
s ]CsjTsY yH u{+> @s{T #jT & $Tu+<+ >{
|jT yT #ksT. u <sDe M\T|& < T . mH sT\T q|&e |q
XCXjT + >&| q |X+D
\T qqT eT nqTue + d+ m+
|u|]#jT.
eT+ eT<e <V He+ CsT>T+~. XsTD eT<V q sT Ds
*+>+ nH&T $. eT<V q+ C+> m+ <j u] +. dT+<sqTuy
>T]+, eT<Tsk<>T]+N, eTHk+> >T]+N H |u+ m+L
n+]+#<$T? eeTjTyTq d~ dT+<sqTue+ >T]+q H |q
ek< dTK+>H ns+ #dT y?
nd<~ e bs yeqseTT, ueDseTT, <Tss sVseTT,
XTud e TTseTT, $XT kKse TT n l|s ]+ q $ L& H e+{
ue& <, eT sd\ Tuq T+ jTH{ | +#TH&T? |X de<q+
esL HqT lX ]] s| <y .
3
eTs&T eT b'Vs. n+s<s q+ #& y sT CeTTH >T&y +.

b<TH e>< nqTHqT> dT Vs deTj ns>+ { eTT+< kq+
45
HqT ]q <sT\T
#d *|e m+ujT& #dq H Ns <] ++~. q yTsH sY

C]H, JH <s q$Tq nyT]H jTTe ByT. neTV<$, Ves& eTeT
|s+|s q eD yT+{ eq ej> +~. H$T{ qT
\TdTH<H eTw d|] +>. n~ <{q s e] $T~ |]XT< |X+.
dT C+> eT+|. e d+ n_wq+s+ $u n+s+ #dq
yq e #sD | nsD #dq T$T|e> yT w+, s&+u]. b<TH
<e& m+ w+ > n_w+ #d+ ~.
|sT, swy D
C \T, b\T, |e\T, y<d \T, <+ uT \T<+ uT
\T<+uTqT#T <eTT\T yjTT#T H= e#T ysT, |weTT, |weTT,
|w+uTqT#T, |w+uT*#T#T u]e#TysT #d e|+# Cb\T- M{eT<
e*+> n_wdT+{, qeTyjT#, esjT# n qeT+ ]dT+{
V<j XeT+{ oX+ e|<X +> nqTu edTq ~.
n| &T neTy] >T n+s<sq+ #dTH+. qe$d |c
CsT>TTq n+s+ eT< ndq n+s+ dssD \T neTy]H= e>
b<eTd + n]+#&+ . |{{ uqT |ws>| #jT yTT<q n+s+
neTy] d> nsTDeT+<s+> ud+#&+ |]|Pse TsTT+~.
s yH dcd w+ > q jT<q+, e\T, Xu | &T eT]+
u> qu&TTHjT. Msu<k$T, nsHXsk$T, eeTVXs k$T,
sCsCX sT <s q+ b{T e<e T*sTq T <s q+ #dT H+. lX + =*
djT+uTe q #${eTjT #+#T<e& dT #bqT. |H
qd+Vdsd rk$T H{q W<T+use L& #|+#qT.
+ #&edqyH HjTq eTeT& ejT<T.
dT&>*> eTT+<T yJ d] +<+ yTT<\T|{+. |ydT q MsT+<]
qeT yTT<{q T+& XjT +.
#| yJ L& qeTn&e e <yj 1677
<]+#&T. reys >+ jTq #dq |d T neTysT jTq K&Z |<q+
#d+ <q d]q T+ | & &= n< jTq +<+ sD eTe+~. eTVu*|s
#+~q >D|d| s| q#dq sD {qss bjT ejT+ ><
n+#H.
y&e qMsu <T&T
46
eT+~s+ q&TeT <ssT V eTVsh |uT + uVA]+q d+VdHdq

yJeT] \Ty Bs< <s q$TdT+ ~. #<T e d>+ eHdq #+#T|
d+ n&= e $<bsX L& #k+. us { , H>{, +~sXs+,
={#sT e e+{ s \T #+#T>&qT+ eq #+#Tu\TsT nK+&
eT+&s+, y|+ jTq #s#s+ n+{ X\T #<Te+{ m+
d+weT|++~.
s |H q l<$ y<$<jT+ #k+. |uTs+> d+d
q~]> |#d y+{ ]{s+{ rdTq |k<se>sT <
sVdTH sT. n& |~VqTeT+~ $<sT\ T jTd+V n< jTq+ #dT H sT.
>T+{sT, c qT+ eq $<sT\ T + ns+ Hsy s T +{
y<< jTq+ #d + &{+ eTeT+ |+ #d+ ~.
|k<se>] \T & b<T. ]Cq >TsTbsX
+|P{sY $< b<$ TkjTqT+N |yX |{, TeTujT\T #+#T>&+
eqeT* |+|+ #|{ jTq+ n_w.
] yT+ lX + M<T q&#+. m++ esTd<H+ $&jT n++
jT+u jTT+&T |seTT n $ dT +q{ eu \ T q&j &q M<T
<TD\T #d eTT+<T q&#+. dT M<T+ ]+#jT+{,
n+>&e TT+<T \T n+>&j
T Ce +{s #dd+~. n&Tq n+> {
q |<< q n+>& @$ me> neTT&TbjT n& B|+ |$T<
#b& <TD+<sT.
b&T ujT\T Msu<k$T <]+#T |H q yTu+&
#+#T>& y+. n& | eseT+~s+ +~. #+#T d<
$ @&T XuT+< ]+ q{ H]|{ #+#TysT.
n& >&+ |<e Tw H>q *k+. jTq |P\T y{>.
| &jTq s T > es&T. njTH uVQe*+ <q Ts]y. e m<{ $\T
m|{ Xs d+~+ #|+#&T. n& =+<sT jTTe\T +d$>V
j D
b+<TTHsT. y] D
dTq sT&T n~u< #+~q
|U |d sM+< es Xs w& *dq| &T u+<y V<T\ T
e|++~.
lX+ e~*|{ eTT+<T yedq deTjT+ e+~. nT
se TT>q, dTT *+>s+ >q >#]+# lX d~ e{
+< eTVeqTu @< H u* n+~q{ n|++~.
47
HqT ]q <sT\T
C yT b>+ > L& #|ed+&+~. k, kMT|, ks|

eTT *C\T eTV]<s njTq >+> kq+ #d @H{< s &s E\T
{+ q kbqesZq e<qs> <yjT|yX + #d +&ed+<yT.
yTT<{ |]#jT $T| &+, D
| ] ] J$+ b{T qy|
+{H +{T+~.
4
=$T~
|~ >+{ y >TsT ydTTTq n&$+ qeJ$ ksu\T

n\T +{THjT. k> D
| >T& <>sZ jTq { e |sT L& qy<T
#jT+#T V{Xs+, b<s-|+#< s* #d+. V{Xs+ nH~ beq+.
n& n&T>T |{q sTy e ys>+ DyTH <jT+#
eqe&T+&&T.
+ |se #s J$+ C]q d+|T {qH=< dT #bqT. |se #s
q lX+ |s{q V{Xs+ #&>H ~X+sT |'d >T]+
eTs&T ysTCeTTq q ed, w* e~*|{ n& y[ bjsT{.
n& +&by |{T|{ s{ . V{Xs+ H|q eTq n+'>+<T y $&bjT
njTk+X @< +<|dT + ~.
] dT+&|+{. ub dt njTq s sJy>+B H>sTq k>s-Y lX +
{ > s Y ] CsY > T ]+ \ Td T e& { > s Y bC | d T y + . n &
msHyT +{d+{sY n+<yT q | <X b{ eT< e Tdse>sT
|]#jT eTjsT. jTq bC uj&e s{ bC |d s T > HsT.
q ddT n~u>+ Ee bsT, y|t eHyT+{T >&|
yTT+ >jwj , d* j n&e{ #T{ eqy&jTq. e V
#d e c>w L#THsT. ujT{ H, #{ & e >w k+~.
m<TsT> , <T| \T |yT dTH jT. s&T | > ] d&j
+&T> |Pd H
n+{ }<s+>T |Ps\T |s# T HjT.
q+ nrjTyTq $wjH< |k$dTqy&, q #+|\T ms
usTT+&> Tdse #| &+ yTT<\T|{sT . ~ { {> s ]Y CsY <T. |<| *
& JeC+ n>XD bD. n~ u+{ < ~>TeXDT eTsH bDT\T
u*. #<\ T, yqbeTT\T, q\ T, beTT\T, |T \T, <T| \T, >=s\T, +\T,
sT\T yTT<q #sJy , >&, b<\T, r>\T, |CT\T, |e
y&e qMsu <T&T
48
CT\T e+{ ed e TT<jTyT, n&$ |q | + >, |s+ > <s|& eTqTw

deTV dV <+ Jey$ < deTT<jT+
+<T n+]dTq , eT+<dTq | JeC |{ e +~.
# s # s JeCeT+ { eT< J$ d + | s d s ne>V q X u + >
=qk>T+{T+~. d]#{ #T{ eT+<\T #]q| &T y{d+ =+&eTT#T\T
#{ =eT\T }| jT\T s\TkjT. n+<T || +> sT| \T\T y{MT<
<&#j
T +& <T| eT+<\T y{ |kjT
+<T |ujT yTT<\T, | s* ] yTTe dq $H \T
yTT<\T s+s JeeT|s+ |s | nqT>TD+> C]|{{T #&edq
se + e~ nHsjTq.
Dq e nT syT #T, dTT *+>syT
#T n l|s deTT<jT+ >T]+ $ #| q e{ >Ts=+~.
n& qT+& #+#Ty] n_e~ d+ w #dTq deT> ]CH_e~ d+d
sj y+. |d T yTHCsT sds &> sT eTeT* <]+ d+d sb*
$e]+#sT. n& eT{ &e|t yT+{ ]H{ sY > |#dT q e<M >sT
#+#Ty] >T]+ dT n&q |X z|>ZZ Cy_#sT.
#+#TysT bNq ]e ed #+~q ~eT ]Cq C. eekjT |Ps
Jeq$<H #+~q VsdsD
deTV* eekjT+ ds | s # & d+d
> |< > mH se\T #|& T +~. eTTK+> y] ke d+d* u|+
#jT &, $<, s>+ e+{ s+> #+#Td qT # q |s# & + <s y]
n+< de* yTsT>T|s & mH |jT \T, |j > #d e +~ nHsyT.
yT+ nDT+ V& bC yujTeTT+<T |Psq+<k$T XeT+
#k+. 1939 eT<Ts C+q |Psq+<k$T q eTT|@ ejTdT
V{Xs+ |d T #dT +{ lX ydT |]#jT eTjsT. |eTqTeT
bs+_+q jTq nHwD w MT<T> lX + |]|P] #+~+~.
| &T dT+&|+{ H\T>s d+ jTq w\T k$Ty]
>TsTb<T Xe @s]#sT. |X+<qeT+~s+, n+<yTq |P{,
>X, q<q+, b', d+<y j>+, #+& d|X bsjTD+
n& $Xc\T. XeTydT+<] |<Hq > eeV]dTq _.sY. Xe
me]qT+& #+<\T ed\T #jT +& q&TdTq XeT+> |s=HsT.
49
HqT ]q <sT\T
eT<V+ XeT+H e <+. k$T y] J$#]>,

|d \T> Hj n n&+~ dT.
_.sY. n+<T |d+<q> +&T> qysT. |{ sdq |d
mes #<e {< T . + = |d +<T+{sT k$T. C+> #<y q d
+{ u seTDeTV], seTw |seTV+d u<\THjT. n$ #~$
#+{sjTq nHsT.
5
V & bC y| yS | &T eTq+ <T <y j* #&uTH+ nHqT

dT. n| &yT nq e{\T qHXs|]#jT. yT n+~ < n<$T, eTq+
#dq uj&e s{ bC , #+#TbC L& <T <yj n|++~
H. .{.&.@ q +|P{sY {yTwH, $.X{, ysY dt, <T ke
C> |jT\T qqT nyT] >T]+ d>TZ|&{{T #kjT. yTeTT+{Tq
|d j sh+ nyT] |s>$T sc {. e b|d s Y *+>e&
#|P +{&| &, |d j |H<T n| jTH +&jT H > meTT
|q ]+qyq
qTe $ @&TXu +<{ #+#Td< >T]+ sk&He. | &T
y] <T eekjT+ eT[+#& |< seTyT CsT>T+~. ~
+&j +{ &y d eyT k< +. nyT] L& &y dH . d+<s y T
ysT . s +&T Xu\T L& s> +&H du nyT] q ~eTCT* y{&,
u+~+, ud\T> nyTd+~. n| jTH |su $T, jT m& #dH
HT { #]\T. qeT n&e m& #dH ek< |+ |H
dT e{ H |]++~. yT#T\T> yT= wV +&#qT.
<T>, lX + ]CsjTsT. 308 X { |T q|{&T>T { \Te #d
CXjT +. |< q+> ~ C$<T+<+. & ={ q{|~ yT>y{ $<TY
#jT > @&T Cqs{sTH jT. { \Te]+#& 470 n&T>T mTq
1680 n&T>T b&e> yTdq] +{ q{ {sT ..
mHksT m+<] $e]+ n+\T H H{ +s e#kjT. ,
q{ , CXj yTT<{k ] #dq| &T *> d+ue T+ eTT+<T
n+T n<q+> #|<MT +&<T . yT+ sT |>H ]esY eP <>sZ bsjT&
yTs b{>|sT #T{TeTT{sT. eT <] *| Hd+{> rdq sTeqT
y&e qMsu <T&T
50
# |{sT . b{ eT yq>Z X+> q &yT #|d nHqT. <

qT d|+usY H njT+{ ={ nsynjT<T n&T>T b&e, jTu
njT<T n&T>T y& +& |H+&T dt>{qT+& |<eT&T Ld
eTVCb+ ]seT+> <T+{ eTq yq XeT+{ e]+q {
$] | eTsMT |++&~ <T
y {T yT m>H n+~ dT.
eT<V+ eTeT* ~*+q eTs= d+ |tu + V&bC. &y|
bC H ]CsjTsY eT]+ ~>Te> Cqs{sq T @ssq{jT keTs +
|+#e#Tq, HH-| &eT+& y Cqs{sqT |+|T> y&q{jT, n<
qBC* ] $<T<T d+ y&Te#TqqTH #q bC b|~.
+<Td+ <<| |<T>T ks+>T, |esYVdt, {HbssY, eT&T dsY
#+usT n+&sY>+& sD+ #|{sT. sD+ &CH |{+|
CqsyTHCsY m+.m+.|{ eT $e]+#sT. <X+ ks+>T ]+#&+
d<VdTq |{+| q | +H |P] #jT>*+<,
CrjT|eTD H e kjTH |eT<T d+u$ +#jT jTq $e]+#sT.
sTyH CqswH s=swH ndd+{ +CsT CjTs$Ts&, |k< eTeT*
| rdTy[ esY d{ #|+#sT.
>yTu{T, V{ <]+ ks+> |jDdT+{ <T >TVj
|y +q{T+~. |~VqTMT{s yd+ 343 MT{s b&>T H sq T =* ]+q
V&sdt {H, <qT+ s+&T> $&bjT +< <q |wsYc|t\T, nDT+
={ ] eT&+{> $&bjTq |Hk\T, n+&sY>+& |esY VdtqT
#d +{ < ]++~ eqeVkH n|++~.
| m{Te+{ nqTue + *+~? n n& +CsY CjTs$Ts&
nHsT < ~ J$+ me]H ds k] eyT _+# esY m
|]jTH. mquM T{s b&e syM T{s y&\ T n+&sY >+& yT+ ]+q
dsY#+usY +{~ ||+#+H eTs& <T
s yT+ ks+> sD du+{> #|{ q yes& *dq|&T
jTqHsT < ks+> sD+ {J~ | >&qT L& =+es. |eTTKb eV+#<+ <yqT>VyT.
51
HqT ]q <sT\T
jTq + nHsT d+ s +&TeT&T ksT yT+ b{ j&+{qT+&

T{ ujT{|&+. |e<d+ \T e&qT+ n+<jT+{, n$ nqTue +
qT+ e#jT>, ds H y e *kjT> #| qT. ks+>+ e&eT+{
|{ + > $Y < nHH. yT+ |< q{H eTq| &T eT< wjT sY CH e+~.
< |sE, | D + <<| s +& b{T jTT<y T C]+~. @yT H+ , bDqw+
+&H ||P] #jT >*>+.
|ut + V &bC | n+X+ m+ V *++~. dT
n&T>&T >TH | q $es q b{ H{uT m+#T+~. {H d\ T
|{ T C#d T q | &T k d+> #jT &+ <>sZ T +, ujT{ H |s {sT
nqTuy < | < eT eT n& \TdT+~. $es n+
nedse ? $ m+esL >TsT+ {jT? n n& &{j
T mq eT]bjTy,
u{ n+ X<> m+#T+{+. +|wqT m& bjT? &
sT>TT+{ L& H lX jTb+>D+ sT>TTq{ +~ n+~.
qTe #by, kH~| X+jT, jTq {+q bs+
<yj+ Xu +<! u> e +T&T mq& ]+|{q |- +_jTH
bs+ e{? n+<+ >T]+ L& eTq+ |+& e{&Ty*
n+~ dT.
|PbqT\T mH +&>, X+u , qTM H m+<T H{+ #ke?
nH&T $. ks+>, ujT{ $ rdq |+<$T~ {qT eT{
#dT+{ |seTe H{+ k+<s+, |jCq+ m+ #>
u<|&TTHjT!
6
] V <su< . CXj m&eTy| >{TMT< =~ D \T >+. @ d +<

|PsjTT>H $d+ q eT~|P eT< @ TyT< saT+syT & k$T,
X |w+ +~. Vs+ d+ $+{H] q #+#Ty{>&, ~X+sT ,
eT*sTq |+&T &, bT] keTH<T &, MsseT+{|+ T qsT
b>TT bdTq u* #d #*+q nqyeTs&, qeH<#]sT&T >sH,
oH<T &, ow< e sjT, yJ, *H yT+J, @qT>T MskeTjT,
V eT+&sY, &<y T y+{se, |s uVXd yTT<q ue|s + |s & @
X $C+uD #d $ue TTjTs X |Cq+ @ X+XH yT>y{T>
y&e qMsu <T&T
52
es& rs n{ { | &T V & bC \ T @s{jjT. $<+ >q

~ X| s y T nsTT+~.
d sT, c<T, y , $eTT, , eq#s +&
n&$ & n&T>T|{q |y] dJesT<d + > >#]+#&+ XsyTeTT+~?
d + u+< H j T HsY $ T y s + , uDu { T < + u], ~X + s T
yq+<V], dseTXd e<sD+ eTVeu$T jTT>jTT>\T>
#|q @ sVdd+<XH |d>{& |jT+qy. d JeC+
edsb #&q d+yT < H&T uj&e s{ d+sD
>, |sesD
|]sD
> s|~<T q~! lX + nH~\+ qT+N Xu<eT+.
H nyT]H u* =+ u+>, m+ y\T>T. | &yT |d j
qqd+<X rdTb>\T>T+~. @ yud{ <sq eT{ #jT
nqT|s + >yT T{ qedV k_ d+ yT m]|&T +~. <T ||+ #
~ s +&e dV k_ njT+&e#T. |sq |Du $T ~ mqe dV k_?
& n&$ ||P\T d< s\TH+{jT. #+#TjTTe\T ed+
+ H |s\T |*dH +{sT. eT~#{ >TuTs TyT< d+^+ b&TH
+{T+~. esTTq ||+ #+ q&TeT esT d k+<s #< H | &yT
V<jT + +&T> VT +~.
+&j {T& y] kV d+, 2000
53
HqT ]q <sT\T
b|=+&
q&TeT
o\+
b<T \\ysT+~. dT u<#\+

b*yTs |y k+~. <s+ qT+ =+& MT< Bb\T
$T\$T yTsTdTH sTT. nqT|eqyT, ndT+<sy T qsT
#eTT\ <><>&> n~> u<~, n~> >$T
nqT>H eTqdT |\+bsTT+~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
54
yTeTT nyT] qT+ jT\T<]q = >+H es f& d+sY |q

u+T\T |&sTT. us< X + ~>|{ e #T n+ +> eT>sT.
D
kqTu ]|+qys s | kH |q u+T\T ]jT&+
yTT<\T |>H yTyT< | #dq y]> eTeT* #&&+ yTT<\T |{sT .
nyT] q+<Te\ <X| sjT |]De\{ yTeTT L&
u<T \eTeTqf +~. V <su< HeTq ef > e, eTTK+> H,
eTqX+ +&bsTT+~.
jTT< nqTL\+>q, |L\+>q \+>H y<q\T $|+#&+
yTT<\jsTT. , H s +&T y<qq L& @< |+ +<|++~.
HqTq eTq'd H z<sTe>*+~ eks n|+ jTq s + sXqT.
||+ #+ | &Tq d @ <Xe T L& X+ d\ + <y q jTq sd
u; eTd<q T L\>={q <X+ eT nryT q eqe+ q&>\ < n
L& sXqT.
< jTq mTe+{ yT sXs!
jTq nHsT <: * d+|T q\qT, < { sj
\ s.
u;eTd<qT L*q <X+H s+&Te+<\ @|> eTTd+sE\T <]+q
seTT& <y\jT+ L& +<q~ eT]b+. eTq+ u <#\+ y+. H,
>, qB eTq *d+u*+ <s+> rdTy>\<T n
sksjTq.
2
e | eTVs y T q <>+ u <#\+ k+& ~>>H n| & $]dq

|e> sTqe +~d eksT . H # u> n+<T+H, H #
Hb |d #d eTs=k] sTqe qysT.
jTq qqT dsd] <ekq+ fJ rdTysT. <s H | &H
n n&, qTe =+<s> jse. eTq+ sE <e& >T& <T,
sTjT X+ +< | & #&uTH+ nHsT.
HqT j sjT |{ jT J|t e +~. eksT q | H q <s T
$TT* |]#jT + #XsT. sT y T , eTs=sT ed+Y.
qTe b|=+&* m| &q #Xy? ek] |X .
55
HqT ]q <sT\T
e $q>H H m|{y C| \T T[|&sTT. H sE

dVT\ *d $Vsj y[q eTTdTsT |{q sE |j D+. , +>
=+&* HqT #Xq #| >\H? +N Vs, y |{q eT<V uq+,
=+&\ sTy| @y >&\, f\ y|\ - y n|{ H C| \T.
| &T b|=+&\T #&& yH+ n eksT nq>H eTT+<T
qeTb jqT. ~>u] yT q V<jT +, qeT jTqy| #dT+ f,
jTq H uT + {, s, Ls n J|t y| <] rXsT.
u <#\+ qT+ Lqes+ J|t |j D+ <<| >+qs |{+ ~. <y T q
n&$<sT | wy |j D+ H n+s+ > HeT~> Xu| s T d e+~.
\>TTs + ds sD
\T y+&r>\ |+~] n\TT HsTT. V<jT +
H \TdT. qTe sT<sT, H\T>T>& u] +#e . n+<T X|+ ~]
+< rdT e#qT nqT+& ek] |eTu] eT<TVd+ <]b&T>TH!
Lqes+ <>sZ m<Ts q |yV #&>H d+w+, ><e] m+ +&T>
+~ n+T+f eksT de]+#sT. ~ X]. ><e] & \TdT+~.
eT< us< X + eTVsD |{ ~ydT\ JeqdT>+< rdT e# q~
~ nHsT.
Lqes+ &T <>Zs seT+& jT\T<sTTq +N |jD\T
#sT HsT. eksH sT <, C eTq+ +H m*. , n+<]H
q seH |jD+ |yX|&+ H w+<T. +H
sV ddT+<sy T q eTs s e muTH+ nHsT.
n& yT+ =~> eTT+<T bsTT +H |&e |q X] q~ <{+. n| &
sT |&TTq b>#\ eT< qT+ ne* &T =+< s+ q&e>H n&
eTs= J|t e d+ m<TsT #k+~. @s eTq $TT\T y T , ed+Y
#XsT eTq >T]+ n y] #|dT + f > sTqeqe&+ $TqV eTsMT
#jTbjqT.
J|t =+ <s+ b>H esseT#+<| s+ <>sZ | >+. s z
>+ |j D+. +] <sT, =+& y\T +&T> |Pdq n$d #\ eT<
eT\T|\T sT>T J|t eTT+<T k>T+~. n& & <s+> |dT q |*
#|d eksT #|HsT, eTq+ <X+ n+ |sqyTq eqe
y&e qMsu <T&T
56
deTV\T+& b+++ |j DdT H +. =+&s &T ]qT\T eyT <T,

n+ ~eT ]qT\T L&
eTq+ @<H =+&s & | #&&+ M\eT+< nq H |X yT]d
, qTM |X n&T>TeH, eTq y T eTq| &T <s|* rdT y H &T
nHsT.
J|t s&T $& >T \ +& <] y+& s +&T eT&T MTsT <y T q
n&$ >T+& |* |j D+ #d+ ~. |# =+&\ eT< , m~q Cq#\ eT< ,
s>+> |]q >TeT&r>> e m<Ts + ~ <s| * .
=+&s & | ~ys+ r] <jT + |\\ T &T+THsT. $s> dq
+&T#>TTs d\T\T m>TsTTHsTT. H{>\ eTss< H|<
d+^+> $|k+~.
}] & eT> =+<sT b\+|q, =+<sT |uT + q |
sD+q HsT. eTeT* #&>H ys+<] V+. =y ses
nq usT >, W<dq+ > e. s+& s+& nq VqyT >, MTsesq
nqTeq+ <T . =~d|{H }s+ $TT\sTTbjsT.
dT$~, \T #&T. eksT #|dT q =+&s & +{ n&T>T|{qT.
\T - \qe#TH <? - n~ &.
<H eTw sEy] neds* $T+q @ edTd + #jT eT <T . y<T sT
T\T, #\T, , >=&* e+{ d keT. MT< qdt||s qT+ ] +
n+q s+J$, k+<s ueT\T. |\ #sT y&TTq HeT* |+#+
>T. +{ jTe +& ;$Ts& n| & q <jT | uq+ |P] #dT H&T.
>TeT&jT Ls nq+. n us es\ . q\T>TsT |\\ T. <s T XeT
bsX \ #<T eTHsT. <s T jT &T+THsT. q |]ys+, \T
- y]| H #| q+ rjT *+#sTT.
;$Ts& qqT q Cq #qT rdT y&T. Cq # n\d+<\T jT\T
d HsTT. y{ n+{|T |sT>T\T. |sT>T* #+|& eT+<T\THjT
\Tk n n&>qT.
;$Ts& Xs+ |+#< T . H\* q y{ me] y{ y]<q
|X+]| n q&+~. #qT eT< eT+# |q | <T. |*
57
HqT ]q <sT\T
u~]+#& >=s y, sb jsT #j* +< nqT d>+

#| qT> H #b&T.
#\ eT< $\+T\ y jT\T<]q =+&s &T qH]+#sT. ;$Ts&
#| H &T, + =+&s &T y e<T\T <T . |{ uD+ |T jT\T
<], { ns +Te\T |& eqe. q sE |+ <s+.
u> _+q y<T sT< |q HeT* \T #T{q n+T m|&TTq =+&s &
jTTe* #&>H +|Ps ||+ #+ qT+ <q TssT \ ||+ #+ e#q
dT]++~ H.
yT+ #\T #T{ e#|{ eksT e d+ q|r> |+~] +<, y<T sT
b< &q =+&s & q $w]+ +#sT. yT& &\T y<+ e eTT+<T
\Tq n~eT >jT& |sT n+<\ q|s &.
qeTH> z b $quTHqq }V n s>+ rjTeT n&>qT.
>jT&T q #s y<+| > H, yq T eTs <s T jTTe\T b&esTTq
sT+y<\ e+ *bsT. >jT&T \H sT n s>+
rjT>H n+< nHV+> q n|Pse<T syT< *|&
T n|++~.
e$T&jT\ |+&T> kse T * yTT\T rsTe& eT { s &T
V\+ #dT q | &T, =+&s & jTTerjTTe\T b\|P\, ||P\ |Pdq
n&$<sT |s\T &TTq| &T, #T=eT+ N\T e# e
e<T su] ed+d+ wyT < s>+ H $|++~. eT @ q+<C| *
ds+ sb&+< >, ] yqT sT d\ T y<T sTb< <>sZ #] #T \T
*|sT.
<s| * e~* eT J|t s&T mq| &T> H ||+ #+ >TsT s<T .
TyT<\T eTq |P\>TTs, y m|{q $\+T\, ds#*yTq
~eT>jT V<j yX+ , < n&T>T\T *|q ~yd d +<+ qqT
eTs + rdTbjsTT.
J$+ | |dT q + dT+<s+ <T eksT #| H sT. |\*
#&T. y nHs>+ dw+ > *jT&+ < . @&~ 6 H\\T y] Vs+
|< deTd. }] + s +{ <T . s&T <T . |uT + ydq ksY Bb*
mes mT bjsT. M{ >T]+ L& #q =~> #T $T>T\T.
y&e qMsu <T&T
58
3
eT] =+ <s+ |j D+q sT y yT+ bes+ nq >e e#+.
n& ><e] $X\+> |sT #T +~. $ks+ > yT ydq dTH\ | q
q~, $ |$T+qT>, bwu s H +~.
n& eTeT* y T , ed+Y nsTT+H q&# z |< |&e m+#sT.
| |q L& LsTH M\T +~. n~ z =+&s & >e |uT + q
|&e n. |&e mT+&> eksT #bsT. &T+ =~> eTT+<T y
|s+|* >eT+ edT+ ~. n& qT+# b|=+&\T esd bs+u+ . eTs s +&T
>+\ s eTq+ =+&yT T<\T >e #sT +. n& b|=+&\ qTeT
KseT+~.
|q n n&>qT HqT. nDT+ + nsTT<sT >+\ |j D+
seT+&. b|=+&* #&\ seT+& qT+ e#y |s+|* <q,
T qT+ y y =+&yT T<\T <q |j D+ #jT e#T nHsT.
|&e |j D+ yTT<\eT+&>H ub dt. Lqes+ {+ q |ds
T
#]H m+ sT> HsTT. |&e =+ <s+ y m&eTy| <s+>
|dTq | #|d. ~ =\sT =+&s& |. mH es< eTT *q
>eT+ nH&T ed+Y.
eT]=+ <s+ kq s n|{ q~ HeT~> qqT eX|s # T e&+
yTT<\T |{+ ~. d]\{ Xwy T + < nH&T B y nHsT ecsT .
# \+>, # meTs, m+& |&TTq # s+q
$T\$T\&TTq \T d$ T+>, <>sV +>, $ eH #b\+f,
eT+eTw n+s+ >+ HsTT.
|&e eT\T| sT>TTq # y T <s+> =+&\|q |dT q >e
#|d , n< |s+|*. DT+# b|=+&\T yTT<\eTHjTH&T.
b|=+&* #&&+ nqTue+. n$ y e]+qT> @qT>T
HjTH, u $T N\T eq |s HjTH nqTe&+ | <T .
y{ u $T $se+ <>u] D
yT< +~. y{ T n<X
<e V<jT + \X\yT< +~.
b|=+&\ qTeT eT\T| ]q ><e] =+&yT T<\T y <
>+qs, ] e#| &T >+qs qTe @+ #Xe, @+ #Xe n
n& |X \ ns+ <T . #jT &+, #&&e TH~ @< k+|T d+ <s
59
HqT ]q <sT\T
J$ nqTe> #dT e&+ d+ nqsTT+q e\T. , J$+ =

D \T+{sTT. n$ qTe J$+#$. e J$+qT> nd + msT|& $ .
nTe+{ u<D\ >TsT #d eTVsnd Xsdw n&&
|w+ +T+~. eTVs |>&| s s eT\T| eT\T| \T|, \+,
|# , |dT |s+>T ~e #\q H eTT+<T |<] ++~.
=+&* ns+ #dTe& ss\ b*\ d+ |jT+#qT.
\s dsd , =+&\T |<d s d T >& eq @qT>T eT+<\
nqTe&+ L& u>T+~. n$ qBy<+ |q s+s+> $|dTq d+^
s+ >\ nqTe&+ L& d+c+~.
yM e, n$ =+&. y{ eT< q~ HqT |j DdT H qT n nqTH
d] *dTq $<TY H n+\+>q |+|dH +~. n+T
\\s, ne~ =+&\esd eT+q H eqed+s+u
#|+#\ u\T eksT =+&yT T<\T d+ rdT sT.
m+& y& q dT n&T>T rd n&T>T ydT + s e <>sZ yTf T+f
n& n|]Xu q T #dq H @ $dT>T |+< , ecsH sT <,
q<T\ |]Xu <T, s e\ n|]Xu L& *dH < ||+ #eT+{+
=+&yT T<\T q ]q >eT+. sT><e] |]~ edT+ ~. n&
~ys+ d+ b\es+, seT+&, H& qT+ b>, #|\ T, qT+&s\T,
e+b\T nyT q q es \T <TD\T ] |{sT .
#T| \ >e\ qT+ eq jT\T, =+&s &T ys d]|& keqT
n& =qT>\T #dT H sT. # e s\T q&TdTH sTT. eTs n+> de
s\ ueT\T, <e& ueT\ *d neT d<+ > HsTT. ksY yT&
<] +, = {-wsY ]q jTTe&T ksn+>& eTT+<T \TTH&T.
eksT n |\]+#sT nqTqjT+>. |\]+| n |d V<j
d{> +T+~. jTTe&T q CT qT+& ;& ] ek]= ;&
|s Y #X&T.
|&e sT>T|j D+ =\sT >eT+ <>sZ >+. s +&T =+&\ eT<
|# jT Xs \| d]#T> +~ }sT. n&= q ]q
XeTbsX \. bsX \ |< Hb<jTT\T y+fX sse >sT |
#T eTeT* | #bsT.
y&e qMsu <T&T
60
jTq #bsT - | &T =+&s &T y MT< ysT. |\ &$

n+ n&$<Tq\ eT+<\ nsT|\ Vs$. |{ sT|\T\T }
edT+{sTT. , | &T =+&s& Jeq|]dT m+ esT. y[| &T
eekjT+ |y +#sT. +&jT { es #<T eq jTTerjTTe\T eTT|
eT+~< +{sT.
jTq eTeT* <\ nqdjT nH s T |]#jT + #XsT. yT | &T
b&T #dH\ | &T s +&s \ J&e$T& |+#TTHsT. =+& +~ q
ms+ H\ ysT Xq> yXsT. d\ T #] dw+ #\ sTH H $TT\
yT >T]+ #b\|++~. n_q+<q|Ps+> yT wV +&#qT.
bsX \ |< Hb<jTT&T 1986 eq es< >T]+ #bsT. n| &T
>eT+, q bsX \ |P]> eTTbjjT. y{ MT+ +N\T ]>jT.
ys+ sE\ bT >eTdT\ T, |\\ T-n+<s =+& MT<, # +< >&b s.
| &T & MT |< qdeTd @$T{ n n&>qT |< Hb<jTTD. jTq
de<q+ $ XsbjqT.
eT n |<d e Td eT+ n #bsjTq. dTyT e\ q~ <s+>
]bsTT+<, >eT+ eT+{ usT L& |& < , sp q~ e
rdTbe&+ w+ > +< #bsjTq.
4
sT>T |j D+ yTeTT |s+|* e#|{ m+& u> #\ &+~. HeT~>

#*>\T\T yTT<\jsTT. |s+|* s e mT+&> eksT #| &+ yTT<\T
|{sT.
>eT+ =+&s & J$+ =n <jT+ ]q >eT+. H>] <s+>
TTq C, \|es \ # ydbTq ]q J$ >eT+
y\T>T rdTe+~. & | &T k$T uq+< nH k<T e Xe
H\=sT. jTq & | #dTq bsdt<>T\ |q < |ue+ #|
=+&s & d+ e T+ d+ +#T #XsT. y] @ssq be] ]|t kd{
=+&s& d+ #|{q yTT<{ |< dVs<eT+.
jTq nT C+q, T eT<dt |d& q #dq d+|+|\ e\
=+&s& J$ Bs* esT rdT s>*>sT. C+ ] yTs V<su<
sh+ ]qT\ d >T \qT V eT+&sY n< jTq+ #dq d+> \TdT.
61
HqT ]q <sT\T
n+<T =+&s & |q jTq #dq d& yqT |s+|* k<T e |u e+ #

+~
yT+ >eT+ n&T>T |>H e m<T |X+yT q \jT+ m<Ts + ~.
l seTw eTTyeTT nq |sTq nXeT+ n\jT>|s Ks+ y|
\Te, y| dd, eTs= y| z+s+, d+{, +=y| bso\ C
\X+ |+#sTT.
\jT+ #T ns{ \T, +|P\, \jT+ | q dq eTss
< =+&y>T \b+. yTeTT #\ <>sZ , #T \T &T >H
n+< e]+q n\d+ eT+#T> =\bsTT+~. n& seTw
|se TV+d, $yq+<T\ eT+~s\T L& HsTT. e XeTsV\T k$T
uq+< J$ $Xc\Tq = s#q \T n+~+#sT.
s#q \qT +> s> dTq H # V eT+&sY sdq s#q \
K H\T |+#sTT. ~ s &d t n|t ud H V (1945) k$T >T]+ V eT+&sY
sdq = u>\T n&THsTT. $eTT& q eTw >T]+, n~eT ]qC
s>+, ke\+q, qd+|T q\ >T]+, k<T e #|{ q <eT+ >T]+
V eT+&sY #dq |dT #<T eT+f H eTqd+ sy T b sTT+~.
|s+|* qT+& jT\T<s|{ kjT+d+< nsTDeT qB\eT+{
e]++~. yT+ b#es+ #s|{ XeT+ #T\ y\TTsT. <s+>
=sTT< >eT+ Bb\T yTsTdTHsTT. eksHsT <, eTq j +
eTTdb<T . eTq+ Lqes+ y |{ yH \ edT+ ~. d+ yH =+#+d|
|&e |j D+ y +~.
s yH X]q~ &Tq e d+ He d<+ > +~. |&e y H
V<jT + >V +qf |j D X ><e q<T\ d+>eT+ y| q&|+ #sT.
nq+\+ qT+ |eV+ \TdTqf q<T\T eT e d+ yH
d+>$TdTH sTT. H, X+, qB d+>eT+ yH fb jsTT.
V<jTd+<q | eTs Xu n& #T <T. J$+#&yT, J$+
q+<T +&T> d+w+#&yT. n+<T qT |+ #dTe&yT. eTs
se eT eTse D
\$.
@ d+>eTyTH |$d\ + n eksT qB * Hq #\T HsT. jT
#d y T , ed+Y L& Hq #\T HsT.
y&e qMsu <T&T
62
H sE <jT + qT+N HqT #dq | d\ + d+>eTeTH n|++~.

<s| * ]qHyd+, =+&yT T<\T d+, |s+|* XeT+, =\sT bsX \
| d\ +- X] de+, |< q de+ d+>$TdTq #T>H +~. yH
HqT #dq~, $ #| qT e\+ d\ seTDjT + < \ seTDjT + eyT
<T, n{ $T+q <+ seTDjT $T~.
@ s u <#\+ #s+. , ><e]|q ds<j #&\q H
] qqT <bjT<T . ek] <be<T .
5
+ eT+#Ts\ T =\> \y s y ><e] &Tq q&T#T+ y Tq

e kH\T #dT q j\ &T s+>T s+>T\ q&+~. qB
kq+ q = \+ >T n&T>T |{+. eTs sD eTDe\eTT\, eTTs
sD dy <eTT\, uT >uT > y\d&T |P #| seTT\, n>sT < |eTT\ \|e TT\
yT]d <y\jT+ m<T H eTqdT u neqeTsTT+~.
ns\T Vs, k$Ty], y] ye+d nsTTq neTy], e
eTsT\ qT #|+#sT. jT +&T> |Pdq b>&#
T.
u <#\+ >T]+, seT<dT >T]+ n+<] m+ =+ *dqf +T+~.
, # $wj \T y] e. seT\ DT\T eT r]q seT<dT u
c ] seT<dT euj& \Tk? seT<dT n~ <e&q <q eT,
<MT< q n~s+< , n+<T+ s +&T+>sT HD\T eyT ]
rdTH& m+<] \TdT! nHsT eksT .
jTq + #| =#sT. s s +&Te+<\ @ bT u <#\+ mH
|uT \ b\q ed b +~. \jT sVD e+ >+&qyT\
< s+H q&Td e+~. nsTT, \jT+ sT y \+ mH &<T &T\
qsTT+~. <e&T =H \j e~* m& \<#Ty* e+~. n| &T
<sT u\T B n|s|eTsTTq de #XsT. eTT qsd+V<dT, es<
seT<dqT
ysT n|s|yT q dVT\T L&. y] qsd+ V<dT seT<dT sq ,
+~UH b d+\q+ #XsT. jTq q <D
~ j >sk$T
*dq| &T seT<dT sq * njTq |]#jT + #XsT. >sE s+q =
sq\T B kksTT. <sT $TT es<seT<dT #bsTTq| &T
63
HqT ]q <sT\T
qsd+V<dT q $TT dV>eTq+ #X&T. n sD #dq jTq

T+u C+ |uT + XX Jequ L& @sT #d+ ~ nHsjTq.
jT+ nHsT <: dT$~! u <#\+, <y\jT+ eTM,
CM e. $ V+< eTTd+ b\\ eT< , ]q H>] d+d T\ eT<
deTqjT+ d+ \&q d+ \T. | eTw u] +# ndV q++# jTT<+
|T=dT+~. |eTw n+^]+# dVq++# eT\ryTq eqe+
|wdT+~
u <#\+ qT+ y T , ed+Y eTeT* |sX \ rdT sT. ns>+ |j D+.
n& ><e] +&T> ||V k+~. n& z se\jT+, d|V sD +#
ueT\ |<s q HsTT.
seTT&, d & +> +& +{s n n&>&T ed+Y.
eksT |eT> sTqysT. y C>| eTq+ ns+ #dT e&+ wy T .
, seT< q k+< > u$+#Te&+ <X+ | d m+
=+ |.
WHqT y T n+<TH&T. seTT&T & & y+& es+> <>sZ
uD+ yX& n+{sT.
H #]seTT& d <T. <seTT& >T]+ H <T. ,
seT<dT, >jT , ;sY, T\d<dt, >+BJ, $XH< ]+ q seTT& | e+
>=| s<q . @ ds|+ ys+<] yX *++< <!
>+> &Tq ;sT, y] &Tq >jT seTT&T eT y& nqT>*q| &T,
><e] &Tq HqT seTT&T H y&T & m nqT>\qT?
6
u<#\+ n+f |sqyTq J$H #|+#qqT+{yy. & <T
J$+ L& +~. u <#\+ ||s$Y T\T, => &+ <s |esYdw H , eTDT>sT
VM ysY b+{, + <T z|Hdt \ - @~ #|+#eT+{e nHsT
eksT.
<>Zs<<H #|+#eT+f u<#\+ ||sY$T\T rdTsT. $T\T
n&T>T|>H H~ b esD n&T>T|{q|+#<T. n& |#
yesD+, qT, |]q jT*|d t qT- <H= {q <qeT+~s+>
>#]+|#ksTT.
y&e qMsu <T&T
64
ef $T\T qs yTHsY T\d>] #| q| &T, jTq n& >&MT<

n+{+q nsTT<T d\ y| #|+#sT. n$ |sVD d++~+q |jT
|+#o\ d\T. |+#o \ jTH<T. b | #dT q e] +~ <
L& qeTTTqT |++~.
T\d>sT $T\T >T]+q # $es\T #bsT. , jTq #|q
e\+{ H u> qqe:eTq+ yTwq =qT>\T #jTe#T,
f\J L& =qT>\T #jT e#T. sVD =q+. n~ d+d .
e j e] eT => &+ e< >]yTb&T deT> ]H_e~
d+d sVdTq V\ sY bs+. ]qT* b&T eekjT++ \ |+|+
y| rdT q D
+<+, yTT\ +<+ L&. @&~ eT +<+
\ J&e$T& n+T #d+ < qs n~] udsY nHsT.
s b, eTsTH& HqT nyT] ] y e#T. +<V sY u+T\ y
be#T. jTT<+ >T]+ | eT] =H ys\ T edT+ &e#T. eqeu$ wT
>T]+ yTq y<q qy #d~ M{ >T]+ <T. y sqTK+>
eTT #jT <\#Tq | eT qT d+|| s # $<+ > #dT +H +{sT.
HqT <s|* n+<\ q|s& n&>qT: q\T>T] b&Te&+
d+w+> +T+<, &y b&Te&+ d+w+> +T+<? n. nqH&T
<, q\T>T] *d b&Te&+ |+&>. , q\T>T] \eq+ eq
b&Te&+ eqqT. eTqdT d+wyT q | & b&T+H +{qT.
||+#+ jTT<sV+ y\+f @+ #j H ~eT>jT&
|++~. eqe|jT+ seT<dT +s+, qsd+V<dT sD,
|s+|* dVs<eT+, <\ nqdjTqT |+#&+, ||sY$T\T
|]XuqT b{+#&+ y\T>T y\T>T |k+~. ceTyTq,
<| P sy T q |jT + mTe+{ _q|u yH d+>eT+> |]D$T+#
>e. nTe+{ |$|] De |]sd nq+\+ bT b|=+&\{H
* +&>\ e.
+&j T& y] kVd+, 2002
65
HqT ]q <sT\T
jqTuy\T
||+ # s +&T #T <>sZ rdTH eqe |$T\,

eTV kVd \ |s+ |s HqTL& #]bjqT...
bNqd\T, #]d\T, <d\T #&\q~

eTqTw\+<]q +& dV yTq + nqT+{qT.
eT eTTK+>, #] d \T #&eT+f, H&
V+. nTe+{# HL, H eTT+<T uMT<
ed+bsTTq |Pseqe\ eT< d+y<yT<
sT>T+T+~ nqT+{qT. y n&T>TC&*
b\T+ b+ d+#]dTq | &T @yy d+<X\T
$|dTqT+T+~.
H
+>+&j
]{ VeT|eH eT+#TsTqT+& n| & yT+{Tq

+^w u $T| n&T>T|{>H uyT q <>+ eV++~
qqT. +>+& |y+#qq }V qH+ $eXTD
#d+~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
68
+>+&!
w jTsY s+>u$T. w, { +>+&, esY esY, ]& +>+&,
& H, & +>+&, c,sH +>+&, $T, sd H +>+&, q{H,
&]H +>+&, |s ,Y +_& +>+&, dY, u+<yT +>+&, #|H ,
V#Y +>+&, esY , m+> +>+&, >+B, HV +>+&, H <X
b*+q +>+&, H C <w+q +>+&, e eTqTw* yT*q +>+&..
|sd s $sT<y T q mH uy\T, uyT qM, eTyT qM dwy T qM, ndwy T qM
mH d+y<q \T s\ T s\ T> s* bjjT. V d\T sE jTs|#t ] ,
+>+&#] u~+q y+{s + ecsT >Ts=#sT. |qsTJeq+, e>s,
<sY, +y, *H, ssV $|e+, s+&Tdu bsyT+{, b]X$T $|e+,
d+ &j +| ed\T, Crj<e\T, s +&T ||+ #jT T<\T, HsJ qT+&
eT+& < <D
s> eT+{ |u$ +q $y#H<e\T, #]-ese q+
$uC qsK\T #]bjTq $w_ +<Te e< \THqq ueq qqT d+ue T|]+~.
sujT =~ sE HqT +>+& >T]+ \TdTujT | n+XeT,
HsT ujT | $wjT eT @< $<+ > H <X+ >T]+ \TdTe&+ L&
neT+<, eTq >, eseH d]=> |q' |se+#&+>
|]D$TdT+ < n++~.
1
jTy]{ |t e+#ws Y Hd{ { |s Y &e|tyT +{ bd n+& eHyT+{

ysT ss be m$jTwH- bC eHyT+{ n+& d|]CH |q sVdTq
d* sT H\T>Tys z]jT+{wH d+ |uT + qqT kqsY #d+ ~.
H\T>Tys D
s +&Tys\T eTwj
]e ed |]oq L&
+~. eTwj
|s {q |~sE\T b> yT+ e+#ws Y q~ s +&Tys.
dee~H +^wt J$ <>Z]+ #&>*> neX* yTy*
e+~.
# neX* J$| $$< D |]oq qeTH\T> u$+#qT.
Cq|<\T, eTVq>s\T, bsT\T, eTj\T, >\T, ~jT{sT, u\T,
d&j\T, sks+{T e+{ |_d\T eyT , kV+, , qdt MT&j,
|d+>\T, #s\T, >w\T e+{ e<e\T eyT , n<|\T, ksT,
$eTs\T, $TT\T, $<sT\ T, n|]T\T, yjT{sT, &e sT, dyTqT, _ \T-
69
HqT ]q <sT\T
| ]qT+&, | jT qT+&, | > { {T><sY qT+& d + dy ,

d+w+ dy yT &qT.
n|]+>, $<ojT+> q d+d HqT V<j VT >*> esL
|dH HqT. s s #dT+{H HqT. H djT J$qTue+
+ @ su & s|~<T q n_sT |q ^d #dT+{H HqT. =
ksT |eTTK+>q, = ksT n|< q+>q +& n{Te+{ mH ]| q
=+{ & qy<T #d |jT + #kqT. sjT&+ ]+> m|]jTH n
HqT mq& nqTH< nqTue + L& s|D ><qT+{qT.
2
yT+ e+#ws Y n&T>T|&TH dH wH rdTe#eT $TTHsT. n|{<

sT&T>{q o| sT\T, #*>\T es\T e]+q yjTe +>+&
n| &| & suTq ed++ yT+{ +~. s ed+ eT< e#
$ eT<T syT q esT yT+ #&{ H#Te&yT , esT e s{
yTT<\Te&+ L& m+ d+c+~.
m{T#dH H#T|{q =+&, XK +& m+&
eTT&T#TbjTq &d& T edt nsD\T, {T|q {T |] {q eTT<TsTs+>T
|sque H\T, s ns eyT d+#]+# $XyT q s&T, meTT* =]
#*>\T\T.. e+#wsY yTT<{sE q>sd+<sq ~>T\T L&q o,
<dquy *++~.
q>sJ$+ eTq =bjTH eTq q>s\T ysT. $ d< eTqTw
V+ ]_seT+& |yV\T. ||+ #+H =* b]X$T q>s+ >
$d+ q e+#ws = keT]=+&\Te> #T{\T #T{T nsy &T
|&T q{T n|++~. < <dq, < >+ s| #], n~ eHq
b]X$T qeTH uj
q |]De\T, < n+sZ d + u+ H *+q
dH d t yTT<{y seT+ qq+{|{T H +~.
H>]<dq dss> eTqTw rjT qqs&+ +~.
jTy]{ kw +=bdT jTq qq&>&T. _{wt J$+ H
]++~ @~? n.
HqHqT <. qH]+qyH q|{ HqT yTT{yT T<{ #| >*> ~ MT
|C\T nu>T |{ #|dT q <sD
. H <X+ q njT<Ty @ k+d
y&e qMsu <T&T
70
#] mH $\Te* | rdT=+~. >+T&T, nu>T&T

+{eTT+<T eq| &T n $TT&> #sB dTe&eTH~ H <X+ +
<s yT | |P] #sD
s<T . & mH <VsD\T. MT <X+ yu e +
MT |]XeT, $+, sCe+o us D , ]{ sY <T . n~ n|]T*
$TT\T> <>sZ rdT>*> d+ks+ +~n.
jTq Xsbj&T. _{wt y JHb_ n+{s n+. & mH
@ qT+& +{Tq +&jT qH y eT deqT\T> #&&+ <+ {s nH&T.
H nqTuy \T, H $TT nqTuy \T eTs HjT.
+&H $T>wH +{s e bdtbsT , m+usYyT+{ |* m+
+> |]o*+q n~] q # |P] >H e+#wsY es+ u>
|&T T+{T+~. >=&T>T #T Hs? n n&>&T. u]+>{H d{ eu{esY
|< d{ dT rdTbe& Hqed |&T T+{ ujT{ y q n|]T&T
H w+ #& qT d{dT *|t < kjT+|{ d+ #&+&
y[bj&T.
>d c| j>sY d+ yT +{Tq qqT <TD+ q&T|H eTV
#jT|{T q c| n+ | #|+ =+<s> e+&Te& MjT
y{]jTH | & yT{]jT $es+> |]#jT + #d+ ~. +>+& d{ dj
T+>
{y @s{T \TdT& y djTsY {yq+{ ejT <<|
eT&T>+{ b{T # > & $e]++~.
B ybsde C| dyTHw| t n rdbsjT&+ dTu+ . we TsY
b+<& H\T |&T T+~. b>={T& D \T #\T nH ybs deC$y+
eTq |uT sj |+# eqe+ Xy T H +<qe#T.
s&TM T<, udt d+, de#s+ d+, ks + d+ qT uj
T sV T>
+#&+ d+ mH Vk\T #jT e& d<+ > HjTq | @
<s<X + HH jr& m+ z<sT. H\T>+dT ue q+ s +&en+dT
ujT{ edTq n|]TD yT{ <>sZ | & MT{+>V \T m& n
n&>H=sE. <jTq @+ #| H & ns+ #dT e&+ we TjT+~ H.
uw ns+ <T. }V+# W<s+ eTT+#q +<Te.
jTqH&T <: MT{+>V \T m& H L& *jT<T. qTe
H njT<T $Tc deTjT$Td HqT ue qeT+ k] ]e MT{+>
71
HqT ]q <sT\T
V\T m&T+< #|kqT. H d+ =~d| y+& c qTe =~>

z||{>y?.
3
CyT. H>]\T, d+kse+T\T njTq =~eT+~ e yK ]u{ @ deC

L& eTq+ |P]> n+#HyjT +. eTTK+> e Xj y<, k+|T y<
eT< > eT&Te+< @> ePd&TTq _{wt deC.
deC+ bsT eT+#&\ T e\ T < e\ T q&T|H |y { Td+d\ T
u> #&> y |_ d + d\ T u> #&> y nq $y< yTT<{q T+N
nqTL |Ly<\T s +&Tbsq u+>H HjT.
<T#] +>+& {Te+{ & >Tsq yTT<{ |_d+d
sC]yT q #b*. CH #e] # e>s |q d++ |{+ #&+ (1215)
= s V ey <+ yTT<\sTT+~. ~ nq+s + sb+~+q bsy T +{
|Ck$Teed, < Xj sC <s\T |s+ q = s + ey <
& >TseH HjT.
n{Te+{ & eT]+u+> #] b<H d+]+#T+{Tq jTT>+
H{ +>+& +~.
+>+& <T, e{=d ||+#eT+ L& n{Te+{ jTT>d+~
|j Dk+~. = X |sT es{. ~ n+srjTX. >uy|. eTV
#TsT q ~. +>+& b]X$T $|e + e~ #+~q usTy es+Z ]+q
< T C rj T sC+ = j T T> | n+ s r j T s= s { X e TT+< T
u&b+~.
s +&Te+< @ +<{ +>+& usTy es+Z n{T |P & qes+Z q,
{T ]es+Z q @+ bs{+ #jT edeq| &T s +&+{ Xj ,
<s >*| Xj sCqeTHqT sb+~++~. B q&|+ # uTsd
sD+ |P &s V sD+. Xj \T kw*w$ .
<VsD $+>]& |qH e>q+{T+~ Xj sC+.
|qqT | deT]+ |qqT b+<& n nd+U ~] bs*
<{ |jT +#ed +{T+~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
72
m+ |T qyT q kw*w <s* |{ + H Xj sC+ ydy e#{|{

< &=q + <>&+ <T . X$T$|e + #s > +& +^w $y+ ++
m{Te+{ ePV \T | > ] d e+< j T T e s { eTT+< T
#|u&bTHjT.
eT K<q Jeq|eD\T, n+]+bjTq ed\T, =s| & T Tq u
eqsT\T, eT+<+q ]_eB, #TsT> | edTq rjT<X qT+& b{,
sT<>+, >eTsV yT q jTTes+ -+>+& q #]H n+ wu ] yT q
d+u H&T m<TsT+{+~.
d+u+ bsC w H <]rk+~. n+<T <T yq +>+&
n+srjT es{ #s, *usC y u$+# esZ+ +~. y]
nK+&jT s|t <s +. eTs= <T yq +>+& q >y u e eT+{ q q
ksueT \T|+{ | {& +&> $T*by sTH es+Z +~.
M] V++> <s +. s +&TesZ y<qq u\THjT. uVq\THjT.
eT< sC{T+u+ +~.
_{wt sC{T+u nK+&jT s|t {++> u$+ < s<T #j
y~+#ysTHsT. > +{ujT{ ~>CsTTq k+|T $\Teq&TeT BsT s\T>
*q s +&e m*CuY eTVsD #|d {T+u$\Te |]sD , k+|T $\Te
|]sD
yTH= XB|+> u$dTq ys HsT.
yTT<{y] jTs $Cqdt n, s+&ey] jTsd| n
eeV]dTHsT.
H{ +>+& $]jjTT>| +>+& <T. s$ nd$T+# _{wt
kyTC+ <~ H&T . sCjT , k+|T , ksd s+ > yTsTq>Bs T e+{ eTV
ees | &T sT. ||+#q+{ b<++ #dT>*q +
n+]+bjT+~.
~ bdty&sY jTT>+. +|P{s jTT>+. rjT||+#<X jTT>+.
eTwj
, d+>|P sY jTT>+. n+>kHd , HH eT+& jTT>+. H{ +>+&
J$+q, q, kV+q d+|T sD |dT {+> |dT + ~.
y| yuyCyTq >+. dT<sdeTTqKs\T. eTs=y| eseq
deTd\T. u$wT >T]+ s{+. ||+#sC|+ q kH qT
|~|sT yq .
73
HqT ]q <sT\T
@< $<+ > ||+ # ]+#*, C>Cq T+<] |u $+ #j q

eTV+. eTs=y| eTV+ MT< sdq, eTq jTTe* eTq+
# ~<T +{ #\T, eTq | eTq+ nq+ |{T>* #\T nq y<q.
4
e+#ws Y H&T b]X$Tq>s+ H jTy]{ q>s+ >H me # q e++>

+~. dj , | , {H nyT], <sb# <X qT+& eq d| sTw\T
jTy]{ >u $> esksT.
HqTq yTT<{ys+ +{swq d&+{ jTjTH n+srjT
yseyTT{ sV++~. | sp $$<<X d+d T\T, <TdT\T,
Vs| {y{T, kV+, d+^+, q\T, $Xk| |<s q\T, #s \T, >w\ T
sV++~. ys+ b&T>TH $$<K +& d d >T |q |<s q sV++~.
$$<< X #+~q $<e+Tq jTTerjTTe\T V+, d+s+u+
q&TdTq M<T e+#ws Y qMqn>+&j s|{+ ~.
jTTerjTTe\T @$T sT+{THsT? ysT +< ||+#
|]b*+q k+|<jT, <T X{|H L& sdq |{dTHsT.
||+#+ bXT, CT CyS, d|q |sTw k+q
~| { y |dTH sT. |{Tu&< deC| d]= nesyT q >u
es{ dV deTTU* y m# |THsT.
s+ > jTy]{+|dt j$ {d+{sY> e]+< #| e#T. s |{
||+ # |u $+ #jT ujT d]= #q{ | &~ eTq' ]X.
5
jTy]{+|dt H q djT+{|{ sY #| #] L& esTTq jTT>+

q e+T u $T qT bw+#&+ qqT Xs|]+~. esTTq ||+ #|] d T *
ns+ #dT e&+, y{ >d y\TTs n< jTq+ #jT &+ n& #]
eTq<X+ sCjT bH eTT+<T+&{+ >eT+#qT.
+H, yT<&dT, jTTH{& ]bs&, seTH <*, s& d+|<j\T
d+jTT+ > @s{T #dq |d+ >|s + |s n<T J$| nH |X * d{>
m<TsTH kVd+ #d+ ~. d e $Xd| $XdjTsb nHw+# |jT +>
y&e qMsu <T&T
74
< |{ + #T+~. $Xk sTH ne>Vq u<T\T> ne>Vq sTH

$XdyT eT +> #sY |s=+~.
= #sY |s+ <T ||+ #+ d\Te yd y eT&T s> T \T>
>T]+#e#T. yTT<{ s > eT n~s* <T]j>+ #dy. s +&es>
eT u+ e eT<yT qy. ,|eT m<{ <dqT\T> +&bjTy eT&e
s>.
|Cd+ w #j *q e\ T, d+d\ T eT eTT V+#Te&+
L& n~s<T ]j>+ +< edT+ < #sY |s=+~. |< ]e ed |q
< ]e ed\ T #jTdTq |+ <q+ ue+T eT<+ qu&TT+<,
sXjT Tq eTqTw* dVjTT\T> e~*|{&+ |dT + < |eT m<{
<dq #sY $e]dT+ ~.
H&T ||+ #eT+{, eTTK+> jTs|t sC\T |+bwdT q JHb_j
eT&+{ dV C|s ekqyTq #sY #q eTq* |dT+ ~.
ejTT, CT jTT J$\T y #T |qTesT e
|u$eTeTHjT, |qTesT |<|e<+ neTsDyTq,
neTsD+ jTT<+ e>, y~e >, ;<]+ e> d+u$ +#e#Tq,
| neTsDeT eqe d\TeyjT &+ e+{<q #sY y~dTq ~.
#sY e{ = X* , qqD+, eqe+ qH+ {T
HjT. eTq<X+ <T + eTTK+> eTq deTqeTM L& eT
uw +> qMq|sT b jjT.
qs wH {J |{ L& #s |d+<q m+ <+ > +~. eTqTw\T
+|P{sY&\T> esTTHs, $<sT\T ]dwHq+usT> eyT
>T]+#u&TTHs, {Te+{ &|sqCwH yTT<{qT+N ||T{+#ed
+{T+< L& #sY |\T|+~.
6
|& d+{sY q{H d{ +& s& |d c| |+{ H s+&T

ksT yqT. yeT|sCj\T, |$TdT #s\T, qC kV+, djTH, >
<sDT |d \T, |sesD+, |ejT y< +, <q+, j>+ e+{ n+X
#+~q |d \T, bws T , &j , M&j d{T HjT&.
75
HqT ]q <sT\T
~ s |{ J$, s |{ ||+ # #+~q kV+. <T d+|<j\T

+< e]qC #d eq CT\T, d\T, djTqT, Vy de\T
|b~dTq bdt y&sY <sDT* |_+_+# kV+, d+^+.
= ||+ # es<Z s \T y | eHyT+{ sT, +|P{sY
uw e|++~.
7
jTy]{ +|dt e+#ws Y eTjT+ #&<> Z eTj {. _{H
|<q+> b Xk >=| n_e~ k~+q<X+. dH #] e+#wsY
jTy]{ b #H +~. nDTe $u +#e Tq CH &H, nDT$uC q
dT>eT+ #dq s<s |Y s Y <s e+#ws HY eT us{> mqTHsT.
| &T nyT], >jdj y>e++> e~ #+<TTq +|P{sY
$Cq+ m<{ _{H eC<T. <T Xkq uj, | , $Td
+^w yT< + #TsT>ZH +~. =~ sE+<{H k{+& XgE\T >=s
H sb+~+ ||+ # $u+|] #sT. n+<Te, e+#ws Y eTjT+
L& | Xg $u> |eTTK+> +&{+ Xs+ <T .
> qH+ ]++~ eTjT+ b $u>+. jTy]{
#+~q |d< bdT &. essZ { eTTs H\T>Ty @ +<{ s +&T eTMT
|{* 1908 se &+ |t #] = D\T ujT{|&jT. Xe|{ ,
us D
n& |<s q HjT.
$ , | H , s &+&jT H, |d| ~eTCTqT+& d]+q T,
keT^, qw|q T L& |<s q HjT. | n+dT eT< <s d+d T
$u>+ L& +~. n& ^, seTH |sedTC | , *||] De #|+#
neXc |<] +#u&jT.
8
+ #*+ e<q+<Te =+<s> N{ |&b jT~. <TD sT>+{
eTddysT. q>s +<yT q | & L& s @&T>H Cq+ |#u&bjTysT.
uCqX\T, eT<X\T, H{X\T | q>se T+ <<|> sqTwyT bjT~.
#* kjT+ q>s M<T sT>TTq|&T C+{ H, e&jT yT+ &
d]+> m| n+{ m<T|& u>ZsY qH+ #TD #XsT. us<X+
y&e qMsu <T&T
76
_#yT& , +>+& u+Z > eT< m+ edeTT+~. meTT\T =+sT

bjT #*, |y T<X+ eTw j# &T e&eT+f <j sV X++<
bj|yX |PqTe&yT .
yTT<{k]> u>ZsqT M~ #dq|&T s+ < yqqT
y+{&THeHsT. ||+# n_e~eT+ y&q +>&
Xu++ n+<sT sXjT T\T +#&+ qH+ \es|] +~.
ef e b|d s Y n+f jTq $#s+>, |]d |< H
d #sT +<, |uT $<H +<T sDeT nH&T.
~ e\+ <#sY +~+#&+ d]bjT $wjT + <T.
> eT&Te+<\ jT> +>+& m+ qdt>, >s+> m+#Tq
b]X$T ]e ed y&H $c<+ e+~. sE <#sY qeT\T
<#sY HsTT. Xj s+L& &Tb q&e< <#sY d]>H >V ++~.
>T& keT]H &T +& e\+ |s|]qyT e+&e+f eTq+ jT >TsT
|T H yyT < <#sY nq<.
>s#y, <#sY\e+{ y eT eed\ nd\T eTTU* d>TZ>
Vs+>|]qysT. y +~+#y, eed\ u\TH +~+
rs*eTT+<T.
b]X$Ts D
q jTeq~H q|&T e+#ws Y <T @<H >
n_e]+#&T u+$TH &d. jTq q +>u qe\ + sk&T.
| eT s +q s+>d\ + |T&, Xdj
T $CqeT |sd s+
k~+q n|Psu>keT+ q>s+ .
e+#ws Y #dqys+ nTe+{ bseX qT bjsT.

1842 \+ws Y b]X$T y&* d+<]+q +^w jr&T
sd&T.
HqT yTT<{k ] e+#ws Y #dq|&T q>s+ H|q #|+q |u e+
H+ >T]+~. *esY|P s f]qdt m<T yTT<{k ] q>s
#dq|&T b>>={\ n&$, >={\qT+& n+T +& _edTq
$], b>, b> +>=&T>T XeT+{ y|+ q>s
e]+#& #XqT.
77
HqT ]q <sT\T
+H reeTsTTq $eTs & H dT+ ~. jTq VsYf y T (1854)

qe\ {H b]X$T q>s\ b< q>s+ . q>s+ >T]+ jTq
e]k&T.
n~ msT\ q>s+ , b>, &< ms<H $T* <+ bs\T
bs\T> |sTe+& ue H\T, sde q+ sD>=D< , u> eT~+q
@qT>={ q =+& u<T+TqT> yTTHqdt> #|&T#d
$]jT+| |dH , q>s+ n+<s >H +& eTqTw\T, be&,
se& n+<] |y\ T, |yyT +T |q f |<< , #jT e\dq~
f| . y |sp q>H, s |{ >H. |d+es+ sT{>H,
s|{>H.
=~eT+~ d+|qT\, n~ * <]<T\ #dT q b]X$T de+ kw*dT,

eTdT ueC\+ ;C\T |&+ Xs+<T. jTT{|jTH kw*dT>
|d~ # s ~q ssY zeH (1771-1858) =+\+ e+#ws Y |]XeT\T q&b&T.
|sY &H ysY nH b]X$T y bV+ e+#ws Y <s
b]X$T deC k|+ #&T. d+dsDq, <s+> eeV]+#&+ <s,
] \ X j T d T s T e& + <s b < s s+>
es>\qqTH&T. +^w |Cke >DjT+> |u e+#dq #]dT <eT+
L& \+H $d+ +~. 1838 e+#ws Y ]q #]dT |<s q
dTesT eT&T\\ eT+~ ]\T bZHs n+#H!
H&T #]dT \ T |{ + q sT &e+& yTT<{ nsTT<T &e+&T: ks
zTV, sV du{, me& d ns be&+, |C|<T \
yH\T, deq b< jesZ\T nq$ k<+ e& +>+&
mquj
T |{+ ~.
> b]X$T de+ ys T <* Xe T++> jT|{q ysT esY,
m+>. +<T nedseTsTTq m+ de#s m+> e+#wsY qT+&
d]+#TH&T. 1842 ybs $T+ e+#ws Y eq m+> qT #dq
<{ +>+& X$TesZ |]d (1845) nq yd+ sX&T. ydyT
esY m+> dVTD #d+ ~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
78
n+X+ >T]+ H (1895) sX&T.

m+> +^w |]XeT +<yT q e+#ws Y 1842 ds | & +>+&
]es+Z >T]+ \TdT>*>&T. & m+> b |d T L#&+
d]|T ]\T eddT q y&\{ ] y] <]<, <s>
q s #X&T. e\+ q e> |]o\q T&b<T . _{wt
]es+Z >T]+ qeTT+<T $w eTsTTq <q+ jTq #~y&T.
qT b+<>*q |uT|\+{ X<> n<jTq+ #X&T.
n< jTH\, |]o\q\ |* +> 1845 eq |d y T +>+& ]esZ
|]d . m+> |Ps+L& m+<s ]esZ u<* +, ]\
dV jT+ #j *q eXq T $e]+ eHsT. nsTT ]es+Z e\+
u~e s+Z eyT < yTT<> #| qy&T m+>. jT<s ]esZ
<jT jT ]| ] d < nys+> eTT+<T q&|d T + <, q n+eT
$y#q >T]+ bs&+<T |]>=\TT+< |{ + qy&T n&
C 1845 |Ps+> sTy> ]esZ <q+ >T]+q n+

Xe T+yT q , d e+yT q D eTsB e+&< T . =+\+ $seT+ s
m+>] e+#ws Y e 1870<, n+f ] \+&H y < b]X$T
J$+ >&T |T+&bj&T.
\+ jTq s +&T J$\T J$+#& #bsT . |>\ + ybsdT &
J$+. s ue& J$+. ybs+ qT ]++~ esY # |
>+<+ ssTT+#&+ d+ KsT|{&T . $<+ > e+#ws Y @ b]X$T J$
ds w +<+> $d+ +<, de+|q eTsTTq nk |j +#
<e L& +<kqeTsTT+~.
qjus TT @ s q>s #&usTTq H q>s+ q |d<
ysT<+ m<|&+ XsyTeTT+~. b]X$T de+ <s\
ys T <* q>s+ ue\T m| & jT|&TH HsT.
~ HwH |t ~ +^wt z|jTyT sY sdq & (1785-1859)
1791-96 < e+#ws Y H&T. q deTqT\sTTq s=e+{dd T e\
> J$ ydy \qT+& <s+> b]b CsTTr$, e+#q #dT
jTq s#q ksTT.
jTq q H w H eTT+<Te H=H&T e+#ws Y M<T bTq| &T
=+<sT $T\T jTeqT\T eT ]\T q\eT+<T n\yT |&bTHs
79
HqT ]q <sT\T
#|qT> |s=H&T. n+<T, y q edH\ +& q\eT+<T

ud\T e& y yH \T e e&yT sDeT L& nH&T.
n~ d+U\sTTq eqe\ +> V+ *+# @ Jeq $<H
b]X$Tde+ +esL #|+# b sTT+~. < >s +, < &++ <
jT<seTsTTq &=\H m\\+ <#e nq& e+#wsT M<T H&T
sd| & T Tq sXjT T sD+.
+#d y #d b]X$T HjT + @eTT+T+~? n~ sXjT T*
|{+ #Ty*q es+Z > u$+#<T d]><, >]jT H | sdqT>
y q+<TL, | H#T y | H#Tq+<TL +~dT+ ~.
10
k+&+> ~ d+# |s _._.d. s &j -3 | e] qT+& sej X|
d+^+ CrjTksTT |kse+ sVde +~. sej X+ d+^+
|qs$w eTsTT+<, k+|<jTd+^+qT+& $&e& = = |j > yj
T
T+{H | +<, |j > +|PsT, m\ |yX +
eT]+ y>e+eTsTT+<, <sDT\{ |se+#TqT> y
sVkeT _._.d. $e]++~. \+&H sjT |d e V ]> y
$$< d+^+<\ sc\T sV+#&+ , se* s &j <s y
u&dt #jT &+ eTTK se\T.
nTe+{ y u&dt _._.d d+| sc y] seT+ sE $HqT.
sE sej X+ |eTTK +bs &q >sY k$Hd T\T
|]bH, &|d st $|+#sT. +&&$dt sVD ]q sc
&|d st qqT u> T +~.
k$Hd q >+;se TsTTq d > sb+<\ sTqT>
ndT+ ~. n&T kbC sdq ds Xw ^ $c<+H+ &|d t s
m+#Te&+ yT e +~. nseTsyT q = kVT n<={.
n+ <T bX eTq'd yTT<{q T+& &|d >t < sV d+>q,
Vs+>+>q L& |u $+ #d +~. \eTsTTq mH eqd d+y<q *
C>|]# X < +~. eTw#T qB, #T B n J$,
u$ y ss TT+#&+ . yTT< Xs+, Xs+qT+& uj
T +, uj
T +qT+& ;u +
y|> k> < rdTe&+ <s n+<T >T|+> q ds|ks y*
rdqsTT+~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
80
<++ H+ y# {H $dT+{sT. s|bs

$+#& {H m+#Te&+L& | +~. uw d
{H >+;s+, bsq+, <T bX J$+ n+q+> |eVdTq
< |ue+ < #LssTT. bs, bs eT< ue>eTH
d+ |s T k d+^ ds|ks+ +T+~.
~ m+ dV +> +T+<+f eTq+ d+^ |ks| sVDesVD\
|P]> < + #+~b+. n+f eTq eqd |ks eTq+ jT
$+TqT+T+~.
Te+{ <T sd+ ^+ mes +bC #dq T H >TsT < T .
>sk$Ty] H#] =+es B b\e#T. eTq<X+
| d+^+, |Cd+^+ | d d+^+ <T s#s TT, e me
|u $T* #dq T +#<T . d d+^ w| &
+ysT . eT dHwD
< #sB dTe&+ ysT . eTTU+, eTq e\T.
|d<T\sTTq eTq ee]|H XdjTd+^| \eTsTTq |uyM
+#e. bX ||+ #+ d+^, #H|sT \ q d++<+
|T qsy T + ~. w y>sY >T]+ sd+~ #<T eT+f d+^,d+^$wsD\
ysT mTe+{ u $T @ss#> * >s #d XsyTdT+ ~.
+^w J$eT+{ d+^ $&BjT kqeTT+&+ HqT >eT+#qT.
|P\T |PdqT $d+ # d+^ # H <T, |_ d , {HbsY , s ks +
L& Xdj
T d+^+ $dT+ &+ qqT Xs|]+~.
11
yT+ q sE M+& eTTKeTsTTq d * #&\qTH+. +>+&

]+, {y sVD # b|w q >, m+ M\T>, ks +> +{sTT.
e {y qf+ { e Hwq m|dt +| y] {y ms+CyT +{ >
eq s +&T M+& { | b++ #&&, eTs={ \+&H #&{
{sTT+#T=eT #| +~.
| b++ < <X b++ eeTT+<T |H #H HsTT. esY esY
m+ |$T+q & d , wjTsY |{q k{|s -Y H-@eH @< { #&\
m+ nqTHqT.
81
HqT ]q <sT\T
{y q+ { m&+s y eT d\V +~. k{+& #+~q m&+s

|sq <TsZ\, u> || s , bNq s<ssT\ q>s+ . qe \ HsjTD>sT
m&+s jTe]{H #<T eHsT. >eTdeT\ m& y[H d+
s +&TsE\T +&e\d edT+ ~.
e yTT<{ys++ eTwj |jD+ L& q+<Te\ yT+
$+&sMY TsY>, m&+s >, @eHrs> y b j+. +swq
kd{ysT @sT#dq M+& {y VesY, u&|sY bsTTse&+ <s
+^w <X b+ #&\q e ] d+w+> Hsy ] qsTT+~.
d\esE r] <jT + jsYws Y deT n+#T |# | ~\
q&TeT y# m+& #T \T C|q +^w >e #&+ +> nqTue +.
s|\\T b~q dq >eTM<T\T, qTqTy# m+& |dT|<H
n\eTT=q >En<\ { \ T, |\ yT\yT\> <T \Tq |\ \ dT |s< \T,
$+&d |{q |e sYb{, jT >Te\ <>sZ +& $]dq |#
\T, |P\T, >* n+{ e]+q y# <q+, |+& <TD\T, |\t T, |jT\T
q&TeT $sdq |wXjT +{ VesY #&>H e+#ws Y dH d t LsTbsTTq
H bD+ eq|++~.
|eTs q&TeT ePsT |sq eT< jTT>\ <Ts+Z > e+~. |&b Tq
s>&\T, $kse TsTTq |jT, \T s*bsTTq =eT\T, | yTdTq
>=s\T, yT yT XSq+, |dT |s+>T, d + ` nsTTq|{ y{eT< H
Vq+ $qedT+ f, yT+ #dq |j D++ |X+eTsTTq >eT+ |#
m&] jddt > d<B]+~.
ydt dy H d+&e]+> $ |$T+qT> <jT + q >\>\
L& \s> r]> |X++> #sBdT+~. <s+> +wsY
jsYws Y q&TeT dTe ]+#TqT+& <D
|H H |s XD.
=+&\T eTq = Xu\ yqT{ ||+ # >TsT #dT q T+{sTT.m&
y[H jT yT<H eTqHeTT+<T q& y[qy n&T>TC&\T
dT+{sTT. HsH <+&j\T, _>+{jTH CT\T, seTH dXDT\T,
>sY #H|y, sT\T, b]X$Ty\T, deTb&T>TH |, #]
|qydT q >TsT\ T, kVC| \T, d\e~H\ d+s+u\T.
dq M<T \>T+& q&Td { ns <TD =+#d |P\
<TD+ n&T>T|{+. n& <sT |sTw\T y# H>& <>Zs #*>TTHsT.
y&e qMsu <T&T
82
>MTD +>+& r] ~qeT+ n& s|{q T+~. mDT+ edTH sT eTq

>e $+# |X +{ |X .
+&jqT+&.
+&jH!
y e<T& @< yTsT|. dT<syTq C|H< >TsT
#dT+TqT>. n<T #dqT>. dT>+<<y\ z&\T yT&sjTH
\d+~ <TTq <X \T#T+TqT>.
yT+ m+<T=#y m&T+THy L&#bqT. MTsT +^w m+ u>
e{&TTHsT! + eTT+<T m| &sTTH +>+& eHs n n&>&T nqT.
m<TsT#& +|y T +{ X+qT+& s*q V+ds @sTqT> n+<T
V<jT+ u<|s#THqT.
<<| qju jT yqT >eT+ T++ n<Ty T q
kVJ$ J$++~. b{ +{ nH ]wte >eT #sY eeVs\T
#&{ 1820 qT+& 61 < VesY ydeTTH&T. q s< Vs H\H
& |t u+{> jT$TT&sTTq|&T q |sTL& u+{> esTH&T.
1821 n us yT]j uHy q |\\ T nsTT<T>TsT LT, =&T
e~* qsYe\ eTsD+ +~. |\ <s T nesTT\T yT, m*uY |~, |< =+&
ejTdT eTsD+ #sT.
$T*q eTT>TsZ T n# , k<sT &T >eT+ @+J$+ J$+#sT.
@++ y >=| kV_w $ks+ > #~ysT. s#q \T #dsT.
eTT>TsZ T n# S >=| s#s TT\T> +^wt ksd + >T]+#&sT .
eTT>T]Z #s{ u+{ $we TsTTq |sT \_++~. yT~ n+<]q
$c<u] eTsTTq J$+. |eTe+>, u< *q k<]> yT >&| q J$+
q\uj
T s +&H eTTdbsTT+~. yT # <s L& | + +&H
s*bsTTq |+<. m$Tu+{ eTT|j
T ejTdT, nHu+{ sy =$T<
ejTdT eTsD+ #sT.
|sq<X+ , H |y >eT+ d+|Psy T q J$k|
H#T n_X| T++, @++, eTT>TsZ T nH# #dq kVde,
+^w kV+ n|s|d+ |T q. #s { sdq CH sY, m$T sdq e<]+>
V {, nH sdq fq+{ |t y d V jsYws Y eTsY+& < y\T>T&
+q s#q \T> #bsT .
83
HqT ]q <sT\T
sE VesY H{ u+{ T+| u<q+<\ dJe ks+>

*+~. H{ >eT#], eTjT+, u+{ T+| de<T bT
esYy dy T s H , s dw H eP] eq jr\ ]d e HsTT.
Xwb+&TseTsTTq o\| e]~H |jT q&TeT
|wXjT +{ >eTM<T sT>T e+< +< >eT+ kV |d T
#dq eTT>TZsT n# \T#T+f H eTqd+ #| ~>T\T
+&bsTT+~.
12
eT<V+ u&|s Y y+. ||+ #| >=| es{ ePsT. dj , s,

sT jTs|\t #+~q $$<C T\ |\ |+ kb*H +<+>
sb+~+~. eg|]XeT #T m~q q>s+ | { >=|$T\T\ H&T
>\\T>, eTjT+\T>, V f |]XeT\+<\T> e]bjsTT.
eT<VeT+ HqT q>s+ |UeTjT+ nsTTq Hwq eTjT+
|s Y b{>|, | n+& f*$H #dT+ &bjqT. sT n+dT \ eTjT+
b{>|, {.$, de\ |]De $e]+# eT*MT&j |<s q\THsTT.
y{bT b|\sY b{>| |q & eTjT+, e de ~jT sY,
_{wt {.$ |q | eTsTTq |<s q L&HsTT. M{ &T 7e BqT+& 22e
B < eT&e u&|sY ||deL& sT>T+~. # m&T{y>,
qs{y> q eTjT+ n+{ bT | +> mesZH nH b{>|s Y
b{ |<s q, e + qqT u> ]+#sTT.
mesZH (1946) nyT] #+~q b{>|s ,Y 1969 b{>| ews Y
&^ rdTH&T. \+, K q+, |+{yT +> L& D
b+<&T.
70\qT+& sY bs+_+ yTT<{ | ]dt> |#X&T. 80\ bs+u+
bssTT& mdtm-70 yTs |j >\T bs+_+#&T.
1981 sV+q |<s q n b\ssTT& s=swH <>sZ # d + ~.
< s=swH n eTk#Td{ 80I40 n+>T\ bssTT& eTjTyT
yTs y&T=H+<T nqTeT++~. yTs n Xe T+eTsTTq sT&>
|]#jT + #d+ ~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
84
yTT< nqT yTs es sT\ |U es * ] dw+ #

|jT +#k&T. n+f b{>| |sTT+{+>> es&eTqe. ~ b{>| q,
|sTT+{+>q L& $|y eTsTTq esT $w]+# |jT .
|sTT+{+> ]HCH \+qT+& +|w+ esL L& b{>|
#d |H #de+~. n+f <X||+# jT<<+> $w]+#&+.
CyT{>, e<e{> jT{ =\* HdtMT< rdTse&+.
b{>| $wsD ds|yT e]bsTT+~. sT&T m+
X |<] +H b{>| dw rdTs&T . n+<Te\ |j q+
L& e]bsTT+~. n~ uV||+ # +#&+ e n+s+ ||+ #
+#&+ yTT<\T|{+ ~.
n+f |eH, |+&TH d n~ {| e>, |+&T> +& +&
sT& |'|\+>, <q|w+> eTq >#]+#\qe! nsTT <<|
X+ s b{>|s Y H&T q yTs H eTT+<T q <qH+ eTsT>Tq
|&{ >eT+#&T.
<X||+#| fsY $w]+#&yT |<q|jq+> +<
k++> |s>$Td eq b{>| | &T b{>|s Y +s+ dHwD
L& |_+_+# |jT yTT<\T|{+ ~.
b{>|s Y d\sYuyT& |sTT+sY> |]#jT + #dT q eT+ mesZHZ
w m+ b<q +~. n u&|s Y | H b{>|> 1996 >T]+q
d+<s + > mesZH 1987-97 nq |<s q @sT #XsT. <<| e+< yT\Tq
|<s q ~ syT usTTdt - m Td t Hy nq~ $we TsTTq . 65I55
n+>T\ bs{ |+{ #jT &q b{\T yT< \, k+_e~\ $w
dyTq+.
y| ^H s\ , ^<e\ d] , eTs=y| n<T > d+d
deTsq >qT +q b{\ <s T jTTe\T yT< VydjT
u+ eT* |<] ksT .
+<T syTujYT - yTwjT Te&T |< qb. & yTw+ < bf\ T
n<T| #jT eTTX |r. q <V+ <s q JeX |{+
J$q+< b+<\qTH jTTe& #T $$< jTTe\T b{ ksT .
mesZH T\ >\ q&TdTq | &T qqT sTq #q f. | ,
k+ |]s\| bXeqe& nd+|. n&T d< q n+s+ > q
85
HqT ]q <sT\T
H $d y T q <> > e Td q | s D \T q n+ s + >

n_e]+#bTHjT y<q #+<T&T.
y<q+# =, = |sD\ |u$ksTT < sb+<TsTT.
nd+| bXJ$+ y>e ++> L& +&+ H&T >eT+#qT.
b#||+ #+ nd+| +&e#THy >, n~ y>e ++ e+<T.
|s D
\ $wjT + eT eTTK+>. nqTw| t #+ <dT \+q> m+
$d yT q d+d kV+ dw ]+~. yjT >& H +<|< + esT<T .
b#sT& qT J$+ b+~q | |{ + #&+ |< q+. bX
sT& qT J$+ b+<TTq nd+| |{ + #&+ |< q+.
e deL& nTe+{<. ~ #\q |s D
\| \T>TTq
nd+| + eq $wsD. 35 m+.m+ qs | & #\+> nd+|
|sTd+~.
de jT<sJ$ m+ jT<s+> #|dTH jT<s+ eTq+
#dTq ~ de nq Cq+ +&H +T+~. <qT+& | +#Ty*. jT<s
#dTq | &T+f q{q sTX+ HyT+{ de #&+L& k< +
y*. Te+{ HyT+{ m| k++> k~+# |jT \T k>TH
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d]= |j >+ e s.
+>+& n|< y+&s|q, eeT\T 35 m+. m+. |H
|~sT|<<q | qdE sT+{ |< bCsY+ V]C+> bdt
neT+f, eTq eTT+<T eTT+# |eD ||+ # <X+ $w eTeT+~.
nTe+{ $w |<s q _H yTT+ MT< u&|s Y eTT#&>\ +.
sE e bH{ nH q\u $Tc\ &$>\ &yT+ #|+#sT.
||+ # |sesD|]sD
|< qBy T > ]+q V & s=swH
kqsY #d+~. X+qT+&, s<dqT+& yeT>eTT\T +q +
u $T|q n+]+bTq dV eqsT\ >T]+N, $ks+ > |sT>TTq H>sD
,
b]X$T \Tc\ >T]+ $e]dT+ ~.
|d | deTT<rs+ TbqT, bqT n|s $k+, *b]j
u +|+, | s sTTHb s dt >\ u& + e+{ <X* e s | #&+
>=| nqTue +. es+ |&T Tq|&T yT|T eT+&\eT+ yTsT| <&T\ n\+
y&e qMsu <T&T
86
e&+ X+ +#&+ mT >, <|< s | #dTq |&T <X+

eTq H+~jT+|H , eTq uVCq+|H *+# |u e+ eTs= mT.
kjT+\+ u&|s qY T+& e+#ws Y |j D+ m+ u] +> k+~.
n | jTjT\T, | yTdTq >=s\ eT+<\T, n& & +^w
<X| >e\T, <]b&T>TH <><>&TTq $<TBb\T, HeT~> q\s+>T
sT >TTq nde TjT kjT+d+< , eTqd+ ns#jTyTq |X+ e]++~.
VQX HqT mq& ] H J$+ es+Z |j D+#b e#T.
< VQX yTT<{, e] |j D+ esZ. |j D||X+ H
J$eT+ qqT yq+{ +T+~. m$Tu+{ e<]+> V { Xu]
yV>< H|< +> neT]q eTsYu $T, XwXSq~>+\T, bs>&\T,
|esYb{, dT s\T, H>& <>Zs e<T& |<|< C|yTTdT+{sT.
V<u <|{q s @< s\>Ts+MT< \ |
jT | bsTT s+ ] eT @ sD+#H H>~ H sT{H
yT\TqT+~,| & j >Ts=d.
13
~ys+
j T e]{ +| d t q ${ e sY sY > \ # & +d y T

{sTT+#THqT. ${esY +>+& n+srjT |d~ b +~q >\ {.
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|<s qbT m|{| &T @sT#d | |<s q\TL& +{sTT.
sE |sY u , $*jT+ {\s \Y |<s q, yT]jTH&sY &Cq |<s q
>\ eTTK s D.
u jTs|jT H #] d T\T nq<q *
<T n<T J$\ $T[+ #X&T. eT&H |t ydt;#Y nq
+ yqT |-s| { d+|<jT+ +q yTe +&> eTT+<T u>+
eT&=H q\ <\T, _ <] + d{+> wOdt ;|q k>TTq <X+ +T+~.
d T, ese q J$< X y ]+> $T[+ #dq m+
>&+~.
ese qJ$+, >J $+> yu y |+ <T. J$, deT\+>
es>*q deTTqeqe\T J$dTq jTT>+ ~~. J$+q q L&
87
HqT ]q <sT\T
$we\ kq+ ZbTq~. n~ d+U\T |_ J$+ |y+q

\+ n+<] nse TjT uw e{&e \d +T+~. n+<] u<| &
ksd+ * sb+~+#e\d+T+~.
uwd+, d+ \d+ nHw+#>* > r] *q sT\TL&
sT . y $<+ > nHw+H =d + bd+ \ >& +, <
+&b e#T. y ksTT d+ \T sb+~+q|{ > \+
e]be#T. J$+ =e dTe \T, =u eq\T |q> e|&e #T.
{ sT&T qT #dTq < d syT k+ksTT rdTbjT
|jT+ #k&T. q\<\T, _, d{+> wOdt y <T $deTj\T.
VQ d+U\ >#s\T nsTTq|{ sT& >+ , >+ >+;sT\T
d< >TsT+ H +{sTT. n$ n n+s+ > & #dT + {sTT.
{ yTq sT&T @\+ >+q eseq+q L&
J$dT+ {&T. |$eTsTTq<, |s< L& @sT+{&T. <e TsTTq<,
n|< qeTsTTq< L& |{+ #T+{&T.
d+|T sDH u \T> eT*#&T. +<T e+>+ e+~. q ese q+
| @e+| +~. nsTTq|{ q nqTue +, >+ b*d n<+ d++>
+H, <| >se+ +~. s+ > u k<sD _{wbt sT&, _{wt
sT& L& b< + eV+#y&> +#&T.
_{wt +&d|t sT |UT&q $*jT+{\s Y q\uj
T (195696) w|q ]{dy L&+~. {\s Y {s+ >T Hs | n_e >T]+ |&q
|q eTq nse TeTq|{ < dw+ > e $e]+#&+ w+ .
jTq s+>T d , +s+ d+y<HksTT dMT|k&T. eT<T\
eT\eTsTTq $ $q| &T V<jT + #\s > ssd+ y<q \ e+{ y{
q s+>T\ <s eTq C>|] # |jT + #k&T .
+&d|t |sTT+sY> {\s Y | s Ur, s+> deT+> ]+
e+&*. nqT +&d|t <X+> nqTu > >TsT |Te&+ HsT H&T.
ed+\|<jT+ n&$n+#Tq dses #keTqT+&.
sT&T <X ] dTq | &T s UT* e&+ |< . n
*eT, |# <q+, |+, |w+ - M{eyT + e<\&+ {\s |Y < .
y&e qMsu <T&T
88
ydet & d& w { nq + eTq |+# dT, |X+, eT\#\q+,

dyT q+, $X+, | #dq|&T eTq +# <X+>+& <X+
eTq+ <+ #+~q|{ dTesC>> eTq u<| & T sTT.
&C +> k~+q &Cq sY e]jTH&sY (1896-1964) J$\|
w|q e&]yT,sY nq |] $wyTq |<sq @sT#XsT. &sY
*b]j ++~. ||+ #jT T<\ eT< \+ \+&H |#d+ ~. +^wt
&C +> <T& #| <q M, sT& $*jT+y]dt sT y n+ |d~
#+~q ]D e]jTH nH $eTs\T |s=HsT.
|<s q &sY &CH # d q $$<s \ f f qeTH\T, m+usTT&,
+{]jTsY &=swH, s U\T, dsD \T HsTT. yT s|\ q #dq $$<s \
s>TZ\T, <T|T, kbd&\T, y||sT, >| #de+f ybs||+#+
]D mTe+{ s+s k+<s$wsD |PqT+< u<| & $djT|&qT.
yT ||+ #+ $c | { ]++~. qeTsY s< &>
#&{ w|&, yT &CH #d+~. <TJ$+ j+ e\ <X
||+ #+ e kq+ #T#dT q ds yT |< q e+ . #T sk\T,
Bs#Tsk\T, dssK\T $$<&CqT> s|~<THsTT.
><T, $eH, deyXd, Vd dT, |sT|\T, kb\T,
\\T, eTqTw\ @> u+ >+ #jT +& y] ]+# $<+ > ks +
L&Tq &C+> yT d< qMq+> $w]+#& |jT+qT
>eT+#qT. yT ByT , y{|t \, | \ |< q+> q&sTT.
j+J$| |*><T* n\+]+#&, n+]+bTq b
kV yT eTqTw\ <>sZ > rdTse&, w #d+ ~.
yT dw+ q | q+bT jT++ jTb]{
L& q&+~. ~ <T sT& yTq +. n&T | , jT+
deT+> n_\w+#&T. qe, s @\+ y* n. bdte &]yT
jT|f< + neqTw+ <TjTT> sb\+{
eV+#e+~.
&sY d e&+e\, yT e +, n_sT |$ THH
#Y yT
s b* j + s b\T> +& b s b\T>H +# T
#d+<|++~.
89
HqT ]q <sT\T
jT++ eqen+s+ > |u $+ #dq rsT <T kV,

yTT<T+N y+{&TH +~. VQX >+B e+{ @ ]<sT \e+Tq
eqe | |+<=$T~, sesTT Xu jT+\ s D qT eqe&T
+#&T . eTTK+> jTs|j
T HjT +\T, y{ VeD, qTeTT,
VT\ eqeC yT>ej> esksTT.
sej X| e] <Xu +|PsT $+_+q< jT{ d\ +
sks |w+#& jT+ke+ eqe& #HqTuT q
esT nbs+.
jT+|P s deC, nsDdeC eTw Xs|sT &T. jT+de +
eTw $<jT|sT&T. eTs= #q +& jT+ nqTd]+#&yT n
$<T < s +. >&j
s, d{ dt, s * +H, de bCs T qT, {.$, |+{+>
yTwq], e], sjT++> nqTd]+# +& n > +s+ <T .
Te+{ jT+T bsY, yT| #&>* > eTq <w eT[+#>\
\|<s q CH H (1949)~.
H ]wt CrjTT&T. \+&H d+{e]H d |t sY $< qu d+#&T.
dsY +< s e+{ *<>sZ n|+{d>t |#X&T. |dT + $+#ws Y |t
sY \$u> n~| > H&T. VQX VeTsY s _{wt <T
\T CHH H |>&y T q qe #&>* >qT.
n \T || \T, yTwt\T, s&T, d*+&sT |j + md+T
#dq $. | md+uC |sT |{&T . |sT yTdC +T+~.
sD+ qT+& dsd] n< ns+ edT+ < #| +. VQX * eTT
sD+ nTe+{ ns < +|#d T + <H Xs+ <T . n< ns+ eTq
u<| & b sTTH \T nss V \T nq+.
y{#&>H #| q $yT q d+y<q \T \T>TsTT. yTT<{k ]> d \ T
]|]+>c|t, >*|+|, y#Y ]|ssY #dq|&T H mTe+{ d+y<q \T
*>j H T* #dq| & nTe+{ d+y<q *>sTT. dV dT+<s
eTsTTq >esD#jT H&T jT+\T s |q <TeTT eTq |&
+ H&T
eTq+ eT >T]+#e#T.
+T d+u\T, &sT, qT|\T|\T, s\T|{\T, +&{\T,
b>>={\T, H jTsYu\ T\T, +qT, |wq T, y{ deTd ]<y T eTq J$+
y&e qMsu <T&T
90
m& qT| #{ n* HsTT. y{ eTq n+s+ >+ y<T +Tq s

k+<s H #|dT H &T.
n esYe\ eTs $wjT + L& u<| & + ~. VY jT+jT T>+
eqe #] eTT+| e+<. sT&T m| &sTT jT+ < jTT{*{
qT+& $&Bd sYb sY> #&>* > &, yT|s >Y #|>* >& n| & nqT <
buy eTT+| e\T #|dqT.
| &T jT+u+ +>H u\$wjTyTbsTT+~. sT&T
+<C*&> u |{ +~+ >~|{ #|dT H &T. ~ eeT\T
eTqTw\ nqTue + se& + @| & T T+~.
HqT H >T]+ >\ > #<T eT+f q&ejTdT _{wt d |sTw*<s T
|<s q#d nT> e#sT. y] d H# ># d H <>sZ
e H |<s q @MT ns+ #dT +&eHqT, d |d +
@eTT+<#|ky n, n& >+& qT #dT+f << =+
u<| & y &> dTH e, B >T]+ HeTH #| >\y? n L& n&+~.
14
yT+ eTwj qT+& ] eq M+&H \+&H |s q @sT#dT H+.
C \+&H be& H | +> @MT d <T . s +&T sE\TL&
s+>+& @<sTTH >eTb+ bsTT >&| sy\H nqTHqT.
eTVq>s\ | H s&T>{q yeTTK+ \+&H| L& s><T. u \+&H
| sdq $ (1793) #~$q| &T jTq eT]+ |sT w+> sde+f u>T+&TH
nqTHqT.
u $ :
#<yTq q>sM<T d+#]dTq| &T
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H sd| & | e<q+ >eT+#qT
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| eqe& | X+
| X uj
T $V\ s<q
| ds+, | X|+
eTHX+K\ #| H $HqT
91
HqT ]q <sT\T
q\T|Tq #] b>>={+
E<T*| |y& y<H uj
T |&T T+~
sVs \ bk<\ | qT+
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$+T+{qT s# T q>sM <T
q&s, jTeqe, yX BHb
dT >=+< |db | nXe*
\es|& |[ u +r*
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qT. sV d+>q, Vs+>+>q, < <w+# +& | +#Tb j&T.
keTVyT q , njTyTq @ eTVX n~ yT\TTq~ qT.
w jTsY #] H \+&H yVy\ H|< + dT+ ~. eTTK+>
s +&e +> ]#sY H+.
]HCH H{ \+&HH wjTsY $T+#bj&+f $]jTHjTT>|
\+&H> T ]+ @eTe+&y&. esY esY \+&H | sdq |d< | < + (1802)
n+TH&T.
$T\H, deTjq qTe eeT< J$+ e+&*+~,
+>+& neds+ +~.
yT H&T \e n+#Tq *q H#TyTT
nsy~, K&+Z , \+, H>& , sC<q+, <ssT yu e +
eT n+s+ d+w| bNq +^w ysd
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e eTs<*, $\Te*, k+, X n+~e.
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~>+s n+s+e jTX$\d+ , d#|P ]+.
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J$ k<sD|<+ |q |jT q+ >& nTe+{<
< \d ~e+.
y&e qMsu <T&T
92
nsTTH V<jT + eTsTe<T mq{,

q qT $~+#Tq d\u<* L&.
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eTVq>s #dq| &T J$ $\Te\ $#sD eT< qTq n><+ n eT]+
u~++~. # dwe TsTTq y jTq +#&T.
z<sTd+, $TT&
| &~ ~ H?
eTq J$+ { |<s q, n\+s+
#| y&q +,
edT, |+#<s|P
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C eTq+ deTT\
dss >\>&T
|eV+#e\dq y+,
+&+ m+ <Ts< w+ .
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|d \T, | eTq n\]+#&+ eHksTT
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M{H eTq+ s~dT q ~.
ds J eq+, ~e+q+ dT<s|< \T eTq
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eTq T+ d\T, <] $Xk\T.
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T +
nqTeq+ Hwq m|dt #Y+ \+&HH \ | n&T>T|{qT.
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yT +T+f \+&H |& d{ ds TT+> y] ]|C+ f{y eTeT* |* s Dj
T yTq
d{ ds TT+> ddt >T]+ $e]+ { T # |{&T . sqTq syH \T>T
93
HqT ]q <sT\T
>+yT eTT \+&H |& dtd dt <<| e+< |> q k| m&H

~, m&H m, \+&H *>Z, $es+> #d neXeTqe.
yT+ yTT<{ neX+H \+&H >+&sY #T{s y\qTH+. z|H{|t
dt & b>yT yT+ dt $]j qT+& yd$t Tds Y mu MT<T>
ydt $Tds Y _& MT+ bsy T +{ ue H #T{ ] eTs yq ] b\ZsY
dsY MT<T> sT\+&H y| |jD+ \+&HesY esL bsTT sT>T
|j D+ eTeT* | & ds dte< ~+|es yTT<{ >+H \+&H q
eTV| u $T|q y*q >sT &| qqT q+<d+ ue eTT+#+ ~.
\+&H >T]+q H uj
\T, nqTeH\T m& bjj <T. +
q eTVkeeT<+ qf, syT, u_H, &eddt, s, yTT|T&e
ke+ mq{ nd$ T+# ke+eTqf, qT ||+ # +<+ +
$jT< +> \&qf \+&H u$dTq T H|++~.
dt j+, {\e n~ deTq q>s+ <T. ysDd, Cs d+ \
e dHq q>s+ <T, c+|T , eTT+sTT\e qd+<V| q>s+ <T, d+>|P sY,
\+|PsY\ e jTeqXu n\ssTTq q>s+ <T.
q|{ < bNqyu e +, <T >o\ deT+> yT$+qT+~.
^ {q d , |+ kes+, k{wt >eTdeT\ e<T s+ *d $d+ q
seTDjT +^wt $e+~ \+&H. # @ +< \+&H yTT<{k]
#dq| &T eTHVH|T wt |{ + q q+<V+ H V<jT + |< ++~.
|T wt n+TH&T <:
d\e, |jT q|<e ,
eTq' |PsyT q M&\T.
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<]| \\# >T;\.
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| X+ s\+ qqT HqT eT]bjqT
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~ \+&H.
y&e qMsu <T&T
94
k] <eTTq T+ *|& #qT HqT.

= sTeTT, |sT weT<T s Jeq<
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+]q+ n*d $dq
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eqe+s< qT \Ty &d b e&+,
Vs d+* |<< *d q&e&+ m+ q+<+
H V<jT + |d T q ~ $X\ dV qTu d+,
H X *| dV d V<jT d+<H\ y# <q+d+
| = e<q+, , H <V rsTdTq $.
y~ qT\ ]seT d+#\q+ eTT+<T,
eqe e<H\ yV|X+ eTT+<T,
|e\, |e\ MT n+<yT b{~?
eTV< jT<s+ eTT+<T, ~eb]e+ eTT+<T?
deTd qq#T+H\ H eT<T ss + eTqTw\ eTss< .
HsD+ nC| +e >q+ #k+&+
m+ eT<T s+.
| r, #\T, >Td>T d\T,
+H \C+b TsT, eT+<esT\ eTT#T?
dT+<sX U>e, qTe z<s>\y eqe eTHe< ?
~ \+&H,
& |&T +{qT HqT, B y #T #TT .
kjT+\+ | & d+sY b&+>H dw H y dtd+ ysTT{#d
\TH+. e #T nd+U\sTTq jr\T. eTs ys+ ~H suTq
ws Y |+&> q>se T+{ e]++~. |+&> eTT+<{ M+&e&+ <X+
q\TeT\\qT+& eTqTw\T \+&H #sT +THsT. H qq+ # ed|
bs+u+ ]> = neyd sD\ >Ts=+~ H.
95
HqT ]q <sT\T
yT+ \Tq d+sYq>s+ n |< $H< +<eT \TdT& nf d|

| < T . HX\\T, |<s qX\\T s+>Ts+>T\ Bb, bws , |
q\
y*bTHsTT. <TD\T, s ks +{\T, eT<X\\T V\+ ePbTHsTT.
eTqTw\T q+<+ ]_seTHsT. @+=H, @+ #&, mTby
\T qd+<V| M<T, n =+Tq, n #dTq, n ~\L
q&Tkq dV d |<> $T> \+&H ++~.
eqe +s< qT ] eTT<e qqT HqT eT]bjqT. ~ \+&H
n eT< eT< * #dTqT >TsT #dT +TH d+w| kjT+
<X+ <T, d]V<T<T.
s yT+ dd >sH <>sZ q &sY nH n+<eTsTTq V d
#k+. ed+$V+>+ n& n|{ y*e+~. yTsTdTq < s \ +
V n&T>T |&TTq| &T >TeT+ m< +&T> $sdq # sTe
q+<k>$ T+~. V ]d|dt H d#| w+ <]++~.
H k nDT#T MT V |P\ b<]\T> e+~, ds ,Y ed++
*d \+&H \ | \T y*q sC<q+ esksTT nHqT yT. |P\s\T
>* ePqT+& sTqe q$ yT m+ d+ws y T q e $HqT nq~.
e { eTs< +#< T H. eTVy|eTsTTq ed+>q+ eeT\T
# q+< q s T e\T> e]qf qq, ]d| d T L & n
seTDj qTu |+#THT #d+ ~.
s yT+ eT eP y+. | & ds dt { ] jTH ~jT sY
+|{ esY |t $*jT+ w jTsY #&{. H+ #&{ eTT+<=
|CV { |y dT+ f s{> eTqTw\T >T+|\T >T+|\T> dT+THsT.
M<T q\T, ]+\T, u>||sT, u\qT, |\\T, eTTK+> |\\T,
kjT+\+ y X+ ms =+>\usT @< >eT+, ~X @MT +& n
mT|& nT ~*bTq |sTw\T, d\ T, |\\ T, e<T\ T.
| X+ yH \, |sqVs\| , q>sM <T \| <e dT +<sy T q yH \,
#+~\ y& s+>Ts+>T\ <s> $<TB|| +T\T.
q+<+ m+ |y <u] +> +<+f yT+ n+&sY >+& u ~ yw+>H
dw H yTT mT+f yT <>sZ |$T&T bseX+ |& \ T ysTTdTH &T.
n&T j# &T<T, <. J$q+<+ qT+& qT b+~q deTd C <d
$seTTTq q+<|<.
y&e qMsu <T&T
96
$TTs. H{ eTVq>s+ , yH \ s, # dTe\T, #*>\T\T,

d+^ y<\T, qd+<V+ e eT&> H | MT{q
q+<d+ ^ HqT MT m{ $e]+#>\ qT?
s HqT dT |qsTq+ #+<& s #kqT. eTTT\
VeTsT\ qT+& dsseT+yTq ed+|u yT+Tq qJ$+
qqTL& H >& <qT+& | |+ ~. ;<]+, sT<>+, Xb\T, eT+ q
||+ #yT ~ nsTT +&e#T>, eqed+w+ y+{H eTVs e TsTT+
<|++~. eTqTw J$q+<| eksu+ eTT+<T @ > \e< |++~.
s HqT H J$+ n+dT +<se TsTTq < <H #dqf u$dTH qT.
\+&H eTVq>s+ s sT y HqT eT]+ |T&>, d+wu] T&>
esq #|e& HMT d+#+ <T.
15
eTs&T
<jT+ V U#d }sT s>& jT=#|{ \ysT

CeTTq |& yq s& &d HsTT. > # dTeT<\T m>TsTH sTT. ~ys+
r]+ q>s+ + < e<T. yT+ =+<s+ q&T#T+ V&bsY
|y+#+. $kseTsTTq | H\T yq &d ~>Z eTT&T#T HsTT.
b&yq <qe\ + ed+ds k<T.
|UyT q dsY ssY d e |d+ ^&T u_ |d+ > kdTH &T.
~wt |ss+ >T]+q y>H\T sdq bwsT *+#TH&T.
jTs|tqT+& eq =+<sT $<sT\T n #T eT>sT. b|+J$+
>T]+ e #dTq V#]* ysT y]dTHsT.
yT+ eTT+<T ~+. e eTT+<T #&e\dq d \T mH HsTT. yT+
eTT+<T> sueq+ <>Zs suT\T &{ es deTjT+ ]> dseTsTTq
b{#d, b\ZsYd sY <>Zs, =+d| >&b+
$]jTH jTT>| eTVdH~| nsTTq H\H C| s+ ]+q $jTd+ u+ ,
#Ts H\T>T >H{ d+V\T, m<TsT> _>uH, |q Hwq >\. $XH<
dHsjTD >] >+<sT&T, VV VAVA uMT< e|&~ n&.
nDT+ VqsY eC #&\ $TT&T V V &+ eT \+&H
fH |T \+&H esY #sTH+. n~ <TsZ+. #sk\, e<\,
$T+{, |<s q.
97
HqT ]q <sT\T
yTT<{ $*jT+ #e] (1066) qT+& +^wt #] n~ k. <

n+{|T mH uj
qC| \THsTT. yTT<{ #s d t #e] ]rd+~ n&.
eTs||+ #| k|&T jTT{|j >+< s <eTdt ysY L& n&
e~+ jTq sdT \+&H _& <>sZ y&BXsT. eTV|$T&, eqeyB,
+^wt k{d t nq<q <eTdty sY q e~+#uTq ] eqe&, <s +
eV+#T, $~ qTe sV+#T. H yT& =~> b{~ , qTe $ds | &T
>T] | +& #dT n d\V #&!
| &T esY jT{ b+>DeT+{ |e\T. |\ se+o\ us D \T.
m*CuYsD |{_w #|+# &yT+ #dT=+{ VqsYeC
#&uT+f &u &sTT.
qsC #] deTd+ sDs |yVd+ nq $y u |r
e+. m+ w++>, m+ d#< e +> yTsTk+<.
cqB rs+ eT&T Xu\ +< jT|& e+ >+& qyT\
#T \ MT<T> cVH #]+~. H~s <+&j yTT|T \T\ #C]q e+,
] +&j qT #]H, |+Cu eTD s d+ &j +| < $]j
eTVsD VQ]+#&+ +^w se+o\ us D
#]bsTT+~.
eTqTw\ eT< V+ks\ >TsT> $T*q eC sEes
<] +#& w| & sDe + #T#dT +~. eTq e\T +
<Xe qT< + VqsT d> |e n+{ ]+ #&+ eq<T .
eT yT+ {b\ZsY dsY ~ dsTT+{ CyT bsY+ +>V yT bdt
#sT n& =~d| >&b +. dq> qT\T |&T T+f +&T> $d+ q $
=eT\ &q \T b{\T rdTH+.
e sT>T|jD dtf+ ne+~. sesY de~ #&
bTHqq sX | dT \+&H >T]+ H +|wH |q'+#TH
|jT + #XqT.
yd$t Tws Y _& #Tq| &T esY esY sdq $, + eTT+<T #~$q|&T
@MT d+<q *+# $, H&T ns d + n++~. 1802 \+&H
#dq| &T d V#+~ $T\H \T#Tq y yd$t Tws Y _& |q |+*
L& +bC #X&T.
y&e qMsu <T&T
98
+H dT+<s s y T + ~ eTsB |~|q <T

yu y |yT q ds |\+# +&
<] kbjTy& m+&=\~.
q>s$ T| &T |u k+<sH= eg+e <] ++~,
X+>, s&+s+>.
z&\T, ue H\T, db \T, eTV, eT+~s\T
$d+> |s#Tq$ ueX.
w+ |X+ <><>yTsTdTq$.
q =* yu e eT+{ dsT&T
jT\|, \\|, X \| + dT+<s s + >
$s* e+&< q &
+ >& |X+
HH mq& #&< T ,
nqTu #+<< T
q~ <]q q~ m+ d#> |eVdTq <
|jT ds Xs! >V\T |X+> <T]dTq Tq$
>+;s V<jT yT+ X\+> d+~dTq ~!
C yTT<{ y |~ +H dT+<s s y T + ~ #|& eTsMT<T
n +#*. $ y+ nd + <T . dsTT+{ CyT bsY dsd T |q y*q
|#$XK\T >* eP>TTq| &T, uT\T |X+s+>*
s*dTq | &T, |q T+ dq ds Y yq qT\T eTT s\TT+f dT+<se TjT
|~dy y\T n]+# +& e+&+ w+ .
$]jTHjTT>| ydT q deTdyueeT+{q H&T E|&T+~.
\+&H H&T z|H{|t dT H ># ] + >=|<+{ m&ss TTC #dT =+{+~.
| & ke+ <T . dH~| T s T .
|e*+ $dd H HsTT. | *+ $V]dH eHsTT. b\ZsY
d sY H\H ksd + u+ s | L*be#T. ydt $Tds Y _& |q esY esY
$ d< *# e+T+~. dsY <eTdty sY jTT{|j sqTq mH s\ bT
eTqTw* eTs||+ #| <s\y| bVdH +T+~.
99
HqT ]q <sT\T
\+&H! H qeTks+. qTe n~s <s #|q| &T e eTw

&T =sTT>T& , s+, ;sY<V < m~]+#&T. | &T HqT d+
<X bsT&>, ue&>, $> <>Z] e#qT. qT #XqT. eTT>TDjqT.
bes\ +\T #*q y HqHqT. d\e.
16
yT+ eTwj +&>H _H m\T |{+#sT. <+ sjT
yesDyT e]bsTT+~. |#s, de#s k<H \ sjT #s * eTTeTs+
#XsTT. #s \T e\+ m\|* \ >T]+q }V>H\T e.
C |* \T m +{jqq me] <T . <<| |\
qsY b H, sj X+ $qs { us TTsY = |< qeT+>
rs+#ksTT. | nsTT = |< qeT+> { us TTsY \ yTT<{@ &~
se B\ dV ss TT+ |{ + #d+ ~. n+<Te\ m ddH @MT<T .
#s\ < n+ _{wt u$wT >T]+#. s+&T |<q sjT|\
_H s+&Ts\ $Xk\, y<\ e\T> m&> #s s+s+
+bdTH sTT. s +&T y<\ $+# q n+X\T, eT*yT q |X \T
L&mH HsTT.
VQX y{ de<q+ bsyT+eed ne\ ye\de+T+~.
msT L& s+&T|\L qf +T+~. y y<\T ny<\T>
+# +& e+&+<T sTes |jT dTH sT.
qs{e\ HjT&> CHyT sY~ eTsTTq |]d . X+H n+
|qejTdT |< qeT+ >*q yTsY <#sY $T+q $j k~+#&T.
eT# eo*, keTuw. $ye+T&T. _{wt ]eed \u>*q
y&T. |\T n eTsk] |< qeT+ #jT & w| &
+<T .
$jTk< * + # |CkeT+ _H~. #], <#s\Y s k]
| &
+ yTsYe+T. yTsY <T. ~ {\+<], y] eTqd ,
y] b . s + > ~ _{wt |C+ eT eTT + #T+TqT.
|>&e TsTTq nd+|. us sj j+{ mk_w yt T +{ ueq n H{y
z{ n eTq+ eeV]+#+{~.
|~V& qs{yb \q +^w ]e ed \|s & #jT >\ w
n+ #d+ ~. eTs< #jT b sTT+< _{wt bsT&T nd+| |&T TH&T.
y&e qMsu <T&T
100
eTs< n dw+ > *jT<T. { us TTsY e\T $+T+f eTs< n

*de+T+< nqT qeTTTH&T.
VQX nsTT<, |< q sY |uT + L& >=| w #jT e#T.
VQX +H u> |#jTe#T. n| &TL& _{wtbsT&T n
+ # +& eq&T. ndwe TsTTq nd+| jT|& _{wt zsT
M\sTTq+ d< +#s #j \ #k&T .
#s {yT+ y| sV d+> eqd * yT\T,
eTs=y| Vs+>+> #| >*q+ de#s #| q T> +T+~. m\|q
| nqT+< |#T]+q \+&HfyT | e] <+ $Xk
d++~+q eeVs+> j seT+~ nHd+ ~L&.
m\T |< q+> @&T n+X\|q #s eHsTT. _{wt ]e ed,
$<, s>+, d+ e T+, sC+>+, X+u <\ T, jTs|t. M{ eT eT&T
eTTKyTq n+X\ ~d - ]e ed, jTs|t, sC+>+ n #| e#T.
n+X\+{|H qs{y\ T, sY, *s &y d b\T eT $dwy T q
n_bj* |{ + #sTT. y{ b* #d |< qeTsTTq n+X = sYb
#|ujT $|y|+< n+ @MT +#<T, jTs|t | yK]
$TqVsTTd.
VQX qs{y\T sY ddTq nH esT* n+^]+#&
yqT&sq T+{qT. n> sY n~s+ eH qs{y\ H _qeTsTTq
#sD
e>\< nqT+.
10 &+> d{ { usTTsY |yd q y&> me] nqTd]+#
>\&+{sT n sjT \$TdT \+&Hf y T | |+ n~ y T +{
n{> , Vs $\H> < essZ { <#s n * #b&T!
m\T ]>+esL sYb +# n~s+ #| > H n+sZ
eTT\T>, |<e \d+ eqsT\d+ b{> esTT+~. \V+#TH eT+esZ
dV#sT\ |uT q&|e\dq u< sE yTsY sVdTqf s|
us TTsYL & sV+#e\d e+T+~. nTe+{ nds , u< sV yT q
u+N @ n~s| HjT&s TTH <#sY <s + eTseTeT+~?
n+X+ _{wt, us |Cke\eT< m+ b*e+~. &
sjT|\T ||+ q| &T #|>*q suH#sY b\|+> es>H
101
HqT ]q <sT\T
n+]+b&yT +& b\| \+& n+ VqyTq \D

\ =f
jT|&sTT!
||+ # CT\T>, \T>, esZ\T> $u + sj * sV+#>\
d | &T +. | &T ||+ # dw+ > |$C n, n+&sY |$C n
$u +#e\d e+T+~.
+<T sC~s+ d+<V +> |$C ds .Y n+&sY |$C deTV\,
esZ\qT+& mesT n~s #|{ H n~s+ #|{ q s D +H ysT |$C>
e]bsT. <= # >eTq bs&.
$weT|V[ |s+ n+&sY |$C mq{ sC~s+ d~+ #<T .
< y d~+ H n~ eTs= s|+ = |$C ds >Y e]bT+~.
|Cke bs& neT\T edTq rsT # d+ue +>
+T+~. { us TTsYe+{ HjT\T eT #X B<T<>\ eTqT+{sT.
us< X + s sLsY, _p|{jT e+{ eTTKeT+T\T dy\j
d|H, d{dT|H y&+ <s eTT sC~s q+ #jT>\
eTqTqf. #sD
~ | +& ]& \dt>, {> |]D$TdT+ ~.
usTTsY VQX <<| s+&T <Xu\T n~s <s+> q b
n~s Vd>+ #jT&+ T&T >\&T. nd\T n~]
jT++>H q+ #jT >\&+ eTT <Tk< +.
_{wt J$+ n~s #+~q J$+ < |$Cd t n{e = Hs
duy d+]+#T+~. <X+ \ ~eT+~ jTTe\ <> , $yV+
#dT H neX+ \>, k+ +{ @ss#T e&+ k< + Vy djT>,
u>ZsY> esTTq |]dT, n~s+ q m+|\T $yVs d++<\T
|T qT jT|& |ys eTVHs jT|&TTqf +T+~.
n+X+L& _H +&j # <>sZ b* e+~. +&j
V+ &H L& \+#>=+& me Hsd T & > |CeTqd + u$dT+ T+~.
sjT b\T V+ \ L& m\ { T e>\e> Vy +u D+
d++<e TTqy] { T e& kVd+#e . usrjT de+ n~s+
&T d+b~+# es+Z >, _{wt J$+ ~ s > J$ dTU* b+<&
esZ+.
s +&T <Xq |\T n~s+ | < Buy |<] ksT . e\ T> y
n~s+d+ nsT\T #ksT . deTV\T> n~s <wksT . H|< +
y&e qMsu <T&T
102
sj~s #+#Ty\q @ HjT&H q b &sY e\

n~s<V rsT+ sy*. n< deTjT+ b> ~ |$C ds >Y
| +#+& C> |&*.
= s+ |Ck$THjT\T _+ H, { us TTsY, #+<uTHjTT&T
sdTq ePV |<q\D+ <. qswH f\J +<T M] eT]+
dV]k+~.
ysT eT b dV #sT \ sT X #|ksT . +|Ps <s
y]| | res+ #ksT. n+f n~s|+> eT b |$Cdt
n+<TuT #T e&+ y d+jTeTHyT q |< b{ksT . Be\
b&sY y| |$Cdt n+<TsTT. eTs=y| | |w u+>+ y{\<T.
ePV $jTe++> |<] dTq y&T _+ H. sjT |]uw
B j+>TwH > eeV]dTH sT. B |s+ + H & m&eT\H
_qyTq yK] ne\+_k&T. yK] &, m&eT\T s+&+{
d+>V k&T . n+f &y| b\ ] eTD
, m&eTy| b\ <sXj \T.
s +&+{ b|w q > yT$+# |jT + #k&T .
d]>Z { usTTsY ePVH ns nqTd]dTH&T. y| nqT
H&swH |t _{wt +&d &ssY $+<T s+#>\&T, eTs=y| ]
d+| \ HjT\ #s \ d<+ >\&T. n eH #b\+f q sY
b sV yeT|+ <T, b sV &|+ <T, n~ rjT X.
17
\+&H { ] jTH ~jT s #dq +|{ esY |t $*jT+ w|jT sY _{wt

kV >s +|H , n_sT |H , wjTsY |+&T \|H Xse s+. eT s|+
>T+& T\Tqy, q&T+ H=| qy, +^w kV+ &^\Tq y,
|* #$ d]> |#jT y eT+~< sV\T eTT+< V#]+#sT.
d]>Z 97 $Tc\ ee~ eTT|@ &T H @_q |<] +#&+ eTq+
]_se+.
|<s q n+f H\+{ yTT+ >H, < = eTTKyTq |T {
|<] ksq THsT ! n<MT <T. |<V sT yT&* eT&T $Tc dyX+
|P]# dksT . |<V sT yT&\ nd\T < fq , < ] ] |sT e]
103
HqT ]q <sT\T
nH H\T> wjTsY sX& n+<Te\ n{ dyX+

#|+#jT e# y |b<q!
{sTTdt m+& d& e+>~ Ls\T ]> dyX+ >, s$Tj m+&
p*jT{ s&H>, @&T #] H\T |{ue#Y> eTqeTT+<T
ne]ksTT.
yTT+ |<s q mT, VyT{ |<s q mT. H+ +s qT+&
<<| q\u $Tc\T VyT{ H+ |q H |<s q k>TT+~. wjTsY
H\+{q VyT{ $T+q yT& <q ~ |< q ByT .
<={ n dyX\T, uV+> jT|& b\ duy\T,
s {+# <>eTq+, M{e > <Te+<\jT> kV Xk*
|{ <\ VyT{ C&+ - M{ H|< ++ #dq|&T VyT{ nsY yT&>
+#&+ Xs+ <T .
B |j \ T m+ nsY> , m+ $T> #|e#TH n+>q
#|+#sT. ky wH , bdty wH | qT+&, yqTqT+& dyX* ]|{#d ,
| \qT+& =+<] | |* y] H#d yTT+ |<s q m+ skud>
b&+#e# n+>q b&+#sT.
yTT<{q T+& e] < HeT+, _{wdt e + q| qT ydT q,
C> e+~. C H $s> & qe+~ L&. w jTsY >+<s> +>,
n+T| eTs+>, V+&eT+ |<> H> |+ |<# d q _{wt fdt |q
= s + $d]q $eTs n~.
eTT>, nss V +>, nd+<s + > |]bsTTq w jTsY b+& +|q
|< m<y n~. eTTK+> nyT]H b|t jTTes+ b||+ #+ |q m|{q
ng+ n~.
$Xwy T eT+f, d| s#s TT\T &e]H, dH {#qY sY, &]jT d+>sY
eT w jTsYb+&+ bs+ |+&Te] rdbbe&+. H
dMT+q $eTs&T w jTsY y+ +> n<jTq+ #ks+f
H+ mHksT m+ Vkd<+> |\TTq w jTsY y\T qH+
d{> jT+f, HqT eTsk] w jTsY >T]+ +# +& +& b jqT
n sX&T.
y&e qMsu <T&T
104
ysT eT H+ > eT k+ |DT* |]#jT + #k eT<

# $*jT+ w jTsY >T]+ |]#jT + #ksT.
$*jT+ w jTsY: eTsD+ q s| s , eTVXjT T&T |d t b*j
|#T ]+#& 36 H => yTT+ > sd e+&e#Tq n+#H.
n&T VQX Ve+T& nsTT e+&e#T> $+<T$H< | me
d #|+qT>, # dt # sY u> &>* qT > m& <Ke .
e w jTsY +| n_bjTyTeT+f y w jTsY>H&T J$+
eqsTT q H\ #dq = yUH | +& y~+
e+&yT +& H+ nsTTb>H +| #]bsTT e+&y&T L&
{ ] jTH |+<=$T< X| HX\. 1870 s ks +{> ]+#&

ue q+. 1874H= HX\> es&+~. <<| 1899 esL #s d t $+<yT
nH qT& HX\ djT+> sV+#THy&T. eTTK+> yT&*
|<] dT+ &y&T. jTT< \+ L& HX\ |<s q\T =qkdH e+&~.
s+&e ||+#jTT<\+ n+&sY >+& &{]jT+ _._.d. u&dt
d& j
> |#d+ ~. jTT<q+s+ ne+Y>s |<s q* eTT+<T e&+
{]jTH eTs=k] |d~ e+~.
|<s q XeT u { ysTT{+> |s Y >&{ (1955) L& +~.
1992 s eT] esT\T #|{ q |{ { ] jTH \+&H $]jTHjT T>|
&{]jT+>H H{ |<s*, |* ]d e+~.
HX\ qqT u> ]++~ sD+ eTq >#]+# rjT
kV+. |<sq sT>TTq+d|P s+>d, |XD eT< rjT
kMT|+ qTD | D $TT* #dT + ~. eT eT< qT+# eT $TT\T =~eT+~
eTd+ |<sq |PqTHsyqH rjTu+ |&T qe&T.
rjTu+H H+ $jT+ +~. deH H k< eTjT
dy VsV d+ +~.
18
e+#ws Y eTjT+\ q>s+ nqe#T. Hwq eTjT+ |t sY Vd ,

eTjT+ |t {HbsY, \+wsY yT+> eTjT+ e+{ #&<>Z mH
eTj\THsTT. yT+ e+#ws Y eTjT+bT eTjT+ |t dH
n+& +&d eyT #&> Z+.
105
HqT ]q <sT\T
q>s+ #] d\ + nsTTq dy| b++ &H > { e< nsTT<T

u sV+#&TTq eTjT+ |t dH n+& +&d nysY $+>
eTjT+. e+#wsY ||+#+H yTT<{ b]X$Ty& nsTTq+<Te\
eTjT+ $Xw b<q++~.
eTjT+ yTT<{ u X, n+]j
H d++~+q |<s q
+~. $$< $eH\ | t dC qeTH\bT e+#ws Y $eHXjT + |]DeT+
|q $es+> &yT+fwH L&+~.
s +&e u |esYV . +<T de TT $T\T jT+\, y{y\ T, syD
jT+\ |<s q e+~. CyT y{ $]jT++ b]X$T s+>+ rdTeq
|]De*, $] jT+\T b+~q eT |]De e]+> y& $e]dT+ ~
|<s q. q\ qT|jT +\T, b>>={\T, | #\T, u\T\T, $] #|
+TX , eqeX nD#>* q jT+X |<s q \|<s q> e+~. eT&T
H\T>T u 1830 H{ sdwH _*+>, yTT<{s ysYVdt jT<<+>
|<]+|&TTHsTT.
eT&e u n+&sY >+& eT&T $w |<s q\THsTT. { Hwq
>dt >\. >EBb\ eT|]De, >dt $j>e e]+>y&
$e]+# |<s q.
s+&e~ n+&sY>+& e+#wsY |] q>sb]X<+|H, n+&sY>+&
&sTTH|q , yT{ysYesY |H $es+> #]+q |<s q. b]X$Ts D

q>s\T m<Ts=H b]X<deTd\T, eTT]y&\ deTd\T, y{ e+#wsY
q>sb \q |]w]+#T+ eq rsT $XB]+#&sTT.
eT&e~ yT+> |t e+#ws Y |] e+#ws Y #], |]De $e]+#
n<TyTq &yT+fwH. |<sq #sT\T, bwsT, b{>|\T, sqT,
]| \ bT | t dC e]+> y&, |~$Tc\ k+& n+& { c L&
HsTT. kV+ qT+N, #] |\ qT+N, {y> qT+N d]+q neT\
de#s+ e+~.
e+#ws Y >T]+q H ne>Vq HqT |<s q m+ TTD|& HqT.
eTq <X+ |q>s+ q j q>s\ |]DeT+ >T]+q nTe+{ eTjT+
| +&+& rs*.
nsTT<e u usTTH m&wH bsTT+{, , ]sY d+sY, qs wH
bsTT+{bT jTsY u yT d{ ysVY dt HsTT. M{bT #H -& |t
y&e qMsu <T&T
106
H& |] @&Ty\ @ #H #] Xdj

T $Cq|]De #|+# |
|<s q L&+~.
y< +, Hjq+, K>Xg+, ydT, +#T|, TbeT+<T, eg |]XeT,
|+>D, eekjT+, jT+ |]s\T, Kq, |+{+>\|q # jT $wsD\
$w |<s q #H qT+& q ]q ]| , ={ jT<<y T q qeTH
s Dj
T +> +~. |<s q $u>+ # jT $\T, {s+ >T\ \T
neT L& HsTT.
19
e+#ws Y >, \+&H > +^w #sD >T]+, uw $jdTq |<

>T]+ =+ #]+#*. n& +^w #sD < jTe\ e\ <
ks +e\ m+ s Dj
T +> n++~. +^w #sD | @s& jTe\T
y{ q due+ eT ~| ueq |s |kjT mH @ +<f ussYc
dw+ > m# b&T.
c |>*jTH, uw n~] sD\ |q dJeyK. q #TsTk`q
#eTs+ dJeeeVs+> +&e\dq uw esD+> e] < <s
~]V < b+< eed c m+ HsT > $w]+#&T.
> jT deC eTTK+> +&j+{ +^wt\
<Ts_ bjT+ + bH< T . eTq H+T, eTq d+& d, eTq +^w
b<jTT\T, >eTsY |d \T, +^wt +> d ] +> e& +^w
+ eTuw>H Hs |jT + #dT H sTT. HsT q +^w e{&
n~ +>+& m+ Vkd<+> +T+< HqT >eT+#qT.
eTTK+> nyT]H jTTes+, eT&e||+#+ qT+& eq $<sT\,
qs wH f\J +^wt +^w <X| uw> ||+ #u w> esdTH sTT.
uw eTwH |< q\D
+ yTdC {H$TwH eyT . #sD, >eTsY
n|< q n+X\T. ~ mTe+{ d #sT +<+f s< X d T \ T e{& |<
eTsTTq #sD n, eT #sD ds + ~ <y q, +^w ys nqTHT>
+~.
+^w|< = ns\T d\+{> #]+#&\ eTq bsX\
H]q< +>+& $dTq #sD q& qqT Xs |]+~. yH &
107
HqT ]q <sT\T
y&dt& n, |H |H n |\\T #]d eTq H+{ @ +^wt

b<sTT $ T+#<T . +>+& |]d +<T _q+> +~.
c H&T |>*jTH H+ sjTe\d ed sT+| jTTe es{
M<T \ uw e{&e \d se&H +e\d e+T+~. uw $wjT +H
< T , f T e qsY e+{ s n\yT n{ q +^ w t n]k d
n+]+bTq \+ ~.
+^wy&T qT e{&{ HsT se>H, eTs= +^wy&
@e+| >T]+& e+&&T n c q |>*jTH eTT+<Te sk&T.
H&T |]d ysT. < ={ b+q $$< #sD|<T\ eT<
me]ysT eT n\yfq = +^w|<* >TsT |{ eTwH yTdCdt
n+<TH d+uwD eeVsyT H +>+& q&+~.
||+ #+ #sT eeTq|&T uw\T eT deTdy u y \{ eTsD+ = uw\T>
|qs+#&+ |d]. eT+ yqT&< eTq <X+ +^w
b<jTT\, f T s
s eyT .
20
${esY M~ |eT+ y| q ^Hs yT |j > H s +{~.
+ = = |j> L&q s|\T n& |<]+|&TT+{sTT. nd\T
s|\ |&T +>+& n+{ >=| sT D+. H&T _H s|\T y{
|+&TTHsTT n | sd+~.
nTe+{ |j> |<sq @sY ]+> +| y] bdt #kqT
sE. bdt H\T>es+ bdt. yTT<{ eT&Ts\ bdt\ >T]+N V s&sY
nH $eTs&T H < _+> eC < && nq yd+ $e]d |r s+ q
< |r jTT>+q jTT> #+~q &$ eH deTd |d+~d @
jTT> jTT>= = bdt sb+<T& sk&T.
yTT<{ bdt: w| s Y es &s bY dd t H+ +q bdt. n&T ]HC H
\+H{ eqe&T. Cq+d+, n~s+d+, dTKeTjTJ$+ d+ |&q |q
|~. M{ s~+# eTd\qT+&, $Xk\qT+& $eTT kH
eyT e>\& q$Tqy&T.
s+&e bdt: >d~#+~q >=< bdt H+ <HjT&T. &T
mqHyT+{jTT> #+~q eqe&T. ]HCHeqe&T sTq Cq+,
y&e qMsu <T&T
108
n~s+, dTKeTjT J$+ eqe&T sT#k&T. nsTTH J$q+<+

<T . nTe+{< sV dyT< q \TdTq yT|k |* dt n q$T+#
|jT + #k&T . n e* qeT& qeTbe& eT< bdt ePd&T&T.
eT&e bdt: <eTdteTH &sY bddt qe\ HjT&T. ||+#jTT<\
\+H{ eqe&T. ]HC H qT+& q \+ esL eqyuT <jT + >T]+
|dT +#& <s\ &=\q + | msT *q eqe&T. q \+f
eqe|s> #se ++ eTTdb>\< <eTdteH qeTb j&T. m+ #| H
eH |< q+> dd d T . ]HC Heqe& >T| neXw+ + n \+>
+~. m+ <H nqT <T eqe&.
H\Ze s+ bdt: n<T ||+ #| eqe&T. &T ]HC H qT+&
||+#jTT<\ esL J$+q eqe& #q jTsd+{ yT ~++>
eTTq >V +q y&T. ~++> ||+ #eT+{ d\ , q\CT, Vy
djT, yTT+ eT&e||+#eT+{ nDyjT& |=+<
\TdTqy&T.
yjT j sT y H&T Xg+ jTT |se sy T |+#&T+~.
| &T ||+ #+ >T]+q VYsD\T ]+#&+ Xk d < T .
n~ q q deTV, CT, > s]+ >\ k|] CH\ >T]+N,
e> H |esq \ >T]+N nHwk+~.
H|< + _w jTe]{ $<] nsTTq esYsyHV bdte &]dt
dHw nsTTq |P (1926-84) J$+ <s+> s+q s|y T bdt .
B eTT+<T syHV c|+> n+& | + > nH s|+ |d~ #+<&T. c
~jT sY> |s=+~q X* syHV s|\T + $Ts+, &T |
<$qsTT y+ #dT H +{ d+y<q *ksTT.
keJ$+ dHdt, e]&{ jT<<+> |\ eT{
#jT & nqT s+>d $j+#TH rsT m+ <TkVd+ > e+T+~.
n yTT<{ s| #d _{wt $eTs&T n bdL { #j \
>\|{&!
bdt s|+ yTT<{< b*d re+> < |\T sdq|{ He+{
+&jT H | & n~ m+ ryre+> n++~. &$ jTTe&
109
HqT ]q <sT\T
s+>d\ +|H d*+>d+ |s |PqTq <X jT<<+ > #|+#&+ eTq

s+>d \T \L& ePV+# $wjT +. de+ n+ d> q< eTq+
<T'K|&, nTe+{ de+ sT&T dHdt n+ b+>
#|+#>\ T>TTH& >s |& eTq ns+ <T.
|<s q sT>TTq+d|P eTq+ eTq |>T, *esY, >u&s Y
|<s q #dTq T+T+~. V <su< dTBsy T q |~q+ eTTk d{ dT\T
|T ~dT Uq>sY < {|* |j D+ #d >Tek\T mTe+{ Hdj
qes nTe+{ $syT |<s q eTq s dT + ~.
eTq+ dw+ #TH ]e ed { eTq+ es+. esT eTq &+{{
L& e] rsTT+~ n sk&T esY syHV . <#s { ] eed esT
qeTq _{wt jTTe& = &+{{ s|+ #k+.
w|sY es H{ Cq|bdTyq _{wtjTTe&, H{ d*wt ]dt
nsTTq _{wj
t T Te& eT< kq #] eTq* <T'K|P]T* #dT + ~. eqy<s +
>T]+q eTq Xj \ &=\q +, y>&+s+ eTq* dVjTT\T> e~*|fk sTT.
nsTTq|{ _{wtsT&T q dd+<e\ nCjTT&>,
s< jTT&> q&&T H. eTq <X+ eTq dH d t mTe+{< eTq <T.
@ |_ b{b + |q L& < d>T>Z $w]+#& eTq+ $ T+#+ .
^H s+ bdt s| |<s q | \T med+K se&yT +&
< e]< m+ yT| \T> #ksT L&.
q b\ >T]+ q>\ C>H s|jT eqe& yTq $jT+
+<|++~ H.
21
1992 ]j&s ]q msY d$T{ sb+~+q mC+& 21 |s+

e+#ws Y L& q mC+& sb+~+#T+~. q>s_e~ dds TTHT>
+#Te&+ |<q XjT+> $<, yD+, bsd+|\T, ydd+|\T,
qswH >|t, y<+, k b\q, s |_d+d\T, bsdy d+|\T, f&
jTjTH, d\ T, jTTe\T nq n+X\|q <T |] seT+ d+ @&T s#sD
d+| * sb+~++~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
110
j n+X|q y< +, |sesD, +<q +, syD, \Tw+, ] eed,

$<\| s#sD |D[\T sb+~dTq ~. k<sD+> $<oq>s\T #deq
eTq <ojTT\T n& s& >T]+N, |]Xu >T]+N |T q+> #| &+ HqT mHksT
$HqT.
e+#ws Y >T]+ HqT e #| qT. n& s&T n|]Xu+ >
e+&yT<T, n|]Xu | |uT | eTse] u< <q <sD L &
+~. |_ {sTTT m& |#jT e. q>s eT< + | & |_ {sTTT
kjT+\+ @&T >+\ eTdksT . b]X< |y], bsT\ eT< ]q
>< |s ekq+ n~.
s&T k<sD+> Xu+ > +{sTT. Xu deTow yesDyT
me sDeT|++~. eTq <X+ +{ w< X d+es =$T~H\\T
<TeTT s >TT+& q>s Xu +> b{+#>\ e?
H |X @$T+f b]X<, n_e~ +> d++<+ +<? b]X
< eTH~ bsd+ ks+. n_e~ e\ eT]+ \Tw+ |s>e #T > b]X< +
k<|&TT+<qTqT.
b]X$T $|e + < +> q sE |{ + q ]bsT (1840)
CH ssYd H nH y< T &T e+#ws Y >T]+ sX&T.
e+#wsY |_ bsY>, |\T kjT+\+ |P q& # >*
|\& nqTesTTq yT< H\T > e. = M<T \T n~ m+>
e~ #+<jT+f, q>s+ m+ =+<s> |]b+<+f me deTs+ >
+&# ed+# |\ | \ |# <H #d X ++
e+ +&<T . n+X+ e+#ws Y |u sTTw+ > +&+yT <T,
ke+ yTT+ H + d>T eZ *q q>s+ eTs={ +&u<T.
| &T qju @ s e+#ws Y d{ |#T ]+q mC+&

21 (1996) |s=HsT.
e+#wsY eTT] q>s+> u$+#&+ ndw @MT<T. q>s+
eT&ee+T Hu | >*, #, #<s+ # |< deTd\T H&T . |_
{HbsT #be&+, <=s b e&+, <MT< |{*q KsT L& deTd.
|]bTq {| , #| , b&T|& ue H\T, |s C>, Hs\T,
sXjT +, Vd deTd\T eL& q>sb sT* u~+#y .
111
HqT ]q <sT\T
{ @ q>s+HH < ]_e~e\, q>s+ jTw+MT< <s|&,

bsT\ s>+ yTsT>T |&< T d]< eT]+ D d T + ~. b]X$T_e~ qeTH
nH+ & +q+ dw+ > eTs& +#<q T+{qT.
22
sE e+#ws Y {HV , d{ , CHs +& * #T{ e#qT. y{

#| <>~Z CHs +& . >+<\jTue q+ jTs|t <T >
ydTy u y dJe|r. e+#ws Y #+~q |eTTKyb] CH s +& kss+
1890 qT+& |< bT ]+q ue H |s Y #+~q ydT * d
#+|dt s|\ q #k&T.
1972 es d++> +&q >+<\jT+ H&T e+#ws Y jTe]{
u>+> +~. n+srjT+> |sTb+~q |s|dsD
>
+>+& n&$ T \ eT&ekq+ * e+~. b#, |e\
#+~q bNq|\T dTesT @u\ \ es d]++~. y{ dTesT
eT&ee+T CHs +& HsTT.
HH >T]+ $q&+ L& nTe+{ |\ d+<s + >H. $+&dt H
#H |] @sT#dq ||<sq >T]+ |q #~$
yT + yqT.
>sTTwt{+ C *qZ |+s+ >T \ ]+q X_ue q+ yTT<{ #|H
qqT T +~. yTsTTHV |y +#>H m<TsT|& |eT d]>Z# &b
yTe |eT> ueT|& neX+ +~. jT<s |eT ~j\J
eT]s |+. yT n +& s +&T |eT\T sY , dH dksTT.
n yTT m | y + f ms TTq \T, b*wtz sb+~+q
bH, c+&j
T sY eTq d+w|P s+> VksTT. |q n<\ MT< <<|
nsye T+~ jTs|j
T H |eTTKT\ \T +#&sTT. y] meeT+~ e.
s| |<q+> |sq >~ydTH \|dTq|{ Bb @sT, d#Y
zesT, \T|\T, s&jTsY, +#T #jT&+ ueH >+;s+,
sd+ #LssTT. ueqyT<T, n+<T |#d <>T\TL& qqT
T HsT. +>+& q# m<TssTTq kVsy T & m<TssTT+~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
112
>~ ydT b{ rdTe# n n& ndd+{ u]jTH

DT+H |qT+ rdT+f b{\T u> eksTT n qqT dsTTsYdt MT+
u\ rdTy[ HqT b{\T rdTH< eTs<>, dV|Ps+> Hd+
\&e+~.
s+& yTsTTHV nsT<sTTq #]|\, |d\ |<sq
+~. s+& dsD nTeT|* |<sq d+ m+| #jT&
jTe]{ #+~q eTV|+&T\T w#d @]L]q |<sq n~.
>dt cdt neT]q | |+ |H mes |d< jTe]{|+&T&T
qT nH | |H |<sq m+<T m+| #d+B $e]+# H{
L&+~. |+ e\ H{, H{e\ |+ eT]+ d s + > +#sTT.
<VsD sdt&$dt d]+q u<| >+<* |<sq m+| #dq
b|dsY sk&T.
=H+< jTe]{ eq =]jTH $TT& e+#wsY @+
#&\qT+THsT n n&>qT. nqT |+> #&e\dq~
sdt&$dt dsD eyTq #b&T. n b |>+<*
#|q|&T n&T y{ u | P s+> sdT |q |T H&T. ||+ #+
u<<s mq de#dq eTVjTT\T sdt&$dt <+|T\ y]
| d T +#& T . eTq+ eTq j T e]{ H d ]+# & + eT]bsTTq
eTVjTTD, me] u< >+< nqTy<* H&T ||+ #eT+ |]k +<
eTVjTTD, >s$+#& H&T eTq+ H =]jTH $TT& #+q #sT <+
|<s q eTTKeTsTTq s | |H +&eX_ s| (s +& {H

m+. mdt. 420) kwt qfdyt T +{ (1543) n{dt yTsY (1662) m esY |t
yT +> (1556) yTTyT T<{ e&{ \df & T (1462) HsTT. 1797 H{
{ jqTjT ]sYbT e eTT\sY |#T]+q d& T |t < dt
yTT<{ |T\T (1883) < |<sq mH dsyTq |\THsTT.
y+{q \e+> #| e\dq |+ |<s q H < T . n~
CH >fHsYZ eTT~+q ||+#| yTTyTT<{ eTT~>+<+ ~ u_ (1455).
|d + s +& dsD
+< *dq|&T < #d neX+ e+<q
ePV qqT <>u]TD #d+~.
113
HqT ]q <sT\T
] eT | y[ |d + #|+#>\ s n n~sT* n&>qT.

n+<T yTT< y qqT jTy]{ qT+& nqTeT #T eTHsT.
HqT +&j qT+& e#q, H bdtbsY |]o*+#e#Tq, HH |d
d+ eTTTq, <s+ qT+# #d d+w|& > \ q $q$+q MT< |\
sD
q |d jT rdTe \MT<|{ = |J | #|+#sT.
yT *>| esY> q yTT<{ |+{|d |+ #d,
yTT<{ |+{|d #&>*>q H HqT #| HqT.
s +& #dq|&T H seT+& >MT>+<\jT+ >Ts=+~.
|<+< \T>TjTe]{ $q+ #jT& |uT+ #dq
V&$&, <|q bsd+ | \T |{ + q ndeTr >Ts=#sTT.
$q+ d+> ds , e+#ws Y jTe]{ |+&T \ e eTq jTe]{
|+&T essTTH |< ssTTH >+<\jT+ @ |d qsTTH
|_&dt| d+ ]yT+& #Xs? nd\T $\Tyq |sq |d* n
|<] +#e#Tq @ |+&T & H , @ yd #t q\sY H +esL dT]++<?
23
+^wt |w+{ de =$T~ ksY\T > \T#T+< *dq| &T ssY Vdt
bsTT de #kqT. ksY #] =$T~ nysT\ T > \T#Tq de
uHV sY (1959), dt m+|ss Y (1988), s +^wt |w+{ eT&e~. nysT\ T
|{ + q|&T <s &T +< $T+> q+<+ | b j&T.
nysT* b+<&+ q qH&T d ksY VQeTT\T b+~q+
k, C >TsT +<H&T.
$<+> _{wt #\q |]XeT L& ~ d+wys. | +&d H&T
_H mq& ms> d+u+ LsTbsTTe+~. 1995 73 * 1996
121 * ]+H n+< T 46 X + \T + < $& T < \
H#TbjsTT. $&T<\ nsTTq y{ L& 22 X+ |]$TyT q $&T<\
H#THsTT. 90-94 eT<\+ $&T<\ nsTTq e\+ 2 eyT
sDej ] sT>*>sTT. #\q | \ d+KL& 90-91
| q d+es n+ sXq+> +~.
de b*d s sb\T, H\T, |s\T, u\T, q\
n~ H<sD
+&+ ds <T e|&+ ~. eTTK+> H\T. ksY nysT\ T
y&e qMsu <T&T
114
|{+q sE +^wt |w+{ eq |\H bdt H

meeT+~ | \T VsTe&+ HqT s #XqT.
n<Ty T q k+|] Cq+ ]+#&TTq \T H<sD e&+
yqT _{wt de| eTq' d mTe+{~? _{wt | & de +|sq
d+&sY H s|+ |s q#Y me z<sT *k+<?
dq m| & +sH e\H \|&TT+~. |sT>TTq H<sDe\
Hs+ >+ sEsE eT]+ dH+> \|&T +~. <Xe T+{ d|t s { + >
esYc|t\T $]$> sV+|&TTHsTT. H+< deqT\T L& e
#sTTHsT.
| &T m+ yu y #$#dq _{wdt e H&T eV+q d
+^wt |w+{ $jT+ eTTK d+|T q. BqT+& n<Ty d+u$ kjT
m<TsT #&eT >]jTH | dMT++~. dMT&T + TesTTq
$Xw D #d +^wt |w+{ $jT+ < n+^wt rsD e\H k< |&+ <H&T.
TsY |C b+~q yTK +&{ qe\ s +#&+ <s |q n
{*jTHu\| |u eyT me |#d+ <, yTT+ =$T~ nysT\ _{wt
#T \ n+~q$ H\T>T nysT q q~ L& eTq+ >eT+#\ nqT sk&T.
$T+|T L& H n_sT ny +^wt d+|<jT| Tu
nqT>TD+> +&~ <T n q +s #b&T. +^wt |w+{
n<Ty T q de{>| | q |&, n<Te T|+# n+XMe. eT+
+>, eTq* V<j\ <> n~ >TsT+&bT+~. _{wt|&
CT\reTsTTq eqeD #dq d+| \T>TT+~.
bdt jT ||+#+ |{ +|]jTHwH q >#]
HeTsTydT H rsT L& $\Te\T esTT+&{ + <s >eT+#qT.
+|]jT> + qT+ +bwH{ ese q+ q&TdTq _{wJt $yT & q~.
24
d+|<jT Hs+ > #+~q H+ L& { #&\ >T&+ | y]

VsY fy T b\dt ~jT s #kqT.
|<> >T&+| k|+ q ~jTs $weTsTTq w#dTq
dbyTsjYT H <s + eV+#sT. &dt ksY qe\ nqTdq
115
HqT ]q <sT\T
#ksT. s k+ |DT\T b|w q . mH H* >+ # > |<] +q

nqTue + qy. eTq Hs+ >+ b|w q e qT\T jTe]{
qT+& ~jT sY sY , d++~ f\J\ |u <T\sTTq y.
eTq myT#sY, b|w q Hs+ >+ H _{wt Hs+ >+ ~ &
++~. qT\T, k+ |DT\T *|& nsTTq+<Te\ Hs+ > |]$TT\
>T]+, Hs+ > |j q+ >T]+ y] dwe TsTTq ne>Vq e+~.
<VsD #b\+f s+>d\ +| <X+ qT+& eTs= <X es
ee~ ysT sV+q rsT. n< eTq s+>d\ +|q { s +&T $Tc\ N{
ee~ m+ =TbT, H| P H q&sTT eTq. ee~ rdTy*
eq+<T eTq <s \T m+ ~>\T |&b sT. de > ee~ +&
<X+ yqT <X DyT n+~ebTq+<T d>TZ|&sT.
_{wt s+>d\+ |q nTe+{ @B +#<T H. y] <w
<X <X eT< +& ee~ | d] n+X+. | d]H | \T
n+^]+#sH y u$ksT .
HeT+f +| <X|s+ |s n y eTq* q$T+#\qTsT. $$<
<X* M\Ty+& eTqeTT+<T $w]+# |<sq>H y H ns+
#dT HsT. +<Te\ | & @> u+ >|& neX+ @B +&<T .
| &T {.$ |kseTjT | seT+q m&ss TTCyT +{ L&
#&e\d edT+~. n+<Te\ |& @> u+>eTsTTqT <T <.
Hs+ >+ b|w q *+ + s n+X, eTTK+> { + >, yT|,t d+^+,
e&TwH , d eTyyT +{ e+{ mH n+X, dw+ > q&TT+~.
nsTT b\T e<T. VsYf y T H+ #dq|{H qe\ #~$q| &
me H>\T>T+. |+& &H >T&+| H me\+
T&T.
e=d & H | eTqq |eTe\H, d e\H eTq+ >T& +|
dw+ #Ty* e+~. H q+<$T+f eT |jT + |]$T|
eTq+<]H me ne>Vq >T&+ | +&yT.
VsY fy T b]X$TjT T>| | keT+ |q & H q sD
yTq
rsT. | keT+ >=|> #| H eT&T u< \ - #<T e, b~, $yV+@$<+ > $c<s + >, Vkd<+> |]D$Tkj , |T&< de+ n$
y&e qMsu <T&T
116
eTqTw\| mTe+{ ndeq* dwk j , <e\ de+ m+ &VA

eTHC
>\<, m+ &ysC \>\< &H $dw+> #|k&T q s#q.
25
e]sE ${esY >\ | T-2 |] @sT#dq bH jTs|jT H sY

m_wH #kqT. jTs|t | &T, sjT <s +>H <s +> L&
sb+<T+~. , n_e @, qe s|jT #d |jT \T
yTT<\eTHsTT.
Te+{ |jT u>+> == MT&j\ <s, = |]s\ <s
sb+~+q \ |<s q n~. eTTK+> * |<s\sTTq d*H, yTwt, ssY,
>\HC d , bd , e&, m+&bsTTq \T e+{ y{ |j + 17 <X\
#+~q 49 eT+~ sT\T dw+q d]= sb* |<sq |{sT.
sjT eed> = L& dw + H*&{ e\d e+~.
# d+<s sT& $H qe+>, ndw+ >, >&+ > +&yT +&
n dq | n d+| qT> \TdTq ~.
= jTs|t \yTq <T CTq sH, +^wt y] n_e H
qCT\T, <X\T - V+>, b+&, V+&, jTTsTTH e+{ b+\-qT+&
eq sb\T m+d{>, => HsTT. +< jTs|t bqT,
, s, +>+&, dsTTH\T eTT s+#ksTT. n$ <TjTT>|
d+d T\T. |{ bdte &sY jTT>|u e+ jTs|t \ => =+T
dw+ > \Tk+~.
Hs, d&H e+{ k+&H$ jTH <X\ sT\T = jTs|t ysV sT\T.
y] _{wt, sH sT\T nqTd]dT+&+ =jTT>| eTs $Xw+.
q<X\ sT\T m+#Tq ByT \ L& bdte &sY eTT< +~.
MsT nDyjT & eTqTw, d\ , e]qC d+y<q eTT+<T rdT=#
|jT + #ksT. eTTK+> d\ nDy d++~+q n+X\ | sT\
$H Xe+yTq qe n_e >#]k+~.
|H +& #+~q $Td] jTdt sC>sH (95) V+> qT+& eq & >
(94) ky j qT+& eq f f u&dt (95) &HsY #+~q yT TH (94)
nTe+{ sb\T.
117
HqT ]q <sT\T
n{H dj
T H s|+ u& w (94) >=| n_e. qT|yT wt
y{ |sTT+{ y& * eyTH {s* sb+~+#&T. qT| e#* #&>H
d\ Xs\|q sT>TTq <& d++~+q mH d+y<q\T eTq
sT+{sTT. d+y<q \ eT< qT+& \yTq sD
ueq L& \+
qT+& eTq n+<TT+~. @\+ uj, <s *+#>\ nTe+{
ePV+#>* q sT&T d+<V +> qejTs|t n<+
|&TTH&T.
26
sY >\ q+d|P jT ed+\| yq|&T +~. $X\yTq >dt y

qT+ >\ bsY e\T, XK\T, | |e\T yq qT yTsTd
q&TTHsTT. H> eT+#T eTT&T#TbsTTq =eT+, seT+
+e+yT q >TsT T T HsTT. <X #d eTT>TD
s TT n<\ < y[
=+d| n{ \T+&bjqT.
+>+& H eT eTTdbsTT+~. eTs& |jD+. =~sE\
nqT+<+ +^w eqe& >T]+ @+ >V +#qT HqT? mH d+<s n
W<s, d+ks #T \T C&+#qT. eTsH d+<s n e< , d+u
H d+|T uy |{ + #qT.
| &T sCT* <w+ nDe+q +^wteqe&T &T qT.
D
q H kjT+\+ e+#ws Y HbT H\T>&T >T\T *d q&q
+^wt jTTe&T >Ts=#&T. n >+B de q+<. eTqTw\+ >+B\T
>* ||+ #+ m+ u>T|&T T+< < nH&T.
H{ +^wt eqe&T eTV#]jTT>\ nq+s<X eqe&T.
bdt VssTT @C #+~q eqe&, eTT+<T, eTw> & y T eTTK+. H&T
+y e+{ MsT&T>, ssTT e+{ Mss<&T> n <s+<T.
ys sTT &+& e+{ n+srjT |jT \H e+#ws Y q>s+ M<T *
|]Xu+ > e+#Te&yT n |< q+.
H&T nqT ||+#+ nH qq <X, CT J$dTq nHH
eqe\+<] &T . y] deqT&T. Te+{ $qeT H n d+ks+
jTT ~ +~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
118
ed++ m<T H&T n&T $T\He , Te, esY esY e >q+ #jT &T .
nTe+{ Vss + yqT >T|+ > q ~ ueq\qT+& H&T n&T |P]>
$eTT&T e& |jTdTH&T. n+, qT q |PseTVe\ e
e{&q, n e{&+ e]q ||+# |]dT\ e\+ y>&+s+
eTTq n dwy T .
ed+ #dq|{ q+<+, q+< |{+#+&
e+&be&+ n deTd j $T\H, esYesY\T nqTu$+q
deTde+{<.
+^wt $ deTd C +^wt eqe& deTd. H{ bdte &sY jTT>+
+^wt $ ed+ @$<+ > V+# +& e+&& , n< deTjT+ nqT
@$<+ > $T\H H , esY esY H _qT& susYy dt $ (1965) d#q bjT+>
eTq u<|sTdT+~.
+ ={bsjT ed+\+
|u q
$<]qT\ s> >~ jT,
>V +#qT HqT `
|e s>T \Tq ||+ #+
$+ <Ts.
mT> |#>, eT Vk
\ C+b* *dTq m e\ &q
u*\T H keT] e |sH $qf
|P\ >TTs H{ > \ saT+s $+THsT.
eT# qe ds+
<s+> |# #\, +
|+ *, q] L& ysT #dT+ &e#T.
eTTbTHsT q&TeT
+ ={b sjT ed++,
|\#&TTq eT ds\
jT{, es, &H.
119
HqT ]q <sT\T
X+ f
T >+d+ u+ MT+ $X\+>
\+> Xu] +>
>+ >+ eH sT>T+~.
\TMT< \T ydT L#TH
<+ f | y#|q qTH
eTq+>, <dq+>
$+Tq u*\
m $e]+#>\ sT ]X w \sTTq e\T
eTsD+ #&+ >T]+?
s|<T H{ y eTs $\ d+,
$T+ m+e+ dT+<s+ > eT
jTeq+ eT
*dq sEq, $\ y .
27
28 e], _{wt msTTsYydt, usTT+> 139, \+&H - eTT+u
d<X bjT z&H q d+<u<> H >V #s& |jT qeTjqT.
k]> eTqd+ yTT<Tu ]+~. eTVs < X + qT+&, K+&+qT+& H <X+
y|> n&T>T yjT&+ mH d+y<q\T eTT|]>= ns#jTyTq $T]
eV++~. eT>> eTdTHqT.
yT\e e#d] $eq+ |s XDT\ |q k>T+~. jTs|jT H
Ve\j\ <e Ks\T m+& yTsTdTH sTT. H j >T]+ d$T+>
n|t <{ HeT~> L&>
T H |jT + #kqT. d+<V +> ~ H J$+
>=|j. H J$eT+ |j D >& bsTTq e yT. j
HqT ||+ #|~ DsTTHqT.
+<s u]q eTVk>s eTT+<T <q =\+dt, eH,
yk&>e\T @ssq <sT ||+ # s +&T #T <>sZ rdTH eqe
|$T\, eTVkVd \ |s+ |s j HqTL& #]bjqT. edT<
@ T++> @H{s TTH sb+<& n&T>T C&+ <] Ty*
y&e qMsu <T&T
120
e+T+~. $<X+ qH<]+q dVVk\T d<X+ L& H C| qqT

yq+f e+{sTT.
VesY |u dss, esYesY $, >fHsYZ u_, VqsT e+,
ssYV dt s ks +{ y# D \, &sY m<T # sT eP, #* kjT+
e+#ws Y u>sZ Y , =s b ]] <s q$T# &|d ,t bdt, VyT{ - +^wt
J$+ q y\T>T& H V<jT +| +q seTC| + qqT mq{ yq+f
e+T+~.
keTs+ & d\T <sT d| <\ , |+#+ eT \>*d bsTTqf H
nqTuy \, nqTu T\ \>*dbjsTT. dyT q+ qT+ VQX = &+{{
|u$+#e#T. VQX n~ = ||+#| = X| e#T.
28
>{ y |t +&j, eTT+u
~ eTT+usTT. us< X | >VsD+. eT+&+# m+&. s&+ #\s >TTq
<TeTT. mT| #dH eTqTw\T. J$+#&+ & >=| =d. <<sY be&
|T |sY dw H m\ fsTTH mT+f deTs+ H#| \T bjsTT.
~ H d<X+ . & HqT H |\\ J$+#*.
m+ |ed<yT q + ~. <V+ yk+< n&, H \
d+ L& #&+&, sdwH { <TD+y&T >dT&T eT+[#&T.
\+&H d+ b+&H KsT|& | <=s eT+. e] $eq+
L& msTTsY Vddt eT<$Te>\<T, k|t &+, |P{ pdt e>\<T.
eT+ <=s < T H.
~ +&j. ;<y <X+. m+ d+w|<eTsTTq <X$T~.n|
dse TsT \+ q yT s# \ D! q qu $TX dsZ<| >jTd.
+< |u ~q| ~ys+ nqT+<+ , 1997
121
HqT ]q <sT\T
V >$+<
V >b\
& Hwq d { n|t m&Twq b+> n+&

n&dwH s+&Tys\ Dd+ y[q|{e.
D
HbT e XeTbsX \\ |< Hb<jTT\T
C], |sTceTse L& HsT. HqT & y&+
yTT<{k ]e&+ }sT, b+\T #<eT HbT
$, e #\ T nqdjT L& e#sT. yTyTT ~ys+
>, eT<T s, +<eq+ #&\qTH+.
y&e qMsu <T&T
122
H q| &T e ueT>sT u>e+ #~$ $|+#ysT. $& yTT+

|H +&T d+<\ +sbs+ . eTTK+> sTD D+, >C+ <y D +, |V < # ]
e+{$ HL& +s |{+ #sT. HqT + $|q sT y #~$q
yTT<{ $eT<. n&$eT< >eT+, q \ X+ +<, yd$ sT
yT H lw u\&\ |<\T n|#| dT+ f, HH |<\T n|d
seTDjT +#T+ +&yD. w& T s | #dq n\], y+
e zjTeT esT&T e +&q T b\T|sT>T eTq&e n+ jTX<
yTTs|Te&+, yT |\yD s\T &+, q |\\T eTqT H&
w& M T< jTX< #| &+, ne eTqT q+> H XeH, =+{H, y]H..
n #|P H HsT ] #|+#&+ , n|& * \j,yw e ejTj
n Xw T s\Te&+ +{ <\ m|{| &T H eTHs+>d\ + MT< ]]
|<]eTe+&$.
sE esTT+{ m|&T $H u>eeT, w s eTeT $|dT + &$.
e ueT>sT HeT~> q q, e Hq>s >=+r b&TH mH |<\T
d \+ \ |\ ..
lc jT<Tu wD, qsdU , X+>s ss..
V >b, V b\<, V d+<T H|. .
@ >TDeTT\T s + ~jTeTT\ k <V |+T\T r]be...
\T>& H b* *$T d+<V +| *$T eTT\T \T>Ty&T..
seT+& +& sE ecsT w s eT+ >T]+ e{&q |&

$|+# X\T
>< [ < d] eT\ >|yw + ...
syHeT u e VQ+, < d VQ+..
$ e<Ts+, e\ eyT #Hq |<d+jq+,

d+^+, ], ne HsT > H s+ +C nsTTbjsTT. |< @
{ >Ts=H *> d] m kV\T #~$H, m $\T #~$H \><+ f
nXj <y .
eT<T s, +<eq+ #&uTHqq>H seTDjT + eT e TT+<T
{+ ~. H #| V+ s + ~. s |, eT<T s, +<eq+ m
+{jq }V+#T& |jT+#qT.mH |<\T, mH |T{\T
\#T+ |j D dq<e TjqT.
123
HqT ]q <sT\T
2
yT+ mq ]dT dT & e<*|f
|{ # \dyTb sTT+~. yT+ nqT
eTs= ny+s+ s+{ & M<T |<s jT V\+. u;eTd<
$<+d+ d+<s+> nsdT #dq =+<sTsjTHjT* sC C\TqT+
e<*|{sT . yq T |< }s+|> uDd+# |\Td, H<\T#d y] b
ss\ T rdTy H sT. }s+| eT< {| J| q HjT
[< ] eTTU\T HqT >TsT|
> * >qT. y eTTU @< >s +. @< $j
k~+#eTq |. @$T~? eTd<T qT $< +d+ #jT e? VQX >+BJ
V sT y nTe+{ksTT <sTDyT eTd<T L\>=&+ L&. u; eTd<T qT
L\<Xs $q| &T, n{ < < +d+ #dq y nj< qT \+q>s+ >
esXs|++~.
<X+ s+&T eT\THsTT. HqT e{&TTq~ V+<, u<, Cq,
d e , k+ eT\>T]+ <T. |s d++<+ +& n eT\ L& HqT
#|q s+&TeT eksTT. eT+ |\eT+. n~ y Jeqds[
u>yT b sTT+~. u> e +T&T, y J$ |b\ s|+, e+{+{, n| &
|{q |db |\ }jT\, \T\ |eT, |+&> , y&T $T&bj&T.
eT Xk\, dsqZ s\ |<T . eT+ q\T>Ts *dyT \d qs
\ | , eTsB sT<T.
eTs=eT+ |+&T \ eT+. |sVT\ eT+. bds , eT*\eT+. n~
|d \MT<, b|| D\MT<, dsqZ s\MT<, <]sjT |j H\MT<
<s|& e T+. | s+ q | jTT>+q, us< X + s +&T eT\
eT< s+s+ > d+y<+ sT>TH +~. |e\ T, k<T e\T, d+Y\T,
e\T, sT\T <<|> |C|+ eVdH HsT. sE\T, sjT HjT\T,
eT~sT\T, |s ~| T \T s +&|+ eVd HsT. u;eTd<T L\>=&+
<s s+&| #+~q sjTHjT\T s+&|+ e{&q eT
HTHs ys #|qs<T <!
e dT mqy #eT+~ ys++ >&| & + d+ eqy H
q&sT . & b&T>TH mHH # e dT >T b*yTs\T <f|{ 9
<{bsTT+~. yT+ > #s |{ $TeT<V+. m+&H CeTV <>sZ
eTeT* | s +&T>+\ eT n+<s dT <>]Z #sT y\ +&s Y #b&T.
yT+ CeTV <>sZ m+d| >&b y *jT<T . s +&T>+\
dT <>]Z #sT HyT #eT+~ |j D \T yqsH <T . VQX y+
y&e qMsu <T&T
124
CeTV #&+dyT e +{sT. n> y e CeTV #TT| \

L& q|& < T . y< rsT&> eT<Vuq+ #d + &e#T. n+<
] eT #dT dT jT\T<s|{ eT&T <{+~. d>H n+
eT<VuH\ \ &* rsT+ qT C]bjsT.
dT +&sT> |#dTq sy&T >&Tb L& bwdTH&T. n&T
dT n+<s $HT V+B DT+ eTq+ eT<Ts, +<eq+
yu TH+. |se TbeqyTq eu $T n&T>T|uTH+. @ u $T s>& y T
J$|ses+> ds<dt, MTs e+{ u\T sTHs, n{+{ u$T
n&T>T|&TTH+ n+ #| H &T.
dT y>+ |]+~. qe] H\ e+ + b<Tb eTT+< #*>\T\T
M#&+ yTT<\T|{sTT. <<|> n+ eTT LsTq<>sZ dT n<\T eTdXsT.
n<\MT< |\ T L& +&&+ jT <X+ d]> |+#&+ <T . HqT
=~> n<+ | ]| jT m{ +< #<eT |jT dTq | & H yq
dT |j D &T HMT< dT sT+ H&T. #*>* Mk+~ n<+ eTdsTT
n+H H&T. HqT =~b{ \T|d+<T+ jT{ #d n| & dq
><TeT#\T, m&, >& |dTq >e\T {f |dHsTT.
VeT+\+ e&+ mT#dH |dT |s+>T +| eTsMT |+#&+ <T .
jTT>\s & >e\T n& n{H qT>, >MTDT\T n{H eT |b\T
eTT #dT + bTqT>, y] q ||+ #+ $T+ qT> |dT H sT.
yT+ eT<T s #s |{ 5 >+\sTT+~. eT<T s <y\jT+ <>sZ dT |H
e +&s T > & T eTq+ & me deTjT+ >& <T . |~eTTc n+
eT yq e#j* nH&T. H& e\T s | +#sTT. +< s+
|jD++B, b<TqT+N m<TsT#d+B |~eTTc\ de. Hq
y~<eTqTHqT n& e{&> * > + V+B sbe&+ @+ #jT
}sTHqT. # ndV q+> n|++~. yT+ +< ~>+.
e m<TsT> eT<T s <y\jT+ H>sX * >+;s+ > |k+~. ms
<y\jT+ >&\MT<, >|s\MT< kjT+\| m+& |& n&+{
<k +<s + >#]k+~. <D
~ <y\j\> <y\j | +>
\Xu , #| <>Z sD\T, bs\T , ydT $Xc\T b sTTH
@< ks +, yX \+ |d eTqdTqT T +THsTT. >s > T & lw |eTqT
#dq| &T e nqjT q qq+ s u s< X j
#d & e
eT<T s lw& $>V + #d qjT+ b+<qT n sdq y+ >Ts=+~.
125
HqT ]q <sT\T
eT<T s <y\j qTH |<e Td<T |++~. H=k] uj

T yTd+~.
eT<Ts eTs= nj<<T< n +<q #+<qT. H eTqd+<T
$\yTbsTT+~. HqT ss> dT <>Z] e#XqT. Heq
|<Hb<jTT\T + dT <>Z] #sT<T. y[<s | qy+
dT <>]Z #sT HsT. e > & T bT eqy] n n&T>TTH&T. HH+
#b eTTw+ y #&eT nu ]+#qT.
+ =~d|{ y[<s n& #sT HsT. > & T yM T< $sT#T|&&T .
MT]{ \d+ #d eTq+ s & b+ nH&T. H eT<V+ qT+
nD|Tq ndVqeT+ k] jT{ e+~. HqT >&TMT<
$sT#T|&qT. yT+ e+< eT<T s #&+ d+. qTe eT<V+ > #| q
f+ dT rjT<T . n| &T dT y+ |> sT>TT+f y e
L& nq<T . | &T MM T< nsTdTH e. ~ ds + ~ <T n+ n]#qT.
>&T L& y+H HMT< V+B >{> n]#&T. H nD #dH
ndV eT|++~. + neTTK+ #&L &<q THqT.
yTeTT lw& T |{q #ik\ #&&+ \dyT+ ~ n nH&T C]
d+CsTTw>. neqT<, lw& T |{+ ~ & <! $wjT yT eT]bjqT
nqTHqT. @ u>e<dsD+ |jD+ yTT<\T|{H $wjTyT
eT]bjqqTHqT. n|{ #\> \T\T eT]+ re+e&+ dT { \ <\
eTdd s\ T L& >XsT. jT |se TbeqyTq eu $T. H <
#d neX+ b sTT+~.
jT N{ n\eTT+{+~ n \TdTq =B H |*||+ #+ yH \qT
jT{ #Te& |jTd >&bqT. yH\ sT jTeTTq &Tq
>b\w& T yDTe }<TTq <X+ d+ >| { |]|+ #s Hq n{H
|]|+#qT.
e|{y e eqeT< eTT y\&e >w<
b| < [< d] ud +\ yT dssT
B| y T q yTT>eTT Bs He T! e y& "
p| eTq+T\H eTsT" p|<T >< eTeTeT+TqH.
e&$H e ~sT> {\ *d $T
#$~" p& q $Tw+T\T e jTT>+T #qT+
>eq sTq qT" >qT\ H| &T" p& +& \
es! i| \&e TT>" Cd <\ $< LsT" &
y&e qMsu <T&T
126
bq eyT <T,
u>e+, ^>$+<+, w s+ D, MTs, ds<dT, y<T \... m+<s +<sT
e\T, mH y\T, m |<\T `
e< eTyT J eqyT $_&+ \c|V yT
XeDeT+>y T leT<y T uT $ >TD+ u ]< H'...
|q|j <s usus D V]yT |]su ds>yT
>|e< sqT>jT <T<+ |+#eTs>yT ...
X+>ssd u s d+^kV >+>\VU\
d+>yT d< u\wy T \jT d dT+<sy T ...
#ssY V d" u>\>d" YsY <sd H bd"
+<eH +C >*H yT", \ >d"...
d~q sd qjTq Ves
d< sV uedt sTTVe|...
|eq|\ #+<| || \#sTXs< j$T deTjTeT+<T
M~M<T \ eT<T s y< y < #sT =+{ +<$VsT qT...
H |<\ dsD HqT+&> HeT~> >&Te\T H #$ |&+

yTT<\T|&sTT. nqT +<{q T+N #|P H H&T. HqT # e\T $q<T .
n e\MT< <w|&+ yTT<\j n$ # d> $|+#&+
yTT<\T|{sTT.
nqT #|H&T. >+>q~ qTL&<T. +<eq+ eT{
eT{<T. |P] >H<k$T <y\jT+ |f~ nq+ <T, u>eY|k<+...
HqT H b eT] n&y| #&+& +&bjqT. n&T Hy|
#dTH &T. n& eTTK+ qb{ eT+<V d+ =+#d +~. N{
dT n&{ |d+ d +f +<eqk+<s eT+ n&T n& +|
eMT< |] #j \ #dTq TH&T.
3
dT +<eq+ #s|{ ssTTbsTT+~. dT+ jr\+
_\_\&T +~ ~>sT. n\eTTq N{ eT< >eT+ < |D
+
q >eH, |DH +~. n& ueH, M<T @ | |+#<T.
@ yDT>qeT $|+#&+ <T .
127
HqT ]q <sT\T
e > & T eTeT* M<T \eT{ | =+<s =+<s> mH <y\j\qT

#|d eTT+<T q&|+#Tbj&T. = <y\j\T skX*
s|ydT |+#sTT. =eT+~s |#{ Bb\T y\T>TTHsTT.
n& & =+<sT d\ T u q\T #d , bsq \T #d |+#sT. } mTe+{
V&e& q&< T . jTT>\T>, kjT+\T n> >&T dTH jTqT>,
kjT+\+L& r]>Z, keT]> |k+~. rsT&M<T e > & T &
=+<s =+<s> e +< y+uT qb{ dT&>*> d+#]dTH &T.
n&{ eTeT* M<T+ q&|d d+<T ]>&T. n& |<
d+#syTMT <T. Bb\y\TTsT L& |\T#> +~. d+<T q
eT+~s+ eTeT* rdTy&T .
eT+~s+ # $X\+> +~. <H y| y~|q u\w&
$>V eTT+~. V n|{ {s +&T esTd\T u \ T Ls=HsT. y~|q
w$>V+ <>Zs |PCsT\T de\T #dTHsT. eTeT* $>V+ <>Zs rdTy[
e > & T eTeT* LseTH&T. n|{< n eTTK+ |+q =+<s,
V&e& k] n<XyTb jsTT. n&T # rsT&>, s+ n&
>&| & + dyT eqy&> |+#&T. n| &T $>V eTTq y~<> sZ \&
#| &+ yTT<\T|{&T .
+<eq+ <X+ n+ |$yT q d\ +. sE MTsT d\ +
Ls= HsT. ~ MT n<w+ . > <X+ m+<s +<eq+ sy\,
eT e]sE\T & >&b \ nd+U+> |sp & edTH sT. eTTK+>
eTTd*y. us, |\ b>=Tqy. ~ &y. y+ &
se&yT edTHsT y& +& <=s&+ <T. |P y |&&T
nq+ |&+ @ XjT eT <T . @ < &T . n+<T, #TT| \T+&
}q T+, eu $TqT+, {b sTTq e\{ s T \T >b\& <>]Z
]yTdTH sT. eTTd* e\T, q e\T. y{ u * b|eT
& dT H sT. y{ |f& T >& L& <=s~ &. sE\ s & q&
yT , e\T s | Bq+> sT>TT+f #&+ <Tss + >
+T+~.
Hq& e\T Xs+> $+THqT. ~ H *jT +<eq+.
HqV+# +<eq+. n&T D
+ eT yTT<\T|{&T .
y&e qMsu <T&T
128
$TTs, ~ <y\jT+ <T. >T& lw& \+ {+ ~ <T.

& @ >|\ |P\T #jT <T . ~ {e T+~s+ eyT . { <s X\ eyT .
MT]& @ qT deT]+H n~ BqTq &y , >e\ #sT T+~.
wD qeTTq >|\, >e\ y. MTsT wD |$Td >e,
>| L& k] \T+&. MT #H q + y d+ qT #jT +& nH&T.
HdV n&=q jr\+ e\ ]b+& +& b jsT.
|s eT u>T\, |sT \ ] m+=+ n& qT #XsT. #dq
|qT |] eT+~s+ sd< T \T n+~++~. qT\ |T + eTTk
n+<] V<j \ sTysTT. e] so<T L& +|q sT y n+ n&qT+
eu+f n| &T > & T | &T eTq+ |P #<+ nH&T.
yTeT+ n&y | V\+> #X+. n| &T |PC] eTT+<T=
n+< #| T =eTH&T. s < H $T+q eT+>y <yTMT <H &T.
q| &T +<eq+ w& T >|u\\ *d #| T #s# T +
|yT<H |]>q <X+ >TsT #TeTH&T. yTeT+ #|T ={+.
n| &T |PC] eTeT* eTqks qeeTH&T. _>Zs> qeeTH&T.
]+&qT> qeeTH&T. b {|\ *d eT], yTe Ts
&Tbs qeqT>, eT e#T> qeeTH&T. yTeT+ _>Zs>
qy+. +>H qeH+. d+w+> qeH+.
n| &T |<|< | qq eT{|& e |k<eT+~+#sT.
eT{| & \ eT\T rd# d, @eTT+<+<T?
yq.
wD
#&{ eq MT jT# |k<+ < nH&T e > & T .
H D q n& e<q+ m+ dT+<s+ > n|++~. HqT #~$q $\
deq+> dT+<se T|++~. sE b<TH eT\ |] eTqTw\eT< >&\T
|Tq =+<sT HjT\ eTTU\T #XqT. ||>\T y\TTsT yqT
#dq| &T H #T m+ N{> n|++~. | &T s &
eTTU #d+ f #T yH \ y*$ ]dq|++~.
j\+,1993, s#q , 2011
129
HqT ]q <sT\T
jT++
jTCeTV
yT+
|j DdT q ys c|PsY <{+~. Xs \|

|wyT nsTTH q&o\+> eT+#T |{+~.
\\ysTTqy yT+ |jDdTq <] b&T>TH
*q&q nd+Uq jr\T |dTHsT.
eTVsh mH >e\ #+~q ;<>MTDT\T y.
|sTw\, d\ , eTTdeTT ` nd\+eT+~ jr\T
n{ *q&q q&e&+#d #\yT nsTT+~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
130
es sE lX\ + #TT| \ |+# jr> HsT M L&.

lX {H m& & sqT+ L& sE\s & jr\T *q&q
ed+ &&+ HqT #ksT #XqT. c|PsY qT+ zkHu< bjT s&TM T<
m&s | +& j\+ n m& y H s \TdTy\|++~.
ndwy T q eT+#Ts\ eT< b<#sT\qT #d+ f H <eTT m]bsTT+~.
|\* uTCqT, #+q y&BdT, Hq LsuT n\T|sT>+&
y+ m& y q T? <X+ n+ |u eo\yTq sjT HjT&
deyX L& |\{ ys T . +<< X + de wO{+> sT>TT+fH
< b|\sY deVs edH L& q+ eT>TsT , ++< s\T
+ X<> , + B> q&bsqTqT. <s+, #*, eT+#T, esZj d+
M{ y{ |+& eTqTw\+ q&TdbTHs+f M+<
]dT q X mesT?
HqT+& +& | <]q bTq [< ] | n&>qT, H eNs
V+B ys+<T. y #|q eTs HL u<|&<T , y #|q }sT
|s $T{ e &e sY nse TsTT+~. eT +& yTT<\e>H nq&>qT, y
m& y H sT n.
T|P sY nH&& T . n eT nH&T, uy #&.
T|PsY!.
mHksT $H|sT. yJ, ueTs+u<$ K&Z+ nqT>V++<
lX\ + #|P + {sT. V+ yTT<{k ] $q| & e L& $HqT.
yJ T|P sY uy L& K&+Z nqT>V ++<. m|{ H T|P sY uy
#&\ n| & H eTqdT|\ m& ndw+ > d+\+ @s&+<qT+{qT.
H[ <]q |j DdT H qq>H H< $eX + *+~.
T|P sY yeT|++~. ef n+<] nHqT. n+ \bsT.
|y < = d \+f eTT+< ds< . yT+ T|P sY y
|{ =$T~, |~>+\T
y=k+~. }] b*yTsH +& |XsT. n&qT+ >T&< q& y*+<q
#bsT. n|{ }s+ qeTjT+> |k+~. yT+ kH\T #d >T& y
u>T+T+<|++~. n+<T n& }] jT >~ n< rdTH+.
jTeH <s q+ @sT >T]+ n& n&T ed+ b<jTTD
@sT#X&T. yT+ kH\T #d js +< e#|{ |~qs <{+~.
Xs \| m+& #\< q + bsTT #TsTeT+{+~. yT+ n&qT+ *q&q
131
HqT ]q <sT\T
>T&< y+. #T |+&> yesD+. ss \ <TD\T. qe eTTU,

d+c\ |dT q nd+U >MTDT\T. qT<TTq |< +eTuT, eTVsh
<X| NsT, &j\ |dTq d\T. yT+ >T&<>Zs #s|{ n&
s{> md|&TTq qd+<V #d V+, sd+ k]>
e]+#sTT.
+eT+~ q+ <s q+ e n+, nd\T >T& n&T>T|>\ e
n|++~. eeq |PC] ed+ | +> |P #sTTkq, m>H
>T rdTq #b&T. eTeT* # +&eT #| qT >T y&T.
yTeT& d+ d =~d| n& \&+. =+d|P bNq |D +
$$+q
mH = s D\T, mH = |u\T, mH ds< \T. | &T nU&\T,
sTy HX\\T. | &T de ~jTsT, { yT<H\T.
Xu\T>q, <y\j\ s D e+ # #<s +& \&TH
+~. + #b\+f sEsE eT]+ \|&T +~. m+<T=dTHsT
+eT+~ &? e\+ eT yTT\T rsTe&+ dyT H? @< uj
T +H?
< @ n|s<+ qT+# jT|&+de? HeTT+<T yTq md|&TTq
qdeTV+ @ ] eTTK+q e> , +<q , @ n|s<+ qT+#
jT|&\q T> |+#< T . y+ <] eTTUq y&T #dTq
d+w+. $+<T bZ+Tq |. @<H |[ |+~{ |[ eq
n<T \ eTTU mT|+{ rjT |dT + < nTe+{ rjT n& |
]q H >#]++~. n& se&yT, sE n& +&yT,
d+s+u+ , =&, s|& ]H=sT sTdT+ n{ <T \TT+&&y T ,
<dyT y+ < s+ q&e#s|++~.
|PC] jT e eTeT* eTqTw\ eT<qT+ s|T
bsTTqT> |* rdTy&T. |\ eTqTw\T eT]+ <+>
#TTeTT{ HsT. >T& |c\\| ydT |k+~. yT+ >T& ~>+
nH*. m+<T+f >s > T & H\H =~> Tq +~. n&qT+ #d |q +
X+ eT> u]+ q&T+~. H\T>Ty| >&\MT+ |< |<
# =eT\T, y{ &\ eT< b&\T b&\T> |&T Tq m+&. |PC] eTeT
<e d~ rdTy[ MTsT d+\+ #| MT |P & e+& nH&T.
neTy] <>sZ MT \& deTjT+ <=s< T . & d+\+ #| +f n&
neTy] |P #dq f nH&T. yT+ nqT #| qf #X+. n&qT+ n&T
y&e qMsu <T&T
132
eTeT* >s>T& rdT&T. n& eTqTw\T MT< \&T>

HsT, n\T bsTT HsT. |\ >+ y>T+~. mes eT+\T #<T eTHsT.
u \ T +|\T ysTT+#T+THsT. mes C uy n nsTdTH sT. deTs+
eT< e eq |PC] n~> #&+& uy n n]#&T. HqT #XqT.
H m<TsT> nd+Uq d+<s \ \\T | eTsMT |+#< T . m&?
n n&>qT. n~> #&+& nH&T. b<\T | uqy\T H\q eT
#| k]+#qT. <s+> @< +sK > q |+ f n<XyTq T
|++~. yTH uy ?. HqT uy #XH, #Xq #| qT, #&<
#|qT.
eTVsh <y\j\ #T n\Tq d\|sD\ >T]+ sd,
myT.mdt.ef nH |sedTy T|P sY uy C><e n e]+#&T
(f+| n+& C+ & |t eTVsh, usrjT $<ue H 2001, |.59). yT
s<s |D n, q u * u~+#y MT< $sT#T|& ><e n jTq
$e]+#&T. | &T yTT> dH n|t UH <y\jT+ MT< <+& $>V *
< +d+ #X&, sC yT nD ] eT eTVsh d]V<T\ T <{ y &
X|+ +< L& n+{sT. s +&Tys\T s +&H nD yJ eTT|{&T .
H uy sE >s>T& , nd\T yTT+ T|PsY M<TH
<s q$T+<H*. yT H= s<<e >, du ] Ts*>, Ve+Ts*>
|++~. nTe+{ <M+ #& nd+U+> #sTq
eTqTw\+<]q y y * u<\ , deTd\ | bsTT ys+<]q
d++<y T q X @< n& C>yT + <|++~. VQX <$ C>s |D
n+f yT C>+> +T+<H <y, VQX yT eTq X
C>|s T dT+ <Hy . ns+ #d \y sTsaeTTqT+ yT H @<
ns#jTyTq q+< yT\TH +~. sE H >& q sT y,
eT <ds sE, yTqT \T#T+ +f, H e TT+<T |dT q ~
y\TTsT, d+<V+, m+& b&, |+&>, rjT eyT .
2
yTeTT T|P sY e~|{ # \dyT+ ~. <+ yT+ w #s |{ u>
b<Tb sTT+~. n+ eTT+<T w y[q | &T k] ms, eTs=k] n+
#X+. k] L& eTs<H = d\ + #&\qTH+. #TT| \Tq d \
>T]+ n&T>TT+f n+<] k] jT ++ #&\|++~. <+ b<TH
Hd MT<T> jT ++ y& XsTT+#TH+.
133
HqT ]q <sT\T
$jT<X$ T sE\T e&+ w # sB> +~. e +&&

|< V\T+{~ <=]+~. yT+ s m| &| &T \y sTT+< nq n#qH
>& |X+. b<TH Hd jT\T<s+.
|j D+ =+< s+ bsTTqsT y yT+ |eTqTeT\ u |{eT
esyT+~. <] b&T>TH mT |\ eT< =+&y\T\ eT<, eT\T|\eT<
|j DdT + f Hq+< #d +& =H \ |+#&+ yTT<+ ~. = |<X \T
#&+ eTq s d+c nsy T $T{? = |<X \T #dq| &T
VQX eTq @< |]$TyT q y{qT+ jT|& $&T<\ \ d+w+
dT]dT+<qT+{qT. d+wyT eT]+ \|& eTw kVd&>
es&qT+{qT. nbsyT q deTT<\MT< qq | \T ydT = K+&,
= <X yT + bsTTq eTVH$, eTV kVd d+w+
edq+> |T +<qT+{qT.
>MTD eTVshdeT >T+& |j DdT q | &T m>T&T~>T&T\ <sT\T
H bNqb $|+> n|+#sTT. V\T& ><d|X, jTe\uT&
eC\>+Z <sT sb+~qy. =H + < +&w*+> nH nyT]H
kV$<] = b$\ #dq nqTy<\T #~yqT. < H >y |t
qs< ]esY (1998), &|+> , #
deTq+> |++~. <+ eT HqT ><d|X , eC\>+Z , neTsTX + ,
dTuwse[, #s|+# e+{ bNq$d+\H\T n<jTq+
yTT<\T|{qT. | &T >e\eT< qT+ |j DdT + f $\T eT =>
nse ++> dT]d HsTT.
yH\+ >&bsTT Xs\+ |ydTq b+eT+{ s+>T\T
sT>TTq |# <q+ ><d|X qT+ ><q T >TsT k+~.
ess q|j
<s jTeH e e+
|<yT ddTeT+ <X |*+ e <sD'
qd jTeq+ >+bsTTqT
yH\| yT|T sT\T s* bjsTT
| &T e TT+<T q =* s \T| e
<sDXs \y+T |k+~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
134
><d|X qT+# eTs= $:

> + s$_++ |qc' #+<s'
>>H |+ \' syT e s
s$_++ | & &?
#+<s\T | & &?
Cw& +&* >TsT >
X+ =+>\usT\T
yT+ Hd > +&H s&M T<T> n |D
#dT+ jT ++
<]q eTT+<T kbj+. Hd <{ =+< s+ bsTTq sT y <s+>
=+&\esTd |d +~. \~>+s K MT< $bsTTq yTT>Z > <sKs\T
|d HsTT. <]q n&T>T|{q @ |j D &H y{ #&>H D
+
# T &T +& +&& T . ndw+ > |dT q Ks\T eTq @< dwy T q
C| * yT\TTqf HsTT. n$ q&q|{qT+N e |j DeT+
y{ eT]+eT]+ #sT e> b+&&y T q n|++~.
yT+ jT++ #s|{ |<=+&T >+\T <{+~. e +& }]
jTf b]+> bsT. n&qT+ } q&by\HsT. yT+ n&qT+
} y[ >T& m& +< n&T>T y+. H jT +XsTD #&+H
><e] m& |{+ < #T #&\q V\+ # me> +~. yT+
>T& <>]Z yS <] b&T>TH @yy }V+#T+ H+. H eTqdT @<
ndwy T q +. n& ><e] |eVd +T+<, &Tq jT +XsT
<y\jT+ +T+<, yT+ q~ kq+ #d <eD <]+#Te#... {+{y
@yy #q\T. ><e] |{ J$eT+ ><e]f n\T |]qyD.
H }V\T, H \\T, H $+, H d+ks+ ><e] >TbZ \ s+>]+
bd+~. q~ eT\+ nHw+#L &<+ {sT , sE HqT q~ <eZ TkH
yT + ed, H H d+kseT* yT +Tqf n|++~.
rs#d yT+ >T& <>Z] y n&& e ><e] |+#<T. <<X
C]+> fq jT+Xs+ |\ e&T ed+ m<TsT#dH&T.
yT+ >+>qT yT TH+. H *s> \ ><e] m&T+<q T | ,
eTsB |& + <T . |# m+& <y\jT+ q\ bs+ m<T HqT
q& y | ><e] m&? n n&T>THT HqT. H |X y ns+
e&+ <T . e] uVDT&T H e $ qTe n&T>TTq~ Xes+
135
HqT ]q <sT\T
>T]+#H? n~>, <] &y| ] =~> eTT+<Ty. n& |dT+~.

n< ><e] nH&T.
yT+ sT q <y\jT M<T n |]q |PCkeT <TD\
eT< qT+ nqT #| qf eT\T|\T ] y
|{ n& = eT+&b\T, y{
eT< yTT {q HsT |+#sTT. H{ #TL& sT <T.
< n&T>Tq+ m+&bsTT q\{ eT{ |d +~. HsT ~>TeyTT
m+&bsTTq H#T q\> |dT H sTT. H{ eT< q +&>
+~. HqT n #T #XqT. @~, *s> \ ><e]?
n&e]H | & ><e] @~? n n&>qT.
y H{e T< q +& #|+#sT. <H q\>, eTT]>Z q
#|d n< ><e], n< Xes+ nHsT.
|H+&=k] Vd d+Vs |y+q| &T +uyT ]>
Xes+ , d\ <c\q V]dT+ < HeT<y ]+ q Xes+ , m& kq+
#d HsT > d|s + MT< #T <=sTT+< ]+ #s, Xes+ <H?
H q T d+ eTTTy\ L& n|+#< T . eT y &
><e] m&? n n&>qT.
><e] n<. Xes+ +# Hdy | |j Dk+~ nHsT y.
H #| q+ sTV+ *+~. HqT +< s+ nHwd e+~ B
#& H? nsTTH eTsk] X> yq T n&>qT.
><e] |{+ ~ m&? n.
n| &T y <s+> |dT q =+&\y| #|+#sT. =+& yT+
b<T
qT+N #d edTq ~.
n~>. V] MT<H ><e] |{+ ~. MTsT ><e] #&\+f n&
y+ & nHsT. HqT eT =+&* #XqT. n|{ $TeT<V+ |H +&T
<{+~. m+& rD
+> +~. =+&\T X Tq+ mT> HsTT.
n& y& <s$T{? n n&, m& yTTHsTT. MT y\+f
& L& & sT nHsT n&y.
yT+ b<T
qT+N @MT q<T . *> L& +~. H m>H
=+&\MT< y[ ><e] |f #T m +T+< #&\ # \+>
n|k+~. &yS, q|\\ T m+& T>\s? =+& m>\s?
y&e qMsu <T&T
136
Xs+> n+<] H > =+& m\ ] \+> +~. yT+

n&T>T eTT+<T X+.
=+< s+ b>H }sT ysq T+ n&$ yTT<+ ~. n <+ >
|]q y<TsT b<\, s>T#, qq b<\, mT#dq n&$|P\.
}]jT =+&~>Teq #eT+~ &\T ydy |+#sT. y eTeT*
#&>H >\> |sT > T + e &\T & eTHsT. & <s d
eTqTw\T Lse#, & @&Te+<\< neT+< #bsT. yT+ &\T
{+ # e< nq~ \Tb j+. yq {H e<* =+< s+ eTT+<T
y+. y e yq e use &sT. e] s +&T &\T {+ #+. &
e e~H, eTs & $J LsTHsT. m+& # &\eT< = yT
m =+&\y| |j DdT + f H X #q mTq|++~.
yT+ =+&MT< #s |{ * |P]> bsTT+~.
V] n |\TdT+ & eTVKs+ n+#T\<>sZ eT\T|\T sT>T &
><e] m&? n |+q y+ < n&T>T y H qT. =+&Ks+ MT+
] d+V| |\ \b+ H e TT+<T k]dT+ < H }V. qT
| q m>d+ ~ ><e] n $ +q yT < H eTqdT n#T>T~qT
+&bsTT+~. =+& =eTTMT+ +~ C\T> md|& T Tq \b+ MT+ {
$] > \TT+f, $]MT+ @y\T> @&Ts+>T\ +<#|+ |dT + <
H \.
ees n~> H\T>&T >T\T eTT+<T n& >+><s+ n #bsT.
yT+ n&qT+ e&e&> n&T>T\T ydT + >+><s+ <>]Z y+. n&
Ksb<+ #+ q>TV> +~. >TV yTT<{ |< =f > +~.
n& =+eT+~ u \ T \& qeTks\T |&TTHsT. |PC] |# {
yM T< X<< + #\TT H&T. yT+ L& n& y[ |PC] & ><e]
@~ n n&>+.
|PC] ~> < >+> ><e] nH&T. nqT #|dT q y| #d,
@eTT+~ n&? >eTTK++{ ueT, < H{qT+ { { #=| q
+~ |&T Tq { uT. +< =f > q sD+ |&T Tq >,
d#+ > yTsTdTH sTT. M T< = {u |&T Tqy X+> dq
{ s> \ T $d] dTH sTT. Xs \| n|sV| y\ |X+, n&$|P\ dT>+<+
L&T #T e]k+~.
137
HqT ]q <sT\T
HqT +& eT n&>qT, <H ><e] n.

< < nH& |PC]. ><es, MTsT +< #d +{s Xes+ .
n& y[ n&qT+ Hd y| |eVdT+ ~ nH&T. VQX n&T #d+~
n+<H nsTT +T+~. uds dsd r\jT+ <>sZ , b#+b&T lseTk>s+
<>sZ , X s+ n&e, u <#\+ seT#sD
\qT d d, b|=+&\ eT< >
|se =, seT+& y| |eV+# ><e] H e TT+<T yT~*+~. @
><e] &Tq mH <j \T, sT\T, H\\T, d+es\T HqT >&b H, $
Xu\ , m+&, yq, b>eT+#T =*CeTT H k]+q @ ><e]
HqT |$T+#H, ><e] =*D
H& #dTH q|+#>H H +
$<TT |eV++~.
><e] deTT<+ *d#T m +T+< #&\ +<f& < n+s ~
y+. ><e] d+>eT<X+ H e TT+<T k]++~. $X\yTq yT< q+
eTs= eTV$X\yTq yT<q+ \dbTqT> |\> |sT#Tq ><e]
eTVk>s+ d+>$T+# n|s| <X+, mT#dH nbs\s | , eTsMT
|+# <X, {{> eTVKs #sD \ #+ uTuT> |&T Tq
\<X eTqdT | | q |{ b\Te& |jT +#qT.
@ nr\+ qT+ m jTT>\T>, m Xu\T> {_+<Te*{
|u$ dH HsTT? @ eTVes\T, @ X>+ >\T, @ +eTjT* eT
b<Te= eTVKs\ >T+& { sdd +<q\T> y\Te&TTHsTT? eTVsd
jT+ m| &T yTT<+ ~? \> > q {_+<Te @ d +, e+,
k+<s + |eVdTH sTT? {_+<Te\T eTV|yV+> e] |j DdT q
<] b&T>TH m >e\T, |D \T, q>s\T, m+<sT e\T, k<T e\T, >jT\T,
TTw\T, sT\T.
HqT {_+<Te\H n{ < + > #d| yTe Ts #d+ &bjqT.
H >+>><e] | y T + ~. H nHwD |* ++<|++~. nH |<\T,
e#H\ L&Tq eTVe+ L& $ V<jT + yTTyT T< \|>,
d+<q> eyT < >#]+#~. yTT<{ H<+, |<e Td+d+<q+,
|<e T |X. << ! _+<Te d+<T e #&>\ >&y T yTq <s q+ nqT+f
H D
q \_++~ yTq <s q+, d+<s q+.
y&e qMsu <T&T
138
3
>+><s+ qT+ =~> yq e HH Ks* eT]+ |> #XqT. n$
e& eT&T eTTUZ> HsTT. eTT+<T b&T#Te q\> >>&TTq
=+&\T njTk+> n|+#sTT. dV ~XD Ks\MT< <jT T&T
<s q$Tk& n+{sT. nd\T yTT+ eTVsh n+ >#]dT+ ~. $wjT + H +{j ]>=b\dt nH {*jTH
yT<$ s+q <jT : < ys >TsT, jH n+& nes (1998) nH
|]X<H s#q #~y u> u<|&+~. eTVsh <jTT&T Xe\,
yw e \, X\ , j>T\, +\, H<| + BjT T\, eTVqTued+|<j
#+~qy], u<T\ , Cq T\, e] d|\ L& d] +<+> sb+<&
|]X< &T m+ d$es+> $XB]+#&T.
yT+ yq] +< ~>uT+f e m&+|qT+ edTq =+<sT
j\T MTsT eH<T & >TV L& #d y+ & nHsT.
eH<T& |sT $q>H H eH<T&, CHXsT& <+ >Ts=+~.
e| { z| nsTTbsTT+~. nsTTH L&BdT+ eH<T & >TV
y+. @&Te+<\ @ eTskV eyT, sus<X| u <e*
L& >&>&+ > |u $+ #dq CHX sT& b<d s |yT q b++
sT>TTHqq>H H #| q+ d+w+ * + se+yT + ~.
es kV+, usrjT <k<T |s+ |s Cq<e&T n<T+ .
jTq J$yT n<T+ . <e] s<> j<esE seT<ese |]b*+#
\+ n\+& uVDT&T dHd+ d]+ =H dHd+ e<*|{
eT >VdJ$+ d]+#&T. n& q\T>TsT |\\T |{sT. yTT<{y&T
eH<T &T, s +&ey&T Cq<e&T, eT&ey&T kbq<e&T, H\Ze d+q+
u*, eTTusTT. dHd XeT+ e<* >VkXeT+ d]+q+<T uVDTD
H{ de+ $ T+#b > # V+d++~. e] n& eTsDyT bjTe T
rs++~. <+ usus * <s eT |\* e<*|{ |j > >+>
eTTbjsT. y d+q+ eTVsh d+ksH esd+~.
*< + &T\T J$+ +&> sE |\* rdT jT ++ ysT .
y =+& mT+&> <>sZ |<| * nsT| $|++~. n+ uj
T + ~
139
HqT ]q <sT\T
#<] bjsT. |<| \ y &T e |< =+&y &T. n&T uj

T + | &T eH<
>TV> |\e&TTq >TV b]bsTT \<#TH&T. n& n& >sH<
d+|<j #+~q >TsTe >V H<T & <s q+ nsTT+~. >TsTe |\y &dyT
mH jTT>\qT+ m<TsT#dTq T> D
yT |\y & |<X #&T. n~
yTT+ T+u es|k<+> |]D$T++~. >TVqT+ jT{ eq
eH<TD n& eTT&T Cq<y q >TsTe> d]+#&T. >TsTe
{yTTe+{< sy ejTdT e#| Cq<y u>eBZ uysB|
|] yUq+ sX&T. |wT \ ks+X +|q u> e BZ eTVsw
buw yUq+ sjT+ eeT\T$wjT+ <T. n~ y<+
|Ck$T+ #jT +.
| &T Cq<y <TqbT y<+ |*+#& < #bsT. ~
nTq s|\+s+. eH<T & os#q+ e\ osTy< n&T
nqTue + #T nqTuy eTeTH eTs= e+ sX&T. eT eTT&T
kbH<e &T, #\ T eTTusTT\ *d nq<eTT*<s eTVsh deTqT
d +>+> esXsT. HeT<e&T, #yT&T, >s+usY, $Xu#sY yTT<q
ue\ y eTVshqT ukVdeT> esXsT.
eH<T & >TV m<T s>& qT HqT eTT>TsZ T nq<eTT,
y # \#THqT. |\* e<*|{ >+ #dq *<+&T* >TsT
#dTHqT. + y\T>T |+|{q T++ m+ $c<
nqTu$ ++< }V+#& |jT +#qT. CHX ] , nqTuy eT+
N{s L& |+#<T. n+ y\T>T. y\T>T Cq<e&T |<|<
q nq, q >TsTe eH<T & qeTdT\T deT]d +{&T. CHX ] #
q >TsTe >T]+ #|P n+{&T:
H >TsTe q w\+<] *e +{y& jTq H=& *
nq+> H de* n+^]+#eT jT e& #kqT. >TsTe H
MT< #|+# |eTyq HqT eT{ > &d eTT<e qT. Hq&
+{> esqT. +{ |]#s DeqT. >TsTe +{+
jT y
| &, eT |* y
| &T <{y >TeqeqT,
>Te \T|qeqT, \T| e* dyD L& HH.
Hq& b<s\T> neTsTqT. b<s* n& =&>B HH.
Hq& >=&T>TqeqT. >=&T>T |fyD L& HH.
y&e qMsu <T&T
140
CHXsT&T q >TsTe >T]+ #dq sq <jTT& ne<^

nqT>TD+>H +~. nd\T eTVsh d+Yd+|<jTeT+ ne<^
dJeyUq+> #| e#y. <jT T& |] |d~ # + ~q ne< ^ >T]+
$yq+<T\T nHs.
^ s+q s#sTT e+{ eTqTw <s dJe+>
\|>* > y. y +> ks+ b+~qy. < |{+ #T
y. eT Xs @+ ]H ~>T\T #+<y. oc\qT deq+>
#dy. y X\+> q+< k~d +{sT. DD&
| \T <V <V d+ &e+&, +YL & #*+#sT .
ne< ^s d+>d+>\ nr+> s>>\ e*deT #]qy&
eTq u<| & T +~. m$T~ n<j\ ne< ^ n< d + |<j #+~+<
u$+#&+ | | n_bjT+ eyT q, C n~ H<| + BjT T\ d+|<jT++
eq $ws # q n X+syY |Ds Y n_bjT|&&T . @yTq |{ ne< ^
us< X + nTq <d n+<Tq eqe\ nqTuy >TsT> q,
nTe+{ nTq <eqe\T ne<^ dJeyUH\T>q
=qk>TH HsT.
HqT V] =+&\MT<T> |s#T= q X #d q| &T
CHeTyT , deTsdy T , >>H |y VyT (HqT CHeT, keTsk, X+
+{yD) n ne< ^sT&T >=+ |{ d T q f +~. jT+
n+TH&T:
y< q q dTs q jTCesXy He \yT q C'
q <eTesZ q # B|esZ Vs|yT |sesyT
(y<\T e, \T e, <e\T sT, jTC\T e, esXeT <s\T e,
\+<T, C <T. b>#]q <sT\ e, y\T>TeTTTq e\ e.
q<+ |se s +, n~ L& V s|+.)
+seT+~syT <yT V <y T e<$T
d+d< d+XjT$T<yT V <yT e<$T
@eyT s+sd e TyT V s\yT y
CHeTyT deTsdy T >>H |y VyT
141
HqT ]q <sT\T
(HqT ~ n&$ n> < ~ eT+~seT > m #|>\qT? ~

XjTeT>, ~ d+XjTeT> m #|>\qT? q<+ s+s+>
=qk>T edTq |X+ nd +. HqT CHeT, keTsk, X+
+{yD.)
eTT+# eTT+# V d+ksyT >+ eTT+# V ds <
>>$wyT X<eTeTyT dVyT <TeyT
( ||+# | <]q e~*|T. nd\T | q
e<*|&H e~*|T. e<*|&+, e<*|be&+ nH s+&+{ $c
e<*|T. q< |]X<y T + B, neTyT + B, dV yT+ B, XjTyT+ BqT.)
CHX ] u<| & + dT\Ty nqTuy eT ns+ #dT e&+ n+ dT\u+
<T. nqTuy eT ~|t #dq +^w nqTy< HqT # @ |]d
>&b qT. nqTuy eT qj Cw #dq eTs= nqTy<+ < n*yT { d]
(1996) L& #~yqT. < ~|t eTT+<Te sd, nqTuy eT @
nqTy<+ L& |P] HjT+ #jT < sX&T.
s +&T nqTy<\ H |B|t>b <Xb+& #dq nqTy<+ H eT]+
ds + > n|++~. n+<T+ s +&TeT&T ><\ T #&+&:
u & T mT n&T>Tyd
nf ers+
n+<TH u&T @ j #dH
m& yqf
u&T m| &H, mfH
#| k]+#e
m| &H , mfH #d<& T
ed+wyT.
HqT yTT<f yD,
eT y&q+THe
~e |qsT, y,
=& +~
y&e qMsu <T&T
142
nsH qfX sT\T

s=sT [dTq
& nq+\+>
=qk>T+~.
nqTuy eT, ne< ^ b* #~$ X+syY |PDs Y n_bj\T
deT+d+>H |ksTT. u & T mT n&T>Tyd nf ers+ nH ueq
u e \+<]q |dT + ~. qTe m&T+f n& |yX < s+ n ;sY
L& nH&T. Te+{ ns# yyT H s$T L& |++~. s$T
y HsT> =sH qT+ rdTH&T. y\{ ks+X+>
ne< ^ X+ |k+~:
<j y| V
<Hq #' |s V
d eTj ys V
eTd yT $<|s<H
(qT yT + j #jT &+e\ HqT ds y| u+ >|] #qT.
qT d]d <q+ #jT&+e\ qTe eqkrT&eq d u+>|]#qT.
qT ]+ #&+ <s qTe y>rT&eq d u+ >|] #qT. eT&T n|s<\
qqT d< $ T+#T.)
CHX sT& $+ yq eTs= s +&T >&y T q |u y\THjT eTq+ >TsT
|e #T. {, eTskV+ jTqH eTT+<T s#q \T #dq eTVqTue
d+|<j #+~q eTVeTuT, Xudt e+{ s#sTT\ s#q\T.
s +&e|u e+ eTVsw> |\e& bkVyT. Cq<e&T s+q nu+ >\
eTTK+> $sV D ^\ d] bkVyTq eTq+ dT\Te> >TsT| e #T.
$ #&+& :
eT\jT|eH
>T& e&+
|P\|]eT
e\> >T~>T#+
jTq n#{ >
H& \TdT
143
HqT ]q <sT\T
qy&q+, |<y &q+

n& +{& me] <T
eTT\Xuq T +& <#+
X >T&d + N eT +
s s |+&#d ks+ s+
# s rjT<H $&> *+#+
+{qT+ qTb|qT ysT #jT e
$TTs* <T\T yT&qT |$T+#e
$s\ T&, sTsT>&e &
y >Te rs>*><esT?
4
Cq<e&T #dq w >T]+ \T#T+Tq| &T H eTs= $wjT+ L&
dT]++~. 13 e X| <D
us< X + eTs $ #dq |jT ,
jTq deTqT&q \T>T$ #dq |jT\L eT< # &
+<|++~. Cq<e&T (1275`1296), q (1205`88) H ejTdT
qy& nsTTH, deTqT&. <s |P] <Xu wH $ #bsT. nsTT,
q eTVus+ u>eBZqT d+>V+> eyT nqTe~+ e~*|>,
CHXsT&T u>eBZqT eyT m+#T < uw+ #b&T. q \T>Ty
m+ wyTq us<H m+ HjT+> #|q|{, njTq |<s#q
nqjTw <q +. u> e BZe +{ y<+ n< < w yUq+ #| H,
q s#q q|\\ T L& ns+ #dT H+ dT\Te> +T+< CHX sT&
#|H&T.
$jT + us \T>T#jT &+ yjT \T>T$ |kq+ yTT<q e
yT, y sCkH s>TsTe\T>, neT\T>, eT++>+
q&|q ysT> +&+ e\, $, sCkH eT< d++<+ <q +s+ L&
nH =qk>Te+~. \T>T$+, n|DT+ |{<, |<q+>
sjT $+. \T>T$ k+<ss< &>H, dHw &>H +&+H,
sE&> +&{H me w|&&T. eT \+H{ sjTdTds
b&{, <s = $\Te* s+ #T& \T>T$ me s|&&T .
< $\Te* yeTq> ~ ]+#&+ | yTT>T#Z b&T. n, sdV
y&e qMsu <T&T
144
sd]+ <e& #T $ #|q bq, nqeTjT, >jT e+{ysT

b<T>, y] |<qde+ kV+ m|& |q |&TH +~.
d+|<j eT\T $jT +H HsTT.
eTs $+, <e\ |u $yT q s ~ u $ \T +<T _q+>
q&e& sD+ CHX sT& +<|k+~. deTq k+|T $\Te\ Ls +
m +T+< CHX sT&T djT+> nqTu$ +#&T. \+ |], d+|<jT+
|] \_+q Cq+ H, >TsTwd+|<jT+<s n+< Cq+ mH sT
$\Ty+ < jTq u$+#&T. n& >TsTe n+f, eTs= eqe&T, |yT e qe&T,
eTqTw\+<]|{ +& |eT q kqTuy q\T>T] n+~+#&+ d+
wD yT H |bd. k+|<sTT Cq+ d+k> + . < eTqTw\ s>< c\
d++<+ <T . >TsTe n+~+# Cq+ eqMjT+. n~ eTw eTTK'
eTs= eTw n+<~. q >TsTeqT+ q n+<TTq d] nH~qT+N edTq <
jTq qe&T. k e& bs u~+q sV d+ m{H eT+<H<T &,
jTqT+ #s+H<T &, >s H<T & n+~+~. < >sH <T &T >V H<T &
u~d, n~ >V qT+ eH<T & n+~+~. eH<T & <jT e\ CHX sT&T
qT b+~q ks q\T>T] nse TjT #b&T.
nDT+ sV dH<d + |<jT+ Vs+> $|s+ |s> e]+~.
Cq<e&qT+ HeT<y, @H<, TsyT\ MT<T> y| eTs $kd >,
eTs=y| HeT<y qT+ Hq MT<T> |+C; dKT u<s>, eTs=y| ;sY,
s$<dt, dsY<dt\MT<T> V+B u $ <s> $d] *+~. ] u kd qT\T
e\ud + |<jT+, # q d+|<jT+, osTy< d+|<j\ yT$+
eTsH u$<s\T> e] usu$T beq+ #de#sTT. ><e
eTV|yV+ =*s|+ jT++ =+&\MT< >#]+qf, uyV
=*s|+ CHX sT& uysB | > >#]++~. |]DeH eTs= u
esTT VHusTT { e]++~:
k<T e\T >=| |s+ #XsT. Cq<e\T |H~ yXsT.
>T& {sT. jTq de&T HeT<e&T #T bs+ {&T.
>T&eTT+> Hsq T& w&T @H<T &T u>e| sDyUqeTH
<d+u+ |w+#&T. <y\jT>|s\X+> TseTT&T
ds | & &T . >T& e bsq #dT e+ MT e+T. VHusTT
n+{+~ : #&+&. <y\jT | s |s |&T+~. HqT
>T& yu y #d+~ #dqT e]+#qT.
145
HqT ]q <sT\T
CHX sT& $+ eTs= s|+L& rdT+~. |+&]|s esj

#d d+|<j L& jTH yTT<\T|{&T . | @&B c&+ , +
es\T |+&] #d j < j<T. d+^ j, kVj.
> @&TXu\T> n$q+> =qk>T edq j n~. j+#
HeT<y, @H<, TsyT e+{ eTVe\T |u$+#sT. y nu+>\
eTVshyTT+ |\d H e +~. yjT \T>T$+ Te+{ eTVd+|<j
|yX |{q $ mes |+#sT . nqeTjT ly+fX sT& d+sH sq #k&T,
Te+{ d+^j d+*+#< T . jT <y\j\, skH\ @
{ e~*| +& ]>&T>, q jqT q\T>T] j> es<T . eTV<y
>$+< sq& nqT> Cq<y bs+_+q esd+|<jT+ e\ <J$+
|CkeT+ |y ++~.
HeT~> b<T y\T+~. +>sTs+>T ds+ dV~XD n+{
|s#T+~. V] Ks\+MT< kjT+\| m+& |&TT+f Ks\
+>s+ |&+ #dq T +~. HqT qBeT\+ <]<eT e#qT. H n<w+ e\
TTw|s + |se T\+ L& & H >#]++~. yTT ~>T+&> =+<sT
|\\ T q&sT . |\y &T |\+ >$ eP<TTH&T. #&>H ~yd|\ \
\Tk+~.
MTsesT n n&>qT.
yT+ ~yd eTV<y \+ n #b&= |\y &T. <>sZ jT |dT q
~yd> & #|+ n< e | nH&T. HqT m& y[H , +| &,
] ] e }] y H q|dT + ~. <X+ | =+&, q~, n&$,
yT<q+ H|{qT+# *dqf |dT+{sTT. qH+ rjT+>
|\]dTqT+{sTT. eT eTTK+> dV~|q @ #T #dH &q
<jT T\T L#Tqf n|k+~. qTe #d | <wjT + <s+>
qTe #& eTVd qTy{ #& jTq u~dT q f +~. n| &T
H HqT eddT q <X+ 21 e X+ n&T>T|{+ <+f qeT+ <T .
ryT q eTVd + m< \&f n|++~. HqT #se \dq #T
#sq, #&e\dq #TH #kq, $qe\dq d+<XH $Hq n|++~.
yT+ =+&~ jT +XsT& \jT+ n&T>T|f
|{ qe$T#+<T&T
<sTT+#&T. y H \+ q\ bs+ yTsTk+~. C]+><s q+ >H
yTe eT<V+ qT+N sT>TTq b+eT+ L& eTVC]+> eTH
dT]++~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
146
5
yT+ s s> w] <] |{+. b<TD
+ N @MT qbe&+e, =+& m ~q
jd+ e k +~. n+<T Hd >>H yT+ #dq yTTyT T<{ |
|Te&+. s e rjT s+>]+q < +
\_++~. e&+#y n& n& =d] =d] y&y& s=f\T |dT+f
esesTeT+ H+. n|&T N{H Hd syT+& y+. n&
><e] q\Te> +~. q~ #T <y\j\T, kq+ #dT q u \ T,
=+<sT ><e] Bb\T e<T\THsT. H <X+ H q|&T #dq
seT+& >TsT +~. nd\T Hd >*H @< # <>]Z q+ dT]d
+~. HqT m|& & Hq, =+\+ & >&b q n|d e +~. VQX,
>MT|X] , q * >MTu\d] |sTMT<, Xdq+ ssTTdq |&T K
HqT L& D +&e#qT+{qT. { V&e&> N{ <T, eTsk]
m| &H rsT&> e #TT| \ ] H |PsqC| * b\Ty\qT
HqT.
yT+ w] #s |{ s |~<{+~. \y ] $jT<X$ T. uu eTVde~
#+~q sE. w] n+ |+&>> +~. f qdeTT<+. HsT>
de~eT+~s+ <>sZ bj+. |\ s Vs sT>T+~. sr CqsC,
eTV e \ C, d$r k<T d+,eTqTy< esa n m\T> b&TTHsT.
HqT +>H bu $T Hq|++~. jT ++qT+ |+&]|s+<
H\q+ k<Td+T beq+> esXsT. & nH Xu\T>
nd+Ueqe\T eT J$\qT bsH ^\T>, VsCT\T> esdTHsT.
@ nr\+ |se Te&T bsr<$ #$ @ sV dd+uwD #X&>
sV k |Ck$T+ #jT &+ dyT CHX sT&qT+ ksTTH<T &< <
<eT+ =qk>T ek+<|++~. HqT b<TD
T+N nTe+{ <
eTVk>s+ m< \T s{\T md|& T T+&+ #dTH qT. s+ >{
yTq md|&TT+f = \D\T H MT< L& |&T qqT |eT>
&T|THjT|++~.
j\+, 2007 s#q , 2011
147
HqT ]q <sT\T
nsTD]
<sq+
sTeDeT y\ ] |{~ <T. # q| &T

e n # \ +>] > T ]+ # | P , j T q | & T
sTeDeT +THsT n+~. e VQX 70\
yTT<{ $qT+{qT. =|s @< eTVeTT+T+~.
B n dw+ > #| s D +T+~. sTeDeT
nq |sT HqT yTT<{k ] $q| &T H |sT nTe+{
s D |++~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
148
# @ sTy seTDeTV] J$+>T]+ #<TeTq| &T jTq

yTT<{k] sTeDeT nH |sT $q>H #| eqdd+#\q+ *+<
#~yqT. jTq eT<T s 17e @ (1896) |q+& +{ +]> LsTq| &T
k]> eTsDujT+ *+<, eTsDujT+ jT DyT n+sTKTD
#d+ < #| q $wjT + n+<] *d+<. < =~sE\ eTT+<s (1895) b<Tq
|~>+\ y & bTq| &T <] <s| +<T e jTq m<TsT|&&T .
jTqqT #&>H ly+seTH jT |\]+ m&qT+ edTH sT n
n&>sT. <jTq nsTD#\+ qT+ n <T*#&T. nsTD#\e? n< &T+~
n y+{eTH n&, @s, sTeDeT |sT $q<? n< nsTD#\eT+f
n +<T e y_#&T. e $q>H V<jT | T @< ns#jTyTq
|eT b++<, jTq <q +s J$ |T yT esd+< L& n+<]
*dq $wjT yT.
HqT +&jT { sE\qT+N z |&b qT. n+<Te\ \eT+ HqT L& #\+>]
bT sTeDeT edb , seTDeTV] #d >&| q f nqTe#T. H
+&jT { \T>T u~+q b<jTT&T sE dT #\+ d+> #&+&.
yTT<{ m sX&T. sTy sTy seTDeTV] <>Z] y u>yH
b<\eTT+<T ~yH nsTTbj&T nH&T. e m+ e+>+ < ++~.
H #\+esZ, #\+ q&q<] ns+ #dT e&+ yTT<{ n+ dT\u+ >
n|+#<T.
# \ +>s T s T eD e T y e TT+< T J$+q J$ + > T ]+N, sd q
kV+>T]+N sT y jTq eq esT>T]+N sE \T>Ts#s TT\
eT< y<|y<\T bwH. #\+ e]bj&, jTq eTT+<Tsdq y{
$sT<+ > sT y J$+#&, q n_eqT, bs +]y #dk&
n+T+&ysT. u$ T&b{ >H<s e>sT, ksTT>sT e+{ y #\+>]
|PsJ$, sT y J$ eT< ed+ @MT < , jTq yTT<{q T+N
dHw &>H + e#& #|P + &ysT. ysT #|+q <]H ssE
e n #\+>] kV+MT< |]X<q #d dHw#\ + n |d + L&
sd+~.
HqT seT+& +Tq\+ #\+>] s \T, eTTK+> B T \T>]
sdq s \T, Hse>] sdq s \T |<| < #~yyD. #\+>] s
149
HqT ]q <sT\T
|eTK\T qT+ eTVkH < eT|]DeT+ q&TT+~. eTTK+>

eTVkH s (1960) jTq >#]dT+ ~. n+<TH
s \ |]#jT + sd d+Jy <y nHsT:
M{ | @$T+f, #\+>] J$+ d+~jT T> $ dT+<s+ >
e|sTd$. n+{ > jTq |]|J$, sTy J$+
ds d + , qJeqd<+, n+<TuTq Tjed , n{
s \T d +> e| s T d$ ... $ eTT~] $Td nsTTqy] nqTu T\T
Xs|+ eyT > +$. eqe&T eqyrT&T> es+
eqe| #se T\ yT +~ dsDr \+qT+N.
& d+Jy<y # $\Tyq yyTT{ sXsT:

keqeqe& sT& (M, >jT&, qT&, sT& yTT)
uy\, |esH nk<sD+> & $ . sT& $Td e\ M, n>
nk<sD+> & $ .
#\+>] kVsT& kq+ <Hw &T \|&T +&&+ 30\

eT< qT+# y T T< \ sTT+~. j T q s T eD e T y [ q s <<| >
 q,
>+<s> +>q |++~. #\+>sT sdq s \T, jTq #dq nqTy<\T
#<e +& e\+ jTq \kV+ eyT #~yy deTd | d].
# HqT m+ =+ ns+ #dT >\>& sD+, HHjTq s * mHksT
bsjTD+ #jT yT. s \T #~y=B H seTDeTV] >T]+ \TdTy\,
seTDeTV] k<q >T]+N, ks+ >T]+ eT]+ u<| s # T y\ n|+#~.
sE HqT eT\+|* Xsu j
T >] eTVkH s \T #<e eT #qT.
Xsu j
T >sT $XH< d HsjTDqT J$+ b&T>T s~+q e. jTq
#\+>] |sT #| $dT+{s n++&ysT. H+<T jTq #\+
seTDXeT+ qT+ sdq K\T #~$ u>T+T+<|++~. n+<T sE
usT>ZH K\T jTq # |{qT. eT&TH\T>T sE\ s sE
jTq qqT Lsu{ K\ >T]+ s +&TeT&T >+\bT e{&sT. n<=
n<Ty T q |d+ >+. #\+>]MT<, jTq <k<q MT< nTe+{ |d+ >+
H+< eT me]H{ y+{ $q<T . sE #\+ >T]+ e{&T Tq| &T
jTq eTTKeT+ ms& @< $<T<yX qsTTqy&> |+#sT. mesH
y&e qMsu <T&T
150
>=| $>T]+ e{&T Tq| &, e+ >T]+ e{&T Tq| & jTq
d$T+, d+w+ |+#$. ee\>T]+ e{&| &T e+
jTqeTTK+ ~> +&$+#~. es jTq n+ |bT&q
[<dT >T]+ e{&
| &T L&, yT|T d+<X+ , X+\ [<dT >T]+
e{&| &T m+ keTqd+ |+# eTw esd+ue+ >T]+
e{&| &T ~>u]T&T> e]bjTysT. nTe+{ ~>H sE
jTqeTTK+ #XqT. # e$> u$+#s jTq?
eTHHXq+ nHsjTq.
eTHHXq+, s \+{ q|&T Tq~ #\+ q eTHHXq+ d+
#dq bsyTqj nHsjTq. #\+ |sY. e >TsTe>] ($XH<
d HsjTD) >T]+ e nqqT nL& nHsT.
eTHHXqeT+f @$T{ H #jT> \TdH +~ < >T]+
XsujT>] n&>bjqT. jTq y>s n&T|&, n&T|& n<&
bT+<qq uj
T +q HHsE eTq+> +&bjqT. H deTjT+
sY.mdt. dT<sq+>]+{ >&MT< T<T&T, seTDeTV], &T weTsT\
ueT\T+{jT >Ts=+~. n+<T dT<s q+>] <>]Z bsTT seTDeTV] >T]+
#| eT n&>qT. sp, sT y #ksT dT<s q+>sT seTDeTV]
>T]+ # $wj \T #bsT.
dT<s q+>sT sEH #\+>] |q kVn&$T d+ yH>|t
sd | HsT. n+<Te\ jTq #\+>] seTDXeTJ$+ >T]+N, n&jTq
nqTuy\>T]+N, jTq nHwD >T]+N qT \TdT+Tq $wj\T
m|{| &T H L& #|P+&ysT. ecsT #\+ K eTHHXq+
q&T+<qHs jTq n+f, neqT. #\+ deTd n<. es q
+s L& #\+ &T qqT e<\+& H&T n #\yT #\+ |
$dTH&T nHsT.
sE dT<sq+>sT beT Xk\ e= L&*>
|+#ysT. n|{ e #T de+ eT+, e] + >T]+
e{&T+&~. =~eT+~ H seT+& $TT\T ndy<+ >T]+ L&
#]d+ &ysT. eTTK+> e\] >|#+ <. >|#+ < y Hq>sT e\]
y+fXsse>sT eTdT> J$+ yTT<\T|{ ssTTdT> |]D$T+#sT.
>|#+< eTC, ssTTC L& #~$q|{ ndy~> m<T>TTq
151
HqT ]q <sT\T
sE\T. M{ >T]+N e k~]+> #| &, e d+<V \T rs&

eq @ <s+ dT<s q+>s. jTq |P] y<+. n~L&, n< .
dHwD <T u Xk, y<+ eT< d]V<T\ T #]bTHjT
#|ysjTq. Hq|{ |wT \ , u> e BZ, = y<+s# q \ #~$q|{
H y<++q |]uw> eyT $|+#~. HqT \Ty s=e+{dd T >
}|]|\TdTq sE\T. HqT H ue |eTT + dT<s q+>sT e{& n<
ns+ #dTe& |jT+#yD. n<+ eqyqTue+ edT+<q&
eTq *dq n dMT|<VsD seTDeTV] n jTq nHysT.
dT<s q+>] #s H $wjT + u<| & + ~. n<eT+f eTw eTT
b+<&e TH~ J$| e] D
d+u$ +# $wjT + <, eTw eTT& s TTq
s L& J$+ J$+#e#Tq, n J$+# eTT\ seTDeTV] <VsD
n. seTDeTV] qqTqT nX$T n #| H ys, nTe+{ nX$T
keq||+ #| TuT e]+#e L& jTq #bsT.
nXeTT\ L& s +T+<? n n&q |X y] |esq
+&\ #| Xk\T e, d\ e n eTV] y_#sT. (lseTD
uwDeTT\T, 5 &d+sT 1936).
|+<=$T~sy @ ejTdT q jTTe& Te+{ #s \, #q\
dV+>H >=| J$<s eTT+<T \u&T+&$. >T]+N,
$#s+ >T]+N, ks+ >T]+N dT<sq+>sT e{& e\T qqT
m|{| &T # |u $+ #XsTT. sE HMT< +& u< \e\ HL
<s\L eT< deTT<e T+ m&eTT+<|+#~. deTT< ne\
@< |Xe+yT q deT +<, n& m|{ H #sT y\ X> +&~.
< b+<& $#s+ f eseZ T dT<s q+>sT |<| < n++&ysT.
seTDeTV] HHe sT nH $#sD k+#eT #| &yT , e] |X qT
L& $#s <>+ #dj\ #bs jTq H |<| < #|ysT.
e seTDeTV] e|X+ | nH CdT e s|P s+> q de<H
(1902) e. eTqdT nD> <{ n k< && q |X seTDT\T
y_#sT:
HHe sT n $#sD #dT e&+ <s eTqdT nDT>TT+~. HHe sT nH
|X q n #q < d+ #dT + ~. f\ T m><jT& y&
y&e qMsu <T&T
152
f > |X L& e] H <>y T b T+~. n|&T ks+

<sTTdT+~.
H seT+& sE\ sT y L& HqT #\+>], seTDeTV] #<T eH

HqT. eTTK+> #\+ sdq u>yHd T\T, seTDq+<dsd lseTD
uwDeTT\T, d]H>eT K\T, w_ seTD\ \ bT b+H, zdtsY
e+{ bX k< \ s#q \T L& #~yqT. e seTDeTV] #\+>] seTDkH
J$+|{, |{ H= >=| V sdH +&$. m|{H k]
sTeDeT y[ #&\qTHyD.
2
2008 <$&$X$<\jT ydt#q\sY >+X{ \ HsjTD>sT eT
$X$<\jT+ sY.mdt.dT<sq+ ks |d+>|s+|s @sT #dTHeT,
n+<T yTT<{ |d+ >+ qqT #jT eT V+#sT.
HqT |d+> yS, sTMT< #H < dT++> yqT. #H
qT+ eT<q| yu jT eTT+<TsE sTeDeT L& y\|++~. #H q T+
sTeDeT # <>Zs n, >+ +f me |jD+ +&< nq&+
eTT+<TsE jT\T<s& y T # \d+> jT\T<s+. yT+ #H e~|{
kjT+\+ @&T>+\T <{+~. <]H m& s uq+ L& #d|{
eT]+ \dyTb sTT+~. |j D+ #d| |{+ ~. d>+ <s+ yy <
XeT+ eTT |{+ ~. eeT\T> yd$ kjT+\+|P ]d bjT
ed+\| \T +& sTeTT\T, yTsT|\ |< >*yq eTT+#+ ~. es+
|j D+ eT]+ \dyT+ ~. <] b&T>TH N{ ndw+ > qedTq |
}] #d < sTeDeT nqT+HqT. n&T>&T >TH yTsT|\T X
y*d HsTT. yT+ sTeDeT #s |{ nss sTT+~.
n& e sd @sT #jT &+d+ s T qT+ eTw e
m<TsT#dH&T. Hd\T sTeDeT m +T+< *jTq+<Te\ H
#q\ L& s|+ <T. e seTDeTV] XeT+H d
<=sTT+<, yTeTT XeT+<>sZ s >&T |eT ndw+ > #q.
ed+ eq eTw e >T& <>sZ >~ @sT #X&T.
N{ yT+ >T& m<T q| &T s <y\jTbs+, >|s\T q&>H
153
HqT ]q <sT\T
nd\& n+ |< >T& +&&+ #d H XseT|++~. H }V n|{<

>T& >T]+ nTe+{ yT B <T . s |<y H |&
+ q
Cs+ eTT]>Z N<s> +~. >~ $X\+>, ks +>H q|{
H+<T s+ >~ }|s&<T. D+ L& <|<T.
|sT|\MT< |&Tu + >T#T+TqT+~. n+H <y\jT
eT+&|+ H m&H |&T +f ueDy q|++~. m| &T \y sTT+< nH
D
D
+ m<TsT#d >&b qT.
\\ysT+&>H yTeT+ =+<s=+<s> kq+#d jT{=#+.
ed+ eq |<eTw eTeT* >T& y+ s+& n |*#&T. Hq
seTDXeT+ m&? n n&>qT. H <w+ seTDXeT+ MT<, n& m&
<>sZ +T+<qTH #\+>] XeT+MT< +~. >T& H <w H < T .
|<e Tw eTT+<T eTq+ >T& y# q# yeTH&T.
yT+ jT n&T>T|>H e m<TsT>T+& deTTq >|s\,
eTVbs+ <y\jT+ <s q$T+~. eTT+<T s q& #T, b<Tq
|dT q #T eT< mTe+{ b* <T . <y\j mes Xu+ >
T& b<TH n& |{qT> +~. yT+ HsT> <y\jT+ n&T>T|{+.
n| &| & =* dssD \T <y\jT+ y\TTHsTT. >T |<> jres
sT . <+ | \T|P edyT s qT> yT+ = bs+ <T+
HsT > nsTD#X sT& >s > T & y[b j+. |PCsT\T ed+ | +>
nsq #d Vs #sT. yT+ >s > T & qT+ jT{ e <y\jTb+>D+
q&Td, n| &T #X+ `
nsTD#!
<y\jT+ yq>Z X+, $> T eTeT #dTq T> +<
nsTD]. =+& |q |&T Tq b<T{ ds+ Ks+ KseT+ +>sT
|&+ #dq T> +~. HqT #d| Ksq{ < + > #d+ &bjqT.
deTjT+ seTDeTV, #\+>s, e] yT+ n| & <sq+ #dTq
nsTD#X sT&T L& H >TsT s<T . Ks n{ #dTq =B H|\
H C| |\ mH bs\+<qT+, mH ydq\, d+ks\ s\ T | +#T+
HeT~> eTVKs+ T T qT> nqTue yT+ ~. H& e+~ Ks
#&+dyT , nd\T qqT #&+dyT Ks+ q& s| +#T+<
H V{T> dT]++~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
154
> b> HqT #<Te eq seTDkV+, #\+kV+

m& &, m| &| &T Ksd+ <s q+ >T]+ #~yH, @ y* #~$L&
<T+ bjH, |{+ #T+& | HT + bjH y\
n+< #<TsTeT<TsT> qe ]Kss|+> eT H eTT+<T
|eTjsTT.
#\+>] seTDeTV] njTk+eTsTT, seTDeTV] nsTD#\yT
njTk+eT nsy T + ~. nH~\+qT+N njTk++ m+<s k< ,
e, d<T, |dT q <>Zs +H +<, eTV$ |s+|s
\T>T, $T+, d+d +, +^w , |+ +{ uw Ksd+ sq #d H
+< L& nsy T + ~.
yX Ked| | wy b+>DeT+ #\ eTyT s\T Md HsTT.
e m<TqTq nsTD] *dTq +>s+> +~. sT >TTq |d& M T+
r|>\T\T MdTq T+~. b+>D+ sT>T n|s #d | w
|eH HqT \Ty &d b jqT. nqTuy +> e |&+ nk< +.
D
q H *q nqTu yTT<\T m&, < T~ m+< $d] ++<
H }V n+<< T . nd\T nsTD] $se e+yT n~. e*+><e y
ds| <+\T \TdTe&+ d+ V, $we \T X+q, b+q
m+ <s+ |j D+#sT. y < ds|yT $T{, eTVd + m&
yTT<\sTT+<, m&< |s# T +< *jTs<T . sE H |]d L&
n+. <y\jT+ >T]+ m| &, m&, @ nr\+H HqT $HqT. dTsD
q +~, H&T +~, s | L& +T+~. Ks+ HHsC => #dTq T>
n|+#< T . n~ H+\+> *d+<q, HqT n|{ HksT> < #dTq f
sE L& #dTH q nqTHqT.
HqT #\+>] kV+ #~$ jT seTDeTV] njTk++>
]+#s \TdTHqT. seTDeTV] J$#] #~$ jT nsTD#\+
njTk++> ]++< L& \TdTHqT. njTk++ +
|< njTk+eT, ~ H+{yD L& qy| \+> +Tq< | &
\TdT+THqT.
XeT+ d &s T > |#dq &. {.mH.wk $T eTV] q
C| \T HeTsyd # sX&T:
155
HqT ]q <sT\T
H&T =+&| mT+&> eTV] <]q q yTsTdq su&q T

rdT H #|d $<X\qT+ mes =+&MT< q |$|<X +
qT+ ssTT rd q |+|+#eT sXsT. =+&+ L&
|se T|$yT + < n& <T. =+& k e&. eTq+ eTq <V +
< + #+~qf e&T L& =+& < + #+<&T. =+&
dMT|+ ed+#&+ e\ k< dV jTeT, es<Z s eT <=sTsTT
n nHsT.
HqT L& J$eT+ =+&* #d, =+&\#+H J$d, =+&* |$Td

>&| q yD. mH sT\, ]yk\, HqT #dq, ]q mH ]XDT\T
sE nsTD#\+ m<T \&| &T ne ] nsTD]> eTu$ + H
e{&T THj n|++~. HqT =+&* #d eqrsT ysT , seTDeTV]
nsTD# #dq rsT ysT .
nsTD#\yuy, nsTD#\ ]d u>yH nseTDe,
nsTD#w+, nsTD#\|+#s\T sXsT. n+<T nsTD#\|+#s
jTsTD#\ds yT nq X nsy T $T w&T n&q| &T jTq
{ #bsT:
||+ #+ de sM T< ~ ++{~. nsTD#\yT s. T
&T +&~. n~ <qT+ | edTq < <e+ ]yT +T+~.
nsTD#X &T $X+ \ n$\s|+. jTqT>, qT>
<q+ #d + f d s+u\L eT\yTq nV+d] \T>TT+~. <
eT nHwd <yTq nVeTV+ f $T>T\TT+~. < e\
#| +. nqTue kq+ |\ +~. nHw+#y&T < jT #&& T .
kq+ q+<, deTk eT\+<+. n+<T < V<jT eTHsT.
|* #| k]d < qTe& yTTf eTq |T q @
|j q+. n+ $T+ #jT e\d+<MT <T .
H J$+ b&T>T, HHH =+&\ m<T \&| &T n$ H

k+<s dsb\T> >#]d e#sTT. seTDeTV] nsTD#\+ k
eds|+> >#]++~. +<T L& m+=+ < + <? nsTD#\+
| seTDeTV] q >&qTu jTq |b~+# esyT + <?
q<=f, eTs={ <T n #| eTw jT +& nsTD] { dT +#&+
< >TsT? n\Vu<T $X$<\jT+ Xg #sT&T> |#dq b.djT <
myT V|d t sE eTV] |X n&>sT.
y&e qMsu <T&T
156
b.djT< : H q T d T | + # + # < T e T HqT. n ns T D# \ TD

d+u~dT H sTT. eTsy n< T \T. <e&T ys qT>
m dT +#sT?
eTV]
: u&, <eeT, bsq \ n H.
b.djT< : eTsT <y d+u~+#sT. nsTD# dw+>
<e eT+ e]+#sT.
eTV]
: qTyy <V+> u$+#e#T> u&T
nsTD#\+> u$+#L &<?
b.djT< : nsTD#\T& nsTT, =+&\T m e? nsTD#H
| +> m+<T mqTy*? < nsTD#\T& m+<T
d+#*?
eTV]
: n\Vu<T qT+ & qT ]++<esT?
b.djT< : u>yH.
eTV]
: qqT & rdT=+<esT? nsTD#\+. X <q+.
>TsT+ #Te\d+~ nsTD] q~ |\H, jT<T.
H nsTD#\T&T.
d+uwD seTw |se TV+dL , Xs#+ < $<k>sY L eT< ]q

d+uwD >TsT k+~. $<k>sT &T seTwD
u> e +T&T ||+ #+
=+eT+~ meX =+eT+~ eX |+ #X& n n&
|se TV+d n+<sq q ~eX f, jTq NeT L& H&T.
~eX |
q ysT ysT nd ysT ysT $<\T> +T+~... m+<T+eT+~
eTqTw\T qT #& edTH sT? HM T< @yTH s +&T =eTT\T yTT*#j?
n nHsT. (< >d n|t lseTw, 2003, |.104)
u> ~ u nsTD#\+ |sy w+ > |{ e Te+<qq~ e+ d +.
n~ nH~\+ qT+N m+<s TTw\, e\ nqTue + edTq f, seTDeTV]
nqTue+ e+~. nTe+{ nqTueyT< m+=+ Dq HL&
nqTue yT+ ~. ~ <X r d+ks+ nq{ $<ojTT\T L& nqTuy
qTe&yT <s q+.
yTU $Tj$#Y nH nyT]H yT<$ e sy\ keTjT>] T+
duT &j &T. jTq us< X + q qq\ nqT+<e TT+< qyT ue&T.
q us< X d+<s HqTuy * wjT wH (2004) |] |d s |+> #&T.
157
HqT ]q <sT\T
|d $wsD du HqT L& |d + >T]+ e{&qT. n+<T jTTe&T

X+q+, b+&# ], sTeDeT, ||] e+{ # y[q |{ nqTuy \T
sdT=#&T. sTeDeT >T]+ sd, nsTD#\+ >T]+ sX&T:
kjT+\+ # b<Tb j HqT kq+ #d yT&MT< bsTT
HqT. s >* # #\> +~. H &< V >* eT]+
#\> k+~. N{ HqT H m<qTq |s + y| #XqT. #T
q\> yTsTdTq X+. V{T> H |s+ n<TX <H
$seTTTqT>, y\T>T eTTTqT> n|++~. HqT |* y[
<TdT\ T esT eT e #T , q sV X+ +<,
H e TT+<T >#]dTq eTVsV k ns+ #dT e& |jT +#qT.
=+& eTVnjTk++> qqT @\+ qy| P , H L&
qqT & |jTk+~. n<+ H= d]= d+y<q. HqT
l ns$+<T\, l e\ de~ <>sZ b+~q d+#\q+ b*d <<
ur d d+y<q> >#]++~. =+& H <V qy|
+TqT> n|dTq|{ d+y<q , <X nr+>
dT]dTqT> n|++~. |s+ djT+> #qds|+>,
s\+>, |XeT++> n|++~. qTq#f +<sV + eT<
\& |s+ XX+> md|&TTqT> n|++~. n>#s
nss + Hq{ m+d| &d eTT<s TTbjH H *jT<T. (|.31)
e\T jTT>jT T>\T> nsTD#\ d+<s \+ n+edTq e.

nd\T nDeT n+fH n+< =+&. bNq $T eTVe\T qss,Y n|sY,
Cqd++<s ,Y dT+<ss ,Y eD y#s ,Y nsTD]H<sY yTT<\T= seTDeTV],
#\+ e+{ ys+<s ] m<T > \& > nqTu #+<sT. n&
> +& eT bseX $+> e] y[b jsT. sE $\T y]
nqTuy qy> eyT +&, H nqTuy L& n<+ |&T THsTT.
3
yTeTT >T&qT+ jT{=q|{ sTeDeT n+{ +>sTs+>T m+&
|sT #T+~. {|H q& >T&<> sZ q +{H y+. y&y & b+>* m+
Xu+ >, <y\jT|k<+> n|++~T. yTeT&qT+ jT\T<] sTMT<H
seTDXe y+.
y&e qMsu <T&T
158
seTDXeT+ eT |<~> <T. #&{ q XeTyT. yTq

XeTyysD+ n& y*$ sTk+~. |< |< # &\eT< n|PsyTq |X+
XeT+ k>$T+~. n&=eT+~s+ |\\T j|wY bsjTD+
#dT H sT. k+uD < |+ n+{ |sT #T @< |$u y s d + ~. yT+
eT+~s+ <>sZ =~d| seTDeTV] d+#]+q e\ #d eTT+<T
q&#+. XeT+ mT#dH HeT. XeT eT+~s\ | \|q ds+
|&T +~. |> &\MT<, | | \ MT< sT>TTq HeT b+
n|s|yT q k+<s +, Xu #L ssTT. yT+ eu X s\jT+, >e\ ,
eT]=+<sTu\ ]+q de<T\T #X+. XeT+ n+#T* qT
nsTD#\+ =+& n+#T. n&qT+# seTDeTV] =*sE |d T #dT q
e\ bjT <]. | y& f+ b e&+, yq e#X+.
XeT+ |d $ jT X\ seTDeTV] |d \T #d jTq &
#\+>] XeT+ m&? n n&>qT. jTq H |X ns+ <T . HqT n&T>TTq
eTw|sT jTq m| & $qT <T . HqT n& \& eTs=] L& |X
n&>qT. jTq L& @MT *jTqf eTTK+ |{&T . y <>sZ q
eTwe+ eTTK+ {d \T>T ye s | &T & sT . qe
nyTdT bjsT nH&T. \T>Ty&T! jTq e* { jTq #\eT+f
u> \Td, m+<TH nsD+> jTqT <wdT H & nsy T + ~. qT
J$+ q| & , | &T L& #\+>] |sT #|H eTqTw+<T +
*|& s H ns+ <T . HqT jTqqT { s +&T $es\T n&>\qTHqT
, kVd+ #jTbjqT. yT+ jT ed+&> nH e yqqT+
MTsT eTT+<TbsTT &y| =~> eTT+<Tb n& |dT + ~ XeT+ n
n]#&T.
yT+ nqT #| qf eTT+<Ty+. &y| s +&TeT&T |s +>T\bT n+
y+. + #b\+f >*+#+ m& @ XeTeT |+#< T . nqT
eTeT* | <e |{+ #& n nqTeq+ e+~. yT+ n& s&TM T< |+q
y+ < n&T>T bj+. n| &T mes XeT+>T]+ eT *jT<T
|\ |H # \T>Ty d\THjT n& yT #d \TdT+ < #bsT.
yTeTT y #| qf |\M<T \T>Ty d+ yT + y+. yTT
#\+>] XeT+ >T]+ *dqyes sT q&sT. jTq ebT
s&TMT< e +<{ |<eTw #|q b+ rdTy[ n&= yT&
159
HqT ]q <sT\T
#|+#&T. & #\+>] XeT+ +&~. nsTT y |\\ T d\ + me]

nyTdT y[b jsT. | &T &es yT& T HsT n y[b j&T. HqT
yT& d #XqT. & #\+>] XeT+ m{ +&<, jTq m +&ys
H }V+<< T . n& s&TM T<H kq+ #dT q k<T y=&T ~>, < #\+>]
de~, eT< eTTdb*{y s&T y&\T #jT&+d+ B =fXsT
nH&T. n<= b&T& dyT +T & + . <MT< ]bsTTq |$T< { +~.
dyT +T>&\T H#T|{ HsTT. H $|yT q <T'K+ eTT+#T=+~. &
de~ b sTTH ue+&< |++~.
=H+< #\+ XjT+ y\d+ +<<XeT+ $s>&+~.
|s yT # ysdT \eTq+> >>Z\T |{sT . y @ s H
de~ >T]+ +#s? VQX # >TsT|Te\d+~ jTq
kV+<s | , de~ <s<qe#T y. #\+ e]sE q
kVL& neXw+ H u$+#&T. #\+ s#s TT nq d+> | q
|&<+. n+H L& jTq k< &T, dHw, $Td . nTe+{
eTw mTe+{ s<H \jTeTT+&* &! VQX $wjT + HqT s#s TT\
|+#TH~ <|++~. n+<T >TsT|k<se>] bH #d HH+ #dTH H
n<+ jTq #| +& +& b jqT.
nsTD] #dqy ]|<D+ #jT&+ |d]. ]|<D
seTDeTV] $]$> bV+#sT. 14 MTs b&T>TH ]#T |< D
#jT &+ eTqdTqT X\+ #dT + < jTq #|ysT. eTTK+> |q$TsT
]|< D
+ >=| nqTue eT #eT+~ n+{sT. sE yT+ kjT+
eT<q|* #sT e\d q+<Te\ *q&q ]|< D
#d neX+ b sTT+~.
d+ sTqH =+& #T sT>T<eT jT\T<s+.
ed+\| n&$. #T |# s+>T eTT<\TeTT<\T> |dTq
#, r>\, y<TsTeH\T. y{MT<T> ss+>T, eTT<TsT\+s+>T,
|\ es+ |dT q =+& n+#T\, |< |< >+&\\, KseT. n& &
ds+ |&T Tq#+ \ y\TTsT. y\TTsT qT }<s+>T
&\T. =+& X+ >=&T>T|&TTqT+~. =+&#T |<D+
#dTq| &T yTeTT =ksT <>Zs>, =ksT <s+> |jD+#+. n{
|j DdT q | &T =+& eTeT* |<| < <>sZ #sB dTqT> n|++~.
=+&#T sT>TTq| &T H H q|{ e }sT, e } =+&\T,
y&e qMsu <T&T
160
e C+&=+&, eDssTT, << y{#T |# > $d+ # yX Ked| n&M,

\ b\|P\, ms TssTT|P\ n >Ts=#sTT. =+&\T m ~^ &Tq
H u\+, e neHH >Ts=#sT. H b+eT+ # \+>
|]#jT eTTq b++>, m+ rjTyTq b++> n|++~.
#+<>|wT Hs<T& dqTesT& eT< ]q d+uwD
dT|d<+. n+<T dqTesT&T Hs<T& ueT$< |<+#&T.
||+#eT+ @~ y|+ q<, ueT+ n~ f dTK|<yT+~.
n\yTqy{ dTK+<T nH&T dqTesT&T. nsTD#\+ #T
sT>TTq| &T ueT$< H L& =~=~> nsyTqT n|++~.
yT{, eTV+ H <D+> +& yT{, eTV { b jTqT
+{qT. n<+ TTuT ^ bsjTD+> n|++~.
seTDeTV] TTuT ^qT |<| < bsjTD+ #sTT+#ys. TTuT ^ #| q
$wj, q nqTuy\ eT< # k<XeTT+< nHys. TTuT^
TTuT e <|T T& n+TH&T:
m& < u eeTT+&<, m& n< u eeTT+&<, m& X+, nX+ L&
+&y nTe+{ qjTd J$+#T.
m& $E&T &, m& $<<, m& d|+ <, m& $|+ <,
m& <w+ <, m& sw+ < nTe+{ qjTd J$+#T.
m& \eTH ue+<, m& <T'KeTH ue+<, m& <V eTH ue+<
nTe+{ qjTd J$+#T.
m& HqTH, m& qTey, m& XXyT q X+eTT+< nTe+{
qjTd J$+#T.
H eT eTs=k] & sy\, yH \s ] #T |< D

+
#j \ n|++~. VQX nsTD#\ + yH \sT\ d+c #d
eDy#sY sTy#+ sTy+uy, sTneH b\T sd +{sT.
nTe+{ neT+]dq sT &dq nqTue+f #\+ dT< e]+
+{&T. n|s + m<T neTqTue + d+ eTeT <]q q&y\
|<|< nqTHqT.
j\+ 2008, s#q , 2011
161
HqT ]q <sT\T
s #q
y\T
=* Xs \| m+&. XeD u> = >eTsX sT& eTT+<T

HqT. |q X+ eTT|+ L& <T .
> yTsTdTq X+ X# + |{q T> +~.
H m<T 58 n&T>T\ >eTsX sT&T. eTVeT]
b|++<\qT+ mq& jT|& $eTTe qe\,
yTq XeTDT\ <VsD> nH Xu\T> n&
\& H&T.
y&e qMsu <T&T
162
Xs+H, V\+H < ds< > ys++ >&| & + dy

n& e# j\bT< d n+{|T eT J$+ b&T>TH
eTVeT]H <+#, n]+# u \ L& b+eT+ +&+~. HqT
$>V nH bs\qT+, |]|]$<\ #XqT. @ D+qT+ #dH
eT] n< >+;s +. n< |X+. q<V sTT+q |. q eTqdTqT
n]> * q X+. <V , eTqdTq sTT+#&+ q s qT sTT+, +<+ qT+
jT|& eqe& qe# \+, d +, Bs +.
usrjT uw e T nqTy<\ +< kVn&MT |r @&~ #
VQeq+ 2009 H \_++~. |sks+ n+<Te& >qT d T++>
u+>TSsT yqT. ebT n, ue>sT, sC L& e#sT. n$ <ds
sE\T e&+ n+ yTd sT y\qTH+. yTd sT bT #\+>
#&\qT+Tq XeDu>=, V;&T, u\sT L& #&\qTH+.
y{bT |\\ T }{ L& #&\HsT.
u+>TSsTqT+ Hy n< rdT XeDu>= jT\T<s+.
eT&T>+\ |H |j D+. =+< s+ bsTTq s <] u>q+<Te\ eT]+
\dyT+ ~. yTeTT u+>TSsT jT\T<s& y T \d+> jT\T<s+. <]
+&T> |Pdq eTs|P \ =\qT { eTeT* |d+~. n& b{\T rdT+
#d| >& |k+. yTeTT XeDu> = dMT|dT + &>H <s+> =+&MT< sD+
|+#&+ yTT<+ ~. sD+ eT< mq $>V + L& |d + ~.
yqT, ~>+s KqT >eTsX sT& sdT deTTq+> | + >H
yTyTT >+;sy T q b++ n&T>T|&TTHeT |] dT]++~.
n|{ |< =+&T >+\|H nsTT+~. =+& m&+ yTT<\T|{q =~d|{
#T deTT<s+>> |#{ b\T, *s+>T ~>++ |+#&+
yTT<\T|{sTT. }]eT< |< dsd T . <H u> = n+{s. n<= |#
}V> +~. <H eTT X+ ||* d +~.
deTT<eT{ 3350 n&T>T\ mTq , <=&u
|s XD $+< ] MT<
#&sjTT&H eT+ # +#&T. Cq kV+ |d~ #+~q uVQ*
eT] n~. Cqrs+sT yTT<{y&q ~H<T& |T usT&T, uVQ*
nHy[<s T +&ysT. y us T &T q ||+ #q+{ sTT+ q ~
|=eT uVQ* TsT #k&T. , uVQ* n+<T n+^]+#< T .
e+ q e+ n<T+> +q q& ~$ |+|(902`?)
163
HqT ]q <sT\T
e #b\+f, uVQ* nH&T: H nq qeTd]+#& H nu +s+

<T. H yT&MT< |{ \e++> sdTe+#eT+f e+ H
#<H&T. n+<T, +> q nq qH \e+T& d+> \e\d+~
sDs+>+HqH&T. <s bsT d<| & sT . eT dH * | q \& #&eT,
$T<s s \|&sT. jTT<+ $jT+ uVQ*H e]++~. ,
$jTD
q uVQ* d+c <T\T ys >+ eV++~. qe+T
sC L& q nq <sbdk&T. q sC, T+u, b|+ J$
e~*|{ \> <qdT& *bj&T.
q<H | uy d | eTw yTq XeTDT&> es& q &
seT<>, T<<> uVQ* < L& nTq <VsD. q q
uT+J<' nH |w< Cq<c++.
Cq |]uw | s+ | eqe& m$T~ eT<\, m$T~ e*H\
#TTeTT&TT+{sTT. \+, s|+, ejTdT, uT \+, |d T , , <eqT>V +,
s+ e\ d+b|+ #$ nwe T<\T. X+, +, $ , nq<w, |X+ d,
d+de +, deT <w, n#s+ nH$ nwe *H\T.
M{ bT k< & |d T <e\<s, eqe\<s, +Te\<s,
e], n#H \<s L& +\T m<TseT+{sTT. M{ |ds \Z +{sT.
$ XeTDT& <s , , ds , +~jT>V |d T + {sTT. M{
bT k< & |d T deT+> =qk> +& 22 |]wV \T n&T| & T T+{sTT.
nTe+{ |]wV * T <s < jTH #|
> * > y |ds Z e\T\+{sT.
yH eTV|sTw\ L& |\TksT .
bNqq&kV+ nTe+{ eTV|sTw\ 19 J$><\ e&s<q
|] >< s#q y\Te&+~. n~ .X. 8 e X+ eqU+ J$+q
uw sdq s<H s { |] sdq >+<e T, < e{#sT&H
s#s TT b+ sdq eTs<q <seT #| H sT.
@yTq|{, J$+ | eV+ eTw eTV|sTw&> es&eTH
J$<s Cq+qT+ q& <X+ >V++~. .X 8 qT+ 12 Xu\
eT< \+ >+>T\, #\\+ <s |< >< s|+, \s|+
e]+# >=| |jT\T ]>sTT. nTe+{ nTqksTT esD>
>eTsX sT& #&e\de+T+~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
164
eT] |P]~>+seT]. nsTTH, no\ dT]+#<T . ET +>s\T>

#TT ]+~. |<#e\T. H\T $k]\T. n$ ,
<s~>+sKMT< <w|{qT+{sTT.|<\=d\qT+ sTeT+<VdsK
|+N|+#qT> yT]dbTq~. yTT+ eT] |<+ MT< *e+~.
jTq yq>Z eTVe+ re|dT >TsT> e+~. |qT+ beTT,
\ <H={ |qy#T jTq #T, #T\#T n\TeHsTT.
yTT+ |eT jsZu+eT, +qT+& $eTT#+~ L& +
| |eT H n+{|TeqT> e+~.
n&Tq+d|P yTyT <T, |\\ T L& @< eTVjTyTq < <H #dq
d+c qjsT. y , #&e\dq < <H #dq, |. H
d\+ >T]+ #|+~ sy\keTjT>sT. n+<T, n&qT+# jTq bH #d
Dq H \T>TTq nqTuq+{ bHH eT]+#kqT.
XeDu>= Cq eT<V uq+ #X+. b\|
d++{ +{, H\MT< |\T yd, e m<T |\T |{ y&y & nq+
e&+ #sT. nq+ q>H V;&T jT\T<s+.
2
V;&T y |{ eT<V+ eT&T <{+~. n& y yT+ #dq bsbT
es+<T. V;&T esZeT<+ >+d| #d y[bjT |<X+<T,
n~ mH sE\ s &, e=d H\\ s &, #d >&| e \dq |<X + .
n<MT k< + <, d+ sCH , ds<jT + qT+N dsde TjT+ <
#&e\dq k+<s +.
bNqd \T, #]d \T, <d \T #&\q~ eTqTw\+<]
q +& dVyTq + nqT+{qT. eT eTTK+>, #] d\T
#&eT+f, H& V+. nTe+{# HL, H eTT+<T u MT<
ed+bsTTq |Pseqe\ eT< d+y<yT < sT>T+T+~ nqT+{qT.
y n&T>TC&* b\T+ b+ d+#]dTq|&T @yy d+<X\T
$|dTqT+T+~.
|Psy\T #~$q|&T *> q+<+H bNqd\T #d+f *>
q+<+ L&. @<H K q+ #dTq |&T <<s eTq sT&
e+ |]#jTeTe +T+~. ueT ^jT&+ yq +& sT&
JedTsD <qT+ | T +T+~. eTq+ ueT #dTq|&T
165
HqT ]q <sT\T
JedTsD
, n_e eTq* T +{sTT. ~> & eTw qT
J$+ Hq, q J$+ qT Te+{ nqTu b+<q eTq #| H &T
n eTq dT]d+T+~. n& qD\ >TsT> Kq+ \&
< mesT #dTH yq T L& y]y] qD \ >T]+ \#TH #dT + ~.
bNqd eTq *> nqTu nTe+{<q qT+{qT.
eTs=e L& #| e#T. dw eqe& J$\+ # |]$T+
J$\+H, s+ H, < =s\bT $\d*q sjTT>+H
eTq+ #|
> * > ~ # d\+. <H \+ & # #<s +& +&~ eT
n\+. d\ neXwy T # me. qTe |jT eT+ yTT<\T|&
< |P]#d H , #jT b sTTH <H @ d\neXw+ \+ & T
*H, =~ qy <s+> sT y s+ y m+ d]b +<TsT.
nTe+{ |jT b e\+ <q +~q s|s eyT L&T q
J$ | yT q nse T +&<T , s< jTyTq @ k+<s eT +&<T .
| &T <sdeTT<+> |\e& eT&TH\T>T Xu\bT jTd\
#esT\ s<> |s=+~q b++ H&| &T b&T& ;&T. V;&T
n+fH b&T|& >eTeT nse T. | &T }sT sjT s< be#T.
k+d +> kVs+>, eseqJ$+ }sT sVdTq b
XSqeT L& #| e#T. usrjT \keC e+ V;&T
XXs<. H J$+ Hq+eTT+<T>, sT y> nTe+{ \
yuy eTs& #&<T.
V;&T <y\jT+ | qTq { shLT\T 9e X_ $+#sT.
q>s 12e X+ $we sq T&T ]+#&T. .X. 1121 $we sq T&
dH| TeT\T&H y &T {+ m<TqTq jTdX s <y\jTsD+
yTT<\T|{&T. 105 d+es\ ]seTsDseT+ sTy L&
<y\jT+ nd+|Ps+ >H $T*bsTT+< #bsT . <y\jT sD+ |P]+&H
e*|P sY >Ts\<+&T 1311 <sde TT<+MT~ $sT#T|&+ ~. =~sE\T
L& >&e+&H eTVeT<;H T> dH\T .X. 1326 eTs=k]
q>s+ MT~ $sT#T|& q>s, < d+|< , < yu y |P]> =\>={sTT.
nsTT, q>s+ q #d q| &T, |H ed , ;&T|&
q>s q|H \ d++<+ +& <y\jT+ n{H \&+~.
<y\jT+ nd+|Ps+ n+f VQX eT]= sD, eT]= nsse
y&e qMsu <T&T
166
|P]+&H bjjT ns+ #dT e#T. \|s+ > <y\j

nd+|Ps+ nq+.
e=d >=| y, >=| @< nd+|Ps eTq
dT]+# +& +&<T . n+ sds e TyTq u> e w H m+ |eTT+<,
m+ =s +TsT #d nd+|Ps q T C>+
#dT + <y . < eTq <y\jT+ m<T \Tq| &T dT]+#~ nd+|Ps +
\ u eq , nXX + \ u eH H y . V ; & T
jTdXs<y\j HH= ~\+>H, bNqneXw+>H < #]
b<q sD+>H eyT #& b jqT.
<y\jT+ q s mes n& |w+qT> =>, m+
d]e +> H |++~. n+<T jTdX s <y\jT \eTT+<T
\Tq| &T eTq *> ~ XX + >T]+q VMTjTq H # \+>
n|++~.
H e TT+<Tq~ s& e T|+#< T H. < e V eTsY
L& nH&T. usrjT \+ >T]+ jTq sdTq HT <s+> Cd|t
+|tu y\Te]+q < sY |t +&jT H dj (1960) jT{ sk&T:
(jTdX s <y\jT) \T\ |u sD |D[, sD
esy deTL]+~. yTT+ sD y\T>T&\ sdseTU\=
s+>d* > neT]|{+ ~. + #b\+f, n& s +H,
<++H r]~<s #| e#T. d\ sD+ MT< n\+syu y < |# s TT
nsTT+~... yTT+ deTT<jTeT+ L& @ eTVeq$ dy j sT#dq
eC\u]D> +~. n sb+~+#& ssTT ++ <T.
mesH e\+ ssTT >T]+# +H <$T ssTT? n Xsb+&
+&sT
n& \T\T s L sT d+^ dw+ #s L& nH*. > @&$T~

Xu\T> X+ +<, |jTe T< *\> q dsd T
&Tq , d+^+ nHV+> $|d H e +~. n& y[ < eTT+<T \Tq
| d+<s & <y\jT+ |+#&+ , d+^+> $|d +<
L& H dT]++~.
167
HqT ]q <sT\T
VQX e*| sY d \, eTVeT<;H T> dbsTT\ L& d+^+

$|+ +&e#T. n+<TH <y\jT <+dyT |<qy|+> |]q
dT\jTdq\T <y\j eTTT+& e~ksTT. VQX <y\jT+
nd+|P]> q+<Te, +<T <M<e\ ey&s\, ssX\
n\+s\T> |q+<Te L& <y\jT+ bsTT +&e#T.
<y\j ]dTq \T\ <y\jTd+|< @$T{ dw+ > \TdT. y
d+|< uV+> sTjT Hq+<+> |s|{sT. ssX,
eTDeD =\>=Te\d+<| , #T \ CT\T +|+.
{+{ mH #q\, V;&T <y\jT+ #T |y& n
@~ eTT+<T #&, @~ yq# &, @~ =+<s> #&, @~ <q+>
#& \TdT |sT >T\T |&TT+&>H b<Ty *be&+ yTT<+ ~.
H V;&T >T]+N mes d]>Z m+<T #| < n|++~. &
se\d+~ <, d#YT, | e +&>* q+\+ &
+&by\|++~. jTs|t sT dT|d< T & q s +u+{ +q E$wt
u& yTT<{k ] #dq|&T eTs= dT|d< sT&T yH> q#
+ s=f |{ ueTq{ s +&Tys\ bT #d neX$Tkq+f q q
J$+ |< \+ >+ #jT & d<e TH&T. V;&T >T]+ HqT L&
e #| >\qT. m+<s eTVsT\T mH s\bT #dq k<q ~.
d+<s &T J$\+ B |P]> q nqTue + #T e&+ nk< +.
V;&T qT+ u\sT yyT , V;&T #dq sT y H eT]=H
bT +MT #&q |++~. +B #&L &< |++~. V;&T k+<s +
=Hb T #d +&e\d+<sTT k+<s #dqsT y eT]=Hb T
< e\+ <k, HeTsk +&*+<.
u\sT y
|{ dsT&T nd$ T+#&T. ms{ d+< y\T>T |D
eT+
n\eTT+~. V;&T b*d u\sT # |< }sT. <y\jT+ ~\+
<T. n~|{ d+<s H\jT+> eyT , <y\jT+>L& =qk>T+~.
<y\jT+ |\ |eT\T, n\+sD
, |* | | , qw\T +> n<T+ >
HsTT.
V;&T yTT<\T|{q\+H $wesqT&T .X. 1116 #qXe
\j ]+#&T. neTs* q> |sT b+~q H#] B dws.
<<| X\+bT =qkq sD+. <y\jT k+<s #dTq +d|P
y&e qMsu <T&T
168
\\| \T # HsT, eTqysT dw n+<\T HsT nq $e |<| <

dT]d +~.
n~ d+U\ <w V;&T \jT uVk+<s b<q$Td
u\sT <y\jT+ |* k+<s b<q$T+~. { #]sT\ <w
jTd\ \yu y u\sT |sw.
H rsT ys $<+ > +~. m+<T+f, E$wt u& + >T]+ |se d
yH > q eTT&{ sX&T:
(s+u+{ +q) < d+& + |]|Psy T + ~, m+ dV+>
dT]dTq ~, nq+ dV qTu y*$ sTdTq eT~. #&T, s +u+{ <
# dV +>, q<TqT> +#&T. nsTT, n+<T L&, n&T
q >fZ , n&| & #df, | , m+ | | , nq+$X+ s \T
##&+ b <T . , & eTTK ^dTq |{> dV
<>sZ > +&e\dq neds+ b e&+, qT <]dTq < <s ksTT
rdTb>\ d# +&+, $> es neX+ +&+, +,
s +u+{ # Wq k~+#>* >&T. n+f, dw s >*>&qe.
nB, E$wtu& + eTq+ s +u+{ #&e\dq |< . &
m ns+ #dT +{&T? m+ <d q, m+ |>&qTu .
$+, nB, eTq$T& >T]+#*q e. sT&T ^dq s +&T \

>T]+ e{&T yH > + >=| K q+>, eTs={ e
n+<T+<H&T. jTdX s <y\jT+ H s # q e+> n|++~.
n& H m<T >#]+q | , | e+|P, | \, |
|+ |<+<+ >, seTDjTded+> mHsTTH # #<s
|< b<+> |++~. e\T |<+ yqT |<+ #] |< ]+qf n&
\T\T ssTTMT< ssTT|] ]+#sT.
u\sT q~ |]|Ps \yT, d+<V + <T , n~ s +u+{ +q
d+& +> |]|Ps \+ eyT . V;&T e+. u\sT
qw # me. & * H| D< |< b. V;&T q d< 'd+<q
(k+f{), ks +, dV k+<s + u\sT |+#<T . nsTTHL&,
u\sT L& eyTq qqT |+#\ #d, e], HqT V;&T
eTqT#]+{ eeTsTT, u\sT edT#]+{<+ {qT.
kjT+\+ #qXe k$T >s > T & e <e& Vs #|+#sT.
Vs eTTdq sT y Hy < deTjT+ <e&eTT+<T s bsT. s edbsTTq
169
HqT ]q <sT\T
|Teg+. H Jseg+ \>s+ \dbsTTq eTVkeC\

qy\|++~.
#qXeeT] , sC\ nryTq k+<s+, yue+
n\ssTH H&T. qbT, q #T \T# , dw n+<\T q
sT\ L& neTs |k~dTH &T.
u\sTqT+ VdH MT<T> yTdsT |jD+. yTdsT s d.
eTsTd{s E <ds y yTd sT sue q+ #&\ |\\ T $Ss T THsT.
3
<ds y yTdsT y*b+~. }s+ $<TBb\T. s e
nw+ MT< d <=]+~. b<TH e>H eTT+<T yTeTT #eTT+&X ]
< y \j y + . n & q T+ H s T > y T d s T sbk< y + .
sbk<eT+ d+<s\ &T+~. sueq+ eT+~s\,
| n+dT \ , <ssTV\ n *jT]>+. >&\MT< K H\T, qw\T,
n\+sD\T.
V;&T #dqsT y yTd sT sue q+ # es+ n_sT
#+~q sD+> >#]++~. \H| D+ q+bsTT+~ ds , k+<s <w
L& |P]> D
+ bsTTq jTT>+, e\+ d+|< |<] +#Te&+ | , eTsMT
# #+~q > >#]++<~. n&e+ =\>=T=q
f, #+<q| \| | n& #| <>Z<MT |+#<T.
eT<V+ uq+ |P]#j
T >H }{ u |{+. \sT\ >T]+ mH>
+Tq \. yTeTT +&| s ]sTbs dT |y +#|{ kjT+\eTe+~.
Xs\| n&e qe# kjT+\| X+, #T yT #T\
*+#T+TqT> #*. n&e\ MT+ |jT MT<T> kjT+d+<s.
n&$ eT+<\TeT+<\T> S , <T| \ |+#sTT. = |sT >T\T rdTH sTT.
= <q+> | HeTsTydTHsTT. s&T bsdT sD\T. {
s+&T @qT>T\T L& >=\TdT\ +~+ q&sTT. n& bsdT <>T\T
y]dTH $q+& b{\T rdTy\ ds< |&+.
n&qT+ n&$ >s + |j D+. |\ n& & HeT |dT H sTT.
u> b<Tb j yT+ >T&\sT nH# >+. \sT\T, |&e T{q TeT\
*d #~. n&qT+ sTqTeT\T, |eTqTeT\T *db+& \]
y&e qMsu <T&T
170
|s XD yTT<\eT+~. >T&\sT { >+. |q nH | {\T m,

+|<sT+ HeT~>k>T eT\T|\T sT>T e +& |j D++~.
\T> |&T Tq eT+#T eT< jT*|d t |]eT\T eTeT* #TTeTT>H yT+
\] |y +#eT nsy T + ~.
H &=+& dV <sTT, $TT&T sC+<|k< }{ d+u+ yTHsY>
|#dTH&T. s n& ed+ ed d<+ #d m<TsT#dTH&T. yT+
y> H kH yS, |q y&y & Vs+ d<+ #X&T. yT+ nq+
s }{ m +T+< #<eT s&TM T< q&#T + e#+. s+
es+ |&+ ~. n+<T M<T \ Ts<> , eTT]>Z HsTT. sE\ s & yq
&T d+ & } m +{j HqT b&sT eTq+ #XqT. }{ L& nH
&d b sTTq eg+> +~. &d b sTT H#T|{q M T+, d+<T+ s y T q
eTTydq.
}{ @+ #&* n yT+ n&> | H $TT&T k<sD+> }{ eq
y+ & & @y { #d +{sT. =+eT+~ j * #&
LqsT< y + {sT. HqT s | MT | yT q d\ + #|+#\qT
+THqT. }{ n+<+ MT n& |dT + ~ nH&T.
}{ #<eTT m +T+< #<eT \\T>+ <bj+. b<TH
eTeT* n&T s s> j seeTH&T. ed+ |<e Tw ek& , jTq
eTeT* rdTy& qT L& eTeT* n& \Tkq #| H $TT&T u+
y[bj&T.
yT+ j sjT |{ ed+ bq| n jTq e m<TsT #dH &T.
jTq eTeT* }{ qT+ eT+psT nH }] y| rdTy&T . yT+ y q <]
b&T>TH n| & yTT\TTq { yTT\ uJ, sT, ;TsT e+{
Ls>jT\ #\ +&q |# b\T.
=+< s+ eTT+<Tb>H n& $TH&T ]qd+ e TXK y ]q
|]X<H +<+ |++~. yT+ |]X<H +<+ n&T>T|>H HqT n+
bNq eqe\T eddT q n+ bNqu MT< d+#]dTH q \TdTHqT.
HqT mq& $q &\T ed+#~ &q >Ts=+~. |]X<H +<+
|#dT q < HqT &\ >eT+ @<H #&\+f m> n n&>qT.
n&T u{ >sH <>Zs & | +<, < #&e# #b&T.
171
HqT ]q <sT\T
e d+ jT |<eTw m<TsT#d+&&+ yT+ n& nf d|

+& +& e#X+. n&qT+ bq| eTeT* dTesT b, eTT| MTs
<syT rdTy&T. <] b&T>TH yT+ |jDdTq+ yTs+ #
qjTqeTHVs+> +~. sV <] s +&T q<T\T. < ne+ q~
n+{s, s +&e< meTs q~ n+{s jTq #bsT.
q<T\eT< qT+ <seT eTT+<T k>TT+f n $ks+ >
|s# T q =+&y\T\T. =+&\MT< d\sYz #T. n& & <bTqTq
|\ T. #T n| &| & m<T>TTq { \T, $ks+ > Ls>jT\ #\T. |q
|s#Tq q\ yT|\T. <] b&T>TH n{ =HbT |jD+ #d
+&=#|++~.
eTeT* bq| sV <]MT+ |* rdTy[ # b&T. n&
ed+ +{~ d<+ > +~. n&qT+ yT+ yu jT#T < s&T
u>T+&< { yT+ MT< y\ #b&jTq. dq sT<]q n&$eT<
+ VAqeTjTT =+<s+ bsTTq sTy eeTT+<= jT
| e TsTT+~. jT de #dqT+& ]ksY. ]ksY |sT &d .
*{ msY kd{ nH jeq+ s| q $jT|uT nH q&>T &T ]+q
$Vs +<eT~. n& sD\T |P]> s|jT |< @ ds+&TH eyT
qe#T> HsTT. yT+ ]ksY n&T>T|>H eTs< <X+ n&T>T|{
q|++~.
# ]+q ed>V\T # n+<+>, m+ n_sT L&T
HsTT. >&\MT< n+<yT q K H\THsTT. { * dq |\ |T|s < \T
y&TTHsTT. |s< \ s |s |\MT<qT+ #d ne+ q~ |k+~. q~
#T \sT\T. \sT\MT< q\ eTT\T. eTT\T eTqTeTT
#dTe& qB\T n<+ > neT]qTHsTT. ]ksY bXd+^+
eT+<+> $|k+~. \\MT< |e sYyE n| & neT]q |P\T, |P\=eT\T
> , C> HsTT. $jT|uT mes +>H yesDq+
nd|+> r]~<&T.
yT+ =+&y\T n ]>+. n& uT\ <>sZ , +< <>sZ
b{\T rdTH+. ]ksY >X\, >Ts| X\ L& HsTT. >X
|w> , \+> q e\, >=s\T. >Ts| X yT\TC >Ts\THsTT. |\\ T
>Ts\ ds< |&T THs #d y =~d| >Ts| k] L& #sTT+#sT.
y&e qMsu <T&T
172
eT<VuqdeTj H $TT&T L& e #s&T. yT+ uq+ #d

eT =~d| #T +& n&e ]>+. n& & f +> d+ eq
jTTerjTTe\T |+#sT. n&$ |\ +s\T, +&+& n&$>=s\
nsT|\T $q&THsTT. eT< {s +&TksT sT\T ]dbsTT+~. <]
b&T>TH \>TTsM T+ |&T Tq {uT, n& & s*q |s \T.
yT+ s s> eT }{ u|{+. H $TT& |sTMT< sE n&
e \_+q < +, ny T q yesD+, #\< q | ds #\+
bf >TsT+ &bjT|++~. yT+ =+<s =+<s> jT\T<s& sD+ }{
<=&u nH b++ #&\. n~ \sTH n{H mq |<X+.
deTT<eT{ dTesT m$T~y\ n&T>T\ mTq Tq b++ ds<jT +,
dsde TjT+ #d rse\dqe H $TT&T f #| H &T.
yT+ m+ =+<s =+<s> |j D+H <=&u
y eT\T| ]>|{
#b dt eTdXsT. H <=&u #&\ | yT q V\yTMT <T . b&sT
y<=+&eTb<\H n+<yT q b++ m&T+T+~ qT? H $TT&T
e b++ #|+#\ f $Ss T TH&T. n&T #b dt <>T*
@+ejT #X& e +& |* nqTeT+#sT.
n+ w| & y[q +<T |s Ks+ eTeT* sTV|s# < T . n&qT+
+>H qT#|yTs+ b>, eT+#T, ds+. b>eT+#T eT<
H]+s+>T d+< + ~>+eT+ |s# T =+~. yT| \s\ eT< qT+ +&
+& ds+ |d n<XeTe +~. +>H n<= U\. eTHVs$Hd+.
qT\|+&T>.
4
eTs&Tb<TH q|{qT+N H TV\eT+ &, y >e m| &| &T
#kqq<. yT+ j sjT |{ =+ \dyT+ ~. HsT > u{>sH
#sT H+. }{ y[q | d+<s & | d]> #d d\ +. |{ mH
@> mH de eTq+ #d edTq d\ +. n& #, yTT\, |P\T
qHMT n~+ > ]+#< T . HqT q& yTT<{e TwH & & >eT+ m&
n n&>qT. yTT H <=]q d#q* { =+ n <]| @yT H +
eTeT+< nH &| n&T>T|{qT.
&\>T]+ HqT yTT<{k ] nesY |$T{y Hf+ |s dt (1934) nH
|d + #~yqT. CsY |sY eTs nH eqeXgy, ||+ #+ + eTq
173
HqT ]q <sT\T
eT< eddT q , 18 ~eTCT\ >T]+ |d + sd n+<T &\>T]+

L& sX&T.
jTq |d + sd|{ &\T 800 eT+~ eyT HsT.
]qk+d +<+y |#T]+q bsks~ s#q < & |t <
\] &d (2008) nH |d + &\T 1648 eT+~ HsT n +~. n+f
> @&T <Xu\ \+ &Hu e\+ s{+| eyT >*+~.
n|Pseqe deTT<jT+ n+]+be+ <T nH~ d+w+#<> Z $wjT yT
nsTTH, MsT nw+ MT< m<T<TTHsT n L& qd+K eTq
$e]k+~.
&\T <D
us< X + H <T, yTT+ <D
dj H | yT q C.
y n& m| &T e#sT, m e#sT, y C eT\yT<q~ |{ dw+ >
*jT<T . y ~jT qT>, &sTT&T> , seTqT>, dTyT]jTqT>, jT<T\T>
b\& #dq |jT \ w\ yTb jsTT. @ bNq\+H @ deTT<\H
<T y |s\MT< #] ds|&s \Tk+~, ysT @ K+&
#+~qys, @ deTT<* <{ n& |j D+e#s me] n+T| < T .
&\T >T]+ yTTyT T<{ |keq jTd\ #e] $we sq T&T ysTT+q
Xdq+ |k+~. sTy 1602 bsT^dT jr&T y
>T]+ e{&&T. n|{qT+ 1812< eT y >T]+ m& mes
|k$+#<T. 1812qT+ e+ yMT< $ksyTq |]X<q\|s+|s
=qk+B, =qk>T+~. |]X<q \{q #| <>~Z e+ +_&
#+~q eqeXgy &T .V#Y.sY.]esY (1846`1922) y\Te]+q |]X<q
< &dt (1906).
&\Te{& uw <$&u w. uw y n<Ty T q b\T T HsT.
m+._. myTHe nH ucXgy y b* d]+ &k+> (1971) nH
|] |d s |+> y\Te]+ >=| de #X&T.
&\>T]+N, y] |X b\ d+d >T]+N, y] qe# VQus +
>T]+N |{ mH <\ T, m+ kV+. | &T H m<T q eTeT+<
>eT+ HqT #dq mH ]q>e> d>+ >+ , d>+ u$ wT \&
+~. n& y| y] <y\jT+,|Xe\=+, eTs=y| |uT+ {+
q dyT +T . yT+ HsT > n&T>T|{q yTT<{ +{H &eTVqT
\TdTH+. yT |sT dH. yT u{ >sH <> |#d + ~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
174
yT =&T qfwt |<es> #<TeH&T. LTsT J dH +sY

#<T e+~. |[ L& nsTT+~. yT us _.mdt.mH.m |#dT H &T. eT
eT+< yTT+ 22 T+u\THjT, 198 eT+~ Hu n, n+ <<|>
ss \ eT <TsTHs yT #| +~. qT m+usTT& D
b+<q
#| +~. qT {q ss \ ek\T #|++~. eTTK+> ||+ #|d~ #+~q
& X\Te\T #|++~. y{ u{ >sH & V{ <>sZ neTTs
L& #| +~.
HqT |d &\>T]+ #~$qy{ >T]+ yT n&>qT. H |X *
$ yT $T+ nqTe~+ n&T>TT+f yT eNs $T+ y{
yT\T #| & |jT ++~.
yT #| q< |s+ &eed #e]bsTT+~. X#X#\
d++~+q b\| #s\T e+ nH HsTT. s* |P+#&+ ,
y{ b\T | & + + eT>|P CsT #dT H s, eT |{ n& n&T>T|f
ns < #| +~. ]<s T jTTe\T eeT\T H>] jTTeH MTk\,
>&\ ] +#T q&sT >, q&ejTdT |sTw\, d\ b\| &H
|+#sT.
yT+ & >eT+ <y\jT+ <>sZ y+. n~ b\| &>T&d.
ns# + <s| | +< s>&\ sD+. <eTT+<T # \T| eTde+~.
|\ &<e\THsT.
y] |sD\ |s+ \sT\+{ &|P\ \T d+#]dT+ {sTT.
y n<Xsb, n<XeTVc\qT yT|+, n<Xs\T |T+
n& J$dTHsT. &\ <e+<]q sD n #|<>Z y
<X<X* Xdd y sd n& *+~.
&, s dw+ +~ yT <T. yT +& |~. |~ esT&T,
k<sT &T zH. | <e\ |]b*+# u< n~. n& &,
s dw+ #&T. | <e\ |$>||+ #+ qT+ n&T 1600 s* u MT<
*|{&T.
> <\{ b++ u MT< n&T>T|&TTq|&T, n+<T e]
s |
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>&e +&H e+<eT+~ &\T j sj s y] dw < #b+~.
175
HqT ]q <sT\T
& |{ q d+, q yd+ H q |Xe\d+, q

| <e\d+ me J$dTH & #b*. $<+ > n&T y< \| eqe&
# <>sZ . n& b n~+ | <e\d+sq . q +& \T#T+
& b&q b (< & k+>, |. 129`130) #&+&:
HH, qTe # >=|eTw$
s +& +&$, | &
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qTy<H|#d $\T m|{q T+&~
qTe e{& <dTqT+&~....
qTy= eTw VMT> \u{e
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eTTb<\T yTT\TdTq >X\* u>T#ke
L*bTq ={* #T \u{e
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b+<q kyT >, n<s y<e T++> $|dT q b H H

+& >TsT# j
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y #| +#Ty\ H+>H n|++~. dH n& q b\T
se, e<Ts q q * n&>e T #| +~.
eTTdyTqT n&>&yT &e, yT eTTK+ y*bsTT+~. HqT mH
]q>e mHksT #dqf, & b*+ eTTd*yH n+{|T HsTT.
n& #dqf & L& bb&eTq>H eTTdyT eTTK+ |&T #T<q+
| y T + ~. yT k]> s>eT+<T+~. Hss m\T>b&+~.
b @$T{, e$T{ H+e+ *jTbsTTH, ueyT<
H #dV+> *d+<q, H q|&T e } ed+\| sT
]qd\ T b&Tqb+{<q n|++~. VQX, n<<H c<jT ^+L&
nsTT+&e#T. VQX, b bf (< & k+>, |. 587`588) nsTT
+&e#T:
|$ d \d+ y\T>T |sT #T+Tq~
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M T< y\T>T |sT #T+Tq~
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&|\ qT+ N{ s* bTq~
eT+#T=+&\MT< y\T>T|sT #T+Tq~
&eT+<\qT+ N{ s* bTq~
|$d \MT< y\T>T|sT #T+Tq~
<e\<]d N{ s* bTq~..
}jT\ _&y T + @&TdTq ~
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177
HqT ]q <sT\T
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b\&e e+ |TH&T
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&\+<s Bb\T y*dTH sT..
yT+ u{ >sH & V{ <>sZ =~ d| >&b +. n&= &X\Te
=qTHqT. nDT+ eT|D+ e#+. }{ |DeT+ nd+U
qyk\q, d+<s \q sT>Z, eTT]>Z +~.+ }{ #&e\d+<MT
< |++~. ] u+>TSsT.
<]b&T>TH |j DdT q +d|P H+ &>eT+H Hq|d
e+~. H+<T \sT>Te+~. H+ & |<e\ eT<q, y]
n<X|X c\ eT<H d+#]dTHHy @< y>T>L& n|de+~. ]
+{ e#k # sE\ sTy y>TqT+ sT $ sXqT:
HH=|&T \sT sE >&bqT
|# ~>++MTeT+#T |P
#T jT*|dt Ww<dT>+<+, u\+
#T NeT> }{+& eTqTw\T
n&, ]kqTe\MT< |sqeqe
deTT<jT+, &\T, ||+ #
k>s s{\& =TbTq
=jT<T+>> Hyd+
qeTqTw\+ k+<sHwD
#ss&, m& #&T: @< +{,
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178
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nsTTH+ , b&T+TH]+, eT
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+ + H\ #sT e> +~
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HqT ]q <sT\T
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eT< |<X >e\ eT< qT+ $~X y sV <]MT< k+
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y&e qMsu <T&T
180
b<T{|P =$T~>+\ m+&. + e|Ted| eT+#T ~>+\T

&T dH HsTT. yT+ y q <] # yT\ TssTT MT< ssK nsd
+~. HqT ssKqT <TTHq *jT>H H< $yTq nqTu
*+~. HqT +& |eT #| ~ }V s KMT< = D
\T HqT.
k+ eT<|<X ssTTdH q eeT\T>eT+. }
n&T>T|{q| &T L& @ $w d+y<q\ \>e. @< eeT\T
>eT+ n&T>T|&TTqf n|dT + ~. k+d| + n& <>sZ q =+&MT<
+< *dq| &T =~> XseT|++~. Hq+< #dq u<#\T
neTse, H>sTq =+&, |T +X\ e+{$ H\MT<H ]+q # \T. ~
=+&MT~ # eTq>H d *+~.
HeT~> sT =+& eT\T|\T sT>T | T+&> n| &| & >T
s+>T\T bdT+Tq e|T ed| n&$ eT< =+& k]++~. #T
|# \|+ b\T, H\, + \>*d {s+ >T\ |P H
eTT+<T | e TsTT+~. H *jT+&H H @< |X+u eq <sTT+#&+
yTT<\sTT+~.
sT b]+> |dt | &esT =~> <>Zs |dTq # #|d
n~> n< k+ nH&T.b<T
|~>+\ m+& y\TTsT H eTT+<T d| +
| + >H H #| $eX + *+~. HqT |sT >T|sT >Tq b+>D+
<>]Z bsTT HqT. H eTT+<T <qeT] nsTTq T<T& T | e TsTTqf
+~.
eTq+ |]yTq <qT<|eT @< $XweTT+~. T<eT]
#dTq | &T eTq @< ns#jTueq yT+T+~. ueq mTe+{<
dT|d< sH M+<T&T ] e H yTT<{k]> u<|&+~. T<T&T nH
|] ] sdq $ << T< \++{~. $ us #dq
nqTy<+ = y\T H eTqdT esTy>sTT.
n&< $+TqT d+|Ps X+.
<s+> eTq+ >> $|+#<T eTq+...
n&T Xw+ . eTq+ n y\ \T#Tq~
n&T q>\+<T\? @ eTedse T n~
eTq+ ny\ |D$T*H n&T `
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181
HqT ]q <sT\T
T< |eTH k+d| + L& @< nH~, XX d+<X $+TqT>,

d+<X <dTq T> n&= n|PsyTq X+, |X+ H\= HsTT.
HqT d| + m<T bsTT sTsD+ <>sZ \&>H \ u> T<e T]
H q&+~. H $>V + n|]|Ps+ > |+#< T . VQX yTT+
k+ d| e T+ eT] qw sdT |ejT+> uddT q <y n|++~.
<<| eT&Te+<\ n&T>T\ mTq =+&MT< ]+q d|+
us< X + u<d b \{q L& n+dT s + > \& sD+. \+
& # #<s T<y+> sD+ L& eTq |dT+~. .|P.
3e X+ qT+ .X. 10e X+ < <<| 1300 @b T d| +
m+<s u<_e\, u<eT_eqT\, u<k+|T\ XjT+> \&T
e+~.
XsyT$T+f T<T& J$+ @ |eTTKd+|T q{ k+ d++<+
<T . T<T& T q J$\+ & n&T>T |< T . @&e X+ us< X
|s {+q NHj&T EyH C+> us< X + qT#dq | u<d \ +
>T]+ m+ d$es+> qy<T#dq |{ k+ >T]+ d+ y+ L&
|k$+#< T . nsTTH L&, T k+ #] \&+~.
k+ >T]+ eTq \TdTq yTT<{ |keq d+Vu< >+<q
eTVe+X+, B|e+X+ \ <s \Tk+~. n$ #|< { nX&T eTs#e]
eTT+<T sTT s|~> |]b\q kdTq | &T |{ $~X #+~q
es& esqT |[ #dTH&T. yT |sT <$. @ sTy n& esT&T
eTV+<T&T $~X q eTVsD <$ #&& y[q | &T yT $~X] <>sZ
qT ]+q u<se nD rdTy[ #|+qT> >+<\T
|k$dTHsTT.
VQX nX&T dT | P s+ 3e X+ $~X qT+& sTT y
| &,
sTT qT+& $~X y
| & n&$ =+& #d +{&T. |*
|u~+#>\ y\T m& @ =+&MT< sd q\T>Ts #<Tes nX&
*dqT> <X+ eTse] *jT<T. VQX nX& #|H <w
+~. n+<TH yTT<{k ] n& =+& #dq| &T n& =+&MT<
u<d | + L& q& +&*. q n+s+ >+ <]+q db q
<Xe T+ #dT L& n&T d| sD+ #|{ &T .
y&e qMsu <T&T
182
nsTT k+ eTskeyu y L& <{ +~. eTske+

|q eTj =~\+ +~ |&| { sT y eq X+>e+X| \+
sD+ eT]+ $X\yT+ ~. \+ nX&T ]+q db |<~ #jT +,
#T |> &, yTT, V] ]+#&+ ]+~.
k] db eT]+ dT+<s+ > r]~< | XyVqT\ e+sTT+~.
y \+H H&T eTq+ #dTq sD\T sDeTjsTT. eT< =H
eb+ |]b*+q | \ \+ k+ sD\T bsTTq|{,
| * z&+ >T|\ T n~s+ s>H eTs= $ds + >+ yTT<\sTT+~.
>T|\ T |<m Tq eT<T sqT+ u< * j sT#sTT+ k+ s* +#sT.
HeT~> k+ L& keTT< L&q \ s|~<Te&+
yTT<\sTT+~. VADT\T <+&j #dT q sE jTX<s T &T $TVs \TD
z&+#&+ k+ dTs + > \&+~. ] eT VsT& \+ k+ eTs=k]
yu e + #$#d+~.
k+ m|{qT+ sq +> e]+< dw+ > *jT<T. 13e X| sy
#+~q sDM & |+#&+ <T . &qT+& u<_ e\T HeT~>
s*bjsT. n+<T dw+> #|>\ sDM e. ] eT 1818
d+ &j +| #+~q qs f\sY ~* qT>=H< k+ us# ]
$d |<+.
1822 ub q ndd+ { b*{ @C+{ |H CHdH yTT<{d b
VsZ + #d|{ k+ eT q |Pss|+ #|+#&+ yTT<\sTT+~. nsTT
k+ | &Tq s|+ eTq+ #&& s q y n\>+&sY +>V yT,
|H m|.t . yT d, yTsY eTTK+> dsCY H es. k+ db \T dTs + >
jT|&+ bT, <TssyTq C\T L& y\T>T e#sTT. eTTK+>
nX&T k|+q d+u kMT+<sT eTT\T #d #sT>qT>T>
esTH&T!
k+d| + sD+ #T sks+> +& yT~, <#T |< D
#jT & M\T>+& yTT, <|q >TeT+> +& n+&+, |q T<T&

XsD
\qT d+# # e* |ksTT. d| + yd+ 36.6 MTsT, mT
# e* rdd 16.46 MTsT. |dT e TTq d| + |Psd| + d>+ eyT
+T+~. d| + #T ]+q sD<s\T |< q s D. $ XyVqT\
183
HqT ]q <sT\T
\+ ]+#&jT +<H #bqT. sD\ +& u<C <\ qT+,

T<T& J$+ qT+, u< eT#] qT+N + s $wj \qT+ n|s|yT q
\T b<> &sTT.
#]sT\T k+\ n+ |+> #| <>Z<MT sb+<<
\T L& eT<TsqT+ #Tqyq #bsT. n+<Te\ ksH< e+{
q u< \ b\<>Z \k+<s + & |+#&+ <+ {sT. k+
#T n&$, XeT @ssq |X+H|<+, u<_e\T Xu\bT
|]s+#Tq bsHeTjTyesD\ e\ & \T =k+<s+
yT]dbTqT> H|++~.
HqT |y& |< D +>, n|< D +> d| + #T n sT>T,
H #T Tqf eTsTD
yT C]bTq n|s|yT q |X+
mTe+{< u<|s#TH |jT+ #XqT. ~ mTe+{ J$|jT\
ks +>, d * +> \_+#>\ qT nsTT+&e#Tq +#qT. T<T&
Bsd + uwD keT+|\ dT eTH n+<yT q , #H|P]yT q d+uwD +~.
H d+uwD >Ts=+~.
| &T |q$Ts eT><#e] nCXT s>V+ q
+{yT &MT< yH * #d, + n+<yT q s, mesH $ye +T& d~
bsTT LsT+f jTq #| e\T $+f m+ u>T+T+< nqT+{&T. nTe+{
$ye +T&T mesH Hs n q eT+T* |k&T . =s =]
>T]+ #bsT . Je es# nHy&T n|{ q e$T& $&~#dq
T<T& >T]+ #b&T. n| &T nCXTe T<TD #&{ y[ jTq
d+uwD |PqT+{&T.
sE n&T T<TD n&q |X XeTDJ$|\yT$T. XeTD
J$|\ yT$T{ T<T& T n d+ mH bs\, mH <VsD\
m+ $es+> #b&T .
n~ #~$q| &T HsyT+<$T+f, XeTDJ$eT+f, T<T&T |< |<
#| q <$T+f eTw ke XD u>+> +& +&H, #qyT
eed \ ud + qT+& jT|& n< deTjT+ qL, deC L&
m+ |jqsyTq J$ J$+#e#Tq #|&+. +{MT< q
eTw +< sV<sT\MT< eTqTw\T n sT>T, edyS
y&e qMsu <T&T
184
+&& #d eTqTw\T |y dTH sT, jT{ y H sT,

M<T q&TdTHsT, H\T>Ts& L& <>Zs #sTTHsT n nqTqf
eTTe >T]+N, eTqTw\ |yX \>T]+N, weTD\>T]+ L& +#&
M\eT+<H&jTq. n&$, =+&MT< d| + <>sZ q| &T eTqTw\
qqeTsD* # eeT\T$wjT+> u$+#>\ n+s w dTHjd+>
q>&TT+< |++~.
k+d| + <>sZ d+Vu<X K #+~q s<H eT+~s+ L& +~.
n& u<k V+, T< |eT\T, ueT\T nyT c| L& +~. n& T<T&
fs |eT {, = ueT\ =HqT. $TT&T >+>s& d+ T<T&
ueT C|> rdTHqT. |H k]|, yTT>ZjTqT\ kseT+~s+ L&
+~. T<T& mH n+X\MT< e{&+ jTq H{y+ # { e\T $H
neX$Tq w\Ty. n~ #dq| &T eTV|]uDdT T<T&,
k]|T& eT< ]q d+uwD >Ts=+~.
| &T q\+< by]& e$T& T<T&T $&~ #dq| &T
k]|T&T jTqqT #&& e qeTd]+ MT> CH<jT+ nsTTq
uVDT&T , XeTDT&T >+ &T, H&T &T, u$wT &T nH&T.
n| &T T<T& T qTe + >{> #| H e. >+ q T<T\ T |+#s,
u$ wT q T<T\ T |+#s, < d+ T<TD
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n d> #~yqT.
k]|T& T nH&T<, nj H +>H u u$ wYese H\ T<T\
>T]+ \TdTH Cq+ <T . H <s s+ \TdT. <s qjTCqeTT+~.
HqT <seTTq |< <>sZ \& <sb\&+{yD.
>&+& d+<T+ @ bDT\T jT=dTHj |* bTHj HqT
#& b sTTH, eTV<s++ mesT jT{b TH, |*=dTH H
dw+ > q&TT+~ nH&T. mTe+{ de<q+!
n& =~d|{ m&qT+& u<j
\ deTT<jTyTT{ #sT +~. y
=+<sT u<_ e\T d| + >T]+ #| H sT. n&+eT+~ eTqTw\T #]q|{
n|{< HqT nqTu$ dTq |X+ @eeT u+ >+ qs<T . nd|X+
eTqTwdeTV\T, |X | <T\T u+ >|s # e H|++~. keT+|\ dT+
185
HqT ]q <sT\T
XeTDJ$+ +& $$< s\ |j H\ >T]+ #|P , T<T& =e nH&T.

eTTK+> J$+ |e*q d+uwD\ <s+> +& J$eTH&T. J$+
sE\ >T]+N, <=+>\ >T]+N, eT+T\ >T]+N, dH \>T]+N, uj
\ >T]+N,
+& >T]+N, >T&T >T]+N, ek\>T]+N, XjT \ >T]+N, Vs\ >T]+N, ns T \
>T]+N, +<T e\ >T]+N, yVH\ >T]+N, >e\>T]+N, q>s\ >T]+N, <X\
>T]+N, d\ >T]+N, HjT\ >T]+N #d nqeds d+uwD +&<H &T. <
>T]+N, B >T]+N }V>H\T +&eH&T.
+ H&T eTq+ eTq eTq skH, eTq de#s, ys |k se< e,
eTq kw H{e]+> d #dTq<$T{? sE\ >T]+N, <=+>\ >T]+N
_sejTD+ #dT + &yT <! VQX XeTDJ$|\ + m +T+< k+
dJe <VsD>, =+&MT< ]seT+> $|dT q keT+|\ dT+ >
|++~ H.
nd\T eTq+ {+{ d \ m+<T y*? {>sY # sk&T . eTq+
{+{ d \ y[q | &T eTq+ eTq |]$T CH\qT+N, d+< <\
qT+ jT|&eT, n|]$TyTq<+, >+;syTq<+, XXyTq<+
eTqeTq+ nqTd+<+#T+{eT. eTqTw\T J$ neX\d+
yT& |sT>TqT+ =~d|H |] Te+{ r]y\d+,
keT]y\ d+ |jT \T #j \H&jTq. ejTq q bH |s q
d+<s + > sdq e\T. +>H c jesq \T #~$qsT y, y{
\T>T q sTy H L& {+{ keT]y\d+ yT
yTT<\sTT+~.
k+qT+& ub sT>T|jD+ #d+&> ub <>ZsH ;yTu
>TV\THjT *d+~. m| & |< + < HH >TV\ >T]+ #~yqT. H
C| \ |* bs bsTTq |sT, y{>T ]+ #~$q| &T H s*q
V\+ eT k] jT{=#sTT. k] H eTqdT .|P. 3e X+qT+,
.X. 300e Xu |sT >T\T |{+ ~. neqT, 300e XyT .
;yT u >TV\T $+< |s H\= q >TVdeTT<jT+. deTT<eT{
<<| 2000 n&T>T\ mTq q >TV =* usrjTeqe&T ed+q
C&\THsTT. & d+ 1,00,000 @ +<H eTw J$+q qyH sTT.
n{H eTTK+ & >TV ~ eqe&T +q \THsTT. \T
d+ 30,000 @ H{$.
y&e qMsu <T&T
186
| &T $\T sd jTTee\T q>s Ls= eT |

>T]+N,
u\+ >T]+N, m&>T]+N, eekjT |eTT>T]+N sdTqf | &T
bNq\+ e\T y, [<dT e+{ysT yeksTT de+ u>+>
$+ sd eT nsDJ$ C| * $+> sXsT. | &T nsD
y<> q+ #dq y< TTw\T eqe&T >TV J$+q|{ C| * y<d
(TT><+ 1.163.3, 3.1.9, 10.46.21 n<s y<+ 11.5.10, 20.7.1 yTT<q
d\T) |+ #XsT.
|{ y~, y<+, +, <s |]uw >TV n+f n+
|$d\+, J$sVk\T >#]+# d\+. sqTsqT jT{>TV |*
V<jTVs |r> e]bsTT+~. <Ty\ @ us#] y~, u<,
Cq , ye#s <s H{ >TV\T +<\T. <s q sV k<eT kes\$.
H&T eTq y ~eCH qy> $T*q >TV\T +> m +{j,
n& eqe&T m J$+ +{& #&\+f ;yT u y*.
1870 dsTTH nMTs >TV ~eTeqe&T +q \T
jT|&
+ jTs|Ht <T, ||+ #H ~|d+~. n+< &$, s| ,
suH eyT s~d eq jTs|jT H sTD |k> e]q >TV\$.
~eTeqe&T edT|s+> eTqH yq& +&e#THy>, k++>,
\<w| s + > eTqH mH jTT>\eTT+<TH& \T ||+ # #{sTT.
nMTs >TVK H\T jT|& =~sE\ bH, | , #H L&
bNq>TVK H\T jT|&sTT. M{q | H >TVK H\T n+
bNH\T.
nsTT 1957 sTT #+~q $yT $X$<\j #+~q $.mdt.
e+sY ;yTu >TV KH* jT|&+ us<X #],
eqeuyyXD eTT| dVku\T yq ]+~. nsTT us<X+
>TVK H* yTT<{k ] 1867 s |<X #XsT. 1883 sY nH
n&T yTT<{k] usrjT >TV\MT< |]X<q y\Te]+#&T.
us< X + q >TVK H\T n mT, ;yT u >TV{
mT. n+<TH e+sY ;yT u b> Vd eqe& ds+Z > n_e]+#&T.
jTTHk ||+ # ysd d+|+> ;yT uqT >T]++~. us< X +
>se+ b+~q >TVdeTT<jT+ <=f. nsTT ||+ #+ B deq>se+
187
HqT ]q <sT\T
b+~q >TVdeTT<j\T \V] m&] TwteTH\ >TV\T, bH

bsjTT>| >TV\T e+{$ eyT . eqeyk ||+ #ysd
d+|<> >T]+#& jTTHk |~ |eD\T |T +~. n+<T ;yT u s +&T
|eD\ \&T+< jTTHk #| +~. {, & eqe& | eT<
dTBs \+> s+s <q|<q+ sT>TT+<q s|D +&+. s +&e~,
b++ |{ eddT q ~ydT\ Jeq$<H { > 300 Xu\T>
y, VsdsD
eTTKeT\ T> $d+ q ]e ed =qk>T edTq ~ nq~.
;yT u y <] b&T>TH s&T
|Xe\T. n& & ms
yTT>Z\ |dTq y<T>T#qT #&>H HH= n+ bNq usrjT+
|j DdT H q|++~. yT+ |< qsV <]qT+ ;yT u >TV\ eT L&*
<>sZ eT<Vuq+ #X+. n& eT< |<X ]+ysT ;yT u >TV\ MT<
eTT~+q kV+, s|\T HsTT. n+<T sdq =~b{ $es\
esesTeT+ #~yX+. m+ =+<s> >TV* #kH nq
H \+ *jT<T.
sT |\ n&$<seT |j Dd +f, H eT H J$+ b&T>TH
d+#]d eq n&$<sT, eTs= n&$<]H |jDdTq ueq *+~.
VQX H + ~eqe&T, >TVyd dJe+> H&qT+{qT. n&$
ydq k>H, =+&>* >\>H H bNqeqe&T d+w+> |
k&T . >TV+ d+V+ jT{=qT> H ueeqe&T jT{=k&T .
e|T ed| m+& #T n&$ n+ &<s + >T }V> +~.
&esT sT | &qT+ MTsT q& y* nH&T. +< ~>>H, HqT
$+< |s n&T>T|{qT n dT]+#>H, H#| $eX + *+~.
| &T n>dT &T s + qT+ $+< <{ <D
n&T>T|{&T .
jTq ]eT y& + d+ $+< n|{qT+& Z m<TsT#dH +~.
$+< XX+> nD#&+ d+ n>dT &T eT <]q ] y < T . VQX,
n|DT+N, qqT #sedTq | eqe&q $+< n>dTD >TsT|f
|jT + #d H +T+<qT+{qT. n+<TH |s de TT<jT+ qqT qTe
n>dT &yH ? n n&q|++~. HqT sTqe n>dT D <T, n$d #T
eyT nHH =+&\. (d+d + n>d eT+f n$d #T n L& ns+ .)
n|{qT+ dTesT H\T>T >+\bT >TV\+{ *jT]>qT.
>TVdeTT<jT+ bNq yT{b*dt > n|++~. ;yT u <<|>
y&e qMsu <T&T
188
700 >TV\ deTT<jT+. n+<T 243 >TV\ < ;yT u #TT| \ HsTT.
n$ ~eqe& ydd\T. n& >TV H{ eTqTw\T +q
K H\THsTT. n & eTw b s j T T> | \+ qT+ J$d T q
d#q\Tq|{ K H\ ejTdT s]+#&+ |{ $y<d<+>H +~.
d<o |]X< \T K H\T bsjTT>| #+~qe (.|P.
300eXu |Ps+) y~dT+ f, $<o|]X< \T y{ #]jT T> (.|P.
50e Xu sT y$) n y~dTH sT. nsTT ueT\ y&q |> +{ &bT,
ueT +q |eTTT, |eTTT j sT#jT { nedsy T q k+
|]Cq+ yTT<q k*{ \T .|P. 25,000` .|P. 5,000 eT<
#+~q$> | &T >T]dT H sT.
eT< sjTT>+ \+> |s=+{sT. eqe& #] jTT>
#+~q \ T, kV+, eT\ MT< eT< sjTT>+ |u y \+> HsTT.
usrjTkV+ MT<, eT\MT<, usrjT J$<<+ MT< eT<sjTT>
|u e+ | &| & y\T>T ek+~.
eT<sjTT>+ us<X+ <T |<q uu>\T> +&~. y<
|+#qT\ |keq s# |dT+~. |+#qT\ |keq #eT+~
nqTHT> <T \ |keq <T. ~ eT< sjTT>| usrjTJ$|
C|\qT+ qyTq ueq. us<X| sT, |&eTs, s, <D,
eT\ #+~q qJ$ d+# e n~. n|T+N, |{< L&
us< X + u>[+>, k+d +> <T u>\T> $dd q @C, @<X + ,
@d ]. |b<q >+;sy T q b|~> ;yT u >TV\T \& HsTT.
nH bNq >TV, nsTT, eTqTw\ b< + +~, < +Te\
eyT b< + +~. VQX deTd nH~\+qT+ , kV
L& |{ |&dH +~. |{ eTq <T, n<T L& nsTT
| +T+~ < eTqTw\T eyT +{sT. ;yT u >TV +q
+Te\T, eTqTw\T L& deqb< + b+<sT. e=d
KH e\+ | <T, e\+ eTw &T. |, eTw deq+> bZH
JeqT e eyT +~.
VQX d]H TT><+ L& nqTd]+ +T+<qTe#T.
TT><eqe& >T]+ sd s eT+& |D sY q y~ m|]jTH $wj H
189
HqT ]q <sT\T
|<| < $e]k&T . >, TT><eqe&T | r, eqe& bZH Te+{ T e

\+q> y d]+#&T. n~ X +<d+ d.
$+< |s ed+q bNq usrjTT&T | `eTw bZH T e
\+q> KH d]+#&T. ~ +<d+d . @yTq|{
||sTw nH~U\ #TH usrjT <sH\ $dd e#sTT.
nH~eT\k+K<sq+> ;yTu >TVdeTT<jT+ H >#]++<q&+
nX j < T . H q & d + # ] d T q + d| P > T V ~eqe\T
>T+|\T>T+|\T> sT>TTqT, +Tq, b&TTq, &TTq
}V+#THqT. +< jT ss \ eqeT>\T |T +s\, +s\
nsTd n |sT > &TTqT> n|++~.
H s+, m& |\ ~dTq 300 Xu\ +<{, n+f dTesT
1200 s\ +<{ H |Pseqe\ uy<>* H qTd T+ { |
|jT + #XqT. H{ eqe&T @$T sT +{&T? @$T \> +{&T?
eT< jTT>\ usrjT >T]+ sd #s dTo\|+Y (< &H |t
+&jT H d$*CwH , d+sY |s Y d& d t H d$*CwH , 1999, |.216-217) {
nH&T:
usrjT K H\ $w\ D yT$T+f, n$ eT jTT>d uy
n<+ |& sTT. n$ yTT+ |K+& #+~q eT& <wjT +.
y{ usrjT k+d @ + |_+_d+ T+< eTq+ #| e#T...
q bNq u neXc> eqe& H>] |j D+
yTT<{ n&T>T* >TsT #dT + ~. q <q +s s\ |j q+ d+
#]|P s eqe&T q yTT+ ||+ #q+{ & + |{&T .
eqe& n_e~ n&T +& d {, n&T J$+# { m{
|u $eTeT+< #|dT + ~. q |sedTk eTq
\u+ sVk\d+ >TVdeTT<j eTq+ ye\d
+T+~... eqe& #], deC, ]e ed , eT, T e\,
e\d\ d++~+q mH |X \ & de<q+ \u eTjT neX+
+~. nsTT, Vd| N{ D+ n&T >Tq |& |+# <*
eTq\T $|+#\+f eTq$T+ m+ eT{ ee\d+T+~, E
<T\|ed+T+~
y&e qMsu <T&T
190
] yq ed+f H eTq+s+ |PssTTq|++~. k+

|]|Pse qe& |]|Ps |CH ks VeTsTT, ;yT u >TV\T ~eTeqe&
~eT J$+ , ^w \TyT k\T> H >#]+#sTT. eqe#]
HH= |P] n<j @_q #~ykq|++~.
~ys+ +<C , 2011
191
HqT ]q <sT\T
j K\T
Dq HqT, d+ Dq , <T eqeD

qT. Dq HqT nq+T&>, qqT&>
e]bjqT.
* |eP, H{ > H # H yTT+ $T+#kjT,

H e, ne eqdeT+{ y{ |sds $TqyT
+&bjT+~. yTT+ n+{ q d yT< +~,
k+<syT< +~, kVyT< +~. n~ >&bTq
<, >&T dTq <, >&e qTq < L& d+>eT+>,
n $uC qsUL nr+> |++~.
& qT+
s\T
...u>e ~d+ eTVy| #s H eTqd+

m+ q+<+ +&bjT+<+{ m+ =+<s> MjT
n+ =+<s> d+> |+#Ty|++~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
194
nd\T u>e+T&T n<TjT\T m+<T #j*? n<TeTH~ u>e+T&

n+ nqTs>u] |eT#w nqT+{HqT. q q d+>T, eeT\T
jT, k<sDeTjTq |]+|, sEy y|` u> e +T&T y{ <s
eTq e{&qTq| &T eTVy|jTbjT.
n~ <q +~q nseT+ n+ dT+<s| c <e&] +#&+ +{~.
n< $*+ +{~, k<sD #T+uq+, |X+ d +{~, b<TH
rjTT&qT+ e# {*bH +{~.
n<T+ k+<s yT&T+<+{ n~ u> e <qT>V + MT< e]dT q <q
< n+ $wy T q |>&y T q s|D> e&+ +~. @<H n<T+
d+u$ +q| &T n~ qT V<jT | >&y T q T rdTbT+~. <e&T
H+#TH&q d+c, jTq nqT>V bTq n=~ eT+~ qTe
L& Heq q+< qTe| &T y&T #dT +{e.
2
sE q{ s bdT #kqT. bH L& #j qTHqT > m&
#jT &+? sC+ yT+ d{ djT+>H >& |k+. b<Tq yT+ TuMTHsY
y+. n&= =+& MT< Cq <yjTyTT{ #k+. eT<V+ Hwq dq Td+{sY
#k+. sT y y ]Cq n<T * @s&+ rdTbjsT. kjT++
eTeT* HsjTD eT+~s rdTysT . n~ d+<Vs y.
H| +#u& u< HMT Xs *+#< T . n+<T <y T q<<
b<T. |> HH sCeTs< sVdTHqT L&. n& |dT b<TuT#
u<T\T ~ d+<V +> yTjTq |H. HqT dTq ~ nd sCeeVs+
>T]+#. <X+ >T]+N, B #] >T]+N, H>] >T]+N, B u$ wT >T]+N
H HHH |X \T ydT +{H HqT.
nd <X# ] m| &jTH @ d+<s + HH C+> <y T q <+{
@eTH +<? uVQX nX& + q, VsT& +q, >T| +q
L& |]d T \T H +&+&y! < sy T q |&q , < sy T q e+#q,
eT { eTqTw |{ < sy T q yU ] +&+{jTy <.
q eTqTw & n+~dTq << n~ C+> dV *+#<. n+<T
C+> CsyTq<MT <T. m&&H >=| |eD @eH |d- n~
195
HqT ]q <sT\T
<qeH\T e#T, |eTTUT dXq y{\ T e#T, <eeT+~s\T e#T,

< edT |<s q X\T e#T-n{Te+{ <X H sXjT TjTq ~
eT+~, eTT] y& ed+# ~ eT+~, d{ udT |j D+# ~
eT+~, XVs n{H | n+dT ed+#ed edTq y~
{T+u >TsT# d H e HsTT.
$<]> HqT C, CrjTdyT +{ |<\T #$q |&| & m+
TDeT+&yD. C+> @ C nsTTH d$THs <s, deyX
<s, {Te+{ |s{ |<s q <s sb+<TT+<?
|s {q n HjT, +&, ed, d+sD
, u< , ds< , d{ djT+>
n HjT. C yT~? H+<T qqT HqT jTq{ n|k+~.
e>+> #d H+<T sd]+#e\d+<MT <T. & eq
|<T + L& u> $H~dTq { +~. sE HqT ;VsY qT+ eq
d+ jTTe e{&qT. yT b{T sCkH se |s XD <>sZ qT+
eq <s T _\T\T, ]k dT+<s|Y T sY n&e qT+ eq zsyH L&
|]#jT eTjsT. y |s {q eT + d+cdTq <H nHsT
Hwq dq T d+{sY #kqT. n~ eT+ |jT eT|++~. @eT+
>=|> TDjT <T . = m_{T e+ C+> ueHjT. eTTU+>
u>TZ> >T]+q e]+> y&. $u>+ yTT+ uXgd MT<
sb+~+q {edTe , |<s q +& +~. yTT+ bs + m+
d<jT+> n|++~. bs jTsT>T HqT dqT >T]+q
#q b+bjqT.
usrjT s+ dq TH $T++<< +<|dT + ~. dq T qH| &
# T D #jT <T . n+H HqT eTw |{H me $djT u] TDeq #| &+
deT+CdyTy.
H Vd H dt yT{T dqT $wj MT<H me <d |{ +&ysT.
yT+ @ dq T|s Y y[H y | m_{ yqT @ dq T deTT+< nq~
|]o*+#&+ MT< me d #|+#ysT. HHy m_{T s+>T\T, V+,
< #T{ +& eTqTwd+s+u+ MT< me d #|+#yD. us< X
n{H eTT+<T q eTqTw >T]+ \TdTy*q neds+ me+<qT+{qT,
njT <X dq T L& nedsy T qqT, <qqT. , HqqT+{qT: eT
y&e qMsu <T&T
196
#T{ +& eTqTw >T]+ +# eTqTw\T us <X me nedse T.

n{Te+{ y H & n e eT+~, nd\T +#& L&
k< +q+ nd+U |+#sT.
@ q>se TjT |C eTqTw e y\T>T, y e b+<TT+< q>s
eyT HqT @ <XjTH sC< n |e>\T>TqT. & |_ |sH*{\T
+& q>sy T | |CeTqTw\T+& q>s+ <T.
& >TqT. q>se T+ s |{ d+s+u eTTkue+~. uVQX
s |{ s |+#Te& d+>T \T #H +&e#T.
3
C sE <jT eT+ >=| nqTue +. ]|_ |s & C+> qT|+&Te.
| s eT J$+ d+ ksH #d rsedq <XeT~. n+{
n~ #&b eTq J$+ eTqyT< jTq{ e+ Hque&+ <T .
n+H <X+ #&{eT+{ eTq J$+ = d+c n+<Te&eTq&+
deTT+> +{T+~. |s& m+ Hs+CeT+{ n{Te+{ d+|<j
bs+_+q y |T q #+<TT+~.
n< >+ , ysd +, d+|<jT+ u$ wT> s| ~<T +{T+&+>
nqTue eTjT ese q+. n~ b= C$T*H. n< y+, <s q+, _q+
@qTue+. us<X+ m +&~, m +{+~, m +&u+~
nq<= s Ue d#q L& n~. n~ eTq $Xk, u, k,
eTq ndj<s n|V esD.
yTT+ seT+ < sTw, < eTu< n $< sC
e+ n #|<>Z<. n~ |Cee? HH+<T |_|| eT<
+& yT q $uC qsU <>sZ |< |< *bT+{qT.
us<X+ sC+ jTs|jTsC+ > dsyT+B <T, eTdT
sC+> eT _>Ty+ B <T. C us< X + |C, sC eT< >
d]V<T s U+ dTyT qe+{ eTq+ @ sj
|{q n+ dTu+ >
e#jT+.
b<TH m$T~ >+{ y. #*>\T ry + u~d H +~.
M<T+& ]|_y* #&{ eTqTw\T >T$TL&{+ yTT<sTT+~.
197
HqT ]q <sT\T
|<\ T, |\ T, jTTe, e<T\ T, d\ T u>b+ >=| d ujT{ edTH sT.

u < @s{T {T~{+> HjT.
$..|\T y u+<T C+ eT>T d> |> d $T+#dT H sT.
njTq|{ |C\T, keq Cq+, d+<s + u>+ |+#Te& $Ss T H
HsT.
yTT+ dyX+ C+> C sy T q<< +~. n~s, +&u,
sC<+&, &uT, yuy e n& dyT+<<, <yT+~, C+>
dT+<sy T +<<, e TyT +~ +< &.
D
q H k+<eT >< n+ >Ts=+~. n+T u*<H\T,
, ]+u\T, s>syk\T >Ts=#sTT. rsT\T, sdq \T,
eTVs d+>eT+ >T] HqT #~$q<+, $q<+ >Ts=+~.
|sq<X eTVs d + >eTyT <T C> e]+~. bs{+
eTT+| =+<? uVQX jTT<+ MT< d+>eT+ njT njTbjT+<
#| e#T. d+<ys+ d+deTs+ eTTdbjT+<q+. V<j
n+s <q +, eTqdT, d+|T sD eTTdb<T d]<, | & yTT<sTT+<
#| ed +{T+~.
n& |s& |<<+ n+ eTD esY #dT+&{+ #d
nqTHqT, d \T eT sCjT ssV es+Z >T]+, eT $XdjT
jTq eT b >T]+ @eTqT+{ +&e+{sT? n> eT bs
n~s u+< >T]+? y L& sCjT HjT <]H n$, ndu
#sD
# <syT bjTHsT <.
|<<+ eTD
MdyT T L& ={Tb{T <T . HqT y
n_e+# +& +& b jqT. HqT L& y > +&qTHqT. #T{
m{Te+{ N{H e]++&e, d<s+ qT+ qTe |
Cs> &Z < |++~. ~>, | &T H dsj
Tq |<+ <]+~, yTT+ ]|_
$HdeT+ C d<s e s D
n|++~.
eT<V+ =~ d| qT rkqT. eT< r] q| & >TsT {&wH
#<T eH HqT. n~ $ye TH H |q eTV|j D+ +{~. d+|<jT+
>T]+N, <X+ >T]+N, #] >T]+N, e >T]+N, <s >T]+N, <] d+d
y&e qMsu <T&T
198
>T]+N |se #sq nbsyT q dw y\TTsT eTT +~. jTq eTHHs +

m+ {> +<+{ jTq n+'sDMT< @ b{ eTs L& |&
+&<|++~.
#{ jTq nHsT L&, d+k> y T q eT< T e <&+ > +& >TsTe
H u+ e <&+ > +& >TsTe $Tq n. qT djT+> |s ~|
njT +&L & q e{\T sjT& @MT d+#+ < L& sk&jTq.
n{Te+{ dw eT]=+eT+~ L& u + >*! <T #H
eed #+~q eTVjTT\T eT]=+<] L& n{Te+{ dw k< + >*!
4
~ deTjT+ e{&{ . qTe | sp = |qT\T n< deTj
eT+ | +& #d +&{+ n+ Xe T+yT q << +~. n< |$
T e>, bsq > e]bT+~. y<\T < TT+ nHjT. (esT
jTe jT n~). jTe n&T| & < < j
TH nq+ neT+~.
njT y< TTw\T u$++<eT+{ n{Te+{ n&T| & { yT<jTH ds e+
*yT q jTeT+ eT n|V+> |q'k]+# +& +&<
u$+#sT.
HqqT+{qT, qTe @ |qTH + | +& |sp #jT &+
nd | T+ bDX @< yT |#jT &+ yTT<eT+~. C>
ds<jT + ||+ # y*+q{T> qT B|e T++ #dT + ~. | & &
L#T H\T>T y\T sjT&+ L& s<q e+{<q HqqT+{THqT.
< bsH .
es> ~ B eT e, Xb + e, XTu e |$s+> sb+~
H <V , H Xd, H eTHeT { q+ #dT + ~. {Te+{ |#jT &eT+{
H <e <H yT&eTq e{. n~ <e < nqT>TD+>
|d+~+#&e Tq e{. n~ nd + ~e+|{ C>]eTe&eTq e{.
b<Tq yT+ mH.d.d y] s y+. < |< qeT+ s n L&
n+{sT. dq +, H <+ , yjTT<, <Xy |+ > +& mH.d.d <
eT y] $Cj* $<+ > y&T CsT|+{sT.
199
HqT ]q <sT\T
yT+ yedq #{T <s+> q~ e&+ b<Tq @&T>+{

ujT\T<]bj+. yesD+ u>T+& be&+ 11 >+{ < dsT&T
eTuT #{TH +&bj&T. u> #*>*.
eT+#T|{ #| d]> q |]d e s = | $Hk\T
#|+# b jT+~. n+<T V*|s T # sT ={&+ +{ = $w $Hk\T
L& HjT{. njTq|{ yTT+ s m+ eTHVs+> jTTeX keTs
|<s q>, b+> jTTes+ T[+> n|++~.
... y+{H jTTe >T]+q #q |s+ |s qqT #T{u{ + ~.
>MTD us< X | jTTe >T]+N, eTT]y& ed+# jTTe >T]+N
;< jTTerjTTe >T]+N, V{ yjT{s >T]+N, deC+ n$<\T
>q s>T q jTTe+<] >T]+N +# +& +& b jqT. b<TH
HqT #dq |]|Ps jTeqe+T b* #dT+{ y+ m&Tq{T?
y M eT< deTT<eT+ &. $Xd+ e, * + &T d+sD
e, < jT+ |{Te&+ e, ysT \T e < y] _dT q

k+|T Vq+ e. @ d+|T yT H mesT n+<> +Tq mesT s Dj
T T,
mesT Ve+T y eyT q V+#TyqT+{T+~.
eT] s>T q ~ eT+~ e{? y $T q>&u+~? $Hk
eTTd deTj #q HqT $c<u] TDjTbjqT.
$J, m+<T dT+<s< XyT<H ds qqT $c<u] TD #dT + ~. H @<
n|s , = ksT |rs# . y{
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sJ |&{ + e k< eTeTq~ <T. H uT~ e> < V<jT |Ps+>>
k<eTeTq~ <~.
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#&>* > {{T> qqT $ye +T&> #d q X <y qT>V + njT+&
| &qT+{THqT.
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200
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eT<V+ sC|T { yeTT. sC|T { d+<]+q >TsT> seT#] eqdt
nqTy<+ =HqT. sC|T { #&>H ]& >Ts=+~ H. & q <
#T{T| q nd+UyTq #esT de<T{q sC|T{ n+
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n& s +& B|+ y\T>T+{T+~ >TsT < ? B|+ n&
|{ + y\T>TH +~. HqT #| q ~ e+ u B|+ >T]+ eyT
<T, ]& kjTH<T ~yqT>V + +{ < B|+ n& m|{
y\T>TH +{T+~. +&H eT].
5
n> bjT se&+ sC+ |j D+ >& |P]> n*dbjqT. D
H
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|+#Ty C n+<+ qqT |{ +#T+~.
sE HqT CeTV < n|s|yT q deTj n<Ty #kqT.
yTeTT n& #sT q y < n+< #&{ nqTyq y H= deTT
y.
dsT&T X+ <B|eq+> |dTH&T. d+<s\T L& {
sT . #T{ <H MT+ o|e H\T s* bTHjT. k<sD+> dT+<sd
nqTue eTjT d+w++{< n& HqT n| &T nqTuy >V +#qT.
yqTy+{H HqT k+<seT+{ @$T{q MTe+d qT+&
+&bjqT. HeT|++<+{ d+, e+, k+<s+ nq eT&T
$\Teq bNqeqe&T d + >T]+ me +#&|++~. n~ =+
eT+~ |j >s + >q < eT]=+eT+~ n+<+>q |++<+{ n MT
n~ d *+#< T . < n nHwD n< eeT d+|| s # < T .
201
HqT ]q <sT\T
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ejC+ yqT C+> @eTTq<q< n deTd.
> eT< jTT> eqe&de Td k+<s +. n nHwD dT+<s D

d+. n{Te+{ nqTuy d+, n{Te+{ eTqd d+, n+<+ d+ n&T
yT&&T.
Td<dt seT#]eqdt #~yHqT, eT< jTT> $+ u> e +TD
eTu$ +q k+<s +>H u$+ n+<Te& |jT ++<. n ss
n+eTd+> #&{ #+#<. |]oq HqT @u$dTHqT.
e{ C+ bjTT+{ bs C+{ e+ eT#u& +&~ <T.
<T eqe& deTd V #+~q deTd. @<H CeTeH <,
< n~ dT+<se < nq<+ n d+| <T . n~ m+ =+ V]
L& njT+&*, me] ] @< yT\T #jT >*+&*. @ $<+ >q
Vs + > m+<T+
n+ CqdeTs+ ?
eT< eTdt# H sCjT n< T &T L& q us< X |s {q u>+>
CeTV <>Zs = >+{ d| >&b& | #~yqT. #&> HeT
|++<+{ <T eqe& CeTV q k+|<jT k+<s b{T
m+ =+ V]> L& |k+<. +|P{s jTT>+ C eTV
+{ |sq{& + qT+ q+ > eT+ @eTjT +&e#T?
& >TqT. yTeTT CeTV qT+ ]e#{| &T <] V{
eT<V uCq+ #k+. uCHq+s+ HqT V{ m<TsT> q q =+
d| L#THqT.
=~ eTTc n& * |e MT< saTeT eT>TTq H{ > H
<w ]++~.
* |eP, H{ > H # H yTT+ $T+#kjT, H e, ne
eqdeT+{ y{ |sd s $TqyT +&bjT+~. yTT+ n+{ q
d yT< +~, k+<s yT< +~, kVyT< +~. n~ >& bTq<,
>&TdTq<, >&eqTq< L& d+>eT+> n $uCqsUL nr+>
|++~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
202
D
q HqT, d+ D
q <T eqeD qT. D
q HqT
nq+T&>, qqT&> e]bjqT.
e] ~q<B| n+{ q q deTdy u e + yTsTdTq C
L& |w+ ue Ts+ eTT+<T yyujT+~. @< s|+ XX +
d+ mes eqe&T k+q eT|jT+ n+ |]Vkd<#s>
+~.
|e, TyT< @$T qT+~? uVQX n$ s +& L& ~H+
n<X+ ue#T. |e >, TyT< > eT yVbseX bs
u<|s# |+#e. bDT\T> n$ qXs\T. |e>, TyT<> n$
XX\T.
uVQX H y\T y<+ eT[q{THjT. {+ <s
H< >+;s d + u<| & + ~. u MT< CeTV+{~ {Tq{T <
*jT<T <. n> {+ >T]+ L& C *jT<T. HqT HqT.
s +&T nqTuy L <w> .
k+<s + >T]+N, nd + >T]+N s +& e+ #dT q |sd s $sT<y T q
s +&T nd deTqjT|s# T y*q u< H<. s +&+{q HH
H{ > y | yTT>T#Z bqT, eTs+<T bjTH, d+ < |]eDjTH.
|jD+ # nd{ |{+~. eTTU+> sT>T |jD+. + @<
sjH +~, & >TqT...
6
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#&T. ueH | &T HV {T+u| yd>V+. <T|] < y
CrjT bs{+ eT {T+u+ sV+q b >TsT> C n++ #ksT.
| &~ HV eTjT+>, >+<jT+> +~.
< |* esD n+<+> r]~, eTs<+> +~. yTejTq
| +> b{ ~> neX+ d+b~+#+. b{ m edT+ < #& +~.
203
HqT ]q <sT\T
kjT++ dH M&\T d+s+u+ . n~ C+> qT|+&Te. |Ps|

eTVsE yu e eT+ n& >#]dT+ ~. ]|_ $Hk eTT+| d+ |s T d
dq+ sV+# |reeT~. n~ HsY kY u eT< qT+&
XujTeqyT qL&* @s{T#jT u&+~. eT< sh| dqT& +&>
#T{ $<< $&$&>q, d{ T>q M&\T d+^ $|+#sT.
< , +{, |H + {T, }, yT, , eT<T s
d+^<qT XeT+ |<++~. C sdH Vs= >*
|se+bjT+~.
|eT~>++ |q dsde TjTeTe+~. d+^+ #T{ eTVeyT q
XuyTT{ |]y|eTjT+~. |~ H\T d+s+u s|yjT+&
dT H jT. ys+<] |H dL]{ &> qT.
HH< eT< jTT> sC rdTbu&{ T> u$+#qT. @TTq{T+~. dsT&T nd$T+#&T.
es| neq+ #ksT. n| &=k]> $<TBb\T >HjT. yTT+
bsy T +{Tue q+, s +&Tu \T, sh|ue q+ eTHVs+> Bb+eTjjT.
n| &T CrjT^|q. M&\T d+s+u+ eTT+|=+~.
HH &THqT? us< X + > |eu& |CkeT <X+ qqT nuTs|] +~.
y| $<< ds~| e+ +#q bjTyT q sC~H > H +q
sC+>s $y HqT ns+ #dT >\T>TTHqT. eTs= y| yTT+
eeVseT+{ m+ j++>, m+ uTs{ > sVdTq yH L&
#& +& +& b THqT.
ujT{ n&T>T|&+ &> VsT> dT]++~ H. @ Cu < njTH
< dq + keTs + >, < jTT<d + | > < C bsT osD+
H +{T+<. <X |C\T n{Te+{ oHwD Hs?
eTVjT |sq eTV<X |C\T |dT + neX yT {, n+~+~
n+~q+ yTs #+#Te&+, dsT \T deTLsTe&+, +C]+>T
d{ L , $<o |j D sT\T |{&+ eT>TjTHsT. yTT+ M&\T
eeT+, mH @> n< s+>d+ MT<, y*dbjTq bH{yT<
|<]dTq{|++~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
204
|<sq $CjTe++>H q&+&e#T, d+<XyT$T{? n<e]qH

C |s# > * +<? nd\T<HesH V<jT |Ps+> rdT>*> s? n& d$
n~sT\T $T{n~sT* <wdT+{ $T{n~sT\T d$n~sT*
@e+#T+{THsT. yTT+ H{eT+ #d sh| @eTqT+{+&e#T?
eTq+ | &T #dTq <T CrjTsCeTH~ |P&*C+ qT+N,
|{Tu&<$<q+ qT+ |u$ +q |+<$T< Xu| s|jT qeTH. q
H sT y |{q # d+d\ T n+]+bjTH n~ e+ + e>*
+~.
eT&e ||+ #+ e+ sejTe Xu+ sC+ nk<sDyT q
esT qe+~. us< X + sC+ q |Ck$T #sD
{q
n{T >y~, {T sC$<] L& ns+> |V[>H$T>T+~.
=k] n~ # <Ts+> |dT+~. uVq e+ ||
n_bjT+>H ujT{|&T T+~.
qTy=k] < m~]+ #&T, n| &T \TdT=+{e, < eT\,
uVQe m+ <&y. =| &T n~ q qT s<T|sT#T+{+<
n|dT + ~. eTsTD yT qTeT&+q u+ q ud sXTqT+ ] |qsTJ$+#
|| | dT+~.
< = nqTue + H. njT y&T qHq+<|s # b <T . s+>T\T,
d+^+, eTVd+s+u+, du+, nd\T yTT+ deTwnqTue+.
us< X sCjT u$ e+ >T]+ yTT+ n+X{ eT => |]o*+#T
e& ~ H= = d+<s+~.
7
...qTy+ dTBs+ >qH s \T sjT, dJe eqe +sd s, eTTU+>,
n+ |ed<eTjTq ds $q| &T sa\TeTH $<Ts + >
s \T k{se. n& dsyT d+<X+ . n< dJed+y<+. ,
d <{ $d+# eT~...
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205
HqT ]q <sT\T
{, d{ MT<, eTs={ dTuVD us $eT, $+ MT< yk,

eT&e~ d+d |sDVk qT+ @] L]q d+q+.
sTy usrjT $<ueH y] |d $jT+< L& yqT.
n& d+d H{, T+& b\Td sdq $<Y s#q { qqT
q+<Xs eTT+#+ ~.
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eTTq\T> HqT. H ndwu y e{*e& nq{T u> e +T&T
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&e m+& ]#Te H m V+<jTC+ |d+ |sT. n{Te+{
b+& + <s+> HqT L& H uy= se>q d+w+ *+~.
H r] deTjT+ >TsT {&w H #<T e HqT. eT< eT< z V
q<\ T. ujT{ s>& <T qT njT | MT< <sT H < s+
V{sY | q Lu& @< { #<T e+{H >&| e d +{T+~.
H jT y# yesD+ >=| |d e eTqdT L& y# u&+~.
> H nqTu MT< b<Tq $ skqT. sE s +
@yT$T skH n<+ $s|+ y #dqT. $ |Pse >H q s +
sd He& l<s Y bH#k qT.
nqjT < y+{H |+{ #k& <T, $ nH e eTT]db&
s + . $ n+<]H n V<j e #sT eeT+< H qeT+.
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e] eTTw| ~<Tu{ n |+bqT. $ s+ b{T
|+|THqT #&T.
> eT<V+
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> eT<V+,
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|sq d|+ CeTV
qs mes u MT< |w+ q{T+~.
y&e qMsu <T&T
206
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<e n|sV Xu
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= s<\T eT]=+<sT.
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ue Ts+ d+ |w+,
y{ n+ $Tq |q]H
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eT<V+ H m<{
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8
H ueT+ HqT e neT, H n# , nq<eTT, e +{, e }]
<s+> >&| e de+~. m&u{Tq, u+>q >& q dTBs eT~.
n~ H || #H |#d+ ~. n~ qHq{ ujT{ m<> e<T . HH
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|]esq rdTe#jT. eTq'd H= sE ny{T|&+ ~ <T. nH
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nbs+> H |q e]d + &{yT n+<T sD+.
b<Tq yTeTT uss h| *k+. jTq e sh|ue H { $+<T
#&T. |U #+~q yTT|T >sqT eTeT* *k&jTq. q n<T
<>]Z H bjT | e> + > |]+#&T. n| &T <X+ $$<
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207
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se\T eTTdby*+~. q esT #ksT. sDeT+ s|
Cs>e dq e deyX+ m\T+& yjT< |&+ ~. s | & d{ djT+>
@s{T #ksT.
9
e |s {q eTT+|=+~. sE eyT $T*+~. s | kjT+
yT+ V <su< sT>T|j D+ +{+.
s &qsY sT y +|t|s Y |{sT . | & nDT+ edTH qT. e
u+<+ q y+ eT eT ku$V+ bZHsT. b{\T, >C,
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es u+<q+. n+ d+w+ eTT+<T] H{+ #ksT. mes @
e<< T . HqT L& H\T>jT<T d| \T yj *e+~.
~ e _s ;{+> ]{{ +{~. d+s+ue T+{y q T q eTw,
<sX , $Tws Y es. jTq d+ e T eT+ XU n+&sY d{> |#dT H &T.
_s jTH +#]. jTq keTs+, V+ nbs+. _s+
$CjTe+eTsTT+<+{ n+<T jTq #=se, zsT, V< s y T q e yT #
es sD+.
sE b<Tq yT+ ms{ y+. n& #d| >&b +. k]
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U H*. y{ s +&T eT&T U H\T qqT u> {T HjT.
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eg<sD, s o\T&jTq j> ++~. s +&e + c H @ |j
T
C+ & nH~. n~ >+& qyuT B|+ }V+ +q e+.
yTT|T , V+< d+d T n+ k+<sde TqjT+ n~. n& c
n|sd + $V]dTq $<<s s esT& |k&T . esd + jCq,
d sVD, n|sd+ <V+, <q+, eT*q sesT& H\T
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y&e qMsu <T&T
208
eT&e + q #| ueT. n~ H m{Te+{ ns#jT

d+y<q * s ++<+{ HqT # d|{ < nDT+ VqH |q]eT]+#TH #d+ ~. n~ yTT|T ydT ,
yTT|T eT< > ysT< L& m#|+~. CV+^sY #e] kq+
sT&es +q #| ueT ]HC qT H{ jTs|t H <T bX
||+ #+H qyT q kH us< X rdTbjT+~.
n& *>| #+~q $$< |<sq* L& #kqT. n$ $ |#TsD
|< T >T]+N, |yT+> >T]+N, W{ >T]+N H yy #q*#sTT. eT
s#qqT |#TsD s|+ #dTyqTH y *>| @< $\Tyq
d#q*dT+ <qe#T. eTjT+ e~*|& q ms{ yTT+ eTT]>Z
>_ ydq=&T +~.
n& y HJ XC jT+ d+<s |sd ]+#T @s{T #dq b{
m_wH L& +~. C< V+< bE ms{ eT< > d+u+< >TsT
#dT q <~. ms{ MT< es| m>sy j
T &+ q @ d|eTH&{ HJ.
m_wH &yT+{wH u>H q|{ |<s q e+ # V&$&>,
u< sV +> +~. n&Tq n V q d+<s * n e ]+q
V\T n<e&+ Xs+ < |++~...
1997

Nenu Tirigina Darulu

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Nenu Tirigina Darulu

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