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Veterinario
Dale a tus
Pacientes otra
oportunidad
?
?
QU ES VIRBAGEN
OMEGA
Es
el
nico
interfern
desarrollado
especficamente para el tratamiento de
enfermedades infecciosas en perros y gatos.
QU ES UN INTERFERN
PARA QU SIRVE UN
INTERFERN
La accin biolgica del Interfern,
depende de su tipologa:
<<<
Interfern
TIPO I
TIPO II
+++
Inmunomodulador
++
+++
Antiproliferativo
++
Subtipo
EFECTO
Antiviral
Una proeza en
Ingeniera Gentica
<<<
Biosntesis
<<<
Aislamiento
de la secuencia
gentica FelFN
Producido con
tecnologa ADN
recombinante
<<<
Clula felina
Insercin de la
secuencia FelFN
en el ADN de un
baculovirus
(virus de insectos)
Purificacin del
FelFN por
cromatografa
Baculovirus
recombinante
Produccin
del rFelFN
Expresin de la
secuencia rFelFN
Baculovirus
recombinante
<<<
<<<
Infeccin de
gusanos de seda
mediante el
baculovirus
recombinante
PRINCIPALES INDICACIONES
Prevencin y tratamiento de
enfermedades infecciosas como:
Perros
Parvovirus Canino
Gatos
Retrovirus Felino,
Calicivirus.
Prevencin
Enfermedades Infecciosas
Examen Clnico
DIA 0
DIA 6
1M UI/animal SC = 0.1 mL
(Dosis total)
1M UI/animal SC = 0.1 mL
(Dosis total)
Virbagen.
Parvovirus Canino
Diagnstico
+
Tratamiento
Sintomtico
DIA 0
DIA 1
DIA 2
2.5 MU/IV = 0.25mL
(KG)
DIA 9
2.5 MU/IV = 0.25mL
(KG)
Prevencin
Enfermedades Infecciosas
Examen Clnico
1M UI/animal SC = 0.1 mL
(Dosis total)
DIA 0
DIA 15
Primo-vacunacin
DIA 30
Refuerzo de la
Primo-vacunacin
Retrovirus Felino
(FIV/FeLV, fase sintomtica)
Fase de Induccin
Evaluacin de la respuesta
1 MUI/Kg SC
Durante 5 das consecutivos
+ tratamiento sintomtico
DIA 0
Examen clnico
(Hemograma)
DIA 1
DIA 2
DIA 3
Peso
Dosis x inyeccin
1 kg
2 kg
5MU = 0.5 ml
10MU = 1 ml
3 kg
15MU = 1.5 ml
4 kg
20MU = 2 ml
5 kg
25MU = 2.5 ml
Examen clnico
(Hemograma)
Cantidad
total del
tratamiento
completo
DIA 14
DIA 4
Revaloracin
da 14
2 protocolo.
Posible
suspensin del
tratamiento.
Calicivirosis felina
Diagnstico
Serologa de calicivirosis
(animales no vacunados PCR en
una muestra oral u ocular).
Peso
Cantidad
total del
tratamiento
completo
1 kg
2 kg
DIA 0
DIA 2
2.5 MUI/KG SC
Curacin clnica
DIA 4
2.5 MUI/KG SC
DIA 7
2.5 MUI/KG SC
90 %
Dosis x inyeccin
7.5MU = 0.75 ml
15MU = 1.5 ml
3 kg
22.5MU = 2.5 ml
4 kg
30MU = 3 ml
5 kg
37.5MU = 3.5 ml
Abstract
Canine parvoviral enteritis continues to cause signicant morbidity and mortality in dogs
worldwide, and efcacious antiviral therapies are lacking. The present trial was aimed at evaluating
the therapeutic efcacy of a recombinant feline interferon (type omega) preparation in the
treatment of parvoviral enteritis in dogs. A double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge trial
was performed in beagle pups (89 weeks); clinical signs, body weight, hematologic parameters,
and mortality were monitored for a period of 14 days after challenge. Fourteen animals were
inoculated with virulent canine parvovirus; 10 animals that developed clinical signs thereby
meeting the inclusion criteria were admitted to the treatment phase in two randomly selected
groups (placebo and IFN) of equal size. The IFN group received daily intravenous injections of
rFeIFN-o (2.5 MU/kg) for three consecutive days. The placebo group received daily injections of
saline without IFN. Both groups of animals received individual supportive treatment consisting of
adjusted diet and electrolyte solution.
All ve dogs in the placebo group developed fulminating enteritis with typical clinical signs and
died within 10 days post-inoculation (or 6 days post-treatment). In the IFN-treated group, one animal
died on day 2 after the treatment was started, whereas the other four dogs survived the challenge and
gradually recovered. Our data conrm that the rFeIFN-o can exert a signicant therapeutic effect on
dogs with parvoviral enteritis by improving clinical signs and reducing mortality.
# 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Canine parvovirus; Enteritis; Feline interferon; Interferon-omega; Interferon therapy
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: 33-4-92-08-72-09; fax: 33-4-92-08-71-99.
E-mail address: teun@virbac.fr (H.-M. Eun).
0378-1135/02/$ see front matter # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 7 8 - 1 1 3 5 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 1 7 3 - 6
116
1. Introduction
Infectious enteritis in dogs, especially in young pups, is the most common, a highly
contagious, and often lethal disease principally caused by parvovirus. Since the rst
identication in 1978 of the pathogen as a canine parvovirus (CPV type 2) (Parrish, 1990),
it has been called ``killer virus'', infectious enteritis, intestinal u, puppy heart virus and
Parvo. All these terms refer to infection with CPV which has rapidly become a global
disease. Currently, two antigenic types of CPV (CPV-2a and CPV-2b) are prevalent at
variable proportions in different countries, with >80% of isolates being CPV-2b and <20%
CPV-2a in the US, while CPV-2a is more common than CPV-2b in Europe (Truyen, 1999).
Parvovirus is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA (5.1 kb) virus infecting
humans as well as a wide range of domestic and wild carnivores in a host-specic manner.
Parvovirus comprises feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), CPV, and mink enteritis virus (MEV),
sharing 98% identities in nucleotide and amino acid sequences (Parrish et al., 1988).
In dogs, characteristic symptoms of parvoviral enteritis appear within 57 days after
infection, and they include hemorrhagic diarrhea, vomiting, loss of appetite, depression,
massive dehydration, sudden collapse and death. The progression of the enteritis is
accompanied with virus excretion in the feces. Young pups, old dogs and the dogs under
stress are most susceptible to CPV infection and show the most extreme signs.
Protection in very young pups is mainly by passive transfer of maternal antibody to
offspring. However, pups become highly susceptible to infection as maternal antibody
declines, not to mention the cases where insufcient levels of maternal antibodies were
produced or delivered from the outset. Susceptibility to parvovirus infection often coincides
with the time that pups are separated from the dam, signicantly increasing their risk of
exposure (Pollock and Carmichael, 1982). The most efcient and currently recommended
means for the protection of young pups consists of vaccination of the dam in the rst place
and then of the young pups starting at 6 weeks of age. Treatment of CPV infection is difcult
at best. Supportive therapies exist but they can only relieve dehydration (by intravenous uids
and electrolytes), relieve vomiting and pains associated with intestinal cramping (by
medication) or prevent secondary bacterial infections (by administration of antibiotics).
Undoubtedly, there is a need for an effective therapy for the parvoviral enteritis in dogs, and
interferon (IFN) is clearly an appealing candidate as a therapeutic agent.
Type I IFNs, comprising IFN-a, IFN-b and more lately characterized IFN-o (Adolf,
1995), have been known to display antiviral, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory
activities. Human interferons (HuIFNs) as well as veterinary IFNs, whether recombinant or
natural, have also been studied for their use in veterinary medicine (Campos et al., 1992;
Cocker et al., 1987; Cummins et al., 1988; Fulton and Burge, 1985; Jameson and Essex,
1983; Weiss, 1989; Weiss et al., 1990; Yamamoto et al., 1986; Zeidner et al., 1990).
Recently, a recombinant feline IFN (rFeIFN) has been produced in silkworm larvae
(Bombyx mori) using a baculovirus vector (Ueda et al., 1993). The rFeIFN has been
characterized as type I IFN on the basis of its amino acid identity of 60% with HuIFN-a1 or
HuIFN-o1 but classied as an o type considering the processing pattern of N-terminal
sequence (Ueda et al., 1993; Adolf et al., 1990). The puried rFeIFN-o was then shown in
vitro to have a dose-dependent antiviral activities which were also dependent on the type of
virus and of host cell line (Mochizuki et al., 1994). For instance, on fcwf (Felis catus whole
117
fetus) or CRFK (Crandell feline kidney) cells continuously treated with up to 10 000 units
of rFeIFN, the replications of feline calicivirus (FCV) and feline herpes virus (FHV) were
reduced 5000-fold and 500-fold, respectively, while the replication of FPV which is a close
relative of CPV was reduced barely fourfold. Remarkably, no antiviral activities could be
observed in canine cells, e.g., MDCK (MadinDarby canine kidney), which were similarly
treated with rFeIFN.
In the present study, we have evaluated the therapeutic potential of rFeIFN-o on dogs
with challenge-induced parvoviral enteritis. Our data demonstrate that rFeIFN-o has a
potent therapeutic effect on dogs, resulting in signicant improvement of clinical signs and
reduction of mortality associated with parvoviral enteritis.
On canine parvovirosis under eld conditions, rFeIFN-o has also been shown to exert
signicant therapeutic effects comprising an improvement of clinical signs and a 4.4-fold
reduction of death rate (De Mari et al., in press).
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Reagents and products
Interferon, a lyophilized product (Virbagen1 Omega, Virbac, S.A., Carros, France) was
dissolved in the diluant (physiological saline) at the nal concentration of 10 million unit
(MU)/ml just before use. The active ingredient is a puried rFeIFN-o produced in silkworm
using a recombinant baculovirus expression system (Ueda et al., 1993). The placebo is a
similar lyophilized product without the rFeIFN-o. All reagents were kept at 4 8C until use.
2.2. Animals
Fourteen SPF (specic-pathogen-free) beagle pups (89 weeks, 7 females and 7 males,
from Harlan Sprague Dawley, Madison, USA) were housed in individual cages in groups of
4 per pen. The animals were fed once a day on a commercial meal (150 g, Imperial Dog1
Junior, Virbac Nutrition, Vauvert, France) with free access to water. The animals were
acclimatized to the conditions (18 3 8C, 55 10% relative humidity) at a P3-level
animal housing facility for 9 days before the challenge (d0) with CPV-2b.
2.3. Experimental design
Following anesthesia by intramuscular injection of Zoletil (Zoletil1 50, Virbac, S.A.,
Carros, France) at 0.2 ml/kg dosage, the dogs were inoculated oro-nasally with a virulent
strain of CPV-2b (1 ml of CPV 39, 1:23 106 TCID50/ml): 0.25 ml in each nostril and
0.5 ml in the throat.
As the infection takes place, an animal was declared ``good for treatment'' when it met
the following inclusion criteria: (i) diarrhea during 1 day, (ii) presence of at least two other
symptoms of parvovirosis such as dehydration (5%), stomach repletion (50%),
vomiting, and exhaustion, (iii) virus excretion in feces. Accordingly, 10 animals (6 on
d4 and 4 on d5) satisfying the inclusion criteria were admitted to the treatment phase, ve
118
receiving IFN treatment and the other ve receiving placebo. Animals were distributed
randomly in this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The treatment regime consisted of
intravenous (IV) injections of 0.25 ml/kg (2.5 MU/kg IFN or placebo) once daily for three
consecutive days. Moribund animals as well as surviving animals at the end of the study
were humanely euthanized by the attending veterinarian.
2.4. Supportive therapies
When dogs displayed diarrhea and abdominal pain, regular meals were withdrawn for at
least 24 h. The dogs were then progressively re-fed with a high digestibility diet (2 60 g/
dog/day, Consult Hyperdigestible1, Virbac Nutrition, Vauvert, France).
The dogs presenting signs of severe dehydration (8%) were deprived of water and
given a subcutaneous uid therapy (Ringer lactate, Baxter, IL). The injection volume was
the sum of the daily maintenance volume (50 ml/kg/24 h) and the calculated decit volume
based on the degree of dehydration (measured by skin fold test) multiplied by the body
weight. The quantity was administered daily in one or two portions after each clinical
examination, until the acute level of dehydration was relieved.
2.5. Observation of clinical signs
Animals were followed up to 14 days post-challenge for clinical signs comprising
appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, depression, dehydration, exhaustion, death and physical
aspect of feces. Animals were examined once a day from d0 to d2, twice a day from
d3 to d7, once or twice a day from d-8 to d14. Each of the symptoms was scored from 0 to 3
or to 4, the maximum score being 20 for the death (Table 1). Body weights were monitored
before the start of the study (d8) and then on days 0, 37, 11, 13 and 14. Rectal temperatures
were taken daily at each examination. A daily clinical score (CS) is the sum of the scores
assigned to clinical signs and normalized to two observations per day.
2.6. Virus isolation
Fecal samples were collected from each animal every day from d0 till the day of
inclusion to the treatment phase. The samples mopped with cotton swabs were soaked in
1 ml of phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.0), frozen at 80 8C for 4 h, and then thawed
at 37 8C. The liquid was transferred in a glass tube, and virus (CPV-2b) was detected by
hemagglutination assay (HA) using porcine RBC. Briey, 25 ml aliquots of serially diluted
(two fold) solution were distributed duplicate in 96-well microtiter plates, added with 25 ml
of 15 mM phosphate (P)-buffer containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), and then
with 50 ml of 1% RBC in the same P-buffer. The plates were incubated for 1 h at 4 8C and
read. HA titer is dened as the inverse of dilution resulting in 50% of RBC agglutination.
2.7. Hematologic parameters
For the analyses of hematologic parameters (leukocyte counts, RBC counts, and
hematocrit values), blood samples were collected in EDTA tubes (glass, 1 ml) on d-3,
119
Table 1
Score assignment scheme for clinical signs of the dogs
Symptoms
Score assignment
Death
20
Rectal temperature
39.5 8C
37.137.4 8C
37.0 8C
1
2
3
General conditions
Exhaustion (conscious, active)
Depression (conscious, inactive)
Coma (unconscious)
1
3
4
Dehydration
5% (lowskin fold starting)
8% (mediumskin fold persistent)
12% (highshock syndrome)
1
3
4
Feces consistency
Liquid (diarrhea)
Hemorrhagic diarrhea
2
4
Abdominal pain
Slight
Strong
1
2
Vomiting
d0, daily from d3 to d7 and then d11. Additional blood samples were drawn when the
health status of the animals became critical.
Leukocytes were counted using UNOPETTE test 5856 (Beckton Dickinson, NJ, USA)
after 20-fold dilution and RBC using UNOPETTE test 5851 (Beckton Dickinson, NJ,
USA) after 200-fold dilution of the sample.
To obtain hematocrit values, blood samples were lled with modeling clay and then
centrifuged for 1.5 min at 25 8C on Hematocrit 24 centrifuge (Hettich Zentrifugen,
Tuttlingen, Germany).
l
100
L
where L is the length taken up by the RBC and plasma and l is the length taken up by the
RBC without the ring of white cells.
Hematocrit value
120
tests for the evaluation of survival/mortality. p-Values less than 0.05 were accepted as being
signicant.
3. Results
3.1. Virus challenge and induction of enteritis
The CPV-2b challenge in 14 pups led to the selection of 10 pups that developed, by d4 or
d5 post-challenge, positive signs of enteritis meeting the inclusion criteria for treatment,
i.e., virus shedding in feces of >64 in HA titer and clinical signs of 6 (Table 2).
Table 2
Evolution of clinical signs following CPV-2b inoculation
Dog
Group
Days
Dehydration
Loss of
appetite
Diarrhea
Exhaustion
Pain
CSa
Final
statusb
45
Placebo
d3
d4c
10
d7
49
Placebo
d3
d4c
12
d10
53
IFN
d3
d4
d5c
13
d7
d7
11
d9
10
10
d8
56
Placebo
d3
d4
d5c
57
IFN
d3
d4
d5c
58
Placebo
d3
d4
d5c
59
IFN
d3
d4c
62
IFN
d3
d4c
64
IFN
d3
d4c
66
Placebo
d3
d4c
a
CSs on the day of inclusion (first treatment). A daily score is the sum of the scores attributed to daily
observed clinical signs and normalized for two observations per day.
b
Death of the animal counted from the day of virus challenge or survival (S) of the animal as of day 14.
c
Days post-challenge corresponding to the first day of treatment (t0).
121
Accordingly, six dogs (Nos. 45, 49, 59, 62, 64 and 66) received the rst treatment (t0) on d4
and the remaining four dogs (Nos. 53, 56, 57 and 58) on d5. The 10 dogs also displayed
consistent decrease of body weight during the pre-treatment period, while their body
(rectal) temperatures stayed within the normal range (37.539.4 8C).
3.2. Evolution of clinical signs
On the rst day (t0) of treatment, both groups of animals showed statistically indistinguishable clinical signs: mean (S.D.) scores of 9.2 (2.6) and 9.8 (1.8) for IFN and
placebo groups, respectively p 0:49. Shortly thereafter, the CSs of the two groups
diverged in a statistically signicant manner p 0:012. Placebo-group animals progressed to fulminating enteritis with characteristic degradation of clinical signs and
physical conditions (Fig. 1a). In contrast, IFN-treated animals (Fig. 1b), except for one
dog (No. 53) that died on t2, showed a signicantly different pattern of clinical signs
Fig. 1. Evolution of daily clinical signs of (a) placebo-group dogs n 5 and (b) IFN-treated dogs n 5.
Clinical signs were recorded for each dog according to the scoring scheme (see Table 1). A daily CS of 40 was
thus assigned to dead animals.
122
123
Fig. 2. Body weights of (a) placebo-group dogs n 5 and (b) IFN-treated dogs n 5. Time 0 (t0)
corresponds to the day of inclusion for the treatment.
Fig. 3. Survival rate during the course of treatments. The figure represents the daily counts of total number of
dogs alive in the IFN-treated (&, n 5) and placebo (^, n 5) groups from the first day of treatment.
124
Table 3
Evolution of leukocyte counts (103/ml) following CPV-2b inoculation
Group
Dog
d3
d4
d5
d6
d11
Maxa/base
Placebo
45
49
56
58
66
11.0
16.1
18.4
12.3
13.5
12.0
11.1
19.3
16.6
13.8
27.0a
26.1a
36.7a
22.4
29.7a
19.3
21.4
25.3
23.1a
17.5
1.7
16.4
12.0
0.8
2.0
NAb
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.47
1.62
2.01
1.87
2.20
Mean
S.D.
IFN
14.3
3.0
53
57
59
62
64
Mean
S.D.
a
b
11.8
15.5
10.7
13.1
16.9
2.03
0.33
13.3
20.7a
17.4a
18.2
20.3
31.6a
11.9
11.3
26.1a
24.4a
13.6
2.6
20.0
11.8
12.8
18.3
19.4
2.2
11.2
11.4
12.1
18.4
NA
16.5
19.8
10.5
15.0
2.67
1.34
1.63
2.01
1.44
1.82
0.55
125
For a product like IFN known to have multiple biological activities, a focused
therapeutic indication must be established on a scientic basis which should rely on in
vivo studies. Furthermore, an IFN can elicit different biological responses depending on
the sensitivity of host species, (sub)types of IFN, treatment regimen (e.g., dosage,
frequency, route of administration), and other adjunctive therapeutic conditions.
Canines and canine cells tend to be relatively insensitive to IFN from heterologous
species. For example, no inhibitory effects were observed with rFeIFN-o on some virus
replication in canine (MDCK) cells (Mochizuki et al., 1994), while human IFN (HuIFN-a)
was shown to have antiviral activities in some domestic animals and animal cell lines in the
following decreasing order: bovine > ovine > porcine > feline > equine > lastly canine
cells (Bridgman et al., 1988). Recently, however, more encouraging data were obtained: (i)
rFeIFN-o showed growth inhibitory activities on four different canine tumor-cell lines in a
dose-dependent and cell type-dependent manner (Tateyama et al., 1995) and (ii) in vivo
administration of rFeIFN-o into dogs resulted in an increased production of 20 ,50 oligoadenylate synthetase (Ishiwata et al., 1998), one of the proteins known to play a
role in blocking viral protein synthesis (Kalvakolanu and Borden, 1996; Le Page et al.,
1997).
Regarding the antiviral activities of rFeIFN-o in dogs in particular, a recently
published work showed a moderate but promising therapeutic effect (Ishiwata et al.,
1998). In this study which involved 29 beagle dogs from three separate sets of
experiment: (i) the dogs (34 months) developed from mild to severe clinical signs
following oral inoculation with CPV-2a (107 TCID50), (ii) the dogs treated from day 4
with rFeIFN-o (1 MU/kg/day, IV for 3 days) developed a less severe form of enteritis (4/
12 treated versus 7/17 controls) and (iii) only one control dog died of enteritis on day 6.
Although encouraging, these preliminary ndings of the therapeutic effect of rFeIFN-o
needed to be validated and possibly expanded in a different, more rigorous experimental
setting.
The present study was thus designed to incorporate: (a) a challenge infection resulting in
more severe and thus more realistic clinical signs and mortality in young pups, (b)
application of rigorous inclusion criteria for treatment, (c) application of ethically
acceptable supportive therapies and (d) treatment of IFN at another (higher) dosage.
Under these experimental conditions, 10 out of 14 pups (89 weeks) inoculated oro-nasally
with CPV-2b developed positive clinical signs satisfying the inclusion criteria for treatment. All (5/5) placebo animals died within 10 days of challenge infection, notably in the
context of intensive supportive cares. In the group treated with rFeIFN-o, however, 4/5
animals survived the virus challenge, controlled the progression of the disease and
recovered from the enteritis.
5. Conclusion
The results obtained from this double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge trial clearly
demonstrate that rFeIFN-o at a 2.5 MU/kg dosage can exert signicant therapeutic and
life-saving effects on pups with parvoviral enteritis. Our data thus conrm and further
expand previous ndings on therapeutic efcacies of rFeIFN-o on dogs.
126
Acknowledgements
The authors thank A. Sanquer for assistance with statistical analyses.
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Valoracin de la supervivencia
y evaluacin clnica de gatos afectos
de enfermedades retrovricas
tratadas con un interfern recombinante
omega de orgen felino
(Aceptado para comunicacin)
Se realiz un ensayo clnico, sobre el terreno, multicntrico, a doble ciego, controlado con placebo, y aleatorizado, para evaluar la eficacia de un interfern recombinante omega de orgen
felino (IFNrFe) en el tratamiento de gatos con signos clnicos relacionados con infecciones por
el virus de la leucemia felina (FeLV) y / o el virus de la inmunodeficiencia felina (FIV).
La dosis del producto en estudio fue de 1 MU de IFNrFe/kg administrada por va subcutnea una
vez al da durante cinco das, en total tres veces los das 0, 14 y 60, adems de un tratamiento
de apoyo en todos los gatos. Los animales se observaron clnicamente cinco veces durante un
periodo de cuatro meses. Paralelamente, los investigadores registraron el estado del gato (muerto / vivo) nueve meses despus de d0. La eficacia del producto se evalu por la supervivencia al
cabo de nueve meses en los gatos y la evolucin de la puntuacin clnica desde d0 hasta d120.
Se incluy a 137 gatos, 67 en el grupo interfern y 70 en el grupo placebo. Murieron 42 gatos
durante el periodo de observacin: 15 (22,4%) pertenecan al grupo interfern y 27 (38,6%) al
grupo placebo (p = 0,0344).
Las puntuaciones clnicas de los gatos mejoraron significativamente (p = 0,0398) en el grupo
tratado con IFNrFe en comparacin con el grupo placebo.
En este estudio, gatos clnicamente enfermos, infectados por VLFe y / o VIF, recibieron IFNrFe
o placebo; se observ una mejora de los signos clnicos y la tasa de supervivencia estadsticamente significativas con el uso del interfern recombinante omega de orgen felino.
Grupo A
Grupo B
Tiempo (das)
Prob. supervivencia%
Al Da
ANIMALES DE COMPAIA
Interferones en la Clnica
de Pequeas Especies
INTRODUCCIN
INTERFERONES
TIPOS DE INTERFERONES
Se han descrito dos clases de
interferones en humanos, clasificados
de acuerdo al tipo de receptor al cual
se une.
No. 2 Especial
MVZ. Luis Carlos Lorenzana Castro
Asesor Tcnico
Divisin Animales de Compaa
Laboratorios Virbac Mxico S.A. de C.V.
INTERFERONES TIPO 1
Comprenden un vasto grupo
de protenas designados como
Interfern Alfa (IFN a), Beta (IFN b),
Kappa (IFN k), Delta (IFN d), Epsiln
(IFN e), Tau (IFN t), Zita (IFN z) y
Omega (IFN w). Se han caracterizado
13 subtipos del IFN a, 2 subtipos
para el IFN b, mientras que para
los dems interferones solo se ha
caracterizado un solo tipo. Se han
encontrado molculas homlogas a
los interferones humanos en muchas
especies incluyendo mamferos as
como en aves, reptiles, anfibios y
peces. Todos los INFs tipo 1 se unen
a su receptor especfico que ha sido
caracterizado precisamente con el
nmero 1 (IFNR-1).
INTERFERONES TIPO 2
Un solo miembro ha sido descrito
para esta categora, el Interfern
Gamma (IFN g), el cual se une a un
receptor diferente al descrito con
anterioridad, denominado tipo 2
(IFNR-2).
Recientemente se inform del
hallazgo de un tipo diferente de IFN,
clasificado como tipo 3, pertenecen a
este grupo 3 molculas a la cuales se
les ha designado con la letra Lambda
(IFN l), que interaccionan con un
complejo de receptores llamados
CRF 2-4 y CRF 2-12.
PEQUEAS ESPECIES
PEQUEAS ESPECIES
Virbac obtuvo la patente de comercializacin para Europa y en el ao de 2002 lanz el producto. La primera
autorizacin europea se otorg para el tratamiento de la parvovirosis canina. En julio de 2004 el registro se ampli
para la FeLV as como para la Inmunodeficiencia Viral Felina (FIV), indicaciones que a diferencia de lo encontrado con
uso del rHuIFN a, si demostr eficacia para mejorar la condicin clnica del sujeto y prolongar su esperanza de vida
con calidad.
El Virbagen Omega es un producto que cuenta con propiedades antivirales, inmunomoduladoras y antitumorales.
Tanto en perros como en gatos ha demostrado tener una excelente tolerancia, situacin que contrasta con lo
sucedido en medicina humana donde el uso de interfern est asociado a efectos secundarios con grados variables
de severidad.
El producto se debe utilizar inmediatamente despus de la confirmacin del diagnstico de la enfermedad, por que
pasadas 48 h tras la aparicin de los primeros signos, la eficacia del tratamiento desciende.
Intervencin precoz
IFNw Felino 2.5 MU /kg durante 3 das
Tratamiento sintomtico**
** Es imprescindible la aplicacin de una correcta terapia de soporte para un animal afectado por parvovirosis
canina (terapia de fluidos, antibiticos, antiemticos, protectores de mucosa, etc).
PEQUEAS ESPECIES
Virbagen Omega, objetivos teraputicos:
vTratar los estados sintomticos agudos.
vRetrotraer al animal a la fase asintomtica
vAumentar la esperanza de vida (FeLV).
ESQUEMA DE APLICACIN
En un estudio realizado por Mari y col. se analiz el efecto del rFeIFNw a la dosis descrita en gatos infectados por
FeLV o coinfectados por FeLV/FIV. Se comprob que a los 14 das post tratamiento el recuento de la frmula hemtica
adquira un valor predictivo bastante exacto de la evolucin del animal con el tratamiento, independientemente del
nmero inicial de eritrocitos: si se observaba anemia, los resultados de supervivencia entre el grupo control y el
tratado eran similares, mientras que si se correga la anemia, los resultados de supervivencia eran significativamente
superiores a un ao despus en los animales tratados.
Repeticin del tratamiento en caso de respuesta favorable
Interfern omega felino 1MU/kg SC durante 5 das
Das 14 y 60.
Tratamientos sintomticos
En el estudio ya citado de Mari y col., se demostr la eficacia de Virbagen Omega para mejorar significativamente
el cuadro clnico y la calidad de vida de los gatos infectados por FeLV o coinfectados por FeLV/FIV y para aumentar
la esperanza de vida de los gatos infectados por FeLV. Estos estudios se realizaron en animales sintomticos en fases
no terminales, nunca en presencia de tumores, con un seguimiento por 12 meses. Si la respuesta es buena, la mejora
clnica es rpida y fcilmente apreciada por el dueo de la mascota. Los gatos tratados presentaron mayor ndice de
supervivencia que los no tratados, los recuentos de la serie blanca mejoraron, tanto en los casos de leucocitosis como
de leucopenia, reestablecindose los valores normales dentro de los 120 das postratamiento.
Al igual que en parvovirus no debe dejarse de administrar el tratamiento concomitante, evitando en lo posible el
uso simultneo de antiinflamatorios no esteroidales por su efecto inmunosupresor.
Se cree que el interfern no es capaz de eliminar al virus del organismo, por lo que cabe prever recadas en un plazo
de tiempo imprevisible. Una vez que se presente la recada es aconsejable repetir el tratamiento. De cualquier forma, el
inters incuestionable del Virbagen Omega radica en intentar mantener una mejor calidad
de vida y una mayor supervivencia en los animales en los que no se opta por su sacrificio.
PRECAUCIONES
Con todas estas caractersticas podemos pensar que el Interferon Omega de origen felino
sirve para todo. Esto nos puede llevar a cometer el error de usarlo indiscriminadamente,
incluso en pacientes en estado terminal o como ltimo recurso; pero los estudios en
medicina humana nos han enseado que a pesar de ser molculas de gran utilidad para
ciertos padecimientos carecen de total eficacia en otros. Por otro lado, la pauta y la dosis
dependen en gran medida de la patologa a tratar lo que puede conducir al fracaso cuando
se utilizan sin una mnima referencia clnica. Adems como toda terapia inmunolgica, la respuesta es variable y est
en funcin del individuo.
FUTURO DE LOS INTERFERONES EN MEDICINA DE PEQUEAS ESPECIES.
Se espera que surjan nuevas aplicaciones, en particular con relacin a su efecto inmunomodulador y antitumoral.
Por otro lado los desrdenes inmunolgicos como la atopia, problemas dermatolgicos y leshmaniosis constituyen
nuevas lneas de investigacin.
BIBLIOGRAFA
1. Collado Alcal VM, Domnech Gmez A, Tejerizo Sez G, Mir Corrales G. 2006. Usos del Interfern en la clnica de
pequeos animales. Pequeos Animales, Enero Febrero: 65 71.
2. De Mari K, DVM. Maynard L, DVM. Sanquer A, MS. Lebreux B, DVM. Hyone-Myong Eun, Ph.D. Department I&D,
Virbac S.A. Therapeutic Effects of Recombinant Feline Interferon-omega on FeLV-infected and FeLV/FIV-coinfected
3. De Mari K, Maynard L, Lebreux B. 2002. Effects of a recombinant feline omega interferon on the survival and clinical
signs of ill FeLV and/or FIV-infected cats. 6th International Feline Retrovirus Research Symposium, Dec. 2-5, , Amelia
Island, Florida, USA (Accepted for communication)
4. De Mari K. et al. 2003. Treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis with interferon omega in a placebo-controlled field
trial. The Veterinary Record 152:105-108
5. Greene C.E. 2000. Enfermedades infecciosas en perros y gatos. Editorial McGraw-Hill Interamericana 2 ed -.
6. Holden DJ. 2003. New developments in clinical immunology. VB UKs Technical Bulletin. No.1.
7. Ishiwata K, Minagawa T, Kajimoto T. 1998. Clinical effects of the recombinant feline interferon-omega on experimental
parvovirus infection in beagle dogs. J Vet Med Sci., 60: 911-917.
8. Johnson HM, Bazer FW, Szente BE, Jarpe MA. http://coli.usal.es/web/articulos/art09/art09.htm
9. Martin V. et al. 2002. Treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis with interferon omega in a placebo-controlled challenge
trial. Vet. Microbiol; 89: 115-127
10. Maynard et al. 2000. Efficacy of a recombinant feline omega interferon in the treatment of symptomatic FeLV or
FeLV and FIV positive cats. Proceeding of the 10th Congress of the European Society of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
11. Minagawa T, Ishiwata K, Kajimoto T., 1999.Feline interferon omega treatment on canine parvovirus infection. Vet.
Microbiol; 69: 51-53
12. Molina Gete P. 2005. Actualizacin de las aplicaciones en medicina veterinaria del Interfern Omega. Informacin
Veterinaria, Enero : 1- 7.
13. Rodrguez ME. 2006. Interferones y vacunas como control de enfermedades prevalentes. Instituto De Espaa. Real
Academia Nacional De Farmacia. 26 De Enero De 2006.
14. Sotoca Mombloma, JM. 1999. Cuarenta aos de interferones. Farm. Hosp. 23: 205 213.
15. Symptomatic Cats. B.P.27, 06511 Carros Cedex, France. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. (July 2004)
16. Tizard IR. 1998. Inmunologa veterinaria. Ed McGRaw-Hill. 5a Ed.
17. Tossing G. 2001. New developments in interferon therapy. European J Med Res., 6: 47 65.
Virbagen Omega
Reg. S.A.G.A.R.P.A. B-0042
USO VETERINARIO
INTERFERN OMEGA RECOMBINANTE DE ORIGEN FELINO
Cont. Neto: 1 vial 10 MU, 1 vial con diluente 1 ml
Frmula:
Fraccin liofilizada
Interfern Omega Recombinante de Origen Felino
10 M.U*./ vial
Fraccin lquida
Solucin isotnica de cloruro de sodio
1 ml
* Millones de Unidades
Descripcin: El Interfern Omega Recombinante de Origen Felino, producido por ingeniera gentica, es un
Interfern de tipo I, relacionado con el Interfern alfa.
No se conoce exactamente el mecanismo de accin del Interfern Omega, pero puede provocar una mejora
de las defensas inespecficas, en particular en el perro contra la parvovirosis canina y en el gato contra
las infecciones por retrovirus felinos (FeLV, FIV). El Interfern no acta directa y especficamente sobre el
virus patgeno, sino que ejerce su efecto por inhibicin de los mecanismos de sntesis interna de las clulas
infectadas.
Indicaciones: Perros: Reduccin de la mortalidad y de los signos clnicos de la parvovirosis (forma entrica) en
los perros a partir de 1 mes de edad.
Gatos: Tratamiento de las infecciones por FeLV y/o por FIV, durante una fase clnica no terminal, en gatos mayores de 9 semanas.
Durante la realizacin de un ensayo de campo se observ:
reduccin de los signos clnicos durante la fase sintomtica (4 meses);
reduccin de la mortalidad:
v En los gatos con anemia, el ndice de mortalidad oscila alrededor del 60 %, a los 4, 6, 9 y 12 meses, este se reduce aproximadamente
el 30 % despus del tratamiento con Interfern.
v En los gatos no anmicos pero infectados por FeLV el ndice de mortalidad del 50% se redujo a un 20% despus del tratamiento con
Interfern. En gatos infectados por FIV, el ndice de mortalidad es mas bajo (5%) y no se ve afectado por el tratamiento.
Dosis y Va de Administracin: La fraccin liofilizada tiene que ser reconstituida con 1 ml del disolvente especfico para obtener, una
solucin que contiene 10 MU de Interfern recombinante.
Perros: El producto reconstituido tiene que ser inyectado por va intravenosa una vez al da, durante 3 das consecutivos. La dosis es de
2.5 MU/Kg de peso.
Gatos: El producto reconstituido tiene que ser inyectado por va subcutnea una vez al da durante 5 das consecutivos. La dosis es de 1
MU/Kg de peso. Tres tratamientos distintos de 5 das tienen que ser administrados en el da 0, da 14 y da 60.
La utilizacin de tratamientos adicionales mejora el pronstico. Durante el tratamiento, no se observ ninguna interaccin de Virbagen
Omega con antibiticos, solucin para rehidratacin, vitaminas y agentes antiinflamatorios no esteroideos. Sin embargo como
no existe informacin disponible sobre una posible interaccin entre el Interfern y otros productos, se recomienda administrar los
tratamientos adicionales con prudencia y despus de valorar la relacin riesgo/beneficio.
Advertencias: Perros: La vacunacin durante y despus del tratamiento con Virbagen Omega est contraindicada hasta la recuperacin
aparente del animal.
Gatos: Como toda vacunacin est contraindicada durante la fase sintomtica de infecciones FeLV/FIV, el efecto de Virbagen Omega
en la vacunacin del gato no fue evaluada.
Observaciones: Gatos y perros: Fue demostrado que la eficacia clnica del producto slo se puede obtener
administrando estrictamente la posologa recomendada.
Gatos: En el caso de tratamientos repetidos de enfermedades crnicas asociadas a insuficiencias hepticas, cardiacas y renales, la
enfermedad tiene que ser controlada antes de la administracin Virbagen Omega.
No se dispone en perros y gatos de informacin sobre induccin de efectos secundarios a largo plazo, especialmente para los desrdenes
autoinmunes. Tales efectos secundarios han sido descritos despus de la administracin mltiple y a largo plazo de Interfern de tipo
I en el hombre. Por lo tanto no se puede excluir la posibilidad de aparicin de desrdenes autoinmunes en los animales tratados y esta
posibilidad tiene que tomarse en consideracin frente al riesgo asociado a las infecciones FeLV/FIV.
No ha quedado demostrada la eficacia del producto en gatos con forma tumorosa de la infeccin por FeLV, o en gatos infectados por
FeLV y coinfectado por FIV en estadios terminales.
Desde otra ciudad llame sin costo a la PET-LINE 01-800-024-75-75
Web Site: http://www.virbac.com.mx
http://www.virbagenomega.com
Correo electrnico: clientes@virbac.com.mx