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(a)
Collisions between two objects can be described as being either elastic or inelastic.
Complete the table shown in Fig. 1.1 by placing a tick () in the relevant column(s) for each
statement which is true for that type of collision.
Elastic
collision
Statement
Inelastic
collision
2.0
F / kN
1.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
t / ms
Fig. 1.2
(i)
Describe how the velocity of the ball varies between t = 0.6 ms and t = 0.9 ms.
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3
(ii)
The mass of the snooker ball is 140 g. Calculate the final speed of the snooker ball as it
leaves the cue.
4
2
(a) Fig. 2.1 shows a jet aircraft preparing for take-off along a horizontal runway. The engine of the
jet is running but the brakes are applied. The jet is not yet moving.
runway
Fig. 2.1
On Fig. 2.1 draw an arrow to show each of the following forces acting on the jet:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
the total force exerted by the runway on the jet (label this F).
[2]
(b) The brakes are released. The maximum force produced by the engine is 28 kN. The take-off
speed of the jet is 56 m s1. The mass of the jet is 6200 kg.
(i)
Calculate the minimum distance the jet travels from rest to the point where it takes off.
Explain why the runway needs to be longer than the distance calculated in (i).
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5
(c) The jet is to be used in a flying display in which the pilot will be required to fly the jet in a
horizontal circle of radius r, at a constant speed of 86 m s1. This is achieved by flying the jet
with its wings at 35 to the horizontal. With the jet flying in this way, the two forces acting on
the jet are the lift L and the weight W, as shown in Fig. 2.2.
Air resistance has negligible effect on the motion of the jet during this manoeuvre.
L
35
W
Fig. 2.2
(i)
[1]
(ii)
Turn over
6
(d) In a more complex manoeuvre (loop the loop), the pilot is required to fly in a vertical circle at
a constant speed as shown in Fig. 2.3.
W
finish
start
Fig. 2.3
(i)
For a certain speed, the pilot can experience a sensation of weightlessness at a particular
point along the circular path.
1
On Fig. 2.3, mark with a cross labelled A, the point where the pilot experiences the
sensation of weightlessness.
[1]
State the magnitude of the vertical component of the contact force exerted by the
seat on the pilot at A.
In this manoeuvre it is convenient to analyse the motion of the jet in terms of two forces:
a constant weight W
a variable force P.
P is the resultant of the engine thrust, the lift from the wings and air resistance.
At the point B in Fig. 2.3 the jet is flying vertically upwards.
Explain why the force P is not directed towards the centre of the circular path.
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[Total: 14]
(a) Fig. 1.1 shows a negatively charged metal sphere close to a positively charged metal plate.
sphere
plate
+
Fig. 1.1
On Fig. 1.1, draw a minimum of five field lines to show the electric field pattern between the
plate and the sphere.
[2]
(b) Fig. 1.2 shows two positively charged particles A and B.
A
Fig. 1.2
E
Fig. 1.3
At point X, the magnitude of the resultant electric field strength due to the particles A and B
is zero.
(i)
State, with a reason, which of the two particles has a charge of greater magnitude.
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(ii)
On Fig. 1.3 sketch the variation of the resultant electric field strength E with distance d
from the particle A.
[3]
Fig. 1.4
This particle creates both electric and gravitational fields in the space around it. Explain why
the ratio of the electric field strength E to the gravitational field strength g at any point around
this charge is independent of its distance from the particle.
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[Total: 7]
8
4
Fig. 2.1 shows the circular path described by a helium nucleus in a region of uniform magnetic
field in a vacuum.
region of uniform
magnetic field
Fig. 2.1
The direction of the magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the paper. The magnetic flux
density of the magnetic field is 0.20 mT. The radius of the circular path is 15 cm. The helium nucleus
has charge + 3.2 1019 C and mass 6.6 1027 kg.
(a) Explain why the helium nucleus
(i)
(ii)
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[Total: 9]
10
5(a)
R = ........................................
C = ........................................
[1]
S1
X
12 V
Y
0.010 F
tight bundle
of wire
Fig. 4.1
A tight bundle of wire is made from 5.0 m of insulated wire of diameter 0.12 mm and resistivity
4.9 107 m. The material of the wire has density 8900 kg m3 and specific heat capacity
420 J kg1 K1.
(i)
11
(ii)
(iii)
State and explain how your answer to (iii) would change when a 24 V power supply is
used to carry out the experiment.
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[Total: 14]
Turn over
12
6(a)
Fig. 5.1
A current is induced in the coil. Use ideas about energy conservation to state and explain the
polarity of the face of the coil nearer the magnet.
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(c) Fig. 5.2 shows the magnetic field from the north pole of a vertically held bar magnet.
vertical
bar magnet
N
coil at position A
X
Y
coil at position B
Fig. 5.2
(i)
A small flat coil is placed at A. The coil is moved downwards from position A to position
B. The plane of the coil remains horizontal between these two positions. Explain why
there is no induced e.m.f. across the ends of the coil.
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13
(ii)
Fig. 5.3 is a graph showing how the magnetic flux density B varies along the horizontal
line XY in Fig. 5.2.
B
10
12
distance from X / cm
Fig. 5.3
E
+
0
10
12 distance from X / cm
Fig. 5.4
The same small flat coil from (i) is moved at a constant speed from X to Y. The plane of
the coil remains horizontal between X and Y.
On the axis provided in Fig. 5.4, sketch a graph to show the variation of the induced
e.m.f. E across the ends of the coil with distance from X.
[3]
[Total: 6]
14
Which of the graphs, A, B, C or D, shows the variation of electrical potential V with distance r from
an electron?
V
B
V
3
8
Fig. 3.1 shows the paths of an electron and a positron in a uniform magnetic field.
path of positron
path of electron
region of uniform
magnetic field
Fig. 3.1
(a) State the feature of the paths that shows that the electron has a different sign of charge from
a positron.
[1]
(b) State the feature of the paths that shows that the electron and the positron have the same
magnitude of momentum.
[1]
(c) Calculate the force on the positron as it moves through the uniform magnetic field with a
speed of 1.7 107 m s1.
magnetic field strength = 0.45 T
charge on positron = 1.6 1019 C
4
9
230 V a.c.
10 000 turns
12 V a.c.
output
Fig. 4.1
17
10 In a demonstration, a short unmagnetised iron rod is dropped through a vertical copper tube as
shown in Fig. 6.1.
iron rod
copper
tube
Fig. 6.1
An identical, magnetised iron rod takes considerably longer to fall through the copper tube.
Explain this demonstration using ideas about the induced emf in the copper tube.
[3]
6
11 The kinetic energy E of a particle of mass m with momentum p is given by
E=
p2
.
2m
11 This question is about an alpha particle scattering experiment. Fig. 9.1 shows the basic
experimental set up.
alpha source
lead block
detector
Fig. 9.2 shows the graph of the results of the original experiment published in 1913. It shows the
number of alpha particles scattered at different angles . The experiment was carried out with gold
108
foil ( 197
79Au) and silver foil ( 47Ag). You may assume that there were the same number of target
nuclei in the path of the alpha particle in each foil.
106
number
scattered
per unit time
105
104
103
gold foil
102
10
silver foil
1
50
100
150
scattering angle e / degrees
Fig. 9.2
9
(a) The experimenters looked at the numbers of particles scattered at a wide range of angles,
over times long enough to count many particles at each angle. Describe what the graph
shows about the scattering from gold foil. Compare this with the observations using silver foil.
Your answers should clearly link to the data from the graph.
[4]
(b) Consider a 6.0 MeV alpha particle striking the foil and bouncing directly back. Calculate the
distance between the alpha particle and the centre of a target gold nucleus at the instant of
closest approach. Assume that at this point all the initial kinetic energy of the alpha particle is
electrical potential energy.
electronic charge, e = 1.6 1019 C
electric force constant, k = 9.0 109 N m2 C2
charge on a gold nucleus = +79 e
charge on an alpha particle = + 2 e
21
(c) Further experiments show that the radii of nuclei are proportional to A1/3, where A is the
number of nucleons in a nucleus.
(i)
Explain why this relationship suggests that the density of nuclei is independent of the
number of nucleons within a nucleus.
[2]
(ii)
22
13 This question is about beta decay.
In beta decay the following two processes can occur:
neutron
proton
(a) State two of the quantities that must be conserved in beta decay processes.
[2]
(b) (i)
A neutron can spontaneously decay into a proton. Assuming a neutrino has zero mass,
calculate the amount of energy, in J, released when a neutron undergoes beta decay.
Data:
Explain why a free proton cannot spontaneously undergo beta decay to a neutron,
positron and neutrino.
[1]
23
(c) In particle physics energies are given in units of eV where 1 eV = 1.6 1019 J. Similarly, the
mass of particles is often given in units of eV/c 2 where c is the speed of light.
(i)
[2]
(ii)
Particle physicists have not been able to assign a precise value to the mass of a neutrino
but estimate that it is no more than 2 eV/c 2.
Calculate the maximum value of the mass of a neutrino.
14
11 This question is about the emf induced in a simple generator. Fig. 11.1 shows a square coil initially
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field.
uniform
magnetic
field
coil
Fig. 11.1
(a) Fig. 11.2 shows how the flux linkage through the coil changes as it rotates in the field.
0.06
0.05
flux
0.04
linkage /
0.03
Wb turns
0.02
0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
10
15
20
25
30
time / ms
Fig. 11.2
The coil has 200 turns. The magnetic field has a flux density of 7.5 102 T.
Use these data and data from the graph to calculate the length of a side of the square coil.
25
(b) An emf is induced in the coil as it rotates. Data from the graph may be used to estimate the
maximum emf by two methods. Method 1 uses the maximum gradient of the graph.
Method 2 uses the equation
emf = maximum flux linkage 2f sin(2ft )
where f is the frequency of the emf and t is the time.
Use both methods to calculate the maximum emf. Explain which answer you have most
confidence in.
Method 1:
[8]
[Total: 10]
26
15 This question is about a test of Special Relativity. In 1962 William Bertozzi designed an experiment
which measured the velocity of electrons with a range of kinetic energies. He wanted to test
Einsteins prediction that particles could not travel faster than the speed of light.
0V
+V
T1
T2
electron path
8.4 m
timing region
not to scale
Fig. 12.1
Simplified experimental design of Bertozzis experiment.
Electrons are accelerated in a region of uniform electric field. The time taken to travel the 8.4 m
between timing sensors T1 and T2 is recorded. The experiment is carried out in a vacuum.
(a) Draw four field lines representing the uniform electric field in the accelerating region.
[2]
(b) In one run of the experiment the accelerating p.d. was 5.0 105 V.
(i)
Show that the kinetic energy gained by the electrons passing through the accelerating
field region is 8.0 1014 J.
e = 1.6 1019 C
[1]
(ii)
Show that the speed v of an electron of kinetic energy 8.0 1014 J would be calculated
to be about 4 108 m s1 when relativistic effects are ignored.
mass of electron = 9.1 1031 kg
[2]
27
(c) In the experiment, the 8.0 1014 J electrons took 3.2 108 s to travel across the timing
region. Show that the measured velocity of the electrons was 2.6 108 m s1.
[1]
(d) (i)
Show that the kinetic energy 8.0 1014 J is comparable to the rest energy of an electron.
Hence calculate the relativistic factor .
speed of light = 3.0 108 m s1
Use your value for the relativistic factor to calculate a value for the velocity of the
electron when relativistic effects are considered.
[1]
(e) Bertozzi could have designed this experiment to use protons. Suggest and explain why he
chose to use electrons in the experiment rather than protons.
[2]
END OF QUESTIONS
[Total: 13]