1.

Calculate for Step Index Fibers(using

MATLAB):
a)Numerical aperture
b)Acceptance angle
c)Solid acceptance angle
d)Propagation constant
clc;
clear all;
disp('fundamental of step index fibers');
n1 = input('enter the index of core =');
n2 = input('enter the index of cladding =');
lamda = input('enter the operating wavelength of fiber in
micrometer =');
NA = ((n1^2)-(n2^2))^(1/2);
disp('numerical aperture of fiber is =');
disp(NA);
theta = asind(NA);
disp('Acceptance angle of fiber in degree is =');
disp(theta);
ohm = pi*(NA^2);
disp('solid acceptance angle of fiber in radian is =');
disp(ohm);
beta = (2*pi*n1/lamda)*cos(theta);
disp('Propagation constant of fiber in degree per micrometer
is =');

disp(beta);

2. Calculate for Step Index Fibers(using

MATLAB):
a) Propagation constant ()
b) Normalized propagation constant (b)
c) V number (V)
d) Check whether the fiber is single mode or multi mode.
e) Graph between normalized propagation constant (b) and V
number
f) Cut off wavelength (c)
g) Number of modes traveling in fiber (Ms)

clc;
clear all;
disp ('fundamentals of graded index fibers');
d = input('enter the diameter of core in micrometer =');
d = d*1000; %converting micrometer to nanometer
n1axis = input ('enter the index at core axis =');
n2 = input ('enter the index of cladding =');
alpha = input ('enter profile parameter =');
r = input ('enter the radius in micrometer at which acceptance angle is to be fined =');
a = d/2;

del = ((n1axis^2)-(n2^2))/(2*(n1axis^2));
NAaxis = (((n1axis) ^2)-(n2^2)) ^ (1/2);
R = [0:1:a];
n1r = n1axis;
NA = NAaxis;
l = a+1;
for i = R (1, 2): R(1,l)
n1r = [n1r, n1axis*((1-(2*del*((i/a) ^alpha))) ^ (1/2))];
NA = [NA, NAaxis*((1- (i/a) ^alpha) ^ (1/2))];
end
theta = asind (NAaxis*((1- (r/a) ^alpha) ^ (1/2)));
disp ('the value of acceptance angle in degree is =');
disp (theta);
subplot (1, 2, 1);
plot(R, n1r);
title ('refractive index in graded index fiber w.r.t. radius');
xlabel (radius (nm) ---->');
ylabel ('refractive index (unitless) ---->');
grid;
subplot (1, 2, 2);
plot(R, NA);
title ('Numerical Aperture in graded index fiber w.r.t. radius');
xlabel (radius (nm) ---->');

ylabel ('numerical aperture (unitless) ---->');

3. Calculate for Graded Index Fibers(using

MATLAB):
grid;

a) Graphical representation of core refractive index n1[r] w.r.t.

radius(a)
of core for different profile parameters.
b) Graphical representation of numerical aperture NA[r]
w.r.t. radius of
core (r) for different profile parameters.
c) Acceptance Angle (a) for given value of radius
Where 0 < r <= a , = refractive index difference
%calculation of Vc,cutoff wavelength,MFD and their graphical
representation
clc;
clear all;
d = input('diameter of core in micrometer=');
n1 = input('enter the index of core =');
n2 = input('enter the index of cladding =');
lamda = input('enter the operating wavelength of fiber in
micrometer =');
NA = ((n1^2)-(n2^2))^(1/2);
disp('numerical aperture of fiber is = ');
disp(NA);
theta = asind(NA);

d = d*1000;% convert diameter micrometer to nanometer

a = d/2;%radius of core
k = 2*pi/lamda;
beta = k*n1*cos(theta);%calculation of propogation constant
disp('propagation constant of fiber is = ');
disp(beta);
b = (((beta^2)/(k^2))-(n2^2))/((n1^2)-(n2^2)); %normalized
propogation constant
disp('Normalized propagation constant of fiber is = ');
disp(b);
Vnumber = pi*d*NA/lamda;
disp('V number = ');
disp(Vnumber);
%find wether fiber is single mode or multi mode
if Vnumber <=2.405
disp('fiber is single mode fiber at given wavelength');
else
disp('fiber is multimode fiber at given wavelength');
end
%graphical representation of V verses normalized propogation
constant(b)
x = [1:1:12];% X-axis b- 1 to 12
y = 1-(((a^2)*(((n1^2)*(k^2))-(beta^2)))/(1^2))
for i = x(1,2):x(1,12)
y = [y,1-(((a^2)*(((n1^2)*(k^2))-(beta^2)))/(i^2))];

end
figure(1);
plot(x,y);
grid;
xlabel('Vnumber(unitless)--->');
ylabel('normalized propogatio constant(b)unitless--->');
%graphical representation of V with wavelength
x1=[800:1:2000];% X-axis wavelength from 100 to 4000 range in
nanometer
y1=[(pi*d*NA)/800];
for j=x1(1,2):x1(1,1201)
k=2*pi/j;
y1=[y1,(k*d*NA/2)];
end
Vc = 2.405;
CutoffWavelength = pi*d*NA/Vc;
CutoffWavelength = round(CutoffWavelength);
disp('cutoff wavlength(nm) = ');
disp(CutoffWavelength);
figure(2);
plot(x1,y1);
hold on
h = stem(CutoffWavelength,Vc,'LineWidth',1);
set(h,'MarkerFaceColor','red');

hold off
annotation('textbox', 'Position',[0.6271 0.7976 0.2021
0.0524],'FitHeightToText','off','BackgroundColor',[1 0.6431
1], 'String',{sprintf('Cutoff wavelength= %s',...
int2str(CutoffWavelength))});
title('variation of normalized frequency with wavelength in
step index fibers');
xlabel('wavelength(nm)--->');
ylabel('V(unitless)--->');
grid;
Lamda = input('operating Wavelength at which number of modes
to be calculated in nanometer=');
Vnumber = pi*d*NA/Lamda;
disp('V number=');
disp(Vnumber);
annotation('textbox', 'Position',[0.6271 0.6976 0.1021
0.0424],'FitHeightToText', 'off','BackgroundColor',[1 0.6431
1],'String',{sprintf('Vnumber= %s' ,int2str(Vnumber))})
Ms = (Vnumber^2)/2;
disp('number of modes at operating wavelength=');
Ms = round(Ms);
disp(Ms);

4. Calculate for Graded Index Fibers(using

MATLAB):
a) Numerical aperture (NA)

c) V number (V)
d) Check whether the fiber is single mode or multi mode.
e) Graph between V number and wavelength ()
f) Cut off wavelength (c)
g) Number of modes traveling in fiber (Ms
clc;
clear all;
d=input('diameter of core in micrometer=');
n1=input('index of core=');
n2=input('index of cladding=');
%NA=((n1^2)-(n2^2))^(1/2);
NA = 0.13;
d=d*1000;% convert diameter micrometer to nanometer
Lamda = input('operating Wavelength at which number of modes to be
calculated in nanometer=');%800 to 1600 nanometer
Vnumber = pi*d*NA/Lamda;
MFD = 2*(d/2)*(0.65+(1.619/(Vnumber^(3/2)))+2.879/(Vnumber^6));
MFD = round(MFD);
MFD = MFD/1000;%convert MFD to micrometer
disp('mode field diameter in micrometer = ');
disp(MFD);

5. Calculate for Step Index Fibers(using

MATLAB):
a) Mode Field Diameter
clc;

clear all;
alpha0 = 1.7;
lamda0 = 0.85;
x = [700:1:1700];
Ralpha = alpha0*((lamda0/0.7)^4);
for i = x(1,2):x(1,1001)
i = i/1000;
Ralpha = [Ralpha,alpha0*((lamda0/i)^4)];
i = i*1000;
end
x = x/1000;
plot(x,Ralpha,'r');
xlabel(' wavelength (micro meter)

-------->');

ylabel(' Rayleigh scattering (dB/km)

--------->');

grid;
lamda = input('enter the wavelength in micrometer at which loss is to be
calculated = ');
Ralpha = alpha0*((lamda0/lamda)^4);
disp('rayleigh scattering at given wavelength(dB/km)is =');
disp(Ralpha);