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1st Semester
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P1
EXPERIMENT
Determination of Plancks Constant
Objectives
At the end of this activity, the student should be able to:
determine the turn-on voltage of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) from their IV-curve.
relate the turn-on voltage of an LED to the bandgap energy.
experimentally determine Plancks constant using LEDs.
Introduction
Max Planck, a pioneer in the field of quantum mechanics, developed the concept of a
fundamental unit of energy, a quantum, to explain the spectral distribution of blackbody
radiation in 1900. Planck proposed that atoms absorb and emit radiation in discrete
quantities given by the equation
E = nhf
(1)
Theory
An LED is an electrical circuit element made up of p-type and n-type semiconductors.
The n-type has excess free electrons while the p-type has spare holes. On the boundary
where both types of semiconductors meet, the free electrons of the n-type recombine with
the holes of the p-type which creates a depletion zone. This zone is negatively charged
on the p-type side and positively charged on the n-type side. The recombination causes
an electric field on the boundary to inhibit the movement of free electrons through the
depletion zone.
If the LED is connected to a voltage source and the voltage is sufficiently high to give
the electrons enough energy to overcome the electric field in the depletion zone, then
Determination of Plancks Constant
1st Semester
Physics 73.1
the electrons can flow from the n-type to the p-type material and recombine with the
holes, as seen in Figure 1. During recombination, electrons go from a higher energy level
the conduction band to a lower energy level the valence band. Light will then be
emitted, with the band gap, which is difference between the conduction band and the
valence band, equal to the energy of the emitted light. The minimum voltage needed for
the electron and hole to recombine is called the turn-on voltage.
(2)
hc
= eV0
(3)
The equation above allows us to compute for the Plancks constant using the frequency
of the emitted photon and the LEDs turn-on voltage.
Materials
The following materials are required for the experiment:
Light emitting diodes (red, orange, green, blue, and violet)
PCB circuit
Variable DC power supply
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Connectors
Plotting tool
Determination of Plancks Constant
1st Semester
Physics 73.1
Procedure
CAUTION:
Make sure that the voltage provided by the power supply is set to minimum before
switching it on.
The power supply has minimum voltage of around 1.2 V
Set-up
1. Set-up the circuit as shown in Figure 2 for the LED in the provided PCB circuit.
Figure 2: Circuit
2. The ammeter is connected in series with the LED while the voltmeter is connected
in parallel. Connect the longer leg of the LED to the positive terminal of the power
supply and the other leg to the negative terminal of the power supply.
3. Have your Instructor check your circuit before plugging in the power supply.
IV-curve
1. Turn on the power supply and increase the voltage slowly by turning its knob
clockwise. Record the current and voltage readings in Table W1. Take a minimum
of 2 current-voltage readings before the LED lights up and a minimum of five 5
current-voltage readings after it eventually lights up. Do not exceed 4 V.
2. Sketch the current vs. voltage graph of the red LED in Figure W1. Mark in your
graph the turn-on voltage by drawing a line from the maximum to the minimum
current reading when the LED lights up as shown in Figure 3.
1st Semester
Physics 73.1
Bibliography
[1] Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman, and A. Lewis Ford. University Physics with
Modern Physics, Chapter 35. Addison Wesley, 12th edition, 2007.
[2] Hands-On Activity: Measuring Plancks constant with LEDs, www.quantumspinoff.eu
[3] Physics 73.1 Laboratory Manual Authors, 2013.
1st Semester
Physics 73.1
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Data Sheet
Table W1: Measured Data for Red LED
LED
Off/On
Current Voltage
(mA)
(V)
Off
Off
On
On
On
On
On
Figure W1. IV-Curve of Red LED
Table W2: Measured Data for Orange LED
LED
Off/On
Current Voltage
(mA)
(V)
Off
Off
Off
Off
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
Current Voltage
(mA)
(V)
W1
1st Semester
Physics 73.1
Current Voltage
Off/On
(mA)
LED
(V)
Off/On
Off
Off
Off
Off
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
On
Current Voltage
(mA)
(V)
Frequency
Slope
Red
4.74
Orange
4.90
Green
5.62
Blue
6.53
Violet
7.43
(mA)
(V)
4.135 1034 eV s
% Error
Figure W2. Turn-on voltage vs. frequency plot
W2
Physics 73.1
1st Semester
Questions
1. Can you use the light from a small incandescent or fluorescent light bulb instead of
an LED in this experiment? Justify your answer.
2. Which of the following LED material is applicable for providing green light source
and what is the exact wavelength emitted by the desired material?
Material Band gap (eV)
A
3.00
2.33
1.97
3. What is the turn-on voltage of a green LED that produces a 530 nm-light? Show
your calculation.
W3