Structural Engineering II Chapter One

Structural engineering II
Chapter one
CHAPTER 1
ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES USING DISPLACEMENT
METHOD
1.1 SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD
INTRODUCTION
In the force (or compatibility) group of methods of structural analysis, such as the
method of consistent displacements and the method of least work, the unknowns are
forces. By comparison, in the slope-deflection method (which is one of the classical
formulations of the displacement group of methods) the unknowns are displacements. In
this method, the moments at the ends of a member are expressed in terms of the
displacements of these ends. The said member- end moments are made up of the
following components:
The end moments due to external loads on the member with the
member ends assumed fixed, and
The end moments caused by the actual member-end displacements
(rotations and translations).
This method takes into account only the bending deformations of structures, and
consequently, is used to analyze indeterminate structures, made up of moment-resisting
members such as continuous beams and rigid-jointed frames.
In using the slope-deflection method, a slope-deflection equation is written for every
member of the given structure, expressing the end moments in terms of the member-end
displacements. Next, joint equilibrium equation is written for every joint capable of
undergoing rotation. The expressions on the right hand sides of the slope-deflection
equations are then substituted into the joint equilibrium equations. The resulting
equations are solved for the joint rotations. Finally, the values of the joint rotations are
back-substituted into the slope-deflection equations to yield the required values of the
member-end moments.
Although the slope-deflection method is by itself an important method for the analysis
of indeterminate beams and frames, a good understanding of its basic principles provides
a very useful introduction to the matrix stiffness method of analysis, a method which
forms the bedrock of most computer software currently used for structural analysis.
The slope-deflection method uses algebraic procedure and it is therefore important to
adopt a sign convention for the forces and displacements.
SIGN CONVENTION
Moment is considered positive if it acts counterclockwise at the end of a
member or clockwise at a joint adjacent to a member. This is illustrated in
Fig.1.1.
End rotation is positive if it is counterclockwise in direction.
A chord rotation is positive if it is counterclockwise in direction.
AMU Lecture note/2013
Page 1
Chapter one
+
Fig.1.1 Sign Convention for end moments
Note
All end moments, end rotations and chord rotations shown in Fig.1.2(b) are positive
by the above sign convention.
DERIVATION OF THE SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATION
When load is applied to a continuous beam or a rigid-jointed frame, moments are
induced at the ends of the members. The slope-deflection equation expresses the
relationship between the moments at the end of a member and the displacements of the
member ends as well as the external loads applied to the member.
To develop this relationship, let us consider a typical member AB (of constant flexural
rigidity EI) of a rigid-jointed structure shown in Fig.1.2(a). Under the applied load let the
end moments developed and the deformed shape of the structure be as shown in
Fig.1.2(b).
Deformed axis of member AB
(OR Elastic curve)
B
MBA
B
B
L
MAB
A
(a)
(b)
Chord
L
EI = Const
Fig.1.2 Member-end displacements: (a) Typical member of a rigid-jointed frame

(b) Assumed displacement pattern of member AB
The notations in Fig.1.2(b) have the following meanings:
MAB = moment at end A of member AB;
MBA = moment at end B of member AB;
A, B = respective rotations of ends A and B of the member with reference to the undeformed (horizontal) axis of the member;
= relative translation between the two ends of the member in the direction
perpendicular to the un-deformed axis of the member;
Page 2
Chapter one
= rotation of the member's chord (i.e., the straight line connecting the member's
ends after deformation) due to the relative translation . the deformations are small and
hence
=
EXPRESSIONS FOR MEMBER MOMENTS

To derive expression for member moments in terms of the external load and the
deformations, we proceed by considering their effects on the moment one at a time. we
shall use moment-area method for the determination of the expressions for displacements.
1.End moments due to rotation A ( B = = P = 0).
In Fig.1.3(a) represents a member AB for which there is no rotation at end B (fixed
end), no relative translations of the ends (the chord joining the two ends of the member
after deformation remains horizontal) and there is no external load (P = 0).
MBA
MAB
A
B
L
(a)
M BA
EI
M AB
EI
(b)
Fig.1.3: (a) Member AB with the applied displacement and induced end moments;
(b) M/EI diagram for the end moments
According to the second moment-area theorem, the tangential deviation of a point A
on the elastic curve from the tangent at another point B on the elastic curve, measured in
the direction perpendicular to the originally straight member, is equal to the moment of
the area of the M/EI diagram between A and B taken about A.
Referring to Fig.1.3 (b) and using the above theorem, the distance between A and a
tangent drawn at B (this distance is zero since a tangent drawn at B is a horizontal line
that coincides with the un-deformed axis of the beam due to the fact that the slope at B is
zero) is equal to the area of the M/EI diagram between A and B taken about A.
Page 3
Chapter one
Thus:
M AB
L M
2L
L BA L
0
2 EI
3 2 EI
3
M AB
(1.1)
2
According to the first moment-area theorem, the angle in radians or the change in
slope between the tangents at two points A and B on the elastic curve of an originally
straight member is equal to the area of the M/EI diagram between points A and B.
Hence,
From here, M AB
M AB L M BA L
2 EI
2 EI
[Note that A B A since B 0 ]
Taking cognisance of eqn (1.1), the above expression reduces to:

M AB
4 EI A
,
L
M BA
2 EI A
L
(1.2)
2. End moments due to rotation B (A = = P = 0)

Fig.1.4 represents a member that satisfies the above conditions.
MAB
MBA
A
B
L
Fig.1.4 Given member with applied displacement and induced end moments
Analogous to Case1 (Fig.1.3),
M BA
4 EI B
,
L
M AB
2 EI B
L
(1.3)
2b. Modified or adjusted end-moments for member with far end hinged
Page 4
Chapter one
Consider the beam shown in Fig.1.4b which has a hinged far end. The relationship
between the applied moment MAB and the rotation A can be obtained by using the
moment-area method (as wasTangent
used for
at the
A case of member with far end fixed: Fig.1.4
above).
MBA = 0
MAB
A
A
EI=Const.
BA
(i)
M/EI
(ii)
Fig.1.4b: (i) Member with far end hinged, (ii) M/EI diagram for the end moment
From Fig.1.4b(i), it is clear that
BA
L
According to the second moment area theorem,
BA = moment of M/EI diagram between A and B taken about B.
BA
1 M
2L
L2 M
2 EI
3
3EI
But A
BA LM
L
3EI
3EI
A
L
(1.3b)
Eqn (1.3b) represents the modified or adjusted end moment at A due to rotation A when
the far end of the member is hinged.
3. End moments due to a relative joint displacement ( A = B = P = 0)
A member with a relative joint displacement but no joint rotations is shown in Fig.1.5.
From the first moment-area theorem, the change in slope between A and B (referring to
Fig.1.5(a) this change in slope is zero since there is no angular rotation at either of the
ends) is equal to the area of the M/EI diagram between A and B.
Page 5
Chapter one
AB
MAB
MBA
(a)
MBA/EI
MAB/EI
(b)
Fig.1.5: (a) Member with joint displacement, (b) M/EI diagram for the end moments
Thus:
M BA L M AB L
0
2 EI
2 EI
OR
MBA = MAB
(1.4)
Applying the second moment-area theorem, the distance between B and A , measured
vertically from the tangent drawn at A is equal to the moment of the area of the M/EI
diagram, taken about B.
Hence
M L L M L 2L
( AB ) BA AB
2 EI
3
2 EI
3
Combining the above expression with eqn (1.4), we obtain:
M AB M BA
6 EI
L2
(1.5)
Page 6
Chapter one
4a End moments due to external loads acting on the member ( A = B = = 0)

The fixed-end beam of Fig.1.6 represents this situation. Since the ends of the member are
fixed against rotation and translation, the member end moments are known as fixed-end
moments (FEM). They develop only as a result of the external loads. The fixed-end
moments may be obtained using the method of consistent displacements and momentarea theorems, or indeed any convenient method of analysis of indeterminate structures.
For ease of reference, fixed-end moments for some common loading cases are usually
given as appendix in standard text books. For this purpose, Table 1.2 is provided for your
use. The fixed-end moments in Table 1.2 are expressed with regard to our adopted sign
convention.
P
FEMAB
P
w
FEMBA
B
Fig.1.6 Fixed-end moments due to external loads

SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATION
To obtain the total end moment of a member AB, it is necessary to sum up the various
end moments due to external (FEMs) and those due to rotations and translations. This
will be achieved by combining eqns (1.2), (1.3), (1.5) and the fixed-end moments
(FEMs).
Hence:
M AB
M BA
2 EI
3
( 2 A B
) FEM AB
L
L
2 EI
3
(2 B A
) FEM BA
L
L
(1.6a)
(1.6b)
A close look at eqns (1.6) reveals that the two equations have the same form and that one
can be obtained from the other by swarping the subscripts A and B. Consequently, they
can be combined into one equation as follows:
M nf
2 EI
2 n f 3 FEM nf
L
(1.7)
Page 7
Chapter one
Eqn (1.7) is known as the slope-deflection equation. The subscript "n" refers to the near
end of the member where the moment Mnf acts while the subscript "f" refers to the far (or
other) end of the member.

, where is the relative translation of the supports.

L
MODIFIED SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATION

Where the far end of a member is hinged, it is sometimes convenient to obtain the end
moments using the modified slope deflection equation, which is as follows:
3EI
r FEM rh FEM hr
L
2
0
(1.7a)
M rh
M hr
where the subscript "r" refers to the rigidly connected end of the member where the
moment Mrh is applied, and the subscript "h" refers to the hinged end of the member.
Obviously, moment at the far hinged end Mhr = 0 since a hinge cannot support moment.
Page 8
Chapter one
Table1.1 End-moments due to end-displacements in a prismatic member

S/N
Type of displacement
MAB
End moments
MBA B
MAB
MBA
4 EI A
L
2 EI A
L
B
B
2 EI B
L
4 EI B
L
3EI A
L
MBA
MAB
A
MAB
Page 9
A
L
Chapter one
MAB
6 EI
L2
S/N
6 EI
L2
Type of loading
3EI
L2
Fixed-end moments (FEM)

FEMAB
FEMBA
MAB
L/2
B
MBA
PL
8
PL
8
L
P
2
B
L
Pab 2
L2
Pa 2b
L2
Page 10
Chapter one
MBA
Table 1.2 Fixed-end moments (FEM) due to applied loads

w
3
A
wL2
12
11
wL2
192
wL2
12
L
w
4
FEM AB
5
wL2
192
wa 2
6 L2 8aL 3a 2
12 L2
5
A
B
a
L
L/2
FEM BA
wa 3
4 L 3a
12 L2
Page 11
L/2
S/N
Chapter one
Type of loading
Fixed-end moments (FEM)

FEMAB
FEMBA
wo
5
wo L2
96
5
wo L2
96
L/2
L/2
7
A
wo L2
30
wo L2
20
B
L
wo
8
A
7
wo L2
960
23
wo L2
960
B
L/2
L/2
Page 12
wo
wo
Chapter one
A
9
B
wo L2
15
10
FEM AB
Mb 3a
L L
FEM BA
Ma 3b
L L
M
A
B
L
Page 13
Chapter one
ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS

In the analysis of continuous beams, slope-deflection equations are written for each span
in terms of the unknown displacements. The unknown displacements are the rotations of
members over supports (n and f in eqn (1.7)) and support translations (represented by
in eqn (1.7)) when a support undergoes translation. After writing slope-deflection
equations for the spans, joint equilibrium equation is written for each of the supports that
is free to rotate. A set of simultaneous equations result if more than one joint can rotate.
However, if only one joint can rotate only one equation with one unknown joint rotation
results. The resulting equation(s) is(are) solved for the displacement(s). The values or
expressions for the displacements are then back-substituted into the slope-deflection
equations, which are then solved to give member-end moments. The above procedure is
illustrated in the following example.
Example 1.1
Determine the member-end moments of the continuous beam ABC, fixed at ends A and C
and continuous over support B as shown in Fig.1.7a.
P = 60kN
w = 18kN/m
A
3m
B
LAB = 4m
MBA
B
LBC = 6m
EI = Const
MBC
(b)
(a)
Fig.1.7 (a) Given beam and loading, (b) Free body diagram of joint B
SOLUTION
First, we evaluate the fixed-end moments (Table 1.2) as follows:
2
FEM AB
L AB 18 42
24kN .m
12
12
FEM BA 24kN .m
FEM BC
PLBC 60 6
45kN .m
8
8
Page 14
Chapter one
FEM CB 45kN .m
We now write the slope-deflection equation for each span using eqn.(1.7):
M AB
2 EI
2 A B 3 FEM AB
LAB
Notice that in the given beam, A = 0 (fixed support) and the chord rotation = 0 (since
there is no support translation, i.e., = 0).
M AB
2 EI B
24
4
OR M AB 0.5EI B 24
M BA
(1)
2 EI
2 B A 3 FEM BA
LAB
Observe that while considering joint A, "a" was the near end ("n" in eqn 1.7) and "B" was
the far end ("f" in eqn.1.7) but when considering joint B, "B" became the near ("n") end
and "A" became the far ("f") end. Here again, = 0.
M BA
2 EI
2 B 24
4
OR M BA EI B 24
(2)
Similarly, for span BC:

M BC
2 EI
2 B C 3 FEM BC
LBC
2 EI
2 B 45
6
OR M BC 0.67 EI B 45
(3)
and
M CB
=
OR
2 EI
2C B 3 45
LBC
2 EI B
45
6
M CB 0.33EI B 45
(4)
Page 15
Chapter one
Next, we isolate B (Fig.1.7b) and write the equilibrium equation for the free-body as
follows:
M BA M BC 0
(5)
Substituting the values for MBA and MBC from eqns (2) and (3) into eqn (5) we obtain:
EI B 24 0.67 EI B 45 0
OR
B
12.57
EI
Substitution of the value of B into eqns (1) to (4) yields the end moments as follows:
12.57
M AB 0.5 EI
24 17.7 kN .m
EI
12.57
M BA EI
24 36.6kN .m
EI
12.57
M BC 0.67 EI
45 36.6kN .m
EI
12.57
M CB 0.33EI
45 49.2kN .m
EI
STRUCTURES WITH OVERHANGS

In a case where a beam has an overhang, to analyse the beam, the overhang is first
replaced by the equivalent moment applied on the adjacent support. The procedure then
becomes the same as before except that the overhanging member has a known end
moment. The following example will illustrate the steps involved.
Example 1.2
Determine the support moments for the beam shown in Fig.1.8
12kN
60kN
18kN/m
EI = Const
B
3m
4m
6m
D
1.5m
Fig.1.8 Given beam and loading

SOLUTION
Page 16
Chapter one
The overhanging span is replaced with its equivalent moment equal to 18kNm (12 x 1.5
= 18). This moment is positive in accordance with our adopted sign convention since the
12kN load tends to rotate joint C in a clockwise direction.
Notice that the fixed-end moments for spans AB and BC will be the same as for
Example 1.1.
Thus
FEMAB = 24kNm;
FEMBA = -24kNm;
FEMBC = 45kNm;
FEMCB = -45kNm.
Considering the overhanging span as a fixed cantilever, the fixed-end moment at support
C will be
FEMCD = 12 x 1.5 = 18kNm.
Slope-deflection equation
MBA
M AB
2 EI B
24,
4
OR
M AB 0.5EI B 24
M BA
4 EI B
24,
4
OR
M BA EI B 24
M BC
2 EI
2 B C 45,
6
(1)
(2)
OR 0.67 EI B 0.33EI C 45
2 EI
2C B 45, OR 0.67 EIC 0.33EI B 45
6
18kNm
(5)
M CB
M CD
(3)
(4)
Next, we consider the equilibrium conditions of the free bodies of the joints (Fig.1.9).
MBA
MCB
B
MBC
MCD
Fig.1.9 Free-body diagram of the joints

From Fig.1.9, we write:
MBA + MBC = 0
(6)
MCB + MCD = 0
(7)
Next, we substitute the values of the end moments from equations 2 to 5 into equations 6
and 7 and solve the resulting simultaneous equations for the end rotations, as follows:
EI B 24 0.67 EI B 0.33EI C 45 0
Page 17
Chapter one
or 1.67 EI B 0.33EI C 21
(8)
and 0.67 EI C 0.33EI B 45 18 0
or 0.33EI B 0.67 EI C 27
(9)
Solving equations 8 and 9 simultaneously yields:
C
51.51
EI
and
22.75
EI
Substituting these values of displacements C and B into the slope-deflection equations

will yield the end (or support) moments.
Thus:
22.75
24 12.63kNm
EI
22.75
M BA EI
24 46.75kNm
EI
22.75
51.51
M BC 0.67 EI
0.33EI
45 46.75kNm
EI
EI
51.51
22.75
M BC 0.67 EI
0.33EI
45 18kNm
EI
EI
and M CD 18kNm
M AB 0.5 EI
If it is required to obtain the support reactions, this can be conveniently carried out by
separately obtaining the simply supported beam reactions and the reactions due to support
moments, and then algebraically adding them together. This is carried out as shown in
Fig.1.10.
60kN
12kN
18kN/m
(a)
36kN
6m
4m
12.63kNm
(b)8.53kN
30kN
36kN
46.75kNm
46.75kNm
8.53kN
4.79kN
1.5m
30kN
12kN
18kNm
4.79kN
12.63kNm
(c) 27.47kN
79.32kN
37.21kN
Page 18
Chapter one
Fig.1.10 (a) Simply supported beam reactions; (b) Reactions due to support moments;
(c) Total (Final) support reactions
Note that in applying the end moments obtained from the slope-deflection equation at the
beam support points, the adopted sign convention (i.e., counterclockwise moments are
positive) is observed but in using these moments for further calculations (such as
obtaining support reactions or span moments) the beam sign convention (i.e., sagging
moments are positive and shears upward to the left of the beam or downward to the right
of the beam is positive) must be followed.
Checks To check the correctness of the final support reactions obtained in Fig.1.10(c),
the equilibrium of the entire beam under vertical forces is considered as follows:
Fy = 0; 27.47 + 79.32 +37.21 - (18 x 4) - 60 12 = 0
144 - 144 = 0 (Satisfied)
To check the correctness of the moment at support A, we can take the sum of the
moments of all the active and reactive forces about A as follows:
MA = - 12(1.5 + 6 + 4) + 37.21(6 + 4) - 60(3 + 4) + (79.32 x 4) - (18 x 4 x 2)
= - 138 + 372.1 - 420 + 317.3 - 144
= - 12.6kNm (Satisfied)
STRUCTURES SUBJECT TO SUPPORT SETTLEMENT
If any of the supports settles, its effect on each span can be taken care of in the slopedeflection equation. The known support settlement () is used to obtain the chord rotation
, which is then appropriately substituted into the slope-deflection equation(1.7) and the
rest of the analysis steps remains as before. This is illustrated using the following
example.
Example 1.3
Determine the support moments for the beam of Fig.1.11 if under the given loading
support B sinks by 5mm. Take E = 210 x 106 kN/m2; I = 360 x 10-6m4
B
C 2m
A
L36kN/m
LBC = 6m
AB = 4m
D EI = Const
60kN
30kN
3m
SOLUTION
Fixed-end moments
FEM AB
36 42
48kNm
12
FEM BA 48kNm
Page 19
Chapter one
60 6
45kNm
8
45kNm
FEM BC
FEM CB
FEM CD 30 2 60kNm
The chord rotations are obtained as follows:

AB
0.00125rad .
LAB
4000
Note that the minus sign is because the chord rotation for member AB is clockwise as
support B sinks (See sign convention).
BC
0.000833rad .
LBC
6000
Slope-deflection equations
M AB
or
M AB 0.5 EI B 0.001875EI 48
M BA
or
2 EI
2 A B 3 0.00125 48
LAB
2 EI
2 B A 3 0.00125 48
4
M BA EI B 0.001875 EI 48
M BC
(1)
(2)
2 EI
2 B C 3 0.000833 45
6
or
M BC 0.67 EI B 0.33 EI C 0.000833EI 45
M CB
(3)
2 EI
2C B 3 0.000833 45
6
or
M BC 0.67 EI C 0.33EI B 0.000833EI 45

M CD 60kNm
(5)
Joint equilibrium equations (See Fig.1.12)

MBA
B
(4)
MCB
C
Page 20
Chapter one
MBC
MCD
Fig.1.12 Free-body diagrams of the joints

M BA M BC 0
(6)
(7)
M CB M CD 0
Substitution of eqns (2) to (5) into eqns (6) and (7) gives the following.
For eqn.(6):
EI B 0.001875 EI 48 0.67 EI B 0.33EI C 0.000833EI 45 0
or 1.67 EI B 0.33EI C 0.00104 EI 3

Dividing throughout by EI, we have:
1.67 B 0.33 C
3
0.00104
EI
(8)
For eqn.(7):
0.67 EI C 0.33EI B 0.000833 45 60 0
Dividing throughout by EI, we obtain:

0.33 B 0.67 C
15
0.000833
EI
(9)
Solving eqns.(8) and (9) simultaneously, we obtain:

C 0.00171
25.782
,
EI
6.891
0.00096
EI
But EI 210 106 360 106 75600kNm 2

C 0.00171 0.000341 0.00137 or 1.37 10 3 rad .
and
B 0.0000911 0.00096 0.000869 or 8.69 10 4 rad
Final end moments:
M AB 0.5 75600 0.000869 0.001875 75600 48
or M AB 156.9kNm
M BA 75600 0.000869 0.001875 75600 48
Page 21
Chapter one
or M BA 28kNm
M BC 0.67 75600 0.000869 0.33 75600 0.00137 0.000833 75600 45
or M BC 28kNm
M CB 0.67 75600 0.00137 0.33 75600 0.000869 0.000833 75600 45
or M CB 60kNm
We now consider an example of a beam for which spans have different second moments
of area I.
Example 1.4
Evaluate the member-end moments of the beam shown in Fig.1.13
80kN
w = 36kN/m
C
A
2I
B I
2.5m
5m
5m

Fixed-end moments
FEM AB
48 52
100kNm
12
FEM BA 100kNm
FEM BC
80 5
50kNm
8
FEM CB 50kNm
M AB
2E 2I
B 100
5
or M AB 0.8 EI B 100
(1)
Page 22
M BA
2E 2I
2 B 100
5
or M BA 1.6 EI B 100
M BC
or
(2)
2 EI
2 B C 50
5
M BC 0.8 EI B 0.4 EI C 50
M CB
Chapter one
(3)
2 EI
2C B 50
5
or M CB 0.8EI C 0.4 EI B 50
(4)
Joint equilibrium equations: (See Fig.1.14)

MCB =0
MBA
B
MBC

M BA M BC 0
(5)
(6)
and M CB 0
Substituting the values of MBA and MBC from eqns (2), (3) and (4) into eqns (5) and (6),
we obtain the following:
1.6 EI B 100 0.8 EI B 0.4 EI C 50 0
or 2.4 EI B 0.4 EI C 50
(7)
and 0.8 EI C 0.4 EI B 50 0
(8)
Solving eqns (7) and (8) simultaneously, we obtain:
EI B 11.36
and
EI C 56.84
Final end moments

M AB 0.811.36 100 109.09kNm
Page 23
Chapter one
M BA 1.611.36 100 81.82kNm

M BC 0.811.36 0.4 56.84 50 81.82kNm
M CB 0.8 56.84 0.411.36 50 0 (as expected)
FRAMES WITH NO LATERAL TRANSLATION OF JOINTS

The procedure for the analysis of frames whose joint translations are prevented is similar
to that for the analysis of continuous beams. The following example illustrates such a
case.
Example 1.5
Determine the support moments of the frame shown in Fig.1.15
30kN
6m
3m
B
4m
3I
1.5I
6m
1.5I
10kN
2m
A
9m
Fig.1.15 Given frame and loading

SOLUTION
Observe that joints B and C can rotate but none of the joints can translate.
Fixed-end moments
FEM AB
FEM BA
FEM BC
FEM CB
10 2 42
8.89kNm
62
10 4 22
4.44kNm
62
30 6 32
20kNm
92
30 3 62
40kNm
92
Stiffnesses
Page 24
Chapter one
1.5 I
I
6
4
3I
I
9
3
K AB
K BC
K BC 4
K AB 3
Therefore, the relative values of the stiffnesses are K BC 4 K and K AB 3K
We now use these relative stiffness values in the slope-deflection equations.
M AB 2 3EK B 8.89
or M AB 6 EK B 8.89
(1)
M BA 4 3EK B 4.44
or M BA 12 EK B 4.44
(2)
M BC 4 4 EK B 2 4 EK C 20
or M BC 16 EK B 8 EK C 20
(3)
M CB 4 4 EKC 2 4 EK B 40
or M CB 16 EK C 8 EK B 40
M CD 4 3EK C
or M CD 12 EK C
(5)
M DC 2 3EK C
or M DC 6 EK C
(6)
(4)
Joint equilibrium equations

M BA M BC 0
(7)
M CB M CD 0
(8)
Substituting eqns (2) to (5) into eqns (7) and (8), we have:
12 EK B 4.44 16 EK B 8 EK C 20 0
(9)
16
EK
8
EK
40
12
EK
0
and
(10)
C
B
C
Simultaneous solution of eqns (9) and (10) yields:
EK B 1.048
and EKC 1.728
Final end moments (or support moments)
Page 25
Chapter one
M AB 6 1.048 8.89 2.60kNm

M BA 12 1.048 4.44 17.02kNm
M BC 16 1.048 81.728 20 17.06kNm

M CB 161.728 8 1.048 40 20.74kNm
M CD 121.728 20.74kNm
M DC 61.728 10.37 kNm
Example 1.6
Determine the member-end moments for the frame of Fig.1.16
100kN
15kN/m
A
1.5I
1.5I
75kN
0.75I
0.75I
3m
3m
C
4m
4m
6m

SOLUTION
Here only joints B and D are free to rotate. The structure therefore has only two degrees
of freedom, which are the unknown joint rotations B and D.
Fixed-end moments
100 8
100kNm ;
8
FEM BA 100kNm;
FEM BC FEM CB 0 ;
FEM AB
15 6 2
45kNm;
12
FEM DB 45kNm;
75 6
FEM DE
56.25kNm;
8
FEM ED 56.25kNm.
FEM BD
Chord rotations
There is no settlement of any of the supports so the chord rotation of each of the four
members is zero, i.e., AB BC BD DE 0 .
Page 26
Chapter one
M AB
2 1.5 EI
B 100 0.375EI B 100
8
M BA
2 1.5EI
2 B 100 0.75EI B 100
8
(2)
M BC
2 0.75 EI
2 B 0.5 EI B
6
(3)
M CB
2 0.75 EI
B 0.25EI B
6
(4)
M BD
2 1.5 EI
2 B D 45 EI B 0.5EI D 45
6
M DB
2 1.5 EI
2 D B 45 EI D 0.5EI B 45
6
M DE
2 0.75EI
2 D 56.25 0.5 EI D 56.25
6
(7)
M ED
2 0.75 EI
D 56.25 0.25EI D 56.25
6
(8)
(1)
(5)
(6)

We now apply moment equilibrium equations to the free bodies of joints B and D shown
in Fig 1.17
M BA M BC M BD 0
(9)
(10)
M DB M DE 0
MBA
MDB
D
MBD
MBC
MDE

Page 27
Chapter one
Joint rotations
To determine the unknown joint rotations B and D , we substitute slope-deflection
eqns (2), (3), (5), (6) and (7) into the joint equilibrium equations (9) and (10) to obtain the
following equations:
0.75 EI B 100 0.5EI B EI B 0.5 EI D 45 0
or 2.25 EI B 0.5 EI D 55
(11)
and
EI D 0.5 EI B 45 0.5 EI D 56.25 0
or 0.5 EI B 1.5 EI D 11.25
(12)
Simultaneous solution of eqns (11) and (12) yields the following:
EI B 28.2;
EI D 16.9
Member-end moments
The member-end moments are obtained by substituting the numerical values of EI B
and EI D into the slope-deflection equations as follows:
M AB 0.375 28.2 100 110 .58kNm;
M BA 0.75 28.2 100 78.85kNm;
M BC 0.5 28.2 14.1kNm;
M CB 0.25 28.2 7.05;
M BD 28.2 0.5 16.9 45 64.75kNm;

M DB 16.9 0.5 28.2 45 47.8kNm;
M DE 0.5 16.9 56.25 47.8kNm;
M ED 0.25 16.9 56.25 60.48kNm.
FRAMES WITH LATERAL TRANSLATION OF JOINTS
For the analysis of frames with joint translation, some other equilibrium conditions is are
required, in addition to joint equilibrium equations. The procedure involved is illustrated
by means of the following example.
Example 1.7
Determine the member-end moments for the frame shown in Fig.1.18.
3m
B
3I
4m
1.5I
10kNAMU Lecture note/2013
2m
A
9m
6m
1.5I
Page 28
D
Chapter one

SOLUTION
Recall that this frame was earlier analysed in Example 1.5 (Fig.1.15) but with the joint
translation prevented by provision of a lateral support at joint C. In this example, the
support at C has been removed to allow translation of joints to take place. A possible
deformed shape of the frame is shown in Fig.1.19. Since axial deformation is negligible,
the lateral translations of joints B and C () are equal .
Fig.1.19 Possible deformed shape of the frame

Fixed-end moments
The fixed-end moments were obtained in Example 1.5 and are as follows:
FEM AB 8.89kNm;
FEM BA 4.44kNm;
FEM BC 20kNm;
FEM CB 40kNm.
As was done in the analysis of the frame of Example 1.5, in this example we shall use for
convenience, the relative values of the stiffnesses as K AB K CD 3K and K BC 4 K
Note also that the chord rotations are equal, i.e. AB CD
M AB 2 3EK B 3 8.89
or M AB 6 EK B 18 EK 8.89
M BA 6 EK 2 B 3 4.44
or M BA 12 EK B 18 EK 4.44
M BC 2 4 EK 2 B C 20
or M BC 16 EK B 8 EK C 20
(1)
(2)
(3)
Page 29
Chapter one
M CB 2 4 EK 2C B 40
or M CB 16 EK C 8 EK B 40
M CD 2 3EK 2 C 3
(4)
or M CD 12 EKC 18 EK
M DC 2 3EK C 3
(5)
or M DC 6 EK C 18EK
(6)

M BA M BC 0
(7)
M CB M CD 0
(8)
Note that the joint equilibrium equations are only two but there are three unknowns: B ;
C and . A third equation is therefore necessary in order to evaluate the three
unknowns. This can be obtained by considering the equilibrium of the entire frame under
horizontal forces, i.e. Fx =0. The forces involved here are the external 10kN force and
the shears at the column bases. The two columns, together with the various forces needed
to establish the third equation, are shown in Fig.1.20.
MCD
MBA
B
C
4m
6m
10kN
2m
HAB
HDC
D
MAB
MDC
Fig.1.20 Shears at column bases

Referring to Fig.1.20, we obtain the following equilibrium equation for horizontal forces:
Fx =0; 10 - HAB - HDC = 0
(9)
Expressions for the shears (HAB and HDC) can be obtained in terms of the end moments as
follows:
M B 0; 6 H AB 10 4 M AB M BA 0
or
M M BA 40
H AB AB
(10)
6
and M C 0;
M M DC
H DC CD
(11)
6
Page 30
Chapter one
Substituting equations (1) and (2) into eqn (10) and eqns(5) and (6) into eqn(11), and then
substituting the resulting expressions for HAB and HDC into eqn(9), we have:
6 EK B 18 EK 8.89 12 EK B 18 EK 35.56 12 EK C 18 EK 6 EKC 18 EK

6
6
3EK B 3EK C 12 EK 2.592

(12)
10
or
Substitution of eqns (2) and (3) into eqn(7) and eqns(4) and (5) into eqn(8) yields the
following equations (13) and (14) respectively;
28 EK B 8 EKC 18 EK 15.56
and 8 EK B 28 EK C 18 EK 40
(13)
(14)
Simultaneous solution of equations (12), (13) and (14) yields the joint displacements as
follows:
EK C 1.697;
EK B 1.0847;
EK 0.0629.
Final member-end moments
M AB 6 1.0847 18 0.0629 8.89 3.51kNm;
M BA 12 1.0847 18 0.0629 4.44 16.32kNm;
M BC 16 1.0847 81.697 20 16.22kNm;
M CB 161.697 8 1.0847 40 21.52kNm;

M CD 121.697 18 0.0629 21.52kNm;
M DC 61.697 18 0.0629 11.31kNm.
Page 31

Structural Engineering II Chapter One

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Structural Engineering II Chapter One

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Structural engineering II

AMU Lecture note/2013

Fig.1.2 Member-end displacements: (a) Typical member of a rigid-jointed frame

EXPRESSIONS FOR MEMBER MOMENTS

[Note that A B A since B 0 ]

Taking cognisance of eqn (1.1), the above expression reduces to:

2. End moments due to rotation B (A = = P = 0)

AMU Lecture note/2013

AMU Lecture note/2013

AMU Lecture note/2013

4a End moments due to external loads acting on the member ( A = B = = 0)

Fig.1.6 Fixed-end moments due to external loads

AMU Lecture note/2013

, where is the relative translation of the supports.

MODIFIED SLOPE-DEFLECTION EQUATION

AMU Lecture note/2013

Table1.1 End-moments due to end-displacements in a prismatic member

AMU Lecture note/2013

Fixed-end moments (FEM)

AMU Lecture note/2013

Table 1.2 Fixed-end moments (FEM) due to applied loads

AMU Lecture note/2013

Fixed-end moments (FEM)

AMU Lecture note/2013

AMU Lecture note/2013

ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS

AMU Lecture note/2013

Similarly, for span BC:

AMU Lecture note/2013

STRUCTURES WITH OVERHANGS

Fig.1.8 Given beam and loading

Fig.1.9 Free-body diagram of the joints

AMU Lecture note/2013

Substituting these values of displacements C and B into the slope-deflection equations

AMU Lecture note/2013

AMU Lecture note/2013

The chord rotations are obtained as follows:

M BC 0.67 EI B 0.33 EI C 0.000833EI 45

M BC 0.67 EI C 0.33EI B 0.000833EI 45

Joint equilibrium equations (See Fig.1.12)

Fig.1.12 Free-body diagrams of the joints

EI B 0.001875 EI 48 0.67 EI B 0.33EI C 0.000833EI 45 0

or 1.67 EI B 0.33EI C 0.00104 EI 3

0.67 EI C 0.33EI B 0.000833 45 60 0

Dividing throughout by EI, we obtain:

Solving eqns.(8) and (9) simultaneously, we obtain:

But EI 210 106 360 106 75600kNm 2

AMU Lecture note/2013

Fig.1.13 Given beam and loading

Joint equilibrium equations: (See Fig.1.14)

Fig.1.14 Free-body diagrams of the joints

Final end moments

AMU Lecture note/2013

M BA 1.611.36 100 81.82kNm

FRAMES WITH NO LATERAL TRANSLATION OF JOINTS

Fig.1.15 Given frame and loading

Joint equilibrium equations

M AB 6 1.048 8.89 2.60kNm

M BC 16 1.048 81.728 20 17.06kNm

Fig.1.16 Given frame and loading

Joint equilibrium equations

Fig.1.17 Free-body diagrams of the joints

M BD 28.2 0.5 16.9 45 64.75kNm;