Eurocode 7 and British Standards

Eurocode 7 and
British Standards
Institution of Civil Engineers
Swindon 3rd September 2008
Geomantix
www.geomantix.com
Understand, analyse, and assess

Geotechnical engineering is
the art of using soils whose properties we do not really
understand to form and to support structures we cannot
really analyse, so as to withstand forces which we
cannot really assess, in such a way that the public does
not really suspect
Professor Noel Simons, Inaugural Lecture, University of
Surrey
(with apologies to Professor Eric Brown, Imperial College)
Sep-08
Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved
Mr Andrew Harris
MSc DIC MICE CEng FGS
Director: Geomantix Ltd
Consultant: TGP, Atkins
Lecturer: Kingston University
Eurocode experience
Co-author Decoding Eurocode 7 (2008), Spon Press
Co-author Chapter 7 PP1990 (Guide to the Structural
Eurocodes), BSI
Trainer for Geocentrix, IStructE/ Professional
Solutions, & Thomas Telford/Eurocode Expert
Teaching experience
Lecturer (2008,1985-2004) and Associate Dean (20004) at Kingston University
Author of CPD courses in geotechnical design & pile
design for Kingston University and IStructE/
Professional Solutions
Consulting
Regional Manager at CL Associates (2004-6)
Design and execution of geotechnical and
contaminated land investigations
Sep-08
Implementation of Eurocodes
The structural Eurocodes are a European suite of codes
for structural design developed over twenty-five
years
By 2010 they will have effectively replaced the current
British Standards as the primary basis for designing
buildings and civil engineering structures in the UK
They [will be] used as an acceptable basis for meeting
compliance with UK Building Regulations and the
requirements of other public authorities
National Strategy for Implementation of the Structural
Eurocodes (2004)
Sep-08
The Eurocode programme
Sep-08
Connections between main

Eurocodes
Sep-08
Contents of Eurocode 7
Overview of EN Eurocodes
Contents of EN 1997-1:
General rules
Sep-08
Contents of EN 1997-2:
Ground investigation and testing
Sep-08
Division of responsibilities
between Parts 1 & 2 of EN 1997
EN 1997-1 General rules
General framework for geotechnical design

Definition of ground parameters
Characteristic and design values
General rules for site investigation
Rules for the design of main types of geotechnical structures
Some assumptions on execution procedures
EN 1997-2 Ground investigation and testing

Detailed rules for site investigations
General test specifications
Derivation of ground properties and geotechnical model of the
site
Examples of calculation methods based on field and laboratory
testing
[ref. EN 1997-2 Figure 1.2]
Sep-08
10
The wider landscape

3
IS
14
EN
36
15
8
68
l
ica n
n
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ec gat i g
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o ti
Ge ves stin s
in d te ar d
an and
st
EN
EN
IS
68
14
37
EN
92
78
O
IS
28
3
06
ion s
t
u
ec dard
x
E an
st
EN
EN
6
22
12
IS
12
15
38
15
2
I
12
SO
47
22
71
12
7
12
EN
oc
ur
1
EN
Sep-08
9
19
0
EN
1
99
62
es
d
o
EN
EN
93
19
EN
4
99
19
76
24
EN
6
14
19
79
EN
99
9
19
3
19
EN 1997
96
2
99
EN
13
95
EN
16
9
69
12
9
19
EN
14
EN
5
47
14
EN
O
IS
EN
EN
EN
31
47
15
13
O
IS
22
7
47
7
23
12
Geotechnical investigation and

testing
Sep-08
13
Execution of special geotechnical

works
Sep-08
14
Bringing European standards into

national practice
Sep-08
15
National Annex completes the

Eurocode jigsaw
Sep-08
16
Role of Eurocode 7 in UK
practice
Sep-08
17
Benefits of the Eurocodes
Sep-08
18
Of vital importance
The Eurocodes will become the Europe wide means of
designing Civil and Structural engineering works and
so they are of vital importance to both the design
and construction sectors of the Civil and Building
industries
Introduction to Eurocodes
European Commission website (http://ec.europa.eu)
Sep-08
19
Geotechnical design
EN 1997-1 general rules
Geotechnical categories
GC
Includes
Design requirements
Design procedure
Small and relatively

simple structures
with negligible risk
Negligible risk of instability or

ground movements
Ground conditions known to be
straightforward
No excavation below water
table (or such excavation is
straightforward)
Routine design &

construction methods
Conventional types of
structure &
foundation with no
exceptional risk or
difficult soil or loading
conditions
Quantitative geotechnical data

& analysis to ensure
fundamental requirements are
satisfied
Routine field & lab testing

Routine design & execution
Structures or parts of
structures not
covered above
Include alternative provisions and rules to those in Eurocode 7
Sep-08
21
Example risk assessment

Category 1
Low height cut slope
in London clay
Category 3
Embedded bored pile retaining
walls over underground tunnel
Category 2
Embedded retaining wall and
bored piles in London clay
Category 3
Underground running tunnels
Sep-08
22
Limit states
Ultimate limit states for strength

(STR/GEO)
Sep-08
24
Ultimate limit states for stability

(EQU/UPL/HYD)
Sep-08
EQU
UPL
HYD
Loss of static equilibrium
Uplift by vertical forces
Hydraulic failure
Toppling
Buoyancy
Internal erosion
25
Limit states for overall stability
Sep-08
Near river/canal/lake/reservoir/sea-shore
Near/on natural or man-made slope
Near an excavation or retaining wall
Near mine workings/buried structures
26
Ultimate limit states for

serviceability
Settlement
Differential settlement
Vibration
h
h
Deflection
Insufficient pumping
Excessive flow
Sep-08
27
Design by prescriptive measures
2.5(2) Design by prescriptive

measures may be used where
comparable experience makes
design calculations unnecessary
2.5(1) These [measures] involve
conventional and generally
conservative rules in the design,
and attention to specification and
control of materials, workmanship,
protection and maintenance
procedures
Example (right)
Annex G (informative) sample
method for deriving presumed
bearing resistance for spread
foundations on rock
Information taken from British
Standard 8004
Sep-08
28
Design by observation or testing
2.7(1) When prediction of geotechnical behaviour is difficult, it can be

appropriate to apply the approach known as the observational
method, in which the design is reviewed during construction
2.7(2)P The following requirements shall be met before construction is
started:
acceptable limits of behaviour shall be established

the range of possible behaviour shall be assessed
a plan of monitoring shall be devised
a plan of contingency actions shall be devised
2.6(1)P When the results of load tests or tests on large or small scale
models are used to justify a design the following features shall be
considered :
differences in the ground conditions between the test and the actual
construction
time effects
scale effects
Sep-08
29
Design by calculation
Sep-08
30
Verification of strength
Verification of strength is expressed in Eurocode 7 by:
E d Rd
Ed = design effect of actions

Rd = design resistance corresponding to that effect
This requirement applies to limit state GEO:
Failure or excessive deformation of the ground, in which the strength of
soil or rock is significant in providing resistance
EN 1997-1 2.4.7.1(1)P
and to ultimate limit state STR
Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural
elements in which the strength of structural materials is significant in
providing resistance
EN 1997-1 2.4.7.1(1)P
Sep-08
31
Obtaining design material

properties
Test results
Derivation
Derived values of
geotechnical parameters X
Characterization
Characteristic
value Xk
Factorization
Design
value Xd
Sep-08
32
Deriving geotechnical parameters
Sep-08
33
Characterizing material properties
Derived values of geotechnical

parameters X
Well-established
experience
Statistical methods
Standard tables of
characteristic
values
Cautious
estimate
5% fractile
Characteristic value Xk
Sep-08
34
Effects of actions
Structural effects are independent

of material strength
Conceptually, we may write this as:
E d = E {Fd , ad }
Action
FL c bdL2
+
M =
4
8
Effect
In structural engineering, effects are

independent of strength of
materials
Example: bending moment at midspan of beam is:
deflection
Sep-08
internal stresses
36
Geotechnical effects depend on

material strength
E d = E {Fd , X d , ad }
Sep-08
Action
deflection
Effect
In geotechnical engineering, effects

often depend on the strength of
materials
Example: internal stresses in and
deflection/settlement of retaining
wall all depend on earth
pressure:
Pa = Ka (H + q)H
2
= (1 sin ) (H/2 + q)H
(1 + sin )
Pa
earth pressure
internal stresses
settlement
37
Resistances
Example: bending resistance of

concrete beam is:
f y As
M = As f y d 1
2fc bd
Rd = R {X d , ad }
stress blocks
Sep-08
concrete
(in compression)
concrete
(in tension)
steel
(in tension)
Resistance
In structural engineering, resistance is

independent of loading on
structure
Material Property
Structural resistance is
independent of loading
strain in cross-section
39
In geotechnical engineering,
resistance often depends on selfweight of and loads applied to the
ground
Example: shear stress mobilized
against underside of base
depends on self-weight of fill and
surcharge:
Material property
Geotechnical resistance depends

on loading
q
self-weight
of fill
Rd = R {X d , Fd , ad }
Resistance
S = ( H + q ) B tan
S
shear stress
Sep-08
40
Introducing reliability into

design
Application of partial factors and

tolerances
Actions
Fd = F Frep
Effects of actions
Material properties
Xd =
Xk
Resistances
Geometrical parameters
ad = anom a
Sep-08
E d = E E {Fd , X d , ad }
Rd =
R {Fd , X d , ad }
R
42
Design Approaches
Design Approaches for STR/GEO
2.4.7.3.4.1(1)P The manner in which equations [above] are applied

shall be determined using one of three Design Approaches
Design Approaches apply ONLY to STR and GEO limit states
Each nation can choose which one (or more) to allow
UK National Annex, NA.4 only Design Approach 1 is to be used in

the UK
In simplest terms, the design approaches apply factors to the
following
Design Approach
1
Combination 1
Combination 2
Actions
Material
properties
Sep-08
Actions or effects
& resistances
3
Structural actions
or effects
& material
properties
44
Partial factors
Partial factors for limit states

GEO/STR
Parameter
Permanent Unfavourable
action (G) Favourable
Variable
Unfavourable
action (Q) Favourable
Accidental Unfavourable
action (A)
Favourable
Shearing resistance (tan )
Effective cohesion (c)
Undrained shear strength (cu)
Unconfined compressive
strength (qu)
Weight density ()
Bearing resistance (Rv)
Sliding resistance (Rh)
Earth resistance Walls
(Re)
Slopes
Pile resistance
Sep-08
Action
factors
A1
1.35
G
(G,fav) 1.0
1.5
Q
(0)
1.0
A
(0)
c
cu
qu
Symbol
g
Rv
Rh
Re
A2
1.0
Material
factors
M1
M2
Resistance factors
R1
R2
R3
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.1
1.4
1.1
Varies
R4
1.3
(0)
1.0
(0)
1.0
1.25
1.4
1.0
(1.0)
46
Partial factors for limit states GEO/STR (DA1)

footings, walls, and slopes
Parameter
Permanent
action (G)
Variable
action (Q)
Accidental
action (A)
Unfavourable
Combination 2
A2
M2
R1
1.0
Favourable
Unfavourable
(G,fav)
Q
1.0
1.5
1.3
Favourable
Unfavourable
(0)
1.0
(0)
1.0
c
cu
qu
(0)
(0)
Favourable
Shearing resistance (tan )
Unconfined compressive strength
(qu)
Weight density ()
Bearing resistance (Rv)
Sliding resistance (Rh)
Earth resistance (Re)
Sep-08
Symbol Combination 1
M1
R1
A1
1.35
G
1.25
1.0
g
Rv
Rh
Re
1.4
1.0
1.0
1.0
47
Verification of strength for

GEO/STR (DA1-1)
Sep-08
48
Verification of strength for

GEO/STR (DA1-2)
Sep-08
49
Partial factors for limit states GEO/STR (DA1)

bridges (from draft amd 1 to NA to BS EN 1990)
Parameter
Unfavourable
Permanent
action (G)
Concrete, soil, other materials,

creep & shrinkage, non-linear
settlement
Steel, super-imposed, road
surfacing, linear settlement
Hydrostatic effects
Hydrostatic effects
Creep & shrinkage, linear &
non-linear settlement
All other actions
Road traffic & pedestrian
Symbol
G,sup
Combination 1
A1
M1/R1
1.35
Combination 2
A2
M2/R1
1.0
1.20
?
0
0.95
1.35
1.0
1.15
1.45
Rail traffic
1.5
Thermal/wind, footbridge &
execution
1.65
Thermal/wind, highway and
rail
0
Favourable
1.0
Accidental Unfavourable
A
(0)
action (A)
Favourable
Material
properties and resistance
Sep-08
1.25
1.3
Favble
?
?
0
Unfavble
Variable
action (Q)
G,inf
Q,sup
1.45
0
1.0
(0)
Buildings
Buildings
50
Basis of design for stability

Verification of stability
Verification of stability
Verification of stability is expressed in Eurocode 7 by:
E d ,dst E d ,stb + Rd
Ed,dst = destabilizing design effect of actions

Ed,stb = stabilizing design effect of actions
Rd = any additional design resistance that stabilizes the structures
This requirement applies to limit state EQU:
Loss of equilibrium of the structure or the ground, considered as a rigid body, in
which the strengths of structural materials and the ground are insignificant in
providing resistance
EN 1997-1 2.4.7.1(1)P
and to ultimate limit state UPL:
Loss of equilibrium of the structure or the ground, due to uplift by water pressure
(buoyancy) or other vertical actions
EN 1997-1 2.4.7.1(1)P
Sep-08
52
Verification of stability for EQU
Sep-08
53
factors for limit state EQU for buildings

Parameter
Symbol Partial factors on

Actions
Material
properties
Permanent
Unfavourable
1.1
G,dst
action (G)
Favourable
0.9
G,stb
1.5
Variable action
Unfavourable
Q,dst
Favourable
0
(Q)
Accidental action Unfavourable
(1.0)
A,dst
(A)
Favourable
(0)
Coeff. of shearing resistance (tan
1.25 [1.1]
)
c
1.4 [1.2]
cu
Unconfined compressive
qu
strength (qu)
1.0
Weight density ()
All resistances (R)

R
Resistance
s
(1.0)
Values underlined provide safety (i.e. are 1.0)

Values in (rounds brackets) are not explicitly given in EN 1997-1 but can be inferred
Partial factors = 0 mean that the corresponding action is omitted from design calculations
Values in [square brackets] from NA to BS EN 1997-1
Sep-08
54
Partial factors for limit state EQU

for bridges (from draft amd 1 to NA to BS EN 1990)
Parameter
Permanent
action (G)
Variable
action (Q)
Symbol
Unfavourable
Favourable
Road traffic/pedestrian
Unfavourable
Rail traffic
Thermal/wind footbridge &
exec
Thermal/wind highway &
rail
Favourable
Accidental
Unfavourable
action (A)
Favourable
Material properties
Resistances
G,dst
G,stb
Q,dst
Partial factors on
Actions
M
1.05
0.95
1.35
1.45
1.5
1.5
A,dst
M
R
0
(1.0)
(0)
buildings
(1.0)

Values in (brackets) are not explicitly given in EN 1997-1 but can be inferred
Sep-08
55
Verification of stability for UPL
Sep-08
56
Partial factors for limit state UPL

Symbol
Parameter
Permanent action (G)
Unfavourable
Favourable
Variable action (Q)
Unfavourable
Favourable
Accidental action (A)
Unfavourable
Favourable
Coeff. of shearing resistance (tan )
Undrained shear strength (Cu)
Unconfined compressive strength (qu)
Weight density (g)
Tensile pile resistance (Rst)
Anchorage resistance (Ra)
G,dst
G,stb
Q,dst
A,dst
c
Cu
qu
st
a
Partial factors on
Actions
Material
properties
Resistances
1.0 [1.1]
0.9
1.5
(0)
(1.0)
(0)
1.25
1.4
(1.4)
(1.0)
1.4 [*]
1.4 [*]

Values in (round brackets) are not explicitly given in EN 1997-1 but can be inferred
Value in [square brackets] as modified by the NA to BS EN 1997-1; *design as for STR/GEO
Sep-08
57
Verification of stability for HYD
Sep-08
58
Partial factors for limit state HYD

Symbol Partial factors on
Parameter
Actions
Permanent action
(G)
Variable action (Q)
Accidental action
(A)
Unfavourab
le
Favourable
G,dst
1.35
G,stb
0.9
Unfavourab
le
Favourable
Q,dst
1.5
(0)
Unfavourab
le
Favourable
A,dst
(1.0)
(0)
Weight density ()
All resistances (R)
Material
properties
Resistance
s
(1.0)
(1.0)

Values in (brackets) are not explicitly given in EN 1997-1 but can be inferred
Sep-08
59
Serviceability limit states

Verification of serviceability
Verification of serviceability
Verification of serviceability is expressed in Eurocode 7 by:
Ed Cd
Ed = design effect of actions (e.g. displacement, distortion)
Cd = limiting design value of the effect of actions
Serviceability limit states are defined as:
States that correspond to conditions beyond which specified
service requirements for a structure or structural member are no
longer met
EN 1990 1.5.2.14
Partial factors should normally be taken as 1.0
Some guidance on values for Cd is given in Annex H
Sep-08
61
Verification of SLS
Sep-08
62
Geotechnical reports
Geotechnical Design Report
Sep-08
64
Ground Investigation Report
Sep-08
65
Conclusion
Business as usual
Sep-08
67
Decoding Eurocode 7
Available now
Key features
Sep-08
Covers Eurocode 7 Parts 1 and 2, plus

relevant parts of other Eurocodes
Also covers associated execution and
testing standards
Explains key principles
Illustrates application rules with real-life
case studies
Material extensively tested on training
courses over 5 years
Authors Andrew Bond

(Geocentrix) and Andy Harris
(Geomantix)
Published by Taylor and Francis in
hardback, with colour section
www.decodingeurocode7.com
68
Decoding the Eurocodes blog
Web log (blog) started May

2006
Address: www.eurocode7.com
Aim to post articles at least
once a month, on following
subjects:
Sep-08
BGA
Books
BSI
Eurocode 3
Eurocode 7
ICE
IStructE
Seminars
Singapore
Structural Eurocodes
Training courses
69
Dont be the architect of decay

He who rejects change is the architect of decay
Harold Wilson
British Prime Minister (1964-70 and 1974-76)
Sep-08
70
Decoding Eurocode 7
www.eurocode7.com

Eurocode 7 and British Standards

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Eurocode 7 and

Understand, analyse, and assess

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

The Eurocode programme

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Connections between main

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

General framework for geotechnical design

EN 1997-2 Ground investigation and testing

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

The wider landscape

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Geotechnical investigation and

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Execution of special geotechnical

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Bringing European standards into

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

National Annex completes the

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Benefits of the Eurocodes

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Small and relatively

Negligible risk of instability or

Routine design &

Quantitative geotechnical data

Routine field & lab testing

Include alternative provisions and rules to those in Eurocode 7

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Example risk assessment

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Ultimate limit states for strength

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Ultimate limit states for stability

Loss of static equilibrium

Uplift by vertical forces

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Limit states for overall stability

Near/on natural or man-made slope

Near an excavation or retaining wall

Near mine workings/buried structures

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Ultimate limit states for

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Design by prescriptive measures

2.5(2) Design by prescriptive

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Design by observation or testing

2.7(1) When prediction of geotechnical behaviour is difficult, it can be

acceptable limits of behaviour shall be established

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Ed = design effect of actions

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Obtaining design material

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved

Deriving geotechnical parameters

Decoding Eurocode 7 2005-8 Geocentrix Ltd. All rights reserved