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where
.
For natural convection one dimensionless number is added:
where
The Grashof number, Gr
.
At natural convection the following generalized equation applies:
.
At forced convection the following generalized equation applies:
.
With dimensionless numbers and equations any consistent system of units can be applied.
.
The physical meaning of the different dimensionless numbers are as follows:
Nu = (characteristic length)/(theoretical film thickness)
Pr = (momentum diffusivity)/(thermal diffusivity)
Re = (momentum by eddy diffusion)/(momentum by molecular transport)
Gr = (inertia forces)/(viscous shear forces)(buoyancy forces)/ (viscous shear forces)
where
.
.
A large number of other equations are available in literature, for different fluids, flow conditions and geometries.
.
.
.
The following equation is also valid (Dittus - Boelter):
.
This equation is valid for:
.
A large number of other equations are available in literature, for different fluids, flow conditions and geometries.
The logarithmic graph describes the Nusselt number as a function of the Prandtl and Reynolds
numbers.
The function is usually written as:
Nu = CRe xPr y
where x normally is 0.8 and y normally is 0.3 - 0.4.