Practical

No 4
Automating the
Frobeniusseries method

2805 ashwani tanwar PRACTICAL 4.nb

THEORY :
Frobenius method :
We would like to find two linearly independent
solutions of x2 y '' + x * p HxL y '' + q HxL y = 0,
suppose x = 0 is a regular singluar
point of above equation.
Let r1 and r2 be th roots ,
with r1 r2 of the indicial equation r Hr - 1L +
p0 r + q0 = 0. Then,
HaL For x > 0, there exists a solution y1 HxL = xr1

n
an x Ha0 0L corresponding to larger root r .

n=0

HbL If r1 - r2 is neither 0 nor a positive integer,

then there exists a second linearly independent
solution for x > 0 of the form y2 HxL =
n
bn x Hb0 0L corresponding

r2

n=0

to the smaller root r2.

Qns .1. Find the frobenius series solutions for 2 x2 y '' +

3 xy ' - Ix2 + 1M y = 0.
p@x_D =
q@x_D =

;
2
-Hx2 + 1L
2

2805 ashwani tanwar PRACTICAL 4.nb

p0 = Coefficient@p@xD, x, 0D
q0 = Coefficient@q@xD, x, 0D
3
2
-

1
2

rsol = Solve@r * Hr - 1L + p0 * r + q0 0, rD
1
:8r -1<, :r >>
2
K * For r =
r1 =

1
2

2
* ISubscript@a, iD * xi M + O@xD16
15

y=x

r1

i=0

1
2

a0 x + a1 x32 + a2 x52 + a3 x72 + a4 x92 + a5 x112 +

a6 x132 + a7 x152 + a8 x172 + a9 x192 + a10 x212 + a11 x232 +
a12 x252 + a13 x272 + a14 x292 + a15 x312 + O@xD332
de1 = 2 x2 D@y, 8x, 2<D + 3 x D@y, xD - Ix2 + 1M y 0

5 a1 x32 + H-a0 + 14 a2L x52 + H-a1 + 27 a3L x72 +

H-a2 + 44 a4L x92 + H-a3 + 65 a5L x112 + H-a4 + 90 a6L x132 +
H-a5 + 119 a7L x152 + H-a6 + 152 a8L x172 + H-a7 + 189 a9L x192 +
H-a8 + 230 a10L x212 + H-a9 + 275 a11L x232 +
H-a10 + 324 a12L x252 + H-a11 + 377 a13L x272 +
H-a12 + 434 a14L x292 + H-a13 + 495 a15L x312 + O@xD332 0
Coeff = LogicalExpand@de1D
5 a1 0 && -a0 + 14 a2 0 && -a1 + 27 a3 0 &&
-a2 + 44 a4 0 && -a3 + 65 a5 0 && -a4 + 90 a6 0 &&
-a5 + 119 a7 0 && -a6 + 152 a8 0 && -a7 + 189 a9 0 &&
-a8 + 230 a10 0 && -a9 + 275 a11 0 && -a10 + 324 a12 0 &&
-a11 + 377 a13 0 && -a12 + 434 a14 0 && -a13 + 495 a15 0

2805 ashwani tanwar PRACTICAL 4.nb

sol = Solve@Coeff, Table@Subscript@a, iD, 8i, 1, 15<DD

a0
a0
::a1 0, a2
, a3 0, a4
,
14
616
a0
a0
a5 0, a6
, a7 0, a8
, a9 0,
55 440
8 426 880
a0
a0
a10
, a11 0, a12
,
1 938 182 400
627 971 097 600
a0
a13 0, a14
, a15 0>>
272 539 456 358 400
y . sol
:a0

x +

14

52

a0 x

a0 x212

1 938 182 400

92

a0 x
616
a0 x252

627 971 097 600

a0 x132
55 440
+

a0 x172

8 426 880
a0 x292

272 539 456 358 400

H*For r2=

+ O@xD332>

-1 because r1-r2= 12 +1= 32 is neither 0 nor integerM

Clear@y, sol, Coeff, de1D

r2 = -1;
Subscript@b, iD * xi + O@xD16
15

y=x

r2

i=0

b0

+ b1 + b2 x + b3 x2 + b4 x3 + b5 x4 + b6 x5 + b7 x6 + b8 x7 + b9 x8 +
x
b10 x9 + b11 x10 + b12 x11 + b13 x12 + b14 x13 + b15 x14 + O@xD15

de1 = 2 x2 D@y, 8x, 2<D + 3 x D@y, xD - Ix2 + 1M y 0

-b1 + H-b0 + 2 b2L x + H-b1 + 9 b3L x2 + H-b2 + 20 b4L x3 +

H-b3 + 35 b5L x4 + H-b4 + 54 b6L x5 + H-b5 + 77 b7L x6 +
H-b6 + 104 b8L x7 + H-b7 + 135 b9L x8 + H-b8 + 170 b10L x9 +
H-b9 + 209 b11L x10 + H-b10 + 252 b12L x11 + H-b11 + 299 b13L x12 +
H-b12 + 350 b14L x13 + H-b13 + 405 b15L x14 + O@xD15 0

2805 ashwani tanwar PRACTICAL 4.nb

Coeff = LogicalExpand@de1D
-b1 0 && -b0 + 2 b2 0 && -b1 + 9 b3 0 &&
-b2 + 20 b4 0 && -b3 + 35 b5 0 && -b4 + 54 b6 0 &&
-b5 + 77 b7 0 && -b6 + 104 b8 0 && -b7 + 135 b9 0 &&
-b8 + 170 b10 0 && -b9 + 209 b11 0 && -b10 + 252 b12 0 &&
-b11 + 299 b13 0 && -b12 + 350 b14 0 && -b13 + 405 b15 0
sol = Solve@Coeff, Table@Subscript@b, iD, 8i, 1, 15<DD
b0
b0
b0
::b1 0, b2
, b3 0, b4
, b5 0, b6
,
2
40
2160
b0
b0
b7 0, b8
, b9 0, b10
, b11 0,
224 640
38 188 800
b0
b0
b12
, b13 0, b14
, b15 0>>
9 623 577 600
3 368 252 160 000
y = y . sol
:

b0
x

b0 x

b0 x3

2
b0 x9

38 188 800

40
+

b0 x5

2160
b0 x11

b0 x7

224 640
+

9 623 577 600

b0 x13
3 368 252 160 000

+ O@xD15>

Qns .2. Find the Frobenius Series solutions of x2 y '' +

xy ' + x2 y = 0.
Clear@y, sol, Coeff, de1, r, r1, r2, p, q, p0, q0D
p@x_D = 1;
q@x_D = x2 ;
p0 = Coefficient@p@xD, x, 0D
q0 = Coefficient@q@xD, x, 0D
1
0
rsolve = Solve@r * Hr - 1L + r * p0 + q0 0, rD
88r 0<, 8r 0<<

H* It will have only 1 solution because r1=r2L

2805 ashwani tanwar PRACTICAL 4.nb

r = 0;
y = x * Subscript@a, iD * xi + O@xD10
9

i=0

a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4 +
a5 x5 + a6 x6 + a7 x7 + a8 x8 + a9 x9 + O@xD10
de1 = x2 * D@y, 8x, 2<D + x * D@y, xD + x2 * y 0

a1 x + Ha0 + 4 a2L x2 + Ha1 + 9 a3L x3 + Ha2 + 16 a4L x4 +

Ha3 + 25 a5L x5 + Ha4 + 36 a6L x6 + Ha5 + 49 a7L x7 +
Ha6 + 64 a8L x8 + Ha7 + 81 a9L x9 + O@xD10 0
Coeff = LogicalExpand@de1D
a1 0 && a0 + 4 a2 0 && a1 + 9 a3 0 &&
a2 + 16 a4 0 && a3 + 25 a5 0 && a4 + 36 a6 0 &&
a5 + 49 a7 0 && a6 + 64 a8 0 && a7 + 81 a9 0

sol = Solve@Coeff, Table@Subscript@a, iD, 8i, 1, 9<DD

a0
a0
::a1 0, a2 - , a3 0, a4
,
4
64
a0
a0
a5 0, a6 , a7 0, a8
, a9 0>>
2304
147 456
y = y . sol
:a0 -

a0 x2
4

a0 x4
64

a0 x6
2304

a0 x8
147 456

+ O@xD10>