LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND

APPLICATIONS [MTE 2104]

References:
1. Choudhary Roy D.,Shail B. Jain, Linear Integrated
Circuits, Wiley Eastern, 2003
2. Stanley William D., Operational Amplifiers with
Linear Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall, 2004
3. Franco Sergio, Design with Op-Amps and Analog
Integrated Circuits, McGraw Hill, 2002
4. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and Linear
Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall India, 2000
5. Robert F. Coughlin and Fredrick F. Driscoll,
Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated
Circuits, PHI/Pearson, 2009
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 Analog signals are

continuous in both time and
value.
Digital signals are discrete
in time and value.

Comparison between analog and digital signals:

Comparison element

Analog signal

Digital signal

Analysis

Difficult

Possible to analyze

Representation

Continuous

Discontinuous

Accuracy

More accurate

Less accurate

Storage

Infinite memory

Easily stored

Subject to Noise

Yes

No

Recording Technique

Original signal is
preserved

Samples of the signal are

taken and preserved

Examples

Human voice e.t.c

Computers e.t.c
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Analog signal can be depicted using three properties:

Amplitude
Frequency
Phase

Integrated circuits(ICs)

ICs
An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a

chip

is a semiconductor wafer on which

thousands or millions of tiny resistors,

capacitors, and transistors are fabricated.

Two main advantages of ICs:
cost and performance.

Types of ICs
Linear IC: Linear ICs have continuously
variable output that depends on the input

signal level.
Digital IC: Digital ICs operate at only a few

defined levels or states, rather than over a

continuous range of signal amplitudes.
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Applications of LIC
Power amplifiers
Operational amplifiers
RF and IF amplifiers
Voltage comparators
Multipliers
Radio receivers

Advantages and disadvantages of analog systems

Advantages:
Produces a more 'faithful' reproduction of the physical
quantity.
make good use of bandwidth- they have power to define
infinite amount of data.
No aliasing
Analog signal processing can be vastly more simple than a
DSP

Disadvantages:
Noise and distortion problems
Signal cannot be transmitted over long distances.
Analog signals require hardware receivers and transmitters
that are designed to perfectly fit the particular transmission.
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Basic Concepts

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 The current (I) through the resistor (R) is

defined as:
I=V/R

V=I.R
R=V/I

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The power (P) dissipated in (R) is defined as:

P=I.V
P=V2 /R

P=I2 .R
Ex: calculate the value of resistance that will
result in 10 Watts with 10 Volts applied to the
circuit shown in below fig.
Solution:
use P=V2 /R or R= V2 /P
Answer:R=10
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Voltage Divider Calculation:

a) Req =?
Req= R1 + R2
b)Voltage Drop across R1 & R2 ?
V1 =R1.I and V2 =R2.I
c) Current through resistors?
I=Vin/ Req
Vin= V1+ V2
Vin=I.( R1 + R2)

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To calculate the output voltage :

V2=Vout=I.R2
Vout= R2.Vin / Req
Vout = Vin.R2 /( R1 + R2)

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Current Divider Calculation:

I=I1+I2
V= I1.R1 And V= I2.R2

I=(V/ R1)+(V/R2)
or
I=V ((1/R1)+(1/R2))
V=I.Req ,Where Req= R1. R2/( R1+ R2)
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Amplifiers
An amplifier or electronic amplifier is an
electronic device that increases the power of

a signal.

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 Three different kinds of amplifier gains are:

Voltage Gain ( Av )
Current Gain ( Ai )

Power Gain ( Ap )

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OutputVoltage Vout
VoltageGain Av

InputVoltage
Vin

OutputCurrent I out
CurrentGain Ai

InputCurrent
I in

PowerGainAp Av xAi
Voltage Gain in dB: av = 20 log Av
Current Gain in dB:

ai = 20 log Ai

Power Gain in dB:

ap = 10 log Ap

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