What does orientation mean in geometry?

"Orientation" means how it's positioned with respect to different directions. For example, you could
draw an isosceles triangle with the base at the bottom, the top, or one side--those are different
orientations. ("Orienting" is deciding which direction something faces.)
They want you to draw one octagon so it's upside-down, or sideways, compared to the other. That will
work if your octagons are irregular (say, wider or narrower in one dimension than the other).
If you're drawing regular octagons, upside-down and sideways won't make any difference, and you'll
have to construct one so its corners are pointing the same directions as the faces of the other one.

ORIENTATION TOLERANCES

Orientation Tolerances can be state by three tolerance zone. These are Perpendicularity, Angularity,
and Parallelism. Perpendicularity is 90 to a datum and parallelism is 0 to a datum. Angularity
controls a surface (non feature of size), a center plane or an axis of a feature of size to a specified
angle. These tolerances control the orientation of features to a datum plane or axis. Orientation
Tolerances are related to datums. LMC or MMC can apply to feature of size of the orientation
tolerances.

Perpendicularity:

Perpendicularity tolerance symbol is shown as "".Perpendicularity tolerance is a three-dimensional

geometric tolerance that controls how much a surface, axis, or plane can deviate from a 90 degree
angle or it is can be defined as a condition of a surface, median plant, or axis at 90 degree to a datum
plane or axis. A tolerance zone with Perpendicularity can be defined by two parallel plane
perpendicular to a datum plane, datum axis, or axis is within where the surface of the feature must lie.
The difference is that perpendicularity specifies a 90-degree angle between features while parallelism
defines two features that must remain parallel to each other. LMC or MMC can apply to feature of
size.

The feature of the part axis must lie between two parallel planes 0.003 apart which are perpendicular
to datum A. The feature of the part axis must be within specified tolerance limit.

The feature of the part Plane must lie between two parallel planes 0.005 apart which are
perpendicular to datum A. The feature of the part plane must be within specified tolerance limit.

Angularity:

Angularity tolerance symbol is shown as "".Angularity tolerance specifies a tolerance zone defined
by two parallel plane at the specified angle other than 90 degree from a datum plane or axis within
where the surface or the axis of the feature must lie. Also Angularity tolerance zone can be defined as
a three-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls how much a surface, axis, or plane can deviate
from the angle described in the design specifications. LMC or MMC can apply to feature of size.

The machined surface must lie between two parallel planes 0.005 apart which are dispositoned at 30
degree angle to Datum -A- .The machined surface must be within the specified tolerance limit.

Parallelism:

Parallelism symbol is shown as " ". Parallelism tolerance zone is the condition of a surface or center
plane equidistant at all points from a datum plane, or an axis. The distance between the parallel lines,
or surfaces, is specified by the geometric tolerance zone. Parallelism can be also specified a
tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes or lines parallel to a datum plane or axis, respectively,
within where the surface or axis of the feature must lie.LMC or MMC can apply to feature of size.

The surface of the part must lie between two parallel planes 0.002 apart around the axis which are
parallel to the datum plane A. The surface of the part must be within specified tolerance limit.

The feature axis must lie within 0.003 diameter of cylindrical zone parallel to the datum axis A. The
feature axis must be within specified tolerance limit.

LOCATION TOLERANCES

Location Tolerances can be state by three tolerance zone. These are position, concentricity, and
symmetry tolerances. Concentricity and symmetry are used to control the center distance of feature
elements. Position is used to control coaxiality of features, the center distance between features, and
the location of features as a group. position, concentricity, and symmetry tolerances are associated
with datums. LMC or MMC can apply to feature of size

Symmetry:

Symmetry Tolerance controls the median points of a feature of size, symmetry tolerance is applied to
non circular features. Symmetry Tolerance is a three-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls
how much the median points between two features may deviate from a specified center plane or axis.
This tolerance is similar to concentricity, and the verification of symmetry tolerance is likewise timeconsuming and difficult. It is generally recommended that to use position, parallelism and straightness
instead of it. Datum is used for this Tolerance. Symmetry is much like concentricity, except that it
controls rectangular features and involves two imaginary flat planes, much like parallelism.

The median plane of the slot shall be contained between two parallel planes, which are 0.004 apart
and symmetrically disposed about the median plane with respect to the datum feature A. The two
plane are equally disposed about datum plane -A-. The symmetry of the part must be within specified
tolerance limit. The tolerance zone is limited by two parallel planes a specified distance apart and
disposed symmetrically to the median plane with respect to the datum axis or datum plane.

Positional:

Positional tolerance is a three-dimensional geometric tolerance that controls how much the location of
a feature can deviate from its true position. Positional tolerances are probably used more than any
other geometric control. Positional tolerances is used to locate features of size from datum planes
such as a hole or keyway and used to locate features coaxial to a datum axis. A position tolerance is
the total permissible variation in the location of a feature about its exact true position. Positional
tolerances for cylindrical features, the position tolerance zone is typically a cylinder within which the
axis of the feature must lie. Positional tolerances for other features, the center plane of the feature
must fit in the space between two parallel planes. The tolerance defines a zone that the axis or center
plane of a feature of size may vary from. The concept is there is an exact or true position that the
feature would be if it was made perfect however since nothing is made perfect a tolerance zone
allows deviation from perfection. The exact position of the feature is located with basic dimensions.
Datums are required. The true/exact location of a feature of size is defined by basic dimensions which
is shown in a box and are established from datum planes or axes. When a material condition modifier
is specified a boundary named virtual condition is established. It is located at the true position and it
may not be violated by the surface or surfaces of the considered feature. Its size is determined by

adding or subtracting depending on whether the feature is an external or an internal feature and
whether the material condition specified. LMC or MMC can apply to feature of size apply to feature of
size.

Concentricity:

Concentricity tolerance zone controls the median points of a feature of size. Concentricity tolerance is
a condition in which the axes of all cross-section elements of a features surface of revolution are
common to the axis of a datum feature. A concentricity tolerance specifies a cylindrical tolerance zone
whose axis coincides with a datum axis and within which all cross-sectional axes of the feature being
controlled must lie. The tolerance zone is equally disposed about the datum axis for concentricity. The
Concentricity requires that the median points of the controlled feature, regardless of its size, to be
within the tolerance zone.

RUNOUT TOLERANCES

Runout tolerances can be state by two tolerance zone. These are circular or total runout. Runout
tolerances are three-dimensional and apply only to cylindrical parts, especially parts that rotate. A part
must be rotated to inspect runout. A calibrated instrument is placed against the surface of the rotating
part to detect the highest and lowest points. Both circular and total runout reference a cylindrical
feature to a center datum-axis. The material condition applied to the feature being controlled and the
datum feature or features is always RFS because 360 rotation is required to conduct the inspection.
Circular run out controls the cumulative variation of circularity (roundness) and coaxiality for features
constructed around a datum axis and circular elements of a surface constructed an angle not parallel
to the datum axis. Total run out controls the entire surface simultaneously hence it controls cumulative
variations in circularity, coaxiality, straightness, taper, angularity, and profile of a surface.

Circular Runout:

Circular Runout zone is limited in the measuring plane perpendicular to the axis by two concentric
circles, the common centre of which lies on the datum axis. Also it is can be defined as twodimensional geometric tolerance that controls the form, orientation, and location of multiple cross
sections of a cylindrical part as it rotates. For circular runout, the tolerance zone for each circular
element on a surface constructed at right angle to the datum axis. The circular element through a
surface point conforms to the circular runout tolerance for a given mating surface if all points of the
circular element lie down within some circular runout tolerance zone. Circular run out controls the
cumulative variation of circularity (roundness) and coaxiality for features constructed around a datum
axis and circular elements of a surface constructed an angle not parallel to the datum axis. A circular
runout tolerance. The tolerance zone is an annular surface of revolution about the center axis of the
circle and perpendicular to the feature surface. FIM means, Full Indicator Movement.

At shown measuring position, each circular element of the shown surfaces must be within the
specified runout tolerance which is 0.003 full indicator movement. when the part is rotated 360 degree
about the datum axis with the indicator fixed in a position normal to the true geometric shape. The
indicated surfaces must be within specified tolerance limit.

Total Runout:

Total runout involves tolerance control along the entire length of, and between, two imaginary
cylinders, not just at cross sections. Total run out controls the entire surface simultaneously hence it
controls cumulative variations in circularity, coaxiality, straightness, taper, angularity, and profile of a
surface. Total runout tolerance for a surface constructed at right angles to the datum axis specifies
that all points of the surface must lie in a zone bounded by two parallel plains perpendicular to the
datum axis. And it is separated by specified tolerance. A total runout tolerance. The tolerance zone is

an annular cylindrical volume of revolution about the center axis of the circle and concentric with the
feature surface.

The specified entire surface of the part must lie within specified runout tolerance zone which is 0.001
full indicator movement. When the part is rotated 360 degree about the datum axis with the indicator
placed at all the location along the specified in a position normal to the true geometric shape without
resetting of the indicator. The feature must be within specified tolerance limit.

Free State:
Free state variation is a term used to describe distortion of a part after removal of forces applied
during manufacture. This distortion is principally due to weight and flexibility of the part and the
release of internal stresses resulting from fabrication. This kind of part with a thin wall in proportion to
its diameter is referred to as non-rigid part. In some cases, it may be required that the part meet its
tolerance requirements while in the free state. In other, it may be nectar to simulate the mating part
interface in order to verify individual or related feature tolerances this is done by restraining the
appropriate features. The restraining forces are those that would be exerted in the assembly or
functioning of the part. However, if the dimensions or tolerances are met in the free state, it is usually
not necessary to restrain the part unless the effect of the subsequence restraining forces on the
concerned features could cause other features of the part to exceed specified limits.

Bonus Tolerance:
PROFILE TOLERANCES

Profile tolerances can be state by two tolerance zone. These are Line Profile and Surface Profile.
Profile Tolerance can be defined a profile of a line or profile of surface generated by off setting each
point on the nominal surface in a direction normal to the nominal surface at that point. A Profile is the
outline of an object in a given plane. Profile tolerance also defines a uniform boundary around a
surface within where the elements of the surface must lie. Profile is a three-dimensional tolerance that
applies in all directions regardless of the drawing view where the tolerance is specified. Profile
tolerances can be applied either unilateral or bilateral. Profile tolerances can control the location,
orientation, size and form of a feature. The profile elements are curved lines, straight lines, and areas.

The actual profile of the surface can be defined by basic radii dimensions, coordinate dimensions,
angular dimensions. MMC and LMC are not used in the feature control frame with the profile symbol.

Line Profile:

Profile line tolerance is two-dimensional tolerance that limits the amount of error for line elements
relative to their true profile. Profile tolerance zone is two uniform lines applied at any cross-section of
the surface. it used in situations where parts or objects have changing cross sections throughout the
length (Ex. aircraft wing. Datums are normally used, but are not required (in cases when the only
requirement is the profile shape taken at various cross section); if datum references are specified, the
line elements are oriented relative to the datums specified; if no datum references are specified. The
line elements are being controlled for form only assumed to be equal bilateral unless otherwise
specified. The major focus point is that profile of a line establishes a two-dimensional tolerance zone
that controls individual line elements of a feature or surface.

Second Example

Surface Profile:

Profile of a surface is a three-dimensional tolerance. Surface profile tolerance limits the amount of
error a surface can have relative to its true profile. Common applications for profile of a surface
include controlling the size, location, orientation and/or form (or any combination of the
aforementioned) of a planar, curved, or irregular surfaces, like polygons, cylinders, surfaces of
revolution, or cones, and coplanar surfaces. Datums are normally used, but are not required, if
datums are not referenced, the tolerance only limits the form of the profile; if three datums are
referenced, the tolerance limits the form, location, and orientation. Tolerance zone is bilateral unless
otherwise specified. it can be specified between two points or all-around using the same method for
profile of a line between two points. Profile callout (feature control frame) is applied to a true profile on
the drawing. The true profile is related to the datums reference with basic dimensions. Surface profile
all around used for surfaces that have a constant, uniform cross-section shown on drawing by using
the ALL AROUND symbol on the leader connecting the feature control frame to the profile. Result is
a tolerance zone consisting of two parallel boundaries equal in width to the tolerance. The tolerance
zone should be perpendicular to a datum plane.