9/7/2014

Gender Justice: A Comparative Study of U.K., U.S.A., E.U. & India

Law Articles - India's Most Authentice Free legal Source Online

Hom e

To p R a te d

Su b m i t Arti cl e

Ad va n ce d Se a rch

FAQ

Co n ta ct U s

L a w ye rs i n In d i a

R SS Fe e d s

L a w Fo ru m

R e g is te r y o ur Co p y rig ht Online
W e offer c opyright registration right from your desk top c lic k here for details.

Palava at Dombivali

lodhapalava.indiahomes.com/BookNow
1/2/3 BHK Flats at Kalyan Shil Rd. (37 Lac Onwards). Premium Amenities
Latest Artic les | Artic les 2013 | Artic les 2012 | Artic les 2011 | Artic les 2010 | Artic les 2009 | Artic les 2008 | Artic les 2007 | Artic les 2006 | Artic les 2000-05
Search On:

Laws in India
Searc h

Main Categories

Mutual Consent Div orc e in Delhi

We provide fast, cost effective and Hassle free solution.
Contact us at Ph no: 9650499965 (Divorce Law Firm Delhi)

Enter KEYWORD here to find articles...

Search

E-mail login

Password

Login

Welcome!

Advanced Search

Banking and Finance laws

Case Laws
Civil Laws
Company Law

Please login or register a new

free account.

Ge nd e r J us tic e : A Co mp a ra tiv e S tud y o f U .K., U .S .A ., E .U . & Ind ia ( Save as .pdf )

Published : April 19, 2011 | Author : verashrivastav
Category : Woman Issues | T otal Views : 7014 | Rating :

Print |

Email to friend

Random Pick

Constitutional Law
Consumer laws
Contracts laws
Criminal law
Dubai laws
Environmental Law
family law
Human Rights laws
Immigration laws
Insurance / Accident Claim
Intellectual Property
International Law
Juvenile Laws
Law - lawyers & legal
Profession
Legal outsourcing
Media laws
Medico legal
Miscellaneous
Real estate laws
Tax Laws
Torts Law

Legal Metrology
Act, 2009: Establish
the standards of
Weights &
Measures, regulate
trade and
commerce.

Gender Justice:
A Comparative Study of U.K., U.S.A., E.U. and India
In most ancient societies women have been considered mens inferiors physically and
intellectually. Through out most of ancient Greece and Rome, women enjoyed very few v erashriv astav
rights. Marriages were arranged, women had no property rights and were not entitled to
Vera Shrivastav
education. In ancient China, the yin and yang philosophy reinforced the notion of
View articles | Contact author
womens inferiority. The yang (male) always dominated the Yin (female). China also
devised one of the most repressive customs of foot binding for women, rendering the woman uncomfortable and
dependent on family and servants. According to Hindu laws of Manu as put forth in the Manusmriti, women were
subservient to male relatives, widow remarriage was not allowed and the law sanctioned the practice of Sati, a truly
atrocious practice. Wearing bangles is also understood to be a form of
fetters/shackles. Under common law of England, a married woman hardly
had any rights; she had no rights to her property after marriage. In the
early history of the United States, women and children were considered
as a mans possession.
Over the centuries, as traditional patriarchal customs and laws became
more deeply entrenched, womens lives became more restricted and
oppressed. Most women were still denied education and their lives
revolved around home making and managing. We still see this custom
today in a lot of families. The main focus of this article is on gender
customs and laws in the United States of America, United Kingdom,
European Union and India.

full story | send to friend

Statistics
Total Articles

936

Total Authors

2453
5587482

Total Views
Total categories

29

Law Forum

THE THIRD GENDER:

The word Gender in archaic use includes men and women only. But in
recent times society has come to acknowledge transgender people

http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/gender-justice-a-comparative-study-of-u-k-u-s-a-e-u-&-india-637-1.html

1/8

9/7/2014

Gender Justice: A Comparative Study of U.K., U.S.A., E.U. & India

Woman Issues

Workplace Equality & NonDiscrimination

Yet Another Category

More Options
Most read articles
Most rated articles

Subscription
Subsc ribe now and rec eiv e free
artic les and updates instantly.
Name
Email

Remove

Subscribe

Copyright Registration
T o Copyright Your Book s, Videos,
Songs, Sc ripts etc
Call us at: 9891244487 / or email at:
admin@legalserviceindia.com
T op Law Colleges

La w U p d a te s :
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#

Inc ome-T ax
Family law
Company Law
Constitutional Law
Partnership firms
Immigration Law
Cyber Law
Lok Adalat, legal Aid & PIL
Forms
T rademark s
W oman issues
Medic o Legal
Consumer laws
Criminal laws
Supreme Court Judgments

(Hijras). This is also better known as the third gender. The term gender
justice denotes that all people having same or different gender will be
treated with equality, justice and fairness and shall not be discriminated
against on the basis of their gender. It is equality of all sexes.
GLOBAL VIEW ON GENDER JUSTICE
Equal participation by women and men in both economic and social
development, and women and men benefiting equally from societies
resources is crucial for achieving gender justice.
The UNIFEM (United Nations Development Fund for Women) was
created in 1976 to provide technical and financial assistance for womens
empowerment. The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) was adopted in 1979 by the
UNGA. It is sometimes described as an international bill of rights for
women. It is of significance that the United States is the only developed
nation not to ratify this convention. The Decade for Women (1976-1985) and four world conferences on women
(between 1975 and 1995) contributed significantly to raising awareness and commitment to gender equality and
gender justice.

from legal
known
people
in lakhs Forum
...
Free
Advice
- lawyers
Sep 6, 2014 10:15:41 AM
Re: Kolkata Advocate ready to provide
Legal advise
I filed 138 case against cheque bounce of
Rs. 6.0 lacs against a cheat promoter
about one and half years back at Alipore
Police Court thru' magistr...
Sep 6, 2014 6:30:22 AM
Re: Cheque bounce case
I filed 138 case against cheque bounce of
Rs. 6.0 lacs against a cheat promoter
about one and half years back at Alipore
Police Court thru' magistr...
Sep 6, 2014 6:27:40 AM
Re: cheque bounce case

In July 2010, the United Nations General Assembly created UN Women, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality
and the Empowerment of Women. In doing so, UN Member States took an historic step in accelerating the
Organizations goals on gender equality and the empowerment of women. Apart from that the Commission on the
Status of Women, a global policy making body of ECOSOC is dedicated exclusively to gender equality and
advancement of women.
The UNDP has developed the two most well known gender justice indexes Gender Related Development Index and
the Gender Empowerment Measure to compare and rank member states with regard to gender justice performance.
India is ranked 113 in the Gender Related Development Index, while USA is 16th and UK is 10th.
Gender Justice : An overview
Laws in the United Kingdom:
The first major feminist work called A vindication of the Rights of woman was authored by Mary Wollstonecraft of
Britain in 1792 in which she argued for increased educational opportunities and political equality with men. The
parliament granted voting rights in the year 1918 to women over the age of 30. It was in 1928 that suffrage was
extended to all women over 21, giving them complete political equality with men. Margaret Thatcher went on to become
the worlds first woman prime minister in 1979.
To address discrimination at the work place The Equal Pay Act of 1970 was enacted which allowed workers to claim
equal pay for equal work and for work of equal value. The Sex Discrimination Act, 1986 also deals with sex equality
laws.
Abortion has been legal in Great Britain since 1967. There is no time limit on performing abortions to save the
womans life. Two medical practitioners must agree that the woman is not more than 24 weeks pregnant and that
continuing the pregnancy would involve greater risk to her or the child.
All working women are entitled to 14 week maternity leave, mandated by the Employment Protection Act, 1975. This
same benefit is not extended to men. They are only entitled to a minimum of 2 weeks paternity leave, which has been
introduced as late as 2003.
The Domestic Violence, Crimes and Victims Act, 2004 deals with domestic violence. Efforts have been made to make
the judicial system and the police force more sensitive to the needs of victims in cases of domestic violence to counter
act the problem.
Rape is a statutory offence under The Sexual Offences Act, 2003. A woman can be prosecuted for sexual assault

http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/gender-justice-a-comparative-study-of-u-k-u-s-a-e-u-&-india-637-1.html

2/8

9/7/2014

Gender Justice: A Comparative Study of U.K., U.S.A., E.U. & India

under UK law, a progress we have yet to see in Indian Law. Life imprisonment is the maximum punishment for the
offence of Rape, it being a harsh crime. The UK is one of the few countries to offer sexual assault victims financial
compensation and also to make marital rape a criminal offence. Laws in most countries havent progressed to address
marital rape.
Prostitution itself is legal but a number of related activities such as soliciting in a public place and keeping a brothel are
outlawed. The Sexual Offences Act, 2003 has made the word prostitute gender neutral including in its purview now
not only women but other genders too. This has been a marvellous step towards achieving gender justice. The
Policing and Crime Act, 2009 makes forced service by a prostitute a strict liability offence (even if the client did not
know the prostitute was forced).
And lastly the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 makes the perverse traditional ritual of female genital mutilation
(mainly of immigrants from Africa and Asia) illegal.
With regard to the third gender, Parliament passed the Gender Recognition Act 2004, which effectively granted full
legal recognition for transgender people. They need only demonstrate that they have lived in the acquired gender for
two years and continue to do so until death.
Law in the United States:
The Womens Rights Convention, New York in 1848 specifically marked the beginning of the American movement
towards achieving gender justice. It asserted that all men and women were equal and most importantly demanded the
right to vote, formally launching the American campaign for womens suffrage. In 1920 this demand was met by the
Congress.
There have also been various movements for an increase in political representation since.
The Civil Rights Act, 1964 and Equal Pay Act, 1963 guarantee equal employment opportunities and renders it unlawful
to discriminate on the basis of sex. The Supreme Court has ruled sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination.
The Family and Medical Leave Act, 1993 permits any employee, male or female, to take upto 12 weeks of unpaid leave
per year for maternity leave or child care.
The ruling in Roe v. Wade given by the Supreme Court put to rest the controversial issue of Abortion and it is now
legal in every state. It determined that every woman has a right to self determination and abortion falls under right to
privacy. Her decision should be free from unwarranted governmental intrusion into such a fundamental matter.
In 1994, the Violence against Women Act declared domestic violence a federal crime, recognising violent crimes
against women as violations of their civil rights and entitling them to sue for damages. What strikes as most affirmative
is that the traditional privilege of spousal immunity has been done away with. Now, the prosecutors can encourage
abused wives to testify against the husbands who perpetrate violence.
Rape is one of the most underreported of all crimes. Penalties for convicted rapists vary according to age of victim,
weapon used, Sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy etc. The average term is 10 years in prison. It is a
commendable fact that marital rape is illegal in all states of the United States of America.
With regard to Prostitution, it is illegal in all states except Nevada and punishable with a fine and/or imprisonment.
Laws have also been passed rendering female genital mutilation a federal crime.
There is no federal law designating transgender as a protected class, or specifically requiring equal treatment for
transgendered people. Around 13 states outlaw discrimination based on gender identity including the third gender.
Laws of European Union:
The efforts of the EU to facilitate gender justice have been substantial historically and are still ongoing. The EU is to
launch a European Gender Justice Index in the near future as a measuring scale of gender injustice. Making this index
is part of implementing the platform of action agreed upon at the UN fourth world conference on Women in Beijing in
http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/gender-justice-a-comparative-study-of-u-k-u-s-a-e-u-&-india-637-1.html

3/8

9/7/2014

Gender Justice: A Comparative Study of U.K., U.S.A., E.U. & India

1995.
The EU is also empowered by treaty to promote equality between men and women and to combat other forms of
discrimination. Article 21 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prohibits discrimination on
grounds of sex and other constants. The treaty of Amsterdam, 1999 reinforced existing provisions in the EC treaty on
preventing pay related discrimination between men and women (Article 141). It has gone a step ahead by promoting
equality and to eliminate inequality between men and women in general (Articles 2 and 3 of the EC Treaty). The
current situation in the EU is still disheartening - Women are still under-represented in economic and political decisionmaking positions, although their share has increased over the last decade. The division of family responsibilities is still
very unequal between women, there is gender pay gap of about 18% and men and women are the main victims of
gender based violence.
A number of directives are based on Article 141 and the principle of equality between the sexes is also clearly
established by the treaty of Lisbon. Council of ministers of the European Economic Community, now the European
Union issued Directive 2002/73 of 2002 which amends the Council Directive from 1976 on the implementation of the
principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion,
and working conditions. The amended Directive defines and recognises harassment and sexual harassment as a form
of discrimination based on sex. The principle of Equal Treatment is the fundamental principle in relation to sexinequalities and work and it springs from the liberal idea of Formal Equality. Another directive grants a three month
leave period to both men and women in case of birth of a child or adoption. Directive 2006/54 incorporated the
principle of equal pay for men and women.
Laws of India:
Womens groups started emerging in India in the early 1900s and at first focused on social reform. They have also
campaigned vigorously and successfully for social and political equality with men. In 1950 women and men over the
age of 21 were granted voting rights. Indian patriarchal society not only harbours a culture of violence against women
in the form of dowry, domestic violence and female infanticide, it also manifests in government policies towards women.
The unequal representation of Indian women in national political parties is all the more disquieting given that the Indian
constitution guarantees gender equality in the Articles 325 and 326. Despite the deeply ingrained patriarchal attitude
prevalent in India, it is one of the few countries ever to have elected a woman prime minister: Indira Gandhi. We still
havent secured 33% reservation for women in parliament and state assemblies, despite the Womens Reservation bill
being close at hand for so long.
The Constitution of India has various provisions to ensure equality of the sexes and also to dismantle the prevalent
imbalances in gender hierarchy. Article 14 of the Constitution states that there shall be equality before the law and
equal protection of the law. Article 15 safeguards the right against discrimination. The Constitution also provides for
positive discrimination and affirmative action on some counts. Article 15(3) permits special provisions for women.
Article 16 provides equal opportunity with respect to public employment and they shall not be discriminated on the
basis of sex of the person. Article 21 guarantees the right to life, the interpretation which has been broadened to
include the right to live with dignity. Article 23 guarantees the right against exploitation. It prohibits traffic in human
beings.
The directive Principles of State Policy also provide measures for gender equality. Article 39(a) aims at providing the
right to adequate means of livelihood for men and women, equally. Article 51(A)(e) of the Constitution provides that it
will be the duty of every citizen to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
The Indian Constitution calls for eight years of compulsory education for girls and boys aged 6 to 14. However, women
still lag far behind men and rural women are twice as likely to be illiterate compared to their urban counterparts. The
legal marriage age is 21 for males and 18 for females. A recent law commission has recommended to equalise the
marriage age for both men and women to 18 but this has yet to be implemented. Personal laws of Hindus and Muslims
dictate different codes of conduct regarding marriage and divorce.
The people of India are guaranteed equal pay for equal work by the Constitution and reinforced by the 1975 Equal
Remuneration Act. The drawback is that this law does not apply to agriculture , the area where most women in India
are employed. Gender based pay scales with lower wages for female workers are not uncommon. Today we observe a
http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/gender-justice-a-comparative-study-of-u-k-u-s-a-e-u-&-india-637-1.html

4/8

9/7/2014

Gender Justice: A Comparative Study of U.K., U.S.A., E.U. & India

shift towards the service sector by working women but no occupational field is impervious to gender injustice as of
today. It is also horrifying to note that there is no statutory enactment in India against sexual harassment at work place.
But in the absence of a law, the Supreme Court has laid down certain guidelines pertaining to sexual harassment at
the work place in the landmark case of Vishakha and others v. State of Rajasthan. Women are entitled to maternity
benefits under the Employees State Insurance plan, which provides a 90 day paid leave. The central government has
endorsed the concept of paternity leave for the same duration for men, but this cannot be enforced in the private
sector.
A woman does not have a right to Abortion in India. The Medical Termination Of Pregnancy Act, 1971 legalises
abortion only in certain circumstances - to preserve the womans physical and mental health, rape and incest cases or
when the fetus suffers severe abnormalities. There is no provision in the Act which allows abortion on the basis of the
will of the woman. Section 312 of the Indian Penal Code, defines the offence of 'causing miscarriage'. It states that
whoever voluntarily causes a woman with child to miscarry shall, if not in good faith ,be punished with imprisonment of
upto 3 years or fine or both. A woman who causes herself to miscarry is within the scope of this section. This form of
oppression violates the fundamentals of justice. Women are entitled to their opinion and choices.
The Domestic Violence Act, 2005 was enacted to curb the onslaught of domestic violence. It is the first of its kind in
India. An important advance made by the Act in understanding the nature of domestic violence has been in the
combination of civil and criminal remedies. The number of cases of domestic violence in India are on the rise. This may
also be due to greater reporting of Domestic Violence Cases.
The struggle of Kiranjit Ahluwalia (1989)who burnt her husband to death in response to ten years of physical,
psychological and sexual abuse , fictionalised in the movie Provoked has raised awareness of domestic violence and
changed the definition of the word provocation in cases of battered women.
Campaigns such as the bell bajao campaign seek to show that the domestic violence is a social issue and should not
be brushed under the carpet as a private matter of the family.
A great majority of Sexual assaults go unreported. Section 397 of the Indian Penal Code penalises the offence of
Rape. The Average penalty is seven years of imprisonment. It is unfortunate to note that marital rape is not yet an
offence in India, as it is in most developed countries. The only semblance to marital rape is where the husband has
intercourse with his wife without her consent during separation, where the punishment is lighter. (2 years)
Rape is a perverse form of subjugation of women by men. It is a crime of violence, not sex primarily. Some scholars
opine that the Indian Law on rape is gender biased and male oriented. Gender neutral rape laws in India have been
proposed but are yet not acted upon. If the legislature responds to this proposed reform favourably, we will have
reached a step further in achieving gender justice.
Commercial sex work i.e the exchange of sexual services for money is legal in India but related activities such as
soliciting in public places, owing a brothel, kerb crawling and pimping are illegal. The primary law dealing with sex
workers is the Immoral Traffic (Suppression) Act of 1956. Male prostitution is not recognised in the Indian Constitution.
In order to achieve gender justice, male sex workers should also be given recognition in order to avail of their basic
rights.
There are a few contentious issues which are peculiar to developing countries like India. Because of the tremendous
preference for sons over daughters, female infanticide is not uncommon. The law bans infanticide and imposes
penalties of life imprisonment or death. Harsh punishment has also been ineffective as a deterrent. The age old
custom of Sati, in which the widow is burnt alive on her husbands funeral pyre, has been abolished since 1829 under
the aegis of Lord William Bentinck, and the government eventually passed the Commission of Sati Prevention Act to
prevent its occurrence and curb its glorification.
Another oppressive tradition of giving dowry has been ablolished by The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, which imposes
stiff fines and minimum imprisonment of 5 years in prison for violation.
With disregard to the third gender, Indian laws recognize only two genders, so getting ration cards or other documents
http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/gender-justice-a-comparative-study-of-u-k-u-s-a-e-u-&-india-637-1.html

5/8

9/7/2014

Gender Justice: A Comparative Study of U.K., U.S.A., E.U. & India

is a formidable task for the transsexuals. Tamil Nadu is the first state in India that has allowed the transsexuals to
indicate their sex as T Though the transsexuals got the right to vote in 1994, they had to declare their sex as M or F
in the gender columns. Only very recently, the Election Commission allowed them to indicate their sex as O, or
Others. Panna is the first transgender person in India to have the letter E for Eunuch stamped on her passport.
CONCLUSION:
The idea of formal equality can be traced back to Aristotle and his dictum that equality meant
things that are alike should be treated alike. This is the most widespread understanding of equality today. Equality as
formal equality has an important role in the law and policy of many countries with advanced equality and nondiscrimination provisions. For instance, it forms the conceptual basis of the term direct discrimination utilised in the
UK or the guarantee of equal protection of the laws contained in the United States Constitution.
Despite this formal equality, few would argue that gender asymmetries have disappeared.
Positive action is a way of attaining substantive equality. Substantive equality is a concept of equality that is concerned
with the ensuring ability of persons to compete on an equal basis, having regard to various obstacles (including
discrimination) that may impede this equality of opportunity. While laws to eliminate discrimination are necessary to
achieve gender justice, substantive equality encourages the state to move a step ahead and introduce positive action.
This positive or affirmative action helps secure equal opportunities for all genders.
_________________
# Oindree Sengupta, IV Yr, Symbiosis Law School
# Gender Justice in the European Union Catherine Holst.
# Human Development Report; gender related development index
# Gender Justice in the European Union Catherine Holst.
# European Commission Justice ec.europa.eu
# European Commission Gender Equality ec.europa.eu
# Gender Equality in European Community law Hanna Gedin
# Wanted women in parliament # Central Sati Act, an analysis Maja Daruwala
# The life of Hijras, transgender, or the third gender in india Uma Shankari
# European Union Charter of Fundamental rights - commentary
The author can be reached at: v e ra sh riv a st a v @le g a lse rv ice in d ia . co m

1
Rate this artic le!

Poor

http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/gender-justice-a-comparative-study-of-u-k-u-s-a-e-u-&-india-637-1.html

Excellent

Rate Now!

6/8

9/7/2014

Gender Justice: A Comparative Study of U.K., U.S.A., E.U. & India

Lawyers in India
TCJ Consulting
TCJ Consulting Pvt. Ltd. is a Legal consulting firm, specializing into: (a) Foreign Direct Investment, Regulatory Affairs, Incorporation of
Company...
Jan 12, 2014 6:30:38 PM
Curare Legal (Legal Cure)
Curare Legal (Legal Cure) is a full service law firm started with the concept of a single window legal advice and services to clients in
all areas ...
Jan 9, 2014 12:54:01 PM
A & R Associates
A & R Associates, Advocates & Consultants is a legal service law firm providing dedicated & professional legal advise, support &
services to large ...
Aug 29, 2013 7:08:28 PM
Rakesh K.Sharma
Rakesh K.Sharma: Litigation services related to civil and criminal appellate practice are offered. And other prodigious services are

Most viewed articles in Woman Issues category

Crime Against Women & its Impact on Them
Marital Rape versus Conjugal Right
Sec. 498A I.P.C.- Its Use and Misuse
Live-in Relationships
Protection Against Sexual Harassment Of Women In India --- A Human Right Perspective
Sexual Harassment at Workplace
Women Society
Gender Justice and Indian Labour
Law of Adultery in India
A Cry Still Unheard: The Menace Of Female Foeticide In India
Right of Women to Terminate Pregnancy
surrogacy in india
Gender Justice: A Comparative Study of U.K., U.S.A., E.U. & India
Extent to which immoral trafficking is addressed
DV Act & its retrospective effect.
The Eve Teasing Malaise

Most recent articles in Woman Issues category

The responsibility of Women empowerment on media
Justice At Justice Delivery Center
Dr. B.R. Ambedkars Role In Women Empowerment
The Role of Education Sector in Removing Gender Inequality
Domestic Violence A Curse In The Society - A Global Epidemic
Judicial Activism in the Area of Women Empowerment
Women Education and Media
Surrogacy, Concept of Renting a Womb
Socio Legal Aspect of live in relationships
Gender Justice and Indian Labour
Women's Education In India
Sexual Harassment at Workplace
Do We Need Gender Biased Laws: Domestic Violence Act
Gender Justice: A Comparative Study of U.K., U.S.A., E.U. & India
A Cry Still Unheard: The Menace Of Female Foeticide In India
Extent to which immoral trafficking is addressed

http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/gender-justice-a-comparative-study-of-u-k-u-s-a-e-u-&-india-637-1.html

7/8

9/7/2014

Gender Justice: A Comparative Study of U.K., U.S.A., E.U. & India

Article Comments
there are no c omments...

Post Your Comments

Name

Note : Your email address is only visible to admin, other members / users
cannot see it.

Email

You c an use following FXCodes

BOLD : [b]
Italic : [i]

Your comments

[b] Legal Services India [/ b] is a [i]nice website[/ i].

[url= http:/ / www.legalservicesindia.com/ article/ ]click here to visit.[/ url]
Legal Serv ic es India is a nice website.
Click here to visit

Post now
Note : Currently, user comments are moderated and will be posted only after approval.

Lawyers in India- Click on a link below for legal Services

lawyers in Delhi - New Delhi
lawyers in Chandigarh
lawyers in Noida
lawyers in Nashik

lawyers in Kolkata
lawyers in Rajkot
lawyers in Surat
lawyers in Indore

lawyers in Mumbai
lawyers in Thane
lawyers in Pune
lawyers in Nagpur

lawyers in Chennai
lawyers in Allahabad
lawyers in Ahmedabad
lawyers in Janjgir
lawyers in Ranchi
lawyers in Lucknow

lawyers in Bangalore
lawyers in Jodhpur
lawyers in Cochin
lawyers in Pondicherry
lawyers in Hyderabad
lawyers in Jaipur

For Mutual c onsent Div orc e

in Delhi
Click Here
Ph no: 9650499965

For online Copyright

Registration
c lic k here
Ph no: 9891244487

TOP
H o m e | Ab o u t U s | Pri va cy | Te rm s o f u se | F A Q | D i vo rce b y m u tu a l co n se n t | L a w ye rs | Su b m i t a rti cl e | S C Ju d g m e n ts | Co n ta ct U s

India's Most Trusted Online law library

Legal Services India is Copyrighted under the Registrar of Copyright Act ( Govt of India) 2000-2014
ISBN No: 978-81-928510-1-3

http://www.legalservicesindia.com/article/article/gender-justice-a-comparative-study-of-u-k-u-s-a-e-u-&-india-637-1.html

8/8