1.1.

1 Momentum
1) a) 5.4 x 107 kg m s-1

b) 4750 kg m s-1

2) a) If the batsman only changed the balls direction very slightly, this is a smaller momentum
change than in the worked example, so less force would be needed.
b) If the ball is returned back in the direction of the bowler, this would be a greater momentum
change than in the worked example, so more force would be needed.
3) 6600 N
4) a)1025 N s
b) The airbag takes a longer time to remove the passengers momentum. This means that it
applies less force to the passenger, reducing injury.
5) a) Mass = 1.15 kg

b) p = 5.50 or 5.74 kg m s1/N s

c) F = 458 or 478 N depending on p above]

d) Handle mass/weight/ head weight/force exerted by user (handle) neglected
e) t goes up/p goes up less force, less effective/more force, more effective

1.1.2 Collisions
1) 0.031 m s-1

2) a) 0.2 m s-1

b) 100 N

3) In order to move forward, the boy must experience a force from the boat. There is an equal
and opposite force from him onto the boat which moves the boat backwards away from him.
4)a) [insert artwork as per below note that at the bottom right of this pic, all arrowheads meet
which is why it looks a bit rubbish]

ptotal = 1430 kg m s-1

vafter = 4.77 m s-1
b) twaterfall = 37 s
tbank = 4 s
so they would land safely on the riverbank.
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5) a) mass velocity [Words or defined symbols; NOT ft]

b) iii
c) ii, or i and ii.Line 2 OR 1& 2
d) No (net) external forces/no friction/drag. Line iii. (he assumes the force exerted by the other
trolley is the resultant force)
e) Suitable collision described and specific equipment to measure velocities [e.g. light gates]. Measure
velocities before and after collision. Describes how velocities calculated [e.g. how light gates used].
Measure masses / use known masses/equal masses. Calculate initial and final moment a and compare OR
for equal trolleys in inelastic collision.

1.1.3 Energy in collisions

1)a) 3.35 m s-1

b) 7.13 J

2)a) 8.73 x 10-13 J

b) 5 460 000 eV

c) 5.46 MeV

3) Non-contact collisions are always elastic, and no external forces act.

1.1.4 Real collisions
1) 0.46% of the speed of light; 1.38 x 106 m s-1
2) It ends up in the other corner pocket, moving at 4.24 m s-1 at 45 to the original line.
1.2.1 Angular displacement
1) 720

b) /5 rad; 0.63 rad

2) 3.46 rad s-1

b) 4.71 rad s-1

c) 8.2 rad s-1

3) 18.8 rad s-1

4) = 7.27 x 10-5 rad s-1; v = 465 m s-1
5)a) 36.6 cm b) The error is proportionately the same
1.2.2 Centripetal force
1) 2530 N
2)a) 2.54 N

b) W = 736 N (much smaller)

c) At the pole, the reaction force would be 736 N; at the equator, it would be 733 N.
1.2.3 All the fun of the fair
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1)a) estimates in range 500 1500 kg

b) estimates in range 10 30 m
c) e.g. 1000 kg & 20 m gives v = 18.1 m s-1
2.1.1 Electric fields
1) 4.8 x 10-17 N
4)a) 1 x 105 V m-1
c)

2) 8000 V m-1
b) 1.62 x 107 m s-1

+3000 V

3) 4.8 x 1011m s-2

0V

d) Acceleration is in the opposite direction because the protons charge is the opposite sign to an
electron; and the acceleration is less as the proton mass is greater than an electrons.
2.1.2 Uniform and radial fields
1) Net field = zero, so the net force = zero.
2) insert aw, as per fig 2.1.6 sketch of two plus charges, except this one should be two minus
charges. The lines shape is identical, but all arrows must be reversed.]
3)a) 600 V

b) No difference

4) Charge concentrates near points or spikes.

5) 5.13 x 1011 V m-1
2.1.3 Coulombs Law
1) 2.12 x 10-6 N
2)a) 1.14 x 1017 V m-1

b) 0.0364 N

3) The measurements for r must be taken to the centres of the spheres. An error here would lead
to a disparity in the results, compared with Coulombs Law.
4) Answers of the order of 10-6 m
2.1.4 Finding the electronic charge
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a) Negative
b)
q E /electric force

mg / gravitational force / weight

c) 2 x 105 V m1 [OR N c1]

d) 4.8 x 1019 C

e) 3

2.2.1 Storing charge

1) 0.02 F
2)a) 0.08 C

b) the charge will be shared so each capacitor will be 4V

3) 3.6 x 10-3 J

4) 4.86 x 10-4 s

2.2.2 Charging and discharging capacitors

1) 30 s
2) 1.34 C
3)a) 0.00669 A

b) between 50 and 55 seconds

c) decrease the resistance or the capacitance

4) Graph should show exponential decay from I0 = 6 x 10-4 A to I2secs = 0.11 x 10-4 A; = 0.5 s
5) a) 0.12 C

b) 360 J

c) 150

d) 0.0030 s

e) Time is longer because the rate of discharge decreases/ current decreases with time
2.3.1 Magnetic fields
1) It is used to find the direction of a force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
The thumb of the left hand indicates the direction of the force, when the first finger is lined up
with the magnetic field and the second finger lined up with the current, and fingers and thumb all
held at right angles to each other in three dimensions.
2) a) down

b) into page

c) no force

3) Advantage: The motor power can be altered for different applications.

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Disadvantage: It is more complex so there is more opportunity to break.

2.3.2 The strength of electromagnetic forces
1)a) 4.8 x 10-6 N

b) 4 x 10-21 N

c) 3.1 x 1010 m s-1 which is faster than the speed of light

2) I = Q/t and v = l/t; F = BQv = BQl/t = BIl
3) rNa23 = 0.0127 m; rNa22 = 0.0124 m
This difference of 0.3 mm can easily be distinguished by the machine.
2.3.3 Generating electricity
1) 1.65 x 10-3 Wb turns
2) a) The emf has a pulse in one direction, followed by a briefer, larger pulse in the opposite
direction.
b) The current moves in one direction, then drops to zero before a higher current moves in the
opposite direction.
3) 0.14 V
The induced current causes a magnetic field which tends to try and stop the coil turning.
4) 6100 turns

2.3.4 Wind turbines

1) 17 m
2) 11 A
3) A sail to catch the wind; a magnetic field and a rotor coil to induce emf.
4) students own answers
5) students own answers
3.1.1 A nuclear atom
1) students own answers
2) As the atom is so small, it has not been possible to image its structure. So indirect evidence
has been used to infer the atomic structure.
3)Strengths: The largest mass is at the centre; electrons do orbit the nucleus at varying distances
Weaknesses: electron orbits are not all in the same plane; electrons orbit proportionately ten
times further away than Plutos orbit; electrons location in its orbit at any given moment cannot
be predicted;
4) Democritus/Daltons solid sphere (electron discovered) Thomsons plum pudding
model (alpha scattering experiments) Rutherfords nuclear atom Bohrs electron
energy levels model (quantum mechanics developed) Heisenbergs quantum
mechanical model
5) A = 9; B = 4
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6) mass of neutrons = mass of proton = 1.672 x 10-27 kg

3.1.2 Electrons from atoms
1)a) 1.21 x 10-10 m
b) 3.54 x 10-11 m
c) 1.33 x 10-13 m
d) 1.3 x 10-36 to 2.6 x 10-36 m
2) His idea was a purely theoretical hypothesis. The Davisson-Germer experiment confirmed it.
3) 1.46 x 1011 m s-1
4) students own answers
3.2.1 Particle accelerators
1) The particles get faster, but must spend the same time inside each electrode.
2)a) 1.96 x 107 m s-1
b) 3.27 x 10-20 kg m s-1
c) 0.82 T
d) 1.25 x 107 Hz
3)a) 2.97 x 108 m s-1
b) 7.37 x 10-11 J
c) bs answer is much less
d) The protons mass increases significantly as it is accelerated

3.2.2 Particle detection

1) The p.d. moves ions to each electrode and they are detected as a current pulse.
2) [need to check against final aw]
3) The radius of the curving path is proportional to velocity, so the smaller radius curve is the
slower part of the track (after energy is lost through the metal barrier)
3.2.3 The Large Hadron Collider
1 The radius of curvature of the track is proportional to the ratio mass/charge.
2 If two easily detected particles collide in a manner that appears to break conservation of
momentum, then a third as yet undetected particle could be inferred as having carried the
'missing' momentum.
3 The intended searches may produce a variety of particles with very different masses and
energies. This means that detectors with different sizes and sensitivities are needed, to monitor
the very different path curvature and absorptions of the various particles produced.
4 Students' own answers
3.3.1 Creation
1)a) 2.58 x 10-13 J
b) 3.89 x 1020 Hz
-26
2) 1.68 x 10 kg
3)a) to conserve momentum
b) 1.00 MeV/c2
4)a) [need to check against final aw]
b) it is the only lone track; its energy must be more than the mass equivalent and kinetic energy
of all the others combined.
c) The incoming antiproton has the straightest track demonstrating it has the most momentum
(hence the most energy)
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d) [need to check against final aw] they have equal radii of curvature, but curve in opposite
directions
e) All tracks are produced in opposite pairs
f) The electron mass is much less than the pion, so it is likely to have a track with smaller radius
of curvature.
g) Every particles partner moves off in the opposite direction.
3.3.2 The bricks of matter
1) It has the opposite charge to an electron, so it is positive.
2)a) quarks feel the string nuclear force, leptons do not; quarks cannot exist alone.
b) All properties except mass are opposite
c) the muon is much more massive
3) symmetry suggested there should be a partner to bottom quark, with a higher mass/energy.
4) Mass = 175 GeV/c2; charge = +1/3
5)a) They are tiny
b) In each generation, mass jumps up significantly.
3.3.3 Particle reactions
1) Neutron is ddu; proton is uud; So in beta minus decay, a down quark is changed in to an up
quark.
2)a) Baryon has three quarks; meson is a quark/antiquark pair.
b) Hadrons feel the strong nuclear force, leptons do not.
3)a) charge is not conserved
b) charge is conserved
3.3.4 More on the standard model
1) A particle that carries/transmits a force
2) It is positively charged, so the antiparticle must be negative.
3) Photons pass between them
4) It explains how particles get their mass
5) p n + e+ + e
conserves charge, baryon number and lepton number.
6) The second reaction does not conserve strangeness.
4.1.1 Heat and temperature
1) = E/mc [two line maths]
Putting in more energy must raise the temperature; more mass will mean that the energy is
shared more thinly so the temperature rise is less; a greater specific heat capacity means that by
definition a lower temperature rise occurs for a certain energy addition.
2) 18.9 seconds assuming no heat loss to surroundings.
3) 2550 J kg-1 K-1
4) 525 m s-1
5) answers in the range 500 2000 m s-1
6) 27 C
7) total energy in a system
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4.1.2 Kinetic theory of gases

1)a) as per fig. 4.1.9

b) Measurements of pressure at different absolute temperatures lead to a graph of p vs T. A
straight best fit line verifies the pressure law.
c) Ensure that the equipment cannot change volume; and that it does not leak.
2) Air molecules have a finite size; they are a mixture of different types of particles.
3) 100 mol
4) Students own answers. Needs to allow measurable variation in volume for changing
temperature. E.g. a gas syringe in a water bath.

5.1.1 Nuclear radiation

1) : 2p2n; +2 charge; large mass; highly ionizing; low penetration; absorbed by paper, skin or a
few cm of air; little hazard outside the body; extremely hazardous inside body;
: single electron; -1 charge; tiny mass; moderately ionizing; moderate penetration; absorbed by
several metres of air, or a few mm of aluminium; moderate hazard inside and outside the body
: high frequency e-m photon; no charge; no mass; low ionization; highly penetrating; energy
significantly reduced by several metres of concrete, or a few cm of lead; little hazard inside or
outside body, prolonged exposure can increase cancer risk.
2) 0.46 Bq
3) particles stopped by a layer of dead skin cells outside the body. After handling, the emitter
could be ingested from the fingers.
4) The granite bedrock emits significant amounts of radon gas which is an alpha emitter which
could be breathed in.
5) Students own answers, including background count check and corrected count with various
absorbers.
5.1.2 Rate of radioactive decay
1)a) 1.37 x 10-11 s-1
c) 4.15 x 10-9 s-1
2) 5.4 109 atoms
3) t = 6 hours
4) l 1/t [two line maths]

b) 7.63 x 10-10 s-1

5.2.1 Nuclear fission and fusion

1) proton: 1.505 x 10-10 J
neutron: 1.507 x 10-10 J
electron: 8.19 x 10-14 J
2) 1.98 x 10-11 J (124 MeV)
3)a) 7.3 MeV
b) BE per nucleon goes up by 0.6 MeV
c) Ek = 2.07 x 10-15 J; rms speed = 788 000 m s-1
4) X = 95
5) 7.17 x 1021 MeV
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6) 173 MeV
7) Both fission and fusion products have higher binding energy per nucleon than the start nuclei.
This means that they are more tightly bound so there is less mass per nucleon. This drop in mass
is released as energy.

5.2.2 Nuclear power stations

1) costs to build; costs to decommission; fuel price; amount of fuel needed; power output; costs
to dispose of radwaste; environmental impact; public opinion; and all these compared with the
alternatives
2) students own answers
3) in case of an emergency, a mechanical system would not fail safe.
4) students own answers
6.1.1 Simple harmonic motion
1)a) equilibrium, mg balanced with kx; above eqm, mg + air resistance > k(x-d); below eqm, mg
< air resistance + k(x+d).
NB the direction of air resistance depends on the exact moment chosen
b) air resistance is variable
2)a) 4.2 s
b) 1.5 rad s-1
c) keep still; take measurements over a large
number of swings
3) 4.4 rad s-1
4)a)c)d) as per fig 6.1.5
e)f)g) as per fig 6.1.7
b) as per fig 6.1.5 acceleration graph
5)a) repeating isochronous oscillations caused by a restoring force which is proportional to the
displacement.
b) 0.99 m
c)d)e) [need to see final aw]
6.1.2 SHM mathematics
1) 8 seconds: Ek = zero; Ekmax = 1.85 x 10-3 J
2) GPE KE + GPE EPE + KE + GPE EPE EPE + KE + GPE KE + GPE GPE
and repeat
3) Intermolecular stresses in the string cause a heating effect, slowing the bob as kinetic energy
converts to heat.
4) x6 = 0.077 m; v6 = 0.14 m s-1; a6 = 0.38 m s-2
6.2.1 Damped and forced oscillations
1) students own answers
2) At that speed, engine frequency is at a resonant/natural frequency for that part of the
dashboard.
3) Significant damping, perhaps by adding a foam pad, could dissipate the vibration energy.
Alternatively, altering the natural frequency of the dashboard part, perhaps by taping a weight to
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it, would avoid the resonance occurring. This could also be achieved by never driving fast
enough to cause resonance!
4) Underdamping reduces amplitude of oscillations a little with each cycle. Overdamping stops
oscillations entirely by returning to equilibrium very slowly. Critical damping allows nearly
normal oscillation speed back to the equilibrium position, where the system is stopped.
6.2.2 Resonance problems and damping solutions
1) The driving frequency of the soldiers marching feet matched the natural frequency of the
bridge. This caused resonance and the amplitude of oscillation was so great that it caused failure
of the bridge structure.
2) The damper reduces oscillation amplitude, reducing stresses on the bridge girders.
3) Body cavities have resonant frequencies and there is a particularly strong one in the chest at
around 7 Hz. Thus the music causes resonance of the dancer so they vibrate more than
anticipated for the volume of the music.
4) students own answers
7.1.1 From apples to galaxies
1) The gravitational field strength of Earth is 9.81 N kg-1 at its surface.
2) 6.0 x 10-68 N
3) 2.0 x 1020 N
4) 1.5 x 1011 m
7.1.2 Gravitational fields
1) 7.5 m s-2
2) H atom: F = 3.69 x 10-7 N
Pluto: F = 4.94 x 1016 N
The solar system force is 1023 x bigger for a system which is 1022 x larger
3) 1.36 x 10-4 kg
4) 3.46 x 108 m
7.2.1 Stellar properties
1) 7.15 x 1028 W
2)a) 5.08 x 10-7 m
b) Atmospheric absorption
3) 1.35 x 10-7 m
4a) [need to see final aw]
b) variation in total energy output
5) a) Ori = 260 nm (263 nm) Cet = 810 nm (805 nm, 800 nm)
b) 8.3 108 W m2
c) Ori peak at ~ 260 nm [e.c.f. their value] [Obviously to left of 400 nm], Cet peak at ~ 800
nm [e.c.f.] [Obviously to right of 700 nm] also, Area Ori area Cet.
d) Ori at blue end of spectrum; Cet at red end, BOTH outside visible region
7.2.2 Classifying stars
1) 1.2 x 1057 protons; 4.22 x 1039 protons fuse per second
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2) a)b) as per fig 7.2.8

3) 6.67 x 1022 m s-2
4)a) as per fig 7.2.10
b) starts at the top middle of the diagram; moves slightly right; then supernova and neutron
stars/black holes are not plotted on the diagram.
5) He-4 has an unusually high BE/nucleon and so is a very stable nucleus. Thus multiples of this
are also very stable.
6)a) To fuse above Iron-56 would involve a drop in BE/nucleon and so would need energy to be
put in.
b) In a supernova explosion energy is available to fuse nuclei to higher masses than 56.

7.3.1 Distances to the stars

1) 1.32 pc
2)a) 1.14 x 1017 m
b) 12 ly
c) 3.68 pc
d) 7.56 x 105 AU
18
3) 7.57 x 10 m
4) Trigonometric parallax is not reliable at more than 200 pc. Luminosity decreases with
distance; or luminosity can vary over time with some stars.
5)a) 1.02 x 10-7 W m-2
b) 2.63 x 10-5 m
c) much less energy, at generally longer wavelengths

7.3.2 The age of the Universe

1)a) 669.411 nm
b) 84.5 Mpc
2) 10 20 Gyr
3)a) [need to see final aw]
4)a) s1 / km s1 kpc1 /km s1 Mpc1
b) t = 1/H [Substitute value of H to obtain t]. Assuming since the start of time all galaxies are
travelling at constant speed, and there are no gravitational attractive forces. Assuming that the
Universe expands at a constant rate.
7.3.3 The fate of the Universe
1 a) A change in the frequency/wavelength (of the light/radiation from a
source) because of relative motion between source and observer.
b)
(Recession) velocity proportional to galaxy distance [NOT stars]. Red shift due to a galaxy
moving away from Earth/observer. Deduction of the expanding Universe [not the Big Bang]
c)
Maximum velocity = 2.1 108 m s1
d)
Density is large enough to prevent Universe expanding for ever but not too big to cause a
collapse/contraction of the Universe.

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