() - () -

Ohm . R
1
1K
1M

1 Ohm
1000 Ohms = 1 K Ohm
1000000 Ohms = 1 M Ohm

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
::R


.

()
)Jumper (Zero Ohm

Aluminum Housed

Low Ohm

Carbon Comp

Network

Ceramic Encased

Power Film

Film


Surface Mount

Fusible

Temp. Sensitive

High Voltage

Wire wound

High Ohm

Fig. 1.1b: High-power resistors and rheostats

Fig. 1.1a: Some low-power resistors

:: (Potentiometer or Variable Resistor VR) :

.
: 10K

(0-10K) 10K
.

""


.
:

:
.
"
"
" .

" .
: :


1


1 ohms 111
. %11
..

%1 . %2
%5 .
:
.

:
. Tolerance

" "
%5 %11 %21
.
: .
:
%5 :
ohm 051 . ohm 1151
%11 :
ohm 011 . ohm 1111
%21 :
ohm 011 . ohm 1211

.1():
() () .
.2 :
.
.3 :

.
.4 : () ()
() .
.5(:)LDR
..
()CDS

..
(.. )2M ohm
(.. )100 ohm

.

.6(:)Thermistor

..
..
:
( )1C (..)12K ohm ( )25C (..)5K ohm ( )100C (..)400 ohm5

 .7( :[Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistor])PTC

.
.8( :[Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistor])NTC
.
: [Critical Temperature Resister Thermistor] CTR .9
.

NTC :

R : The resistance value at the temperature T

]T : The temperature [K
R0 : The resistance value at the reference temperature T 0
]T0 : The reference temperature [K
B : The coefficient

. 25C
.11 :


.

..

.11()VDR :

..


VDR
..

..
:
..

..

..

: .
: .
:
.
...
2KV
. 1000A
( ) ..

:
:

.
: . Rt=rR1+R2+R3
: .
.
:
.
:

.
: . Rt=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3/1
: .
: .
:
Ohm's Law. R is Resistance, V is Volt, I is Current

 !

..

!!
:

Rough size
Rating power Thickness Length
)(W
)(mm
)(mm
3

1/8

1/4

1/2

From the top of the photograph

1/8W
1/4W
1/2W

..

Rough size
Rating power Thickness Length
)(W
)(mm) (mm
3

1/8

1/4

12

3.5

15

From the top of the photograph

)1/8W (tolerance 1%
)1/4W (tolerance 1%
)1W (tolerance 5%
)2W (tolerance 5%

01

Example 1
(Brown=1),(Black=0),(Orange=3)
10 x 13 = 10k ohm
Tolerance(Gold) = 5%

Example 2
(Yellow=4),(Violet=7),(Black=0),(Red=2)
470 x 102 = 47k ohm
Tolerance(Brown) = 1%

silver 10%, gold 5%, red 2%, brown 1%, If no fourth band is shown the tolerance is 20%.
[

00

The following shows all resistors from 1R to 22M:

..

02

Nonlinear resistors -

a. NTC

b. PTC

c. LDR

...

03

100 ohm , 5%

22000 ohm , 5%

2200 ohm , 5%

2700 ohm , 5%

47 K ohm , 2%

470 K ohm , 5%

560 ohm , 5%

5600 ohm , 5%

330 K ohm , 5%

10 M ohm , 5%

39 M ohm , 5%

1 M ohm , 5%

860 ohm , 5%

10 ohm , 5%

1200 ohm , 1%

2200 ohm , 2%

75 ohm , 20%

100 K ohm , 5%

1000 ohm , 10%

27 M ohm , 20%

100 K ohm , 2%

270 K ohm , 1%

560 K ohm , 5%

1940 ohm , 1%

 !! 225K
...

)Standard Series Values (5%

10M
11M
12M
13M
15M
16M
18M
20M
22M

)1.0M(1M0
)1.1M(1M1
)1.2M(1M2
)1.3M(1M3
)1.5M(1M5
)1.6M(1M6
)1.8M(1M8
)2.0M(2M0
)2.2M(2M2
)2.4M(2M4
)2.7M(2M7
)3.0M(3M0
)3.3M(3M3
)3.6M(3M6
)3.9M(3M9
)4.3M(4M0
)4.7M(4M7
)5.1M(5M1
)5.6M(5M6
)6.2M(6M2
)6.8M(6M8
)7.5M(7M5
)8.2M(8M2
)9.1M(9M1

100K
110K
120K
130K
150K
160K
180K
200K
220K
240K
270K
300K
330K
360K
390K
430K
470K
510K
560K
620K
680K
750K
820K
910K

10K
11K
12K
13K
15K
16K
18K
20K
22K
24K
27K
30K
33K
36K
39K
43K
47K
51K
56K
62K
68K
75K
82K
91K

)(1K0
)(1K1
)(1K2
)(1K3
)(1K5
)(1K6
)(1K8
)(2K0
)(2K2
)(2K4
)(2K7
)(3K0
)(3K3
)(3K6
)(3K9
)(4K3
)(4K7
)(5K1
)(5K6
)(6K2
)(6K8
)(7K5
)(8K2
)(9K1

1.0K
1.1K
1.2K
1.3K
1.5K
1.6K
1.8K
2.0K
2.2K
2.4K
2.7K
3.0K
3.3K
3.6K
3.9K
4.3K
4.7K
5.1K
5.6K
6.2K
6.8K
7.5K
8.2K
9.1K

100
110
120
130
150
160
180
200
220
240
270
300
330
360
390
430
470
510
560
620
680
750
820
910

10
11
12
13
15
16
18
20
22
24
27
30
33
36
39
43
47
51
56
62
68
75
82
91

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.7
3.0
3.3
3.6
3.9
4.3
4.7
5.1
5.6
6.2
6.8
7.5
8.2
9.1

04

 :
former
:
-1 .
-2

ferrite .
-3


.
:
:

.

:

.

.

:



.

:



" " .
: .

) .

:
() (
1H = 1000mH = 106 H

05

 :
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
.

:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
For example, if f equals 684 kHz, while L=0.6 mH, coil reactance will be:

:TypesCoils

:..

:
-1:
( )
.
-2:


.
11 .




.

.


.

06

-3:


.

.

07

-4:



.
:..

-1low Frequency Coils:

21
21 . .
-2:

AM
465 .

.
-3 High Frequency Coils:

2 .
.



.


. 70MHz to 100MHz

1H, 2.2H, 3.3H, 3.9H, 4.7H, 5.6H, 6.8H, 8.2H,

10H, 15H, 18H, 22H, 27H, 33H, 39H, 46H,
56H, 68H, 82H, 100H other.

:

.


. .

08

:





..


:
..

..

-1 : ..
.

09

 -2 :
.
: 1uH !!
..
:

( ) ..
-1 : ..

-2 :

:

: L ( )uH .
: d (. )1 inches = 25.4 mm
: l ( )1 inches = 25.4 mm .
: n .

FM ( )1uH
.
0,6mm 7,2mm

.
:

7.2
10
* ) 40
]
25.4
25.4 16.11
7.2
25.4

( * 1*[18
n

( )n=16 .

: ( )inch 25.4 mm . inch

21

 : .
:
( )QL (. )0,6mm
: 1% . l>0.4d

.
( ) ( )7.2 mm ( )5.8mm
( )0.6mm
:
INDUCTANCE TABLE
)(diameter 5.8 mm, 0.6mm wire
Q-value 13-MHz
)(Air-space coil

)Inductance (nH
)(Air-space coil

Q-value 13-MHz
)(Compact coil

)Inductance (nH
)(Compact coil

Number of turns

79

540

92

530

120

370

131

500

155

340

175

640

184

300

220

560

234

370

272

770

267

470

315

1270

313

650

363

10

INDUCTANCE TABLE
)(diameter 7.2 mm, 0.6mm wire
Q-value 13-MHz
)(Air-space coil

)Inductance (nH
)(Air-space coil

Q-value 13-MHz
)(Compact coil

)Inductance (nH
)(Compact coil

Number of turns

440

66

407

77

560

102

325

122

340

177

550

206

440

240

690

290

509

306

1300

319

607

379

>1500

422

1500

470

>1000

515

>1000

582

10

>1000

>1000

644

11

>1000

545

>1000

656

12

>1000

612

>1000

745

13

>1000

658

>1000

789

14

..
.
( )nH ( 7.2
)mm (. )0.6mm
.
( ) ..
20

 ..

22

23




, ,
.
:

.
:
():

.

)( :

.

C . FARAD
:
10 -6
F
10 -9
F
F

10 -12

..
uF
Micro Farad
nF
Nano Farad
Pico Farad

pF
24

 .
:
.AXIAL
RADIAL .
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
( ) : :

F
F 1
. .
.
]1F (50V) [diameter 5 mm, high 12 mm

]47F (16V) [diameter 6 mm, high 5 mm

]100F (25V) [diameter 5 mm, high 11 mm
.
]220F (25V) [diameter 8 mm, high 12 mm
]1000F (50V) [diameter 18 mm, high 40 mm

: Tantalum


+

:

.
.

.

: Mica Capacitors
Mica .

.

. ...
25

: Poly propylene Capacitors

( ) :
100KHZ
.
.

: Metallized Polyester Film Capacitors

: Polyester Film Capacitors

Polyester Film

: Polystyrene Film

. Polystyrene Film

.
.

: Variable Capacitors




.

:
white: 10pF (3 - 15) .
brown: 60pF (8 - 72) .

Blue: 7pF (2 - 9) .
green: 30pF (5 - 35) .

26


.


.

.

:
:
..
:
1/Ct=1/c1+1/c2
)Ct=1/(1/C1+1/C2
:
..
:
Ct=C1+C2

:
10^(-6) F

Micro
Farad

uF

10^(-9) F

Nano
Farad

nF

10^(-12) F

Pico
Farad

pF

27

:
Pico Farad

102=1000pF :
100000pF= 100nF= 0.1uf :

:

microfarad n .
V V :

%20

%10

%5

%2.5

1 pF

MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE VOLTAGE

x 1 pF
20%
x 10 pF
1%
x 100 pF
2%
250V
x 1 nF
2.5%
x 10 nF
400V
x 100 nF
5%
x 1 F
x 10 F
x 100 F
x 1000 F
10%

DIGIT
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

COLOR
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Grey
White

28

COLOR
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Grey
White
Pink

DIGIT
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

MULTIPLIER
x 1 F
x 10 F
x 100 F

VOLTAGE
10V

6.3V
16V
20V
x .01 F
x .1 F

25V
3V
35V

a, b, c. Variable capacitors, d. Trimmer capacitors

29

31

30


:

.
()Mini Relay
1Amp 60Am

.

. 1Amp


.
: PLC
...
:
6V , 9V , 12V , 15V , 24V , 36V , 48V , 60V , 220V ..
..

32

 ..

: :

. .



( )Coil
.

33

 : :
: .


.

.

:
( ).


.

: .

:

()SPST
( )
.
34

 ()SPDT
( )

.
()DPST

.

()DPDT

.

35

 (....)PLC , Inverter

.
( )6 to 250 Amp
.
:
11 10x736=7360 Watt
380V 50HZ .0.87
:
..
: !!

.
:

P
7360

7.42 Amp
3.V .Cos 3.380.0.87

P 3.V .I .Cos I

( )!!
36

 ( )+5% to 10%
.
:

Ik 1.3 IL

Ik IL
:

Ik= 1.2 x 7.42 = 9.65 A

..
15
.
( )8 to 12 Amp 10 .
!!
( ):
( :)Hand .
( :)Auto
.
(
..

)..

.

.

.

37

38

 :

( ) .
.
:

:
.
: .

:
()
.

:

() ()
() .

(
) 14
32 .

:




(
)
(
)

( ).


.

39

 : N

( )

( )P ( )AS ()SB

.
( )N

()


()

(.)N
N
: P


( )IN ( )GA
(.)B



)(HOLE

.



( ) . P

41

 :
(
)

( )

( )

.

.
( )P

( )N


.
:

:


.

:
:


1.0 1.3
.
:


.
40

42

 () : Diode Types
:Ge Diode

:Se Diode

Bridge
( )1N4001
.
Maximum
Maximum
Reverse
Current
Voltage

Diode

50V

1A

1N4001

100V

1A

1N4002

1000V

1A

1N4007

100V

3A

1N5401

1000V

3A

1N5408

:
:



" "
" "

. .
:

.

.


.
:

.
R

.

43

Example: output voltage required is 5V, output current required is 60mA.

)Vz = 4.7V (nearest value available
)Vs = 8V (it must be a few volts greater than Vz
)Imax = 66mA (output current plus 10%
Pz > 4.7V 66mA = 310mW, choose Pz = 400mW
R = (8V - 4.7V) / 66mA = 0.05k = 50 , choose R = 47
Resistor power rating P > (8V - 4.7V) 66mA = 218mW, choose P = 0.5W

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

:


( )
:
VL = Vz = Vs - Vrv = Vs - I .Rv
I = IL +IZ
:
: .
IL
:
IZ
.
VL = Vs ( IL+ Iz ) Rv
VL = Vs IL . Rv
(
) VZ ( )IZ

:
VL = VS ( IL + IZ ) RV
( ) RV
.

..
): Light Emitting Diode (LED
.




.
601 1
.LED

44

 :
..
( ) ..
( )
..
( )a1 ( )a2 ..

R = (VS - VL) / I
Viewing
Wavelength
angle

Luminous
intensity

VF
VR
max. max.

VF
typ.

IF
max.

Colour

Type

Red

Standard

660nm

60

5mcd @ 10mA

5V

30mA 1.7V 2.1V

625nm

60

80mcd @ 10mA

5V

Bright red 30mA 2.0V 2.5V

Standard

590nm

60

32mcd @ 10mA

5V

30mA 2.1V 2.5V

Yellow

Standard

565nm

60

32mcd @ 10mA

5V

25mA 2.2V 2.5V

Green

Standard

430nm

50

60mcd @ 20mA

5V

30mA 4.5V 5.5V

Blue

High intensity

660nm

60

500mcd @ 20mA

5V

30mA 1.85V 2.5V

Red

Super bright

625nm

60

5mcd @ 2mA

5V

30mA 1.7V 2.0V

Red

Low current

: IF max ..
: VF typ ..
: VF max ..
: VF max ..
: Luminous intensity .. mcd = millicandela
..
: Viewing angle
: Wavelength .. nm = nanometer

:PhotoDiode
P N

.
:

.
45

 : Varactor
.
) )PN
.

(. ) 2500 pF

( )d ) .)cd
( )cd
.
( )cd .
( )FM
( )UHF .

:Tunnel diodes

.


.


.



.
46

 :
General
Diode

Zener Diode

Tunnel
Diode

Schotky
Diode

Varactor
Diode

Gun Diode

Light Emitting
Diode LED

Photo Diode Photo Diode

1 Amp

6 Amp

4 Amp

14 A/ 400 V

( )
..

(~ .. )+ , - ,
(~)
( ) ..
( )+ , - ..


( ) ..
..

:
..

47

The formula for C1 is:

C1(uF)=[(IL* t )/Vrip ] X10

C1=[(0.5A X 0.00833) / 0.92V]X10

C1 = 0.00453 X 10 6 = 4529 uF

..

Single diode rectifier

Output: half-wave varying DC

Smoothing capacitor for 10% ripple,

C=

5 Io
Vs f

Io = output current from the supply ..

Vs = supply voltage (peak value of unsmoothed DC) ..
f = frequency of the AC supply (50Hz in UK) ..

48

 :
Transformer + Rectifier

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

..
( )78XX , 79XX ( )78XX
( )79XX ..
( ) ..
:
..

49

(..)78XX , 79XX

51

0 :
( )7808 ( )10.5V
( )0.7+0.7 (.. )10.5+0.7+0.7=11.9V
(.. )11.9 / 1.41 = 8.145 Vrms
( )78XX , 79XX (.. )LM317

( )1N4004
.

50

Variable DC Power Supply

( )1.25 TO 25 ( )LM317
( )5K 25
20 ..

:
D1-D4 AC .. DC
C1 C2
..
LM317 .
D5
.
V1.25 R1
.
VR1 VR1
.
:
)VOUT = 1.25 ( 1 + VR1 / R1
C3 C4 C5
.
5mA
20mA R2 R2 :

52

R2 = (VOUT - VLED) / (10 x 0.001)

VLED 2V :

+/-15V Preamplifier Power Supply

53

)1.2 To 25 V(

Vdc

V
rms

Vdc

54

2Vm

Vm

2
2 2V

rms

Vdc

V
rms

Vdc

2Vm

Vm

2
2 2V

rms

VDiod Vm

VDiod 2Vm

I Diod 0.5IL

I Diod 0.5IL

Vdc Vm

V
rms

Vm
2

2V
rms
Vdc

VDiod Vm
I Diod IL


""
.

:
C .. E

BC547 .

:BJT
:
-1 : PNP
PNP
P N
. PNP

PNP

-2 : NPN
NPN
N P
. NPN

NPN

:
-1 : Emitter PNP
NPN ( )forward
.
-2 : Collector
( )reverse .
-3 : Base ( )forward
( )reverse .

NPN PNP

PNP

NPN
55

:


:
:
Base .
:
.
:
Base

.

:

.

:Common Base

Emitter and Base
Base Collector and
Base
. Common Base
56

 :Common Emitter

Emitter and Base
Base and Emitter
Emitter

.Common Emitter

Common Emitter
:Common Collector

Collector and Base
Base and Emitter
Collector
.

:
Base
Emitter Collector .
Emitter
Base
Emitter
Collector .
Emitter-Base Forward
Collector-Base
Reverse .
Emitter
( ) PNP ()
( ) Emitter NPN NPN
Emitter .

: Collector .Emitter
Collector Emitter PNP
Collector Emitter
Base Emitter Collector
Emitter Base . Emitter
: Base .Emitter
Base Emitter
) (0,7 Emitter
Base Emitter . Base
Base ( 1000 1
) Base
% 1 Emitter .Base
Collector
CollectorEmitter.
57

:
0.7
0.3 .
0.7
.

.

58

 :
- ( )bipolar

( )unipolar
. .

.

FET

- () TTL "
" ( ) DIGITAL
.
:
C E ( ) 1

B E
B , E

( ) 2
Ib B , E Ic= . Ib C ( E ) 3

, .. 111

1 2 3 4 5 .. 6

59

 V0 ( 0 . ) 0
:

:
..

BC547
, . BD649 ..

,

, ..

Volt1.0 ) )UBE
V1.0 :
"" ..

, V1.2 .

61

.

.

:
Junction TransistorBipolar-1
BJT holes .
Current Controlled
.
Junction TransistorUnipolar-2
FET Field Effect Transistor
( gate ) .
() .

NPN

PNP

NPN

PNP

BC157
BC158
BC159

BC107
BC108
BC109

BC177
BC178
BC179

BC147
BC148
BC149

BC167
BC168
BC169

BC257
BC258
BC259

BC171
BC172
BC173
BC182
BC183
BC184

BC251
BC252
BC253
BC212
BC213
BC214

BC207
BC208
BC209

BC204
BC205
BC206

BC237
BC238
BC239

BC307
BC308
BC309

60

BC417
BC418
BC419

BC437
BC438
BC439

BC415
BC416

BC413
BC414

BC557
BC558
BC559
BC512
BC513
BC514

BC547
BC548
BC549
BC582
BC583
BC584

2N3905
2N3906

2N3903
2N3904

BC261
BC262
BC263

TIP2955

TIP3055

9012
9015

9013
9014

MJE
2955T
BD266A
TIP32A
TIP42A

MJE
3055T
BD267A
TIP31A
TIP41A

BD132
BD140
BD262

BD131
BD139
BD263

2N3054

MJ2955

2N3055

Darlington
TIP126
TIP137

Darlington
TIP146

62

BC407
BC408
BC409

BC320
BC321
BC322
BC327
BC350
BC351
BC352

BC317
BC318
BC319
BC337
BC347
BC348
BC349
BC382
BC383
BC384

BC467
BC468
BC469

Darlington
TIP121
TIP132

2N2222A

Negative Voltage
Regulator 1amp
7905
7912

Positive Voltage
Regulator1amp
7805
7812
LM2940

Positive Voltage
Regulator 100mA
78L05
78L12

Positive Voltage
Regulator Adjustable
LM317(1.5amp)
LM350(3amp)

Darlington
TIP141

Negative Voltage
Regulator 100mA
79L05
79L12


"" ( )
.
" : " 111
1111 " " 21 511
" " .

() 4 :
.

63

111 11

11 111

111 11

1 11

111 11

11 111

21 111

111 1111

11 51

11 4111

<1

101

- ( : + + ) ..

64



.
( (
.

.
: , , ,
........
:
( )
( ) HZ to 20 KHZ 21 AF
( ) VF
( ) KHZ TO HUNDRED OF MHZ RF
( ) MHZ UHF

A OR B OR AB OR C :

:A
( )
,
( , ,) ,
A
:

: B

,

. :

65

: AB

: C


:

:
, , ..
, :
... ...
B & AB C
.
.. B OR C

:
A
:

.
.
.

, ,
....
66

 : ,
..
: ,

( ,) , A
, Vs , .

.

: ,
.
A .

:

. :
..... ..... ..... ..
" "
" " .
" " ( ) " " (
) (
) .

67

 1 2

.

. ""

" " .
.

:
: " "
" " ( 21 21
21 ) " "
011 .

68

( 21 21 )
" " " "
""
" " "
" .
" "
" " (21) (
) 1 ()
:

:
: ..
: ..
: ..
:
..
: - -

.

69

 :
:
: NPN .1 .
: PNP .2 .
..

:
/
/
.
..
( )NPN , PNP :


(.. )NPN


(.. )PNP

:
( BC140 ) BC107
..

..

(.. )2N3055

71

NPN transistors
Code Structure

Case
style

IC
max

VCE
max

hFE
min

Ptot
max

Category
(typical use)

Possible
substitutes

BC107

NPN

TO18

100mA

45V

110

300mW

Audio, low power

BC182
BC547

BC108

NPN

TO18

100mA

20V

110

300mW

General purpose,
low power

BC108C
BC183 BC548

BC108C

NPN

TO18

100mA

20V

420

600mW

General purpose,
low power

BC109

NPN

TO18

200mA

20V

200

300mW

Audio (low noise),

low power

BC184
BC549

BC182

NPN

TO92C

100mA

50V

100

350mW

General purpose,
low power

BC107
BC182L

BC182L

NPN

TO92A

100mA

50V

100

350mW

General purpose,
low power

BC107
BC182

BC547B

NPN

TO92C

100mA

45V

200

500mW

Audio,
low power

BC107B

BC548B

NPN

TO92C

100mA

30V

220

500mW

General purpose,
low power

BC108B

BC549B

NPN

TO92C

100mA

30V

240

625mW

Audio (low noise), low

power

BC109

2N3053

NPN

TO39

700mA

40V

50

500mW

General purpose,
low power

BFY51

BFY51

NPN

TO39

1A

30V

40

800mW

General purpose,
medium power

BC639

BC639

NPN

TO92A

1A

80V

40

800mW

General purpose,
medium power

BFY51

TIP29A

NPN

TO220

1A

60V

40

30W

General purpose,
high power

TIP31A

NPN

TO220

3A

60V

10

40W

General purpose,
high power

TIP31C
TIP41A

TIP31C

NPN

TO220

3A

100V

10

40W

General purpose,
high power

TIP31A
TIP41A

TIP41A

NPN

TO220

6A

60V

15

65W

General purpose,
high power

2N3055

NPN

TO3

15A

60V

20

117W

General purpose,
high power

PNP transistors
Code Structure

Case
style

IC
max

VCE
max

hFE
min

Ptot
max

Category
(typical use)

Possible
substitutes

BC177

PNP

TO18

100mA

45V

125

300mW

Audio,
low power

BC477

BC178

PNP

TO18

200mA

25V

120

600mW

General purpose,
low power

BC478

BC179

PNP

TO18

200mA

20V

180

600mW

Audio (low noise),

low power

BC477

PNP

TO18

150mA

80V

125

360mW

Audio,
low power

BC177

BC478

PNP

TO18

150mA

40V

125

360mW

General purpose,
low power

BC178

TIP32A

PNP

TO220

3A

60V

25

40W

General purpose,
high power

TIP32C

70

 ()Darlington

( )10000 ..

( )hfe ( )hfe
..
( )D-npn(.. )D-pnp
:
For TR1 use BC548B with hFE1 = 220.
For TR2 use BC639 with hFE2 = 40.
:

hfe = =hFE1 hFE2 = 220 40 = 8800.

.. TR2
(.. )0.7+0.7=1.4


( ):

( )100K ..

LED lights when the LDR is dark

72

Choosing a suitable NPN transistor :

1. The transistor's maximum collector current IC(max) must be greater than the load current IC.
supply voltage Vs
load current IC =
load resistance RL
2. The transistor's minimum current gain hFE(min) must be at least five times the load current IC
divided by the maximum output current from the chip.
load current IC
hFE(min) > 5
max. chip current
3. Choose a transistor which meets these requirements and make a note of its properties:
IC(max) and hFE(min).
4. Calculate an approximate value for the base resistor:
Vs hFE
RB = 0.2 RL hFE or RB =
5 IC
5. and choose the nearest standard value.
6. Finally, remember that if the load is a motor or relay coil a protection diode is required.
Example
The output from a 4000 series CMOS chip is required to operate a relay with a 100
The supply voltage is 6V and the chip can supply a maximum current of 5mA.

coil.

1. Load current = Vs/RL = 6/100 = 0.06A = 60mA, so transistor must have IC(max) > 60mA.
2. The maximum current from the chip is 5mA, so transistor must have hFE(min) > 60
(5 60mA/5mA).
3. Choose general purpose low power transistor BC182 with IC(max) = 100mA and
hFE(min) = 100.
4. RB = 0.2 RL hFE = 0.2 100 100 = 2000 . so choose RB = 1k8 or 2k2.
5. The relay coil requires a protection diode.
Choosing a suitable PNP transistor :
The procedure for choosing a suitable PNP transistor is exactly the same as that for an NPN
transistor described above.

73

NPN transistor switch

PNP transistor switch

(load is on when chip output is high)

(load is on when chip output is low)

( )U.J.T
.
( )U.J.T ) .. ) Unijunction Transistor
( )N
( )B2 - B1
( )P ( )B1 ( )B2 .

:
:
( )RB1 ( )E (. )B1
( )RB2 ( )E (. )B2
( )E ( )B ()N
.

( )VBB () ( )B2 ( )B1

( (VB1 ( )E ( )B1 ( )VBB
:

= VBB VB1

( ) .
:
.1 ( )E ( : )VB1 ( )E ( )B1
.
74

 .2 ( )E ( : )VB1 ( )E ( )B1
( )P ( )N ( )N
( )P ( (E ((B1
() .
) (K5 ) (10 K
( )VB1 :

RB1
.VBB
RB1 RB 2

VB1

( )
( ) RB1 (.. (VD=0.7V
:

VP VD .VBB

( )VP ..
: ( )VBB=30V
( )VD=0.7V ( ) =0.6 (.. )VP
:
.VBB=0.7+(0.6x30) VP=VD+
VP=0.7+18=18.7V
:
( )VEB1 ..
( )VEB1
(.. )A
( )VEB1 .
( )RB1
(. )VEB1

( )VEB1 ()VEB1
( )VP ( )E ( )B1
.
( )B1
( )B ( )C .
( )C ( )Vv .
(
) .
75

 :
( )UJT ..

( ) R2 ( ) B1 ( ) R1 (. ) B1
( ) R3
(. (C

( )IB2 (: ) B1

VB1 I B 2 .R1

(: ) B2

VB 2 V CC I B 2 .R2

.
( )C
()
( )C ( (VP
( )B1 ( )C
( )B2
( )B1
( )B2 .
( (Vv
.

76

 : UJT

2N2646 .. Motorola

UJT ..
, Base1

,
, Base2

.
( )+
( )-
,


, Base2

Base1

,





, Base2 .

Base1

77

:

:

P
N ..

..
:

Rv

..

78

 D1 D3 D2
D2
Vs
VH . IH
VH IH
VH VH IH
..

D1 D3 D2
Vab .
:

.1
Vs .
.2 .
:

) )Vcc
( )R1 (. )c

()c
( )Vs
( )C ( )R2

( )R2 .
79

 ( )R1 ( )C
( )R1 ( )C ( )Vs
( )R2 .
( )VA ( )R2
( )R2 (. )R1
( )C ( )VH
( )C .

81

:
()N1-P1-N2-P2
(.. )A2( & )A1

( )Diode alternating current switch

( ) .
.

:
( )Vs
( )+VH (. )+IH
( )-Vs
( )-VH (. )-IH

:
.1 .
.2
.3 .

80

.


( )R2
( )R2 .

( )VH
.

( )-Vs
( )R2

( )R2 .

( )R1 ( )C
( )R1 ( )C ( )Vs
( )R2 .
( )VA ( )R2
( )R2 (. )R1
:

31
41

51

61
82

83

(:)Thyristors
....
P1
, N1 , P2 , N2 ( A K . )G

SCR NPN PNP

:

Positive Feedback
...
(
) ..
Q1
Q1 Q2 Q2
Q2 Q2 Q1
Q1 .
84


(
) .
Q2
( )P2-N1

.

SCR .

0.5 2 : A : K : G / . /
( ) :
: .
: .
.. LASCR
.. TRIAC
SCR :

,
SCR ( )
..
- :
.1 :
.
.2 :


.
.3 :
.

85

 :
2

.
.

:
.
.
.

:
,

:
..

:
, ..
:

.
.
.
.
2111 .
.

:
1
2
3
4
5
6

.
.
.
.
.
( . )DC-DC , AC-DC , DC-AC , AC-AC

SCR ,
SCR
:
)1
)2
)3
)4
)5

SCR
.
SCR .
.
.
SCR
, ... :
, , ,.......

86

(
) .

.

:
:
: G , K .
: K , A .
: G , K .
- ( N-P )

(- )
.

. (
Gate-Cathode ) .

87

 ( ) sensitive
gate SCRs Triggered .
SCR :

( )Normally opened
.
released latched .
( )Normally closed
. OFF
Latched (
)Normally opened ( )
.
Firing holding current 1 51
.
( On/Off

) :

crowbar
. DC Short Circuit
.

Fuse . Short Circuit

88

 ( Gate )

Circuit Short ().
SCR Unidirectional AC

gate .
:

( )
.

.

gate ( diode
- - )
.

89


average power .
(
).

( )
.
trigger threshold ( )
.
( ) phase-shifting :

( .
)
( ) ( )
1 01.
phase-shifting
.

( )
Latched .
91


fired .

90

92

 ( )

.. SCS

.
:

ON -
R2
.
( . )natural commutation
SCS forced commutation
. OFF
:SCS

93

 SCRs .
( ) . TRIAC

( AC ) .

SCR ( )

:

(
) .

.
( harmonics) .
( )
: )DIAC

94


.
:

:
: G , A1
: G , A2
: A1 , A2 .

/. /
/. /

95

 ..
.. ..

..

96

97

98

 ): FET(Field-Effect
..
: " "FET :
(.. )PN-FET
(.. )MOSFET
:
( .. ) P
( .. ) N

:
" " ( )
( ) ..
" "FET ( )P ) )N ..
" "FET
"" ( N
) ( )Drain (.. )Source
"" P
( )Gate " .. PN-FET
N ( )Drain ()Source
( )ID .

99

 ( )Gate ( )Source PN
" " . " "
.
( )-UGS " " .
( ) ( )RDS
( )Drain (( )Source )N-FET ( )Gate
.
.

: N FET (
) .
.
: () ..
:
.1 ..
.2 ..
.3 ..
.4 ..
.5 ()10^9 FET ()10^15 .. MOSFET
.6 ..
.0 ..

011

010

012


MOSFET
:
.1
.2
.3
.4

Substrate N P ..
N <==> P
Drain .. Source
( ) SIO2 ( ( ..
.. Gate

) (P-Channel ) (N-Channel
( ) ..

: MOSFET
( ) .
( ) .
.1 Gate ( ) ..
.2 ( ) N

.

.

013

 .3 ( ) P

.

.

( ) ..

MOSFET) : (CMOS
CMOS :
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
( (N-Channel , P-Channel :

) (LOW P-MOS FET

P .
) (High N-MOS FET
N .

CMOS N-MOS PMOS ( ).

( )

.

014


:
: Dual-Gate MOSFET
MOSFET

() ..
( )D ( )S .
..
: )Vertical Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor( VMOSFET
" "FET
"" ( 5 ) ( 1 11
) ..

11 ( )D ( )S 111 ..
: )Vertical Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Siemens Power( SIPMOS-FET
VMOS-FET .

..

: N

MOSFET BJT

.
015


:MOSFET
MOSFET n
( ) STR
..

..
..

..


..
..
..

(MOSFET):

3.3 ..

""

..

..

""


" "

" "..

,




..

..

.
..
%111
MOSFET ,


MOSFET ..
MOSFET ,
,
..
( )
..

MOSFET ,

,

016

 UPS
,

MOSFET ..
.. , MOSFET ESD
..

Voltage applied to gate Voltage across resistor Voltage across transistor

approximately 12 volts

no voltage

2.5 volts

less than 12 volts

less than 12 volts

3.5 volts

virtually no voltage

approximately 12 volts

4.5 volts
017

018

MOSFET

MOSFET
019

The power MOS FET switching circuit

( )MOS FET
( )DC (.. )AC
( )12V (.. )220V
:

( )TR3 and TR6 ( )L ( )TR3 and TR4 ( )H

(.. )TR5 and TR6
( )TR4 and TR5 ( )H ( )TR3 and TR4 ( )L
(.. )TR5 and TR6

H Bridge Motor control

.. H
MOSFET ..
( )Lo2

( )Hi1
.. A
( )Hi2 ( )Lo1
.. C

001

IRF511 TMOS Power FET

Data sheet
( )IRF511 ( )N-Channel
( )TO-220


..

Id

)rds(on

Vds

Device

4.0 A

0.6 Ohm

100V

IRF510

4.0 A

0.6 Ohm

60V

IRF511

3.5 A

0.8 Ohm

100V

IRF512

3.5 A

0.8 Ohm

60V

IRF513

IRF511

( )A
..

() ()6 to 12
(.. )10uA

..
000

which functions as the pick-up sensor, A 3x3-inch piece of circuit board (or similar size metal object),
is connected to the gate of Q1. A 100 Mega Ohm resistor, R2, isolates Q1's gate from R1, allowing
the input impedance to remain very high. If a 100-MegaOhm resistor cannot be located, just tie 5
22-MegaOhm resistors in series and use that combination for R2. In fact, R2 can be made even
higher in value for added sensitivity.
Potentiometer R1 is adjusted to a point where the piezo buzzer just begins to sound off and then
carefully backed off to the point where the sound ceases. Experimenting with the setting of R1 will
help in obtainin the best sensitivity adjustment for the circuit. Potentiometer R1 may be set to a point
where the pick-up must be contacted to set of the alarm sounder. A relay or other current-hungry
component can take the place of the piezo sounder to control almost any external circuit.

002


530..
FET
( )15mA ( )1N4148 ..

003

 Signetics
Corporation SE555/NE555 1001
.
:

( 1) : ,
.


( 2 : )Trigger 555
( Threshold )6 VLT
VUT VLT=VCC/3
. VUT=2Vcc/3
.. 12V 0Volt
.
4Volt .
1/3
, .. 1.5mA
( 3 :)Out 1.0V
, ,
.. 211mA
( 4 :) Reset


,
..

( 5 :)Control Voltage
,
5

.
( 6 .)Threshold

( 0 ) :
3 ..
,555 +4.5
( 0 :) +Vcc
( ) +10 ( ) ..

004

 555

:
.
-1
-2 .511KHz
-3 .
-4 /
.
-5 211 .
-6 .
-0 TTL 5
.TTL
-0 %1.115 .
555 General Specifications
10-Volts
15-Volts
500-kHz to 2-MHz
+/- 25%
+/- 25%
+/- 90%
+/- 90%
6.6-V
10.0-V
~ 5%
~ 5%
~ 1%
~ 1%
6.2-Meg
10-Meg
5-K
3-K
>0.4/<0.3
~200ma

5-K
3-K
>0.4/<0.3
~200ma

5-Volts
+/- 25%
+/- 90%
3.3-V
~ 5%
~ 1%
3.4-Meg
5-K
3-K
>0.4/<0.3
~200ma

Vcc
)Max Frequency (Astable
Vc Frequency Range
Vc Frequency Range
)Vc Voltage Level (center
)Frequency Error (Astable
)Timing Error (Mono
Max Value Ra +Rb
Min Value Ra
Min Value Rb
)Reset VH/VL (pin-4
)Output Current (pin-3
005

 :555

555
R&S NPN T1 PNP
()
.
555

..

006

 :555
..
-1

(:)LM555 Monostable Oscillator

" "H
( )2 555 .

Vcc COMP1
V1=Vcc/3 Q
" "L COMP2
TR .
SW
( COMP1 )SW ""H
COMP2 " "L " Q="H " /Q="L
.

( ) COMP1 " "L

FF .

2Vcc
3

Vc

COMP2 COMP2
" "H COMP1 " "L
.
SW .
007

:
t=time-out time(sec), C=Capacity(F), R=Resistance(ohm) :

:
i
V
R
C
e
t
CR

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

Electric current which changes in the time(A)

Applied voltage(V)
Resistance value(ohm)
Capacitor value(F)
Base of the natural logarithm(2.71828)
Elapsed time after the charging beginning(sec)
Capacitive time constant (C x R)

T = 1.1 x R x C (in seconds)

:

008

 ..

( " )"H :

t high 1.1 RA C

thigh
RA .C

R . ..

009

-2 (:)LM555 Astable Oscillator

..

" "H
RA & RB :

V2 Comp2 2Vcc
3

V1 Comp1 Vcc ""H

3

" "L R-S " Q="H " /Q="L TR

.
( )X
COMP1
" "L COMP2 " "H "Q="L
" /Q="H TR RB
. TR :

X
COMP1 Vx Vcc
3

COMP2
021

 Vx Vcc COMP2 " "H COMP1

3

""L Out " "H .

F.

) (tH ) (tL

):"H" (tH

):"L" (tL

:
tlow = 0.695(RA+2RB)C T= thigh

): (f

020

C
(.)RA+2RB

:1 220uF .
:2 ( 5 )
0.01uF .
022

:
tlow T " "0
:
t
RB
D low
T
R A 2 RB
50%
RA
.
RA 1K 50%
RA RA
RB :
t high 0.695 R A C

t low 0.695 RB C

T t high tloe 0.695 ( RA RB ) C

50% RA=RB :

023

Duty Cycle >50%

Duty Cycle <50%

:555
555
" "0
" "1 .

555 :

024

 556
555 .

.555

555 ..

025

 555
555 :
.200mA
555 -1 -2 ....... .
..

11:

10 Minute Timer

555 .
Start ( )LED
( )1M8, 500K, 220uF :

().
026

LIGHT & DARK DETECTOR

LDR .555
0.7V
.
2M
( 4 ) ". "H

..

027

POLICE SIREN

555 .

.
.

IR LED TRANSMITTER

:
.

40uSec
90% " "H 10% " "L 150mA 2kHz
..

SCHMITT TRIGGER

.
555
.

028

Touch Switch

NEGATIVE SUPPLY

555
3V
.50mA
22u
9-0.6=8.4V 555 " "L 100uF
.6V
100uF .6.1V

555
.

.


.

029

 555 :

:Ultrasonic
555
..
40KHZ

Pulse Width Modulation

:

.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

:
..
031

 ( )50% 12V
6V .
( )75% 12V
9V 75% .
( )25% 12V
3V 25% .

..

:

NE556 ( ) NMOS 555
14 .
555 ( ) IC1B .
:
f = 1.44 / ( R3 + 2R4 ) C2 =450HZ
(" )"H :
Thigh = 0.69(R3+R4)C2 Sec
:
Tlow = 0.69R4C2 Sec
555 ( ) IC1A
. 555
.
3
2/3 & 1/3 .
Q1
( 1.6 V ).

.

() Q2
.
R1
R1 .
030

 ( )- & +
. LK1

Ext ( + )
.
..

:
220V
() .
555
VR1 4110
.
RST
Q0 Q1 .

4110:
032

 VR1 555
. T1 T4
.
4017 11 .

033

 555
.. ...

:

. LS

555

( )cadmium-sulphide


.

.
555

D3 .
R2
D3

2.

555






.

. LDR

.

034

 ( )Metronome
.
555


.Speed

Key
.
Vol.
.

.



.

555
.


.

.

035



.
555

.

.

50%

" "H
R2 .
" "L
R1
..R1

.2N3569

.




.

555 . .556

.

036


.
.

" "
' ".




2KHZ
.

. TTL&CMOS
" )"1"(/"H ")"0"( / "L
20mS

. S1 .
T1 NAND
D1 .
037

DC :

12V DC
555 MOSFET
. P1
.555

.
. IC3
P1 & P2
.
...

IC1 T1 T2
IC2 " "L .
038

 T1 and T2 IC3
.
IC3 " "H
" "L ( IC5 )Flip-Flop LED1
( )timer ok .
S1
) (IC's
.
4.5V .5.5V

( )DC-to-AC 555
50Hz 60HZ .R4
.
555 ( Q1,Q2 ) Q1,Q2
15 to 220 50HZ 15
to 120 .60HZ .Q1,Q2
C4 L1

.
+5Vdc +15Vdc .


:
V 1 I 2 N1
K

V 2 I1 N 2
555 50% Q1
" "H Q2
" "L .
039

041

555 :

555

040

NOT

NOT

042

OR

OR

NTC

043

walidbalid81@gmail.com

With my best wishes..
Mit meinem besten Wnschen..

044