Professional Documents
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ok Equations / Ch. 3
I Problems
in Appendix E-4.1. Consider also the analysis of resistive ladder
es
rks as described in references in Appendix E-4.2. For specific sugg see Huels
, reference 7 of Appendix E-I0, for the resistive network
man
ated to the solution of simultaneous equations in Chapter 7 and the
ion of equations for the RLC networkS of Chapter 6. More advanced
bilities include the solution of state equations by methods described
ferences given in Appendix E-4.3 and the use of canned programs for
uic method
for
form. The so(usolution is to be
rmulation offers
he only requireement or several
I
. the state-space
on by computer
is to be accorninarily simpler to
E-8.4.
PROBLEMS
2
shown in (b).
I Book Company,
cusses a graphical
ms.
in Linear Circuits
.."
0-
(c)
(b)
(a)
Fig. P3-1.
What must be the relationship between Le. and Lt. L2 and M for the
networkS of (a) and of (b) to be equivalent to that of (c)?
(c)
(b)
(a)
Fig. P3-2.
Repeat Prob. 3-2 for the three networks
figure.
~s
e digital computer .
. described in refernethod from refer-
(e)
(b)
la)
Fig. P3-3.
88
3-4.
Ch. 3/ Problems
The series (
tain to the netwo
specified in the ta
connection of ele
connection of elet
to zero. For the st
mine 'VI in the for
on a cathode ray 0
and so on.
10--1
?L,q
2
1'~
(a)
(b)
(a)
V2
Fig. P3-4.
3-5.
3-6.
This problem may be solved using the two Kirchhoff laws and voltagecurrent relationships for the elements. At time to after the switch K
was closed, it is found that t'2 = +5 V. You are required to determine the value of i2(lo) and di2(tO)/dl.
-3
(c)
V2
'K
111
volts
111
+
10 v-=-
+1
211
~h
Fig. P3-6.
3-7.
-1
(e)
",[
rations / Ch. 3
;ed of a I-H
ected to the
:0 vertices a
figure when
ilern, rather
Ch. 3 / Problems
89
The series of problems described in the following table all pertain to the network of (g) of the figure with the network In A and B
specified in the table. In A, two entries in the column implies a series
connection of elements, while in B, two entries implies a parallel
connection of elements. In each case, all initial conditions are equal
to zero. For the specified waveform for V2, you are required to determine VI in the form of a sketch of the waveform as it might be seen
on a cathode ray oscilloscope. Evaluate significant amplitudes, slopes,
and so on.
Network Equatiolls /
90
c. J
Ch.
Waveforms of
Network of A
Network of B
3-8.
R=2
L =:l-
a, b, c, d, e,f
3-9.
C=!
L= 1
a,
b,
3-10.
C=
(I,
b, c, d, e.f
3-11.
C=J,R=t
L =~, R = J
(I,
b, c, d, e,f
3-12.
R =2
C= 1
b,d,f
3-13.
R = 1
R = 2, C = 1
b,d,f
s.a.]
f, R
L=2
= 1
3-14.
R = 2
R = I, C = 1
3-15.
L=1:
R=l,C=!
b,d,f
R=l,C=!
b,d,f
L= 1,R=
3-16.
e,
3/
Problems
V2
d, e.f
3-17. For each of the four networks shown in the figure, determine the
number of independent loop currents, and the number of independent
node-to-node voltages that may be used in writing equilibrium equations using the Kirchhoff laws.
v(t)
(b)
R2
2
fi0
RI
L
C
v(t)
v(t}
R3
4
(a)
(b)
v(t}
Rr;J
C2
v(t}
R3
(c)
(d)
Fig. P3-17.
3-18. Repeat Prob. 3-17 for each of the four networks
on page 91.
91
Ch. 3 / Problems
v{t)
(a)
v{t)
(cl
(b)
Fig. P3-18.
3-19. Demonstrate the equivalence of the networks shown in Fig. 3-17 and
so establish a rule for converting a voltage source in series with an
inductor into an equivalent network containing a current source.
3-20. Demonstrate that the two networks shown in Fig. 3-18 are equivalent.
3-21. Write a set of equations using the Kirchhoff voltage law in terms of
appropriate loop-current variables for the four networks of Prob.
3-17.
3-22. Make use of the Kirchhoff voltage law to write equations on the loop
basis for the four networks of Prob. 3-18.
3-23. Write a set of equilibrium equations on the loop basis to describe the
network in the accompanying figure. Note that the network contains
one controlled source. Collect terms in your formulation so that your
equations have the general form of Eqs, (3-47).
92
Fig. P-3-23.
3-24. For the coupled network of the figure, write loop equations using the
Kirchhoffvoltage
law. In your formulation, use the three loop currents
which are identified.
3-25. The network of the figure is that of Fig. 3-30 but with different loopcurrent variables chosen. Using the specified currents, write the Kirchhoff voltage law equations for this network.
vlt)
Fig. P3-2S.
3-26. A network with magnetic coupling is shown in the figure. For the
network, M \2 = O. Formulate the loop equations for this network
using the Kirchhoff
voltage law.
YM23
f:\
L3
i2)R3
R2
Fig. P3-26.
ci. 3 I Problems
93
coupled
3.28. Write equations using the Kirchhoff current law in terms of nodeto-datum voltage variables for the four networks of Prob. 3-17.
3.29. Making use of the Kirchhoff current law, write equations
basis for the four networks of Prob. 3-18.
on the node
AIIR~~ohm
All C~ ~ farad
Fig. P330.
3.31. The network in the figure contains one independent voltage source
and two controlled sources. Using the Kirchhoff current law, write
node-basis equations. Collect terms in the formulation so that the
equations have the general form of Eqs. (359).
n,
"'t_Cl
~i2
-1--R---L,2
__
f....--=-.l.....-.~--.J
R6
Fig. P3-31.
he
).32. The network of the figure is a model suitable for "rnidband" operation
of the "cascode-connected"
MOS transistor amplifier. Analyze the
rk
Fig. P3-32.
94
network on (a) the loop basis, and (b) the node basis. Write the
resulting equations in matrix form, but do not solve them.
3-33. In the network of the figure, each branch contains a 1-n resistor, and
four branches contain a I-V voltage source, Analyze the network on
the loop basis, and organize the resulting equations in the form of a
chart as in Example 11. Do not solve the equations.
2h
2h
Iv
Fig. P3-33.
2h
Fig. P3-34
2h
3-34. Repeat Prob. 3-33 for the network of the accompanying figure. In
addition, write equations on the node basis, and arrange the equations
in the form of the chart of Example 13.
3-35. In the network of the figure, R = 2 n and RI' = 1 n. Write equations on (a) the loop basis, and (b) the node basis, and simplify the
equations to the form of the chart used in Examples 11 and 13.
R
Fig. P3-3S.
3-36. For the network shown in the figure, determine the numerical value
of the bi ~11chcurrent i I. All sources in the network are time invariant.
2fl
H2
Fig. P336.
2v
ci. 3/
3-37. In the network of the figure, all sources are time invariant.
the numerical value of i2
95
Problems
Determine
d
n
a
2v
Fig. P3-37.
3-38. In the given network, all sources are time invariant.
branch current in the 2-0 resistor.
Determine
In
ns
ahe
the
Fig. P3-38.
3-39. In the network of the figure, all voltage sources and current source
are time invariant, and all resistors have the value R = O. Solve
for the four node-to-datum
voltages.
Fig. P3-39.
3-40. In the given network, node d is selected as the datum. For the specified
element and source values, determine values for the four node-todatum voltages.
Network
96
Equations
/ Ch. 3
Fig. P3-40.
2
-1
O. -2
0
-1
3
-1
0
-2
-1
-1
-2
4
1
3
-1
-2
3-43. Solve the following system of equations for i 1> iz, and i3,
Cramer's rule.
3i 1
2i2
+ Oi3 = 5
+ 9i2
- 4i3
Oil - 4i2
+ 9i3
= 10
-2il
3-44. Solve the following system of equations for the three unknowns,
i 1> iz, and i3 by Cramer's rule.
-
3i2 -
5i3 =
-3il
8i1
7i2 -
Oi3
-10
-5il
+ Oiz +
1113 = -10
97
ci. 3 / Problems
3-4S. Solve the equations
method.
method.
3-47. Determine
Si2
10iJ
4i2 + 5iJ
+ 20i2 + 14iJ
:'-il + 7i2 + 2iJ
2il
-Sil
+
+
system of equations.
12i.
6i4
33
-- 16i.
10
- 10i4 = -15
4x
3z = 1
y -
x - 3y
+ Oy
z = I
-- 5z
of Prob. 3-17.
of Prob. 3-31.
of Prob. 3-40.
lation.
3-S4. Consider the network shown in Prob.
using appropriate
state variables.
3-SS. Analyze the network
formulation.
3-23. Analyze
this network
of state variables
shown
sing
Find the two-element
'VI
V2
equivalent
Roi2
---Roil
network
rns,
(a)
Fig. P3-SS.
98
Network Equations
t Ch. 3
3-59. For the gyrator-RL network of the figure, write the differential equation relating VI to il Find a two-element equivalent network, as in
Prob. 3-49, in which neither of the elements is a gyrator.
Fig. P3-59.
3-60. In the network of (a) of the figure, all self inductance values are 1 H,
and mutual inductance values are i H. Find L.q, the equivalent inductance, shown in (b) of the figure.
l~Leq
l'~
(a)
(b)
Fig. P3-60.
3-61. It is intended that the two networks of the figure be equivalent with
respect to the pair of terminals which are identified. What must be
the values for Cl, L2' and L3 ?
(a)
(b)
Fig. P3-61.
3-62. It is intended that the two networks of the figure be equivalent with
respect to two pairs of terminals, terminal pair I-I' and terminal pair
2-2'. For this equivalence to exist, what must be the values for Ct. Cz,
and C3?
~I
1$?t?L
II
l'().o
----.L------;o
2'
Fig. P3-62.
In this chapter
of the simplest
coefficients whi
written
In these equati
variable, is us
independent ;'a"
ing a linear co
solution of the
vet) is someti
Assume
sources which'
and currents.
system is alte
or closing of
obtain equati
112
Cox,
The Macmillan
Company,
M. E. VAN
Miffiin Company,
Houghton
L. REUTER,
4-3.
VALKENBURG,
Boston,
HUELSMAN, LAWRENCE
Prentice-Hall,
J., AND PAUL A. WINTZ, Basic Linear Networks Jar Elettrical and Electronics Engineers, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New
York, 1970. Chapter 2.
LEaN, BENJAMIN
DIGITAL
COMPUTER
EXERCISES
Exercises relating to the topics of this chapter are concerned with the
numerical solution of first-order differential equations in Appendix -6.1,
and the solution of the RLC series circuit in Appendix E-6.2. In particular,
see Section 5.2 of Huelsman, reference 7 in Appendix E-IO.
4-4.
PROBLEMS
4-1.
4-5.
Fig. P4-t.
4-2.
Fig. P42.
4-6.
I Ch. 4
elworks,
ci. 4 I Problems
43.
113
In the network
given,
iuuits,
5.
~c
the initial
on C. is V, and on C2 is 1'2
voltage
(b) Find
0, the switch
for I "
1',(/)
I> O. (d) From your results on (b) and (c). show that
(e) For the following
values of the ctcrncnts,
R
C2 = ~F, 1'1 -- 2 V, I':
I V, sketch i(1) and
lime com,lam of each,
l.
"',(cy
n,
for
I'~(/)
I',('Y.)
0,
Cl
~c
F,
amI idcntify
I'""
~c
K is closed.
O. (c) Find
the
Fig. P43.
44.
In the network
period
of the figure,
of time.
At I
before-break"
mechanism),
is moved
Find
Assume
using
1'2(1)
that
a for a long
K is in position
the switch
0, the switch
the
numerical
the
initial
current
values
2-1 i
in the
IQ
-1
FiJ,:. P44.
of the figure
At I = 0, switch
given, sketch
constant,
Iv
I_h-L
reaches
a steady
K is closed.
the current
waveform,
state
i(/)
Find
_L __ ~
with
and indicate
the switch
values
of the lime
20n
30 C!
.J:
20V1-~' '7)
t-een in
ged at
md the
10 v-=-
-L
Fig. P45.
4-6.
The network
I =
47.
of Prob,
the switch
4-5 reaches
is moved
a steady
to position
state
in position
i(/)
1, Find
sketch
In the given
If
the
network,
capacitor
is
t', ~
initially
the waveform,
unchargcd,
find
2 and
'I'
t'2(1),
sketch
the valt.e
for
all
Let
R ,~-'
"2(t)
<0
10,
identifying
114
Fig. P4-7.
4-8.
Fig. P4-8.
4-9.
Fig. P4-9.
4-10. The network of the figure consists of a current source of val
(a constant), two resistors, and a capacitor. At I.' 0, the swit
is opened. For the element values given on the figure, determine
for t ~ O.
+
1 !!
Fig. P4-10.
4-11. We wish to multiply the differential
di -;- P(I)i
dt
equation
== Q(I)
'nsl Ch. 4
c 4 / Problems
115
grating factor is R
eS "", (b) Using this integrating
solution to the differential equation that corresponds
= 0 conrved that
element
+
V-=-
Fig. P4-I2.
andL =
'tch K is
4-13. In the network shown, the voltage source follows the law L-(/) o.~
Ve 'at, where (I, is a constant. The switch is closed at I '= O. (a) Solve
for the current assuming that (I, oF R/L. (b) Solve for the current when
R/L.
(J,'
K
vlt)
L -lH
Fig. P4-13.
4-14. In the network: shown in Fig. P4-13, V(/) = 0 for I < 0, and vet) = t
for I ~ O. Show that i(/) "', I .- I .,- e-t for 12: 0, and sketch this
waveform,
4-15. In the network shown, the switch is closed at I = 0 connecting a
voltage Source r(t) - V sin WI to a series RL circuit. For this system,
solve for the response i(t).
Fig. P4-15.
4-16. Consider
the differential
equation
.u -;-: at .
dl
= Jr (t )
k
where a is real and positive. Find the general solution of this equatio..
if all J~ ~ 0 for I < 0 and for I 2. 0 have the following values:
(a)!1
kIt
(e)!s = sin- i
(b)J~'
te=>
(f) !6 cc cos- I
(c) Ji
sin Wol
(fJ,)f~ " I sin '21
(d) f~
cos Wot
(h) J8= e- sin 2t
c~
116
First-Order
Differential
Equations
Ch. 4
4-17. In the network (If the figure, the switch K is open and the network
reaches a steady state. At I = 0, switch K is closed. Find the current
in the inductor for I :> 0, sketch this current, and identify the time
constant.
10
10
+
-=5v
2H
Fig. P4-17.
4-18. Repeat Prob. 4-13, determining
> O.
4-19. The network of the figure is in a steady state with the switch K open.
At I = 0, the switch is closed. Find the current in the capacitor for
I > 0, sketch this waveform,
and determine the time constant.
Fig. P4-19.
4-20. In the network shown, the switch K is closed at 1 = O. The current
waveform is observed with a cathode ray oscilloscope. The initial value
of the current is measured to be 0.01 amp. The transient appears to
disappear in 0.1 sec. Find (a) the value of R, (b) the value of C, and
(c) the equation
of i(t).
Fig. P4-20.
4-21. The circuit shown in the accompanying figure consists of a resistor
and a relay with inductance L. The relay is adjusted so that it is
actuated when the current through the coil is 0.008 amp. The switch
K is closed at 1 -~ 0, and it is observed that the relay is actuated when
I = 0.1 sec. Find: (a) the indu.:tance L of the coil, (b) the equation of
i(1) with all terms evaluated.
117
Ch..4 / Problems
~
100V~
10,0000
Fig. P4-21.
4-22. A switch is closed at ( = 0, connecting a battery of voltage V with
a series RC circuit. (a) Determine the ratio of energy delivered to the
capacitor to the total energy supplied by the source as a function of
time. (b) Show that this ratio approaches 0.50 as 1 -, 00.
4-23. Consider the exponentially
decreasing function i ~~
Ke=u? where T
is the time constant. Let the tangent drawn from the curve at t = (1
intersect the line i = 0 at 12' Show that for any such point, i(lI),
(2 11 = T.
current
'tialvalue
pears to
ofC, and
of a resistor
so that it is
. Theswitch
uatedwhen
equation of
132
ci. 5/ Proble
5-7.
In the
solve r,
and C
5-8.
The ru
Solve
and L
5-9.
In the
switch
given,
PROBLEMS
5-1.
Fig. PS-I.
5-2.
n,
Fig. PS-2.
5-3.
Fig. PS-3.
5-4.
For the network and the conditions stated in Prob. 4-3, determine the
values of dvJ!dt and dVz/df at f = 0+.
5-5.
5-6.
Fig. P5-6.
5-10. In tH
state
h.5
cs. 5 / Problems
5-7.
133
the
It,
Fig. PS-7.
5-8. The network shown in the figure has the switch K opened at t = O.
Solve for 1', doldt, and d+oldt at t
and L = 1 H.
0+ if 1=
1 amp, R
100
n,
the
Fig. P5-S.
5-9.
In the network shown in the figure, a steady state is reached with the
switch K open. At t = 0, the switch is closed. For the element values
given, determine the value of v.(O-) and v.(O+).
10 ~!
at
10 I!
20 ~!
+
5 V-=-
Fig. P5-9.
the
ate
ine
20Q
lOH
vb
"-1
Ton
Fig. PS-lOo
J"
134
Initial Conditions
in Networks
/ Ch.. 5
iL(O +) and i (
L
(0)
Problems
an
!,~ the
given m
rh; switch K
R2'
I Mr!,
t . , 0; .
Fig. PS-IS.
5-16. The network of Prob. 5-15 reaches a steady state under the conditions
specified in that problem. At a new reference time, t = 0, the switch
K is Opencd. Solve for the quantities specified in Prob. 5-15 at t = 0+.
5-17. In the network shown in the accompanying
figure, the switch K is
changed from a to b at I = 0 (a steady state having been established
at position a). Show that at f = 0-1 ,
V
ks / Ch. 5
13S
a: 5 / Problems
0-) and
: the con-
Fig. PS-17.
=0 with
'or (a) t'l
dvz/dt at
5-18. "~ the given network, the capacitor Cl is charged to voltage Vo and
rh, switch K is c'osed at T ,,0. When RI
2 Mn, Vo
1000 y,
2
2
Rz
I Mn, c,
10 J1F, and c, - 20 J1F, solve for d iz/dT
at
t .0;
Fig. PS-IS.
~-19. in the circuit shown in the figure, the switch K IS closed at t ~. 0
connecting a voltage, Vo sin WT, to the parallel RL-RC circuit. Find
(a) dil/df
at T
0 i .
switch K
'led. Solve
onnecting
difdT, and
t T = O-l .
Fig. PS-i9.
5-20. In the network shown, a steady state is reached with the
open with V . lOO Y, RI"
10 n, Rz 20 n, RJ --= 20 n,
and C
I J1F. At time f
0, the switch is closed. (a)
integrodifTerential equations for the network after the
closed. (b) What is the voltage Vu across C before the
switch K
L
I H,
Write the
switch is
switch is
:onditions
the switch
III =
0+.
witch K i,
stablished
Fi~. PS-20.
_-L----
Initial Conditions
136
ill Networks
Ch. 5
closed? What is its polarity? (c) Solve for the initial value of i, ami
i2Ct ~= 0+). (J) Solve for the values of di.ldt and di-f dt at I '" 0+.
(c) What is the value of di-fdt at t ~= co?
5-21. The network shown in the figure has two independent
node pairs.
If the switch K is opened at t = 0, find the following quam ities at
t = 0+: (a) VI, (b) V2, (c) do-f dt, (d) dV2/dt.
Fig. PS-2I.
5-22. In the network shown in the figure, the switch K is closed at the
instant t = 0, connecting an unenergized system to a voltage source.
Let M 12 = O. Show that if v(O) = V, then:
Ch. 5 / Problems
= 0,
di
dt1 (0 -t-. )
(L1
+ L3 + 2M13)(L2 + L3 + 2M23)
(L3
+ M13 + M23)2
di2(0+ )
dt
Fig. PS-22.
5-23. For the network
2
d i1(0+)
dt2
= _1- (-1
R1lR1C
0,
Ch. 5
it and
~ 0+.
pairs.
ties at
ci. 5 !Problems
137
5-24. The given network consists of two coupled coils and a capacitor. At
t : 0, the switch K is closed connecting a generator of voltage, r(f)
V sin (If"'; MC). Show that
~o
/,.(0+) = 0,
(;;/(0+)
(V/L)"'; M/C,
and
~
K
+
Viii
(/2V(O+)
df2
1-~L
C
+
v.
Fig. P5-24.
at the
source.
5-25. In the network of the figure, the switch K is opened at t = 0 after the
network has attained a steady state with the switch closed. (a) Find
an expression for the voltage across the switch at f = 0+. (b) If the
parameters are adjusted such that i(O+) = I and dildt (0 +) ~, - I,
what is the value of the derivative of the voltage across the switch.
dVK/dt (O+)?
Fig. P5-2S.
r
-=-V
,0,
Fig. PS-26.
138
vitl
Fig. PS-27.
5-28. In the network of the figure, a steady state is reached, and at t = 0,
the switch K is opened. (a) Find the voltage across the switch, 1"K at
t ~= 0+. (b) Find dVK/dt at t = 0+.
Fig. PS-28.
The differential
eq uations of the
we will continue
restrictions as to
The mathematic
under the head in
the classical met
differential equat
conceptual
adva
transformation
is
which are ordin
more easily deve
be reserved for t
6-1. SECONDO
EXCITATIO
Fig. PS-29.
A second-o
stant
coefficients
The solution of
the solution itsel
Ch. 6 / Problems
163
Continued / Ch. 6
otherwise this
. the derivative
(6-137)
(6-138)
ise is
FURTHER
(6-139)
READING
ne appearance
BALABANIAN,
NORMAN,Fundamentals of Circuit Theory, Allyn and Bacon,
Inc., Boston, 1961. Chapter 3.
CHIRLlAN,
PAUL~t, Basic Network Theory, McGraw-Hill
New York, 1969. Chapter 4.
(6-140)
idition of the
Book Company,
CLEMENT,
PRESTONR., AND WALTER C. JOHNSON, Electrical Engineering
Science, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1960. Chapter 7.
CLOSE,CHARLESM., The Analysis of Linear Circuits, Harcourt,
World, Inc., New York, 1966. Chapter 4.
Brace &
HUELSMAN,
LAWRENCEP., Basic Circuit Theory with Digital Computations,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1972. Chapter 6.
r)]
(6-141 )
SKILLlNG,
HVGH H., Electrical Engineering Circuits, 2nd ed., John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., New York, 1965. Chapter 2.
(6-142)
DIGITAL
(6-143)
e is shown in
ng factor and
I envelope or
ermines how
es zero, the
IS result.
.ult may be
1 the electric
rage element
tored in the
rergy, When
) the electric
s as long as
e oscillatory
COMPUTER
EXERCISES
PROBLEMS
6-1.
Show that
equation
ke=> and i
2
di
dt
+ 3 dtdi + 2'I =
164
6-2.
(b) d2i
dtZ
+ 5 dtdi + 6'I
(c)
;t21 +
(d) d2i
df2
6-4.
7 ::
+ 2i =
+ 5 dtdi + 4'I =
dv
+ 4 v = 0.
d- ; do
(c) dtZ -r- 4dt
+ 2v =
-L
4 di -"4'
di
dt (0+)
di (0 +-)
dt
co
dO(o'_r)
clt
I- 8
--=:
d"
dt ?
it is found
1-
1X1-
homogeneo
- 0.
of Prob. 6-)
0.
equations
.;
of Prob, 6.)
I
equations
of Prob. 6-4
Fig.
I
equations
given in Prm
6-14. Repeat
'"
'"
a.
E
equation
J'
equations
~~ (0 +-) ,--
3~
dt
dt
+ 3 do
+ 5v
dt
of a network is fr
i= Kite:'
-- 0.
d,; , 16. + 8 dt
-;- t--
(h) d2i
2 di .: '= 0
dt r I
(f) d 0
dt 2
I,
-L
2i
( ) dl;
g d{2'
d 21)
(d) 2 dt
Z
0.
(b) d2V +: ? dv
dt2
- dt
+-
('(0.+) ~, 2,
6-9.
di
d{2'
r(O+) 0= I,
6-8.
d2'
+ 2 dt + 20 =
i(o'+)
6-7.
(0 df~ -T' d:
i(O+)
6-6.
Z'
d' -~ 6i
(e) d
--.!
-i- _l..
df2
dt'
- 0
12;
-I- .
of the differenti
6-5.
d'
3 -.:
dt
+ 2 dt'
di
6-3.
-j-
di
10 -.: ., 3i
dt
0.
equation
Continued I Ch. 6
Ch.6 I Problems
165
the differential
subject to the initial conditions
d2i/dt2 = -1 at t = 0+.
6-11.The response of a network
i(O+) = 0, dildt
0+, and
f::::: 0
where (I, is real and positive.
maximum value.
=0
=0
, =0
li =0
In
(1,2
(l,lK1
(l,2Kz
Iv = 0
value at time
1
(1,1 -
g homogeneous
-,
values for K,
numerical
(1,
co,
and ifJ.
'.
=0
5v
lOS
of Prob.
6-3
lOS
of Prob.
6-3
ms of Prob.
6-4
Fig. P6-13.
IS
given in Prob.
'"
'"
a.
E
/"
o
-1
1 vt t
is found to be
uations:
16v
of the accompanying
figure.
r-.
-,
-H--
I"", <; /
1/
3
t, msec
Fig. P6-14.
166
Differential Equations,
-=- 100 v
Fig. P6-15.
616. The capacitor of the figure has an initial voltage vc(o-)
at the same time the current in the induct or is zero. At
switch K is closed. Determine an expression for the vel
Fig. P6-16.
6-17. The voltage SOurce in the network of the figure is descri
equation, VI = 2 cos 2t fer t ~ 0 and is a short circuit p'
time. Determine V2(t). Repeat if '1.1 = KIt for t ~ 0 and s
t
< O.
Fig. P6-17.
6-18. Solve the following nonhomogeneous differential equationsI
( ) d2i
a dt2
(b)
+ 2 dtdi + i =
g:.! + 3 dtdi + 2i = St
dt?
2
(c) ;t ;
+ 3:: + 2i
(d) d2q
dt2
Sdq
dt
6q
= te=
(e) ;t2~
5;~+
6v
= e= + Se-3r
10 sin lOt
and
dx
dr(O+)
= -1
167
is closed and a steady sta
switch is opened. Find u
'2(t).
to the differential
equations
of Prob,
and
dx
dt(O+)
-1
+ 9 ddt~' +
2
di
13 d;
+ 6i =
Kote- sin t
dl'(O"t') = O.
is
connected to an RL series circuit, where R = 2 nand
L = I H, at
urne 1 = 0 by the closing of a switch, Find the equation for the current
t,l)
which is approximated
as
te-r strikes a transmission line having resistance R = 0.1 n
and inductance L = 0,1 H (the line-to-line capacitance is assumed
negligible). An equivalent network is shown in the accompanying
diagram. What is the form of the current as a function of time?
(Thiscurrent will be in amperes per unit volt of the lightning; likewise
1'(1)
'6-16.
igure is described by the
~hort circuit prior to that
:or t ~ 0 and VI = 0 for
for t ~ O.
Fig. P6-24.
6-25. In the network shown in the accompanying figure, a steady state is
reached with the switch K open. At r = 0, the switch is closed. For
the element values given, determine the current, i(t) for 1 ~ 0,
R-103
(l
r::\,5IlF
ilt))
-1
to the
Fig. P6-2S.
6-26. In the network shown in Fig. P6-2S, a steady state is reached with the
switch K open. At t = 0, the value of the x resistor R is changed to
the critical value, Ra defined by Eq, (6-88). For the element values
given, determine the current i(t) for
2 O.
vlt)
Fig. P6-23.
Ch.,6 I Problem!
6-27. Consider the network shown in Fig. P6-24. The capacitor has an
initial voltage, Vc = 10 V. At I = O. the switch K is closed. Determine
6-33. A switch
series RI
of time i:
168
w
(b) Find
tion of t
steady-si
as 1-"
in the st
10 sin wt
u( t)
6-34.
In the s
frequent
(1) CO =
(2) CO =
Fig. P6-28.
6-29. Consider a series RLC network which is excited by a voltage source.
(a) Determine the characteristic equation corresponding
to the differential equation for i(t). (b) Suppose that Land C are fixed in value
but that R varies from 0 to 00. What will be the locus of the roots of
the characteristic
equation? (c) Plot the roots of the characteristic
equation in the s plane if L = 1 H, C = 1 J.l.F, and R has the following
values: 500
6-30. Consider the RLC network of Prob. 6-16. Repeat Prob. 6-29, except
that in this case the study will concern the characteristic
equation
corresponding
to the differential equation for V2(t). Compare results
with those obtained
in Prob. 6-29.
6-31. Analyze the network given in the figure on the loop basis, and determine the characteristic
equation for the currents in the network as
a function of Kt. Find the value(s) of Kt for which the roots of the
characteristic equation are on the imaginary axis of the s plane. Find
the range of values of Kt for which the roots of the characteristic
equation
Fig. P6-31.
6-32. Show that Eq. (6-121) can be written
i
Ke-'W"'cos(con~i
in the form
+ 1/
Give the values for K and I/> in terms of K, and K6 of Eq. (6-121).
These f
experim
when th
steady-s
the rna:
is, whic
greater'
Continued / Ch. 6
o. 6/
:apacitor has an
osed. Determine
Problems
-0
169
WR
V2(
R
2L c: R'L
+R
t
L
2Re-
3L).
2R
2R'L
t,
JOU
Ies
(b) Find an expression for the energy in the magnetic field as a function of time. (c) Sketch WR and WL as a function of time. Show the
steady-state asymptotes, that is, the values that WR and WL approach
as I
eo. (d) Find the total energy supplied by the voltage source
in the steady state.
-4
)(t)
eo,
(2) W = Wn~
voltage SOurce.
ig to the differfixed in value
of the roots of
characteristic
) the following
charactensnc
~q. (6-121).
the
). 6-29, except
istic equation
rnpare results
.is, and detere network as
: roots of the
s plane. Find
diagram,
100 sin wt
Fig. P6-34.
!It,)
lJ1F
". 9/ Problems
271
FURTHER
READING
CHoo.IAN,
PAULM., Basic Network Theory, McGraw-Hill
New York, 1969. Chapter 5.
Book Company,
DfsoER, CHARLES
A., AND ERNESTS. KUH, Basic Circuit Theory, McGrawHill Book Company, New York, 1969. Chapters 16 and 17.
Kuo, FRANKLlNF., Network Analysis and Synthesis,
& Sons, Inc., New York, 1966. Chapter 7.
(b)
rolled source
DIGITAL
which
COMPUTER
The topics of this chapter are not directly related to the use of the
digitalcomputer, since new concepts and theorems are stressed. Use the
timeavailable for computer exercises in completing more of those suggested
at the end of Chapter 3.
(9-94)
find the impedance
ng a voltage source
rrent I(s) under the
zero, meaning that
PROBLEMS
9-1. In the network of (a) of the accompanying
figure, '1:1 = Voe-Zt
cos t u(t), and for the network of (b), i, = loe-t sin 31 u(t). The impedance of the passive network N is found to be
Z(s) = (s
'k(S)
(s
(9-95)
equired
impedance
(9-96)
EXERCISES
+ 2Xs + 3)
+ IXs + 4)
2s'
rk
(S2
+ 3s + 5s + Ss +
+ IX2sz + 2s + 4)
3
VI
is constructed
L'
seful
artifice that
he operation
of
Ig the amount
of
rnplish this.
(a)
Z(s) =
(9-98)
VI
(9-97)
-"
(b)
(a)
Fig. 1'9-3.
figure.
I j.l.F.
(b)
Fig. P9-1.
9-4.
Ch. 9 / Problems
(a) Show that it is possible to have ;1(t) = ;z(t) for all t > Q. (b)
Determine the required values of Rand L for (a) to hold. (c) Discuss
the physical meaning of this problem in terms of the complex frequencies of the two series circuits.
9-8.
9-9.
rr-
For the RC
ance, Z(s), i
p(s) andq(s
of Prob. 9-1
Repeat Pro
9-10. Repeat Pr
figure.
0::-
V -
Fig. P9-4.
9-5.
This problem is similar to Prob. 9-4, except that the transform network required should be prepared for analysis on the (a) loop basis,
and (b) node basis. In this network, initial currents and voltages are
a consequence of active elements removed at t = O.
9-11. Repeat P
this case
Fig. P9-S.
9-6.
(b) Inves
network.
conditio!
r-
I
I
I
I
1
I
Fig. P9-6.
I
I
I
I
1
0>---+-1-
9-7.
z~g'1~\ I
Fig. P9-7.
L.
9-13. Repeat
panying
5Slepian,
6Macklel
September, 191
seorems I CIr. 9
a. 9/ Problems
f.I. For the RC network shown in the figure, find the transform impedance, Z(s), in the form of a quotient of polynomials, p(s)/q(s). Factor
pes) and q(s) so that Z(s) may be written in the form of the impedance
ofProb.9-1.
= 0, a steady
273
figure.
2F
2F
z~
~ open, draw
iresenting all
Fig. P9-S.
Fig. P9-9.
9-11.Repeat Prob. ~-8 for the RLC network of the figure, except that in
this case determine yes) rather than Z(s).
~ 0 and at
peat Prob.
9-12.Two black boxes with two terminals each are externally identical. It is
known that one box contains the network shown as (a) and the other
contains the network shown as (b) with R = ..; L/e. (a) Show that
the input impedance, Zin(S) = Vin(s)/Iin(s) = R for both networks.'
(b) Investigate the possibility of distinguishing
the purely resistive
network. Any external measurements may be made, initial and final
conditions may be examined, etc.
.------------,
r-----------,
I
I
:R- VCfT
I
CRI
I
I
L
shown in
(b)
(a)
Fig. P9-12.
9-13.Repeat Prob. 9-12 by comparing the network shown in the accompanying figures to that given in (a) of the figure for Prob. 9-12.
~Slepian,J., letter in Elec. Engrg., 68,377; April, 1949.
6Macklem, F. S., "Or. Slepian's black box problem," Proc. IEEE, 51,1269;
September,1963.
O-------r------,
zIH
Fig. P9-11.
Ch. 9 / Problems
274
r----------,
I
R
R=
,fF.c
Fig. P913.
918. The accom
914. The network shown in Fig. P9-4 is operated with switch K closed
until a steady-state condition is reached. Then at t = 0 the switch K
sources in
network, fi
expression
915. If the capacitors are uncharged and the inductor current zero at
t = 0-, in the given network, show that the transform of the gen-
erator current is
ll(s)
(S2
IO(s2 + s + 1)
lXs2 + 2s + 2)
919. Th1netwo
IH
IF
current so
determine
10
Fig. P91S.
916. Repeat Prob. 9-15 for the network given to show that the generator
s(s
+ 4s +
+ 2X5s + 6)
13XlOs2 + 18s + 4)
920. The ne
this netw
RL
1n
Fig P916.
917. For the network of the figure, show that the equivalent Thevenin
network is represented by
Vs
--tV (1 + a + b -
and
3-b
z, =-2-
ab)
Theorems /
275
cs. 9
1n
Fig. P9-17.
switch K closed
- 0 the switch K
d in Prob. 9-4,
~ O.
current zero at
orm of the gen-
fig. P9-1S.
9-19.ThJnetwork of the figure contains three resistors and one controlled
curfent source in addition to independent sources. For this network,
determine the Thevenin equivalent network at terminals I-I',
It the generator
Fig. P9-19.
920. The network shown is a simple representation
this network, determine the Thevenin equivalent
RL
rlent Thevenin
Fig. P920.
of a transistor. For
network for the load
276
9-21. The network in the figure contains a resistor and a capacitor in addition to various sources. With respect to the load consisting of RL in
series with L, determine the Thevenin equivalent network.
+
111
IJ
Fig. 1'9-21.
9-22. Using the network of Prob. 9-18, determine the Norton equivalent
network.
9-23. For the network used in Prob. 9-19, determine the Norton equivalent
network.
9-24. Determine the Norton equivalent network for the network given in
Prob.9-20.
9-25. Determine the Norton equivalent network for the system described in
Prob.9-21.
9-26. In the given network, the switch is in position a until a steady state is.
reached. At t = 0, the switch is moved to position b. Under that
condition, determine the transform of the voltage across the 0.5-F
capacitor using (a) Thevenin's theorem, and (o) Norton's theorem.
9-30. Using
alent
ditions.
Fig. 1'9-26.
10 n
Fig.P9-17.
9-31. The
values
dete
equiva
eorems /
cs. 9
lcitor in addisting of RL in
~rk.
Ch.9 I Problems
277
~Itl
n equivalent
Fig. P9-28.
n equivalent
>rk given in
described in
929.In the network shown in the accompanying sketch, the elements are
chosen such that L = eRr and RI = Rz. If v\(t) is a voltage pulse of
I-V amplitude and T-sec duration, show that vz(t) is also a pulse, and
find its amplitude and time duration.
Under that
the O.S-F
s theorem.
Fig. P9-29.
9-30.Using either Thevenin's or Norton's theorem, determine an equivalent network for the terminals a-b in the figure for zero initial conditions.
I, a steady
:sistor RJ
Fig. P9-JO.
9-31. The network given contains a controlled source. For the element
values given, with v\(t) = u(t), and for zero initial conditions: (a)
determine the equivalent Thevenin network at a-a', (b) Determine the
equivalent Thevenin network at bob'.
Impedanc
I Ch.
Fig. P9-3I.
9-32. For the given network, determine the equivalent Thevenin network
to compute the transform of the current in RL
Fig. P9-31.
9-33. Assuming zero initial voltage on the capacitor, determine 1 he equivalent Norton network for the resistor Rx.
+
In this char
admittance
extended. F
different par
mathematic,
functions arl
101. TERMI]
Fig. P9-33.
Consid
elements. T(
represented I
fastened to a
access, the en
are required
necting some
ments. The IT
the terminal!
another pair
name terminc
I Terminal
This results in:
this chapter.
o, /0 I Problems
317
+ +
aial or an odd
e even polynoS"
ja)(s - ja)
;b)
(10-120)
) if b > a. In
on applies for
FURTHER
READING
CHARLESA., AND ERNESTS. KUH, Basic Circuit Theory, McGrawHill Book Company, New York, 1969. Chapter 15.
KARNI,
SHLOMO,Intermediate Network Analysis, AlIyn and Bacon, Inc.,
Boston, 1971. Chapter 6.
LATHI,
B.P., Signals, Systems, and Communication, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New York, 1965. Chapter 7.
MELSA, JAMESL., AND DONALD G. SCHULTZ, Linear Control Systems,
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1969. Chapter 6.
PERKINS,
WILLIAMR., AND Joss B. CRUZ, JR., Engineering of Dynamic Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1969. Chapter 8.
DESOER,
DIGITAL
COMPUTER
EXERCISES
Two topics of this chapter which lend themselves to computer solutionare the determination
of the roots of a polynomial and the determination of the locus of roots. The sections of Appendix E devoted to these
topicsare E-l and E-9.5. In particular, see Huelsman, reference 7, Appendix
E-IO, and his discussions of root-locus plots in Section 10.3, and MeCracken, reference 12, Case Studies 21 and 23.
zeros, symvith respect to
irm a quad of
.rr
PROBLEMS
10-1. For the network
Z12 = V2(s)jII(s).
shown
in the accompanying
figure,
determine
(l0-121)
Fig_ PlO-I.
(10-122)
10-2.
:) is
G
(10-123)
12 -
r
l..$2
shown
in the accompanying
S2 + (R1C1 + R2C2)SjRIR2CIC2
+ 1jR R2C C2
+ (R1C1 + R C2 + R2C2)SjRtR2CIC2 + 1jR R2C C2
1
318
a..
10 I Problems
10-7.
Fig. PlO-I.
10-3.
(a) For the given network, show that with port 2 open, the input
impedance at port 1 is 1
(b) Find the voltage-ratio transfer function, G12 for the two-port network.
n.
10
10-8.
Fur the RI
~------r---------~2
+
10
10
2F
10-').
For the g
~------------------------~~--------~2
Fig. PI0-3.
10-4.
and dete
the
U!
Fig. PI0-4.
1n
10-5.
10-6.
Fig. PIO-5.
and controlled
v,u::Jln
I
~
1n
Fig. PI0-6.
sources.
For
2V;
10-11. Foreal
a volta
V. at I
~eros/
cs. 10
u: 10 I Problems
319
In
Fig. PIO-7.
108. Fur the RC two-port
G
-12 -
i-
network
LS2
]
1/R1R2CIC2
02
Fig. PlO-So
10). For the given network,
2
show that
YI2
and determine
K(s
(s
2)(s
1)
4)
ine the
Fig. PIO9.
1010. For the network shown in the figure, show that the voltage-ratio
transfer function is
(S2 + 1)2
re is to
G 12
1%12.
s. For
5s4
+ 5s2 +
I H
I H
~T_l
_
Fig.
______lll~2
r-io-io.
10-11. For each of the networks shown in the accompanying figure, connect
a voltage source VI to port I and designate polarity references for
V2 at port 2. For each network, determine G 12 = V2/ VI'
320
R
Z(s)
(a)
1n
if
(g)
Fig. PlO-H.
10-12. For the network given in Fig. PlO-ll(a), terminate port 2 in a I-Q
resistor and connect a voltage source at port I. Let 11 be the current
in the voltage source and 12 be the current in the I-n load. Assign
reference directions for each. For this network, compute G12 =
V21V1 and 0(12 = 12112,
10-13. Repeat
of Fig. PIO-ll(b).
of Fig. PlO-Il(g).
K(s
(s - Pl)(S
ZI)
- P2)
id Zeros / Ch. 10
321
s plane
jw
JTITrr-2
1.5
(J
ZlsI
-3
I
I
I
I
vrrr
*-- -Ibl
(c)
Fig. PIO-16.
1017.A system has a transfer function with a pole at s = - 3 and a zero
which may be adjusted in position at s = -a_The response of this
system to a step input has a term of the form K,e:, Plot the value
of K( as a function of a for values of a between 0 and 5. This may be
done by the graphical procedure of Section 10-7.
10-18.A system has a transfer function with poles at s = -1 j 1 and a
zero which may be adjusted in position at s = -a. The response of
this system to a step input has a term of the form K2e-r sin (t + rjJ).
Plot the value of K2 as a function of a for values of a between 0 and
5. This may be done graphically.
rrt 2 in a I-Q
re the current
load. Assign
npute G12 =
source I( at
lirections for
Z12
= V2/1(
-4
-3
-2
he poles and
'e with ZUO)
(J
-1
x
hunt peaking
j1
-a
j1
Fig. PIO-19.
1020. Apply the Routh-Hurwitz
criterion to the following equations and
determine: (a) the number of roots with positive real parts, (b) the
number of roots with zero real parts, and (c) the number of roots
with negative real parts.
(a) 4s3 + 7s2 + 7s + 2 = 0
(b) S3 + 3s2 + 4s + 1 = 0
Cc) 5s3 + S2 + 6s + 2 = 0
(d) SS + 2S4 + 2s3 + 4S2 + l l s + 10 = 0
322
10-21. Given the equation
S3
5s2
Ks
1 =0
(a) For what range of values of K will the roots of the equation have
negative real parts? (b) Determine the value of K such that the real
part vanishes.
10-22. Repeat Prob. 10-20 for the equations:
(a) 5s4 + 6s3 + 4S2 + 2s + 3 = 0
(b) S4 + 3s3 + 2S2 + s + 1 = 0
(c) 2S4 + 3s3 + 6s2 + 7s + 2 = 0
(d) 3s6 + S5 + 19s4 + 6s3 + 81s2 + 25s
25 = 0
10-23. Repeat the tests of Prob. 10-20 for the following equations:
(a) 720s5 + 144s4 + 214s3 + 38s2 + 10s + 1 = 0
(b) 25s5 + 105s4 + 120s3 + 120s2 + 20s + 1 = 0
(c) S5 + 5.5s4 + 14.5s3 + 8s2 - 19s - 10 = 0
(d) S5 - S4 - 2s3
2S2 - 8s + 8 = 0
(e) S6
1 =0
the following polynomials, (I) determine the number of zeros in
right half of the s plane, (2) determine the number of zeros on
imaginary axis of the s plane. Show method.
2s6 + 2s5 + 3s4 + 2s3 + 4S2 + 3s
2 = PI(S)
S6 + 2s5 + 6s4 + 1Os3 + l1s2 + 12s + 6 = P2(S)
2s6
2s5 + 4S4 + 3s3 + 5s2
4s + 1 = P3(S)
10-25. For the following polynomial, determine the number of zeros in the
right half of the s plane, the left half of the s plane, and on the
imaginary axis (the boundary) of the s plane:
(a) PI(S) = 2s7 + 2s6 + 15s5 + 17s4 + 44s3 + 36s2 + 24s + 9
(b) S6 + 3s5 + 4S4 + 6s3 + 13s2 + 27s + 18 = P2(S)
(c) S8 + 3s7 + 5s6 + 9s5 + 17s4 + 33s3
31s2 + 27s + 18
= P3(S).
10-26. Consider
10-29. The am
analyzed.
for the
istic eq
without
and K?
amplifier
10-24. For
the
the
(a)
(b)
(c)
the equation
aos4 + als3
a2s2
a3s
+ a4
n,
Fig. PI0-27.
10-30. The ne
oscil/at
gmRL~
= 29 is
tnd Zeros /
cs. 10
Cl. 10 I Problems
e equation have
eh that the real
itions-
323
Amplifier
gain -K
er of zeros in
. of zeros on
cJ
V2
Fig. PIO-29.
zeros in the
and on the
24s
+9
+
18
Vg
Fig. PIO-30.
:onditions
tative real
tive,
1 F and
'In other
:tic equa-
of the accom-
VI = 1
network
+ Z./Ro
at port 1 is
Zin
Ro.
Fig. PIO-31.
10-32. An active network
is described
S2
by the characteristic
+ (3 + 6K )s +- 6K
I
=0
equation
324
10-33. Values for the elements of the Routh array can also be expressed in
terms of second-order determinants multiplied by - 1. Thus the formulas shown in Fig. 10-30 become
a5 \
b5
We next turn 0
is useful in de
to describe an
tions are like I
restrictions im
open or be sho
In the I
identified+tw
and currents
box enclosing
voltages and
important ina
transformq
and V2 and 11
the four vari
of them dele
specified, then
four variabl
depending on
variables. In
in Table 11-1.
Two-Port
342
DIGITAL
COMPUTER
Parameters
( Ch. I
EXERCISES
PROBLEMS
In the problems
henrys.
11-1.
11-2.
11-3.
1~2
1'0>__------02'
shown in
shown in the figure, find the z and y paramfor the resistive network
of the accom-
la)
11-8.
The
and
det
11-9.
Find
1~2
~ I1
1"0
1'~2'
--'
-'-_~
(bl
11-4.
Fig. PIl-l.
current
Fig. Pll4.
(a)
11-5.
l:n
[
(b)
Fig. Pll-2.
Ideal
Fig. PllS.
11-10. The
343
SES
e ABeD parameter
ercises in referel1Cel
parameters involveI
that the one pair 01
cs are considered iD
:,
2Q
IQ
~
Fig. Pl1-6.
ohms, farads, or
etworks shown in
e z and y paramk of the accom-
Fig. PH-7.
rolled current
).
f--,-----jf---,-----o2
+
+
2\l
1 \1
\.j
1'0-----'-------'---02'
Fig. PH-9.
Fig. PHS.
119. Find the y and z parameters for the RC ladder network of the figure.
containing a
~F
1110. The network of the figure is a bridged- T RC network. For the values
given, find the y and z parameters.
Il-Il, Determine the ABCD (transmission) parameters for the network of
Prob. 11-10.
n12. The accompanying figure shows a network with passive elements
and two ideal transformers having I: I turns-ratios. For the element
~~
1~02
1'0
1F
2
Fig. PH-lOo
02'
344
Two-Port Parameters
/ Ch. 11
r-----<> 2
1'0-------'-------"
'------02'
f\fv--+~\.f\fv~-~2
Fig. PH-12.
1'0-------'-------02'
Fig. PH-13.
11-13. The network of the figure represents a certain transistor over a given
range of frequencies, For this network, determine (a) the h param-
eters, and (b) the g parameters. Check your results using Table 11-2.
11-14. The network of the figure represents the transistor of Prob. 11-13
over a different range of frequencies. For this network, determine (a)
the h parameters, and (b) the g parameters.
11
o--'----AJV''v--+--il-----'---<>2
11-15. Show
-
that the standard T section representation of a two-port network may be expressed in terms of the h parameters by the equations
shown in the accompanying figure.
1'0-----'-------02'
Fig. Pll14.
1'0------'----------<>2'
Fig. PH-IS.
1116. The network of the figure may be considered as a two-port network
+
la
V;
2f!
If!
~
2'
J'
Fig. Pll-16.
Parameters /
c 11
Ch.lJ / Problems
345
1/2 I!
02'
2n
10--
. of Prob. 11-13
'k, determine (a)
a two-port net'y the equations
Fig. PH-17.
1118.The resistive network shown in the figure is to be analyzed to determine the Y parameters.
In
2n
I'o------~L...---'------'-.--'--
In
.<J2'
Fig. PH-IS.
-port network
e network is
1n
Fig. PH-19.
346
I.
11-21. The network of the figure is of the type used for the so-called "notch
filter." For the element values that are given, determine the y parameters.
2F
2F
IF
III
1'0---------'.--...L.-------o2'
Fig. Pll-21.
11-22. Let the element values for the network shown in Fig. 11-15 be as
follows: Cl = C2 = 1 F, RI = 1 Q, R. = Rb = 2 Q, C. = t F.
Using these values, determine the y parameters.
11-23. The figure shows two networks as (a) and (b). It is asserted that one is
the equivalent of the other. Is this assertion correct? Show reasoning.
If it is, might one network have an advantage over the other as far as
the calculation of network parameters is concerned?
--
-12
II
V;
C3
C2
Cl
lal
C3
II
E fk~ IR'
It
~R'
Ib,
12
+~
Fig. Pll-23.
11-24. Two two-port networks are said to be equivalent if they have
identical y or z parameters (or other of the characterizing
parameters). In this problem, we wish to study the conditions
under
eters /
cs. J J
347
and Ra = 1.
meters.
called "notch
they param-
Z2
D'
Yb
Z3
= 75'
an
of Cb).
Y =Zt
D
C
where
1:!L:2
f---,.----o2
1"C>---'-----'---o2'
2'
(a)
(b)
Fig. Pll-24.
1-15 be a5
c, = i-F.
that one is
easoning.
er as far as
1 !!
211
1F
l~y~2
r----o
+
Fig. Pll-26.
1'0>------L-----_02'
2F
l'o~----
Fig, Pll-27.
13JI2
1H
--0
Fig. Pll28.
, have
X1ramunder
1'0
1H
2 H
2'
1129. The network given in the figure is known as a lattice network; this
lattice is symmetrical in the sense that two arms of the lattice have
impedance Z, and two have impedance Zb' For this network, (a)
determine the z parameters, and (b) express Z; and Z; in terms of z
parameters.
Fig. Pll-29.
02'
348
ll-30. In this problem, we consider two-port networks having a symmetry property illustrated in (a) of the figure: If the network is
divided at the dashed line, the two half networks have mirror symmetry with respect to the dashed line. The two half networks are
connected by any number of wires as shown, and we will consider
only the cases in which these wires do not cross. If a network meeting
these specifications is bisected at the dashed line, then with the connecting wires open, the input impedance at either port is Z 1/20c as
shown in (b). Similarly, with the connecting wires shorted, the impedance at either port is ZI/2,c
as shown in (c). A theorem due to Bartlett states that these impedances are related to those given for the
arms of the lattice in Prob. 11-29 by the equations
This is known as Bartlett's bisection theorem, and permits an equivalent lattice network to be found for any symmetrical network. Prove
the theorem.
11
~,
---12
~N
r---L--l
!N
~,
11-35. Th
z
(a)
:,0,-1
~N
~----~
:,,,-1
~N
r----~
(c)
(b)
Fig. Pll-30.
11-31. Apply the theorem of Prob. 11-30 to the network given in Prob.
10-2 with the terminating resistor at port 2 removed, and so obtain
a lattice equivalent network.
11-36. Th
ha
11-32. Apply the theorem of Prob. 11-30 to the network of Prob. 10-31
with the terminating resistor Ro removed to find the lattice equivalent of the given network.
11-33. (a) Show that the network of the accompanying
figure satisfies the
requirements described in Prob. 11-30. (b) Find the lattice equivalent
of the network.
11-37. T
ZL
tters / Ch. J I
349
'ng a sym,
network is
nirror syrn:tworks are
ill consider
Irk meeting
h the con~ ZI/20c
as
heimpedhe to Barten for the
Cl
0--L-fV\/v--,--JV\/V __ ~2
1'0------------'---
Fig. Pll-33.
--<:
2'
n equivark. Prove
12
+
~~~/\/\~-+-J\AJ\'~~2
V2
r--o
Fig. Pll-34.
_____T_
3 F
_
1'0--
,
02
by the
---Fig. Pll-3S.
Prob.
obtain
10-31
uivaes the
valent
Fig. PII-36.
1l37. The network N of the figure is terminated at port 2 in impedance
ZL = J/ r L Show that the transfer impedance for the combination is
Z
12
ZL
+ZL
Z21
Z22
350
Fig. Pll-37.
11-38. The figure shows two two-port networks connected in cascade. The
two networks are distinguished by the subscripts a and b. Show that
the combined network may be described by the equations
and
_
Y 12 -
-Y12aY12b
Y11b
Y22a
functions.
Fig. Pll-3S.
Stated in
function
when s=
In
generated
swinging
these dev'
voltage is
366
FURTHER
READING
Ch. 12 I Problems
12-3.
Starting \\
similar to
12-4.
Given the
Book Company,
sin
determin
Brace Jovan12-5.
HUANG, THOMASS., AND RONALD R. PARKER, Network Theory: An Introductory Course, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading, Mass.,
1971. Chapter 10.
Show tha
In other
arbitrar
a sinuso
LEO"'",.BENJAMINJ., AND PAUL A. WINTZ, Basic Linear Networks for Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Halt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., New
York, 1970. Chapter 4.
12-6.
Using t
in term
12-7.
Using
equati
in Cha
di
(a) lit
DIGITAL
COMPUTER
&
(b) di
EXERCISES
E-I0.
dt
Cc) ;'
1
(d) d
12-8.
Repe
onl
(a)
PROBLEMS
(b)
121.
Let v(t) = VI cos Wit for Eq, (12-1) and carry out the derivation
leading to a result similar to Eq, (12-9).
12-2.
For the sinusoidal waveform of the figure, write an equation for vet)
using numerical values for the magnitude, phase, and frequency.
I I
f-+lO
,v(t)
I
J
0
0.1
f--lO
t',~f-
I-
1\
f-
Thl
o~
del
12-11. F
N
02
12-9.
12-10. In
is
12
l-
(c)
I I
I I
Fig. Pl1-2.
12-12. 11
f
lysis /
cs.
11
and Bacon,
sin?
WI
+ cos-
WI =
Company,
+ 3ft
sin 377t
determine A and
race Jovan-
sin (377t
+ ~)
A cos (377t
+ e)
e.
i:
An Introing, Mass.,
+ e)
127.
di
dt
+ 2'I
+ i = cos
(c) ::
+ 3i
(d) ~:;
Cor sug:ference
d2i.
(e) dt2 -I-
+ 2 :~
1
3t
cos (21
+ 45)
-I- i
2 Sin t
Ivation
(c) ::
12.9.
+ 4i
-I- 2i
C and
. 2
= Sin t
Cb) :;.
in the
straightter can
Ig
1/
2, determine
nehart &
or vet)
= Csin(wlt
12.6.
~ompany,
ncy,
+ CPk)
(WIt
!)pendix
Aksin
k"1
= 3 cos (21
=
sin 2t
equations,
solving
Fig. P12-9.
+ 45)
+ cos
12.10. In the network of the figure, i, = 3 cos (t + 45) and the network
is operating in the steady state, Make use of the method of Section
12-3 to determine the node-to-datum
voltage VI(t).
12.11. For the given network, find v.(t) in the steady state if
Make use of the method of Section 12-3.
12.12. In the resistive network shown in the figure, VI
for all t. (a) Determine i.Ct). (b) Determine ib(t).
VI =
Fig. P12-10.
+
L'd
VI
2 sin 2t.
Fig. PI2-lI.
Sinusoidal
368
Steady-State
Analysis
I Ch. 12
Fig. P12-12.
~F
'---_~_.L-13
Fig. P12-13.
+
Va
c
Fig. P12-I4.
12-15. The network of the figure is operating in the sinusoidal steady state,
In the network, it is determined that 1'. ,= 10 sin (10001 -- 60) and
t'b = 5 sin (10001 - 45), The magnitude
of the impedance of the
capacitor is 10 Q. Determine the impedance. at the input terminals
of the network
N.
Fig. Pl2-IS.
1'1
c-
the node-ta-datum
voltage
/'/t),
talvsis /
ci. Il
Ch.12 I Problems
369
ating in the
2 cos 21 and
Fig. P12-16.
+
t'l
ting in the
Lz - 1 H,
Fig. P12-17.
12111.The network
of the figure is operating in the steady state with
1'1
. 2 sin 21 and K I ,= -~,
Under these conditions, determine i2Ct).
ady state,
60') and
cc of the
rerlllinals
If!
Fig. P12-18.
16/.
and
I values
Fig. P\2-19.
370
12-19.
12-20.
12-21.
12-22.
12-23.
12-24.
12-25.
12-26.
12-27.
12-28.
12-29.
12-30.
12-31.
12-32.
12-33.
Network 1
Network 2
Vm
R = 1
R =2
R = 20
R =2
L=1
C=2
L=3
C=1
R = I, C = 1
R = I, L = 2
L=I,C=2
R = I, C = 1
R = 3, L = 2
L = I, C = 2
L = I, C = 2
C=2
C=1
C=!
L=2
R=1
R =2
C=1
L=!
L=2
C=!
R = 1
R = I, L = 2
R=I,C=!
R = I, C = 1
R = I, L = 2
2
10
1
100
10
3
10
1
2
2
10
10
1
100
1
eo
1
2
0.1
!
1
!
2
1
1
!
1
!
1
1
ifJ
-30
45
0
30
0
45
-45
0
30
45
0
90
0
-90
0
Fig. P12-34.
Fig. PI2-3S.
Analysis
cs. 12
co
!
2
0.1
!
!
1
!
2
1
1
-30
45
00
30
00
450
-45
00
30
45
0
+
"2
00
1
1
00
soidal steady
values given,
900
00
-90
371
!
1
Ch.12 / Problems
= -.!L/C.
Fig. P12-36.
-:
Frequency Response Plots I Ch. 13
408
["11.
13/
13-7.
PROBLEMS
13-8.
13-1.
Sketch the (a) magnitude, (b) phase, (c) real part, and (d) imaginary
part variation of the following network functions with ro for both
ro> 0 and ro < 0;
(a) 1
+ j2ro
1
(b) 1 _ j2ro
( )
c
2H
13-2.
Consider the RLC one-port network shown in the figure. For this
network, determine the driving-point
functions Z(jro) and Y(jro).
For each of these functions, plot the magnitude, phase, real part, and
imaginary part as a function of frequency for ro > 0 and ro < O.
13-3.
111
Fig. Pl3-1.
(1 - 2roZ)
jro
1 j2ro
13-5
13-4.
Repeat
Fig. P13-4.
13-5.
Repeat Prob.
accompanying
VI
Fig. Pl3-5.
13-6.
-0
13
network
'VV'v
RI
shown
in the
lR'
T
V2
-0
Show that the locus plot of Eq. (13-15) shown in Fig. 13-7 is a
semicircle centered at Gll(jro) = 0.5 + jO for the frequency range
0<
ro
<
co.
s / Ch./J
409
Consider the locus plot required in Prob. 13-5. Show that this locus
is a circle for the frequency range, - 00 < Cl) < 00. Determine the
center of the circle and its radius.
aginary
for both
Jl.8. Consider the RLC series circuit shown in the fipure. (a) Suppose that
this network is connected to a sinusoidal voltage source. Plot the
variation of the current magnitude and phase with frequency. (b)
Suppose that the same network is connected to a current source of a
sinusoidal waveform. Plot the variation of the voltage across the
three elements using the same coordinates as in part (a). Element
values are in ohms, farads, and henrys.
+
f7)
or this
Y(jw).
,and
<0.
VI
il
-ratio
on of
-7.
V2
~F
~F
(a)
(b)
Fig. P13-S.
139. The figure shows a network which functions as a low-pass filter. For
this network, determine the transfer function V2/11 and plot the
magnitude and phase as a function of frequency for this ratio.
Fig. P13-9.
Fig. PI3-10.
13-11. A network
is analyzed
v;- = S3 + 2S2 + 2s + 1
function
is
410
)J
1F
2\1
13
of
13-12. For the RLC network shown in the figure, plot (a) the locus of the
impedance function, and (b) the locus of the admittance function.
~H
13-13. Plot (a) the admittance locus, and (b) the impedance
RLC network shown in the figure.
Fig. Pl3-12.
cs.
13-1
IF
Fig. Pl3-l3.
1\1
I~
2F
Fig. Pl3-15.
~F
13-16. The RL network shown in (a) of the figure has element values such
that the phase of the voltage measured with respect to the current is
Fig. Pl3-14.
(a)
+0'
+30'
r-.r-.
13
I--
+60'
+90'
10
20
30
Frequency
40
in cycles/sec
(b)
Fig. Pl3-16.
50
60
70
/ ci. 1J
et ion of
s of the
nction.
for the
(1.13/ Problem s
411
determine
the
1),17.
The figure shows the variation
zed to
d (t)
dance
1.00
0.80
III 0.60
ch
t is
+j5
r----,.----,
0.40
I
I
1 pole
I----t-"*----j
+j4
1----+-----1
+)3
1----t----1
+j2
~.
<,
~
<,
----1----
0.20
Frequency response of
RLC series circuit
+jl
1 zero
/
10
--
20
30
Frequency
40
50
60
'--------
-jl
------
=j?
in cycles/sec.
Fig. P13-17.
13-18. The pole-zero configuration
shown in the figure represents
the
admittance function for the series RLC circuit. From the pole-zero
configuration,
determine: (a) the undamped natural frequency Wn,
(b) the damping ratio (, (c) the circuit Q, (d) the bandwidth (to the
half-power points), (e) the actual frequency of oscillation of the
transient response, (f) the damping factor of the transient response,
(g) the frequency of resonance, (h) the parameter values (in terms of
L if the values cannot otherwise be uniquely determined). (i) Sketch
the magnitude of the admittance I Y(jw) I as a function offrequency.
(j) If the frequency scale is magnified by a factor of 1000, how do the
values of the parameters, R, L, and C change?
13-19. The figure shows two configurations of poles and zeros for a certain
transfer function. Use a graphical procedure to determine the varialion of the magnitude of the network function for the two configurat ions. Superimpose the two plots on the same system of coordinates.
t------
- j3
------
1 pole
-- ------
'-- __
-- ...---
-1- __
- j4
--' -
Fig. P13-JS.
j5
412
Freouency
Ch. I
13-0.5+j2.0x
-0.5+j
-0.5+j2x
jca
1.5 x
jw
-0.5+j1x
(Scale factor - 1)
3 zeros
3 zeros
<T
<T
-0.5-jl
-0.5 - j 1.5 x
-O.5-j2
-O.5-j2x
13-
(b)
(a)
Fig. P13-19.
13-20. Show that the bandwidth
a series RLC circuit.
13-
13-21. Show that for an RLC series network the product of I Y Imax and the
bandwidth B equals I/L, where L is the inductance ..
jw
Fig. P1322.
13-22. The two poles and zero shown in the s plane of the accompanying
sketch are for the transfer function of a two-terminal-pair
network,
G(s) = V2(s)/ VI (s). The zero is on the real axis at a position to correspond with the same real part of the poles. The poles have positions
corresponding
to ( = O.707() ~ 45); eo, is the distance from the
origin to the pole as shown. In this problem, we will investigate the
effect of the finite zero by computations
with and without the zero.
(a) The bandwidth of the system is modified from the definition
given in the chapter as the range of frequencies from ()) = 0 to the
half-power point. Compute the bandwidth of the system with the
pole-zero configuration shown above; compute the bandwidth with
the zero removed. In which case is the bandwidth greater and by
what factor? A graphical construction
is suggested.
13-23. The Q of a series RLC network at resonance is 10 The maximum
amplitude of the current at resonance is I amp when the maximum
amplitude of the applied voltage is 10 V. If L = 0.1 H, find the value
of C in microfarads.
13-24. A coil under test may be represented by the model of L in series with
R. The coil is connected in series with a calibrated capacitor. A sine
wave generator of 10 V maximum amplitude and frequency (l) =1000 radians/sec is connected to the coil. The capacitor is varied and
it is found that the current is a maximum when C = lOO J.l.F. Also,
when C = 12.5 J.l.F, the current is 0.707 of the maximum value.
Find the Q of the coil at ()) = 1000 radians/sec,
13-
/ c.
11
413
-+-
Z(s) = (s
From this information,
imped-
106(s + I)
+ jlOOXs + I - jlOO)
determine
Fig. P13-25.
for
]327.Given the network
100
s(l
+ O.OlsXI + O.OOIs)
function,
G(s)
the
(1
(l
+ O.IsXI + O.Ols)
+ sXI + O.OOls)
magnitude
response
S2
G(s) = 100(1
+ 0.17sXI + 0.53s)
h
y
G( ) = 1000(1
s
(1
+ 0.25sXI + O.ls)
+ s)( I + 0.025s)
13-30. Repeat
(a) G(s)
Prob.
50~~1-~
network
Use 4-
functions:
o~~~~~
1000s
+ O.OlsXI + 0.0025s)
~(l + O.Ols)
180(1 + 0.05sXl + O.ools)
(b) G(s) = (I
(c) G(s) =
G.
414
function
(l
G(s)
+ 0.2s)
= 120s(S2 + 2s + 10)
(c) On the same coordinate system, plot the phase response. Use 3or 4-cyc1e semilog paper.
13-32. Repeat Prob. 13-31 for the fo\1owing network functions:
s
(a) G(s) = 1000(1 + O.OOlsXI+ 4 x to-5s + 10 8S2)
(b) G(s)
= (I +
lOOs
+ 0.Ss2XI +
O.4s
+ 0.2s2)
Fig. PI3-36.
:1~
db
J2F IFJ~2
..,(Iog scale)
Fig. PI3-37.
Fig. Pl3-34.
+
Fig. PI3-38.
13-35. Repeat Prob. 13-34 if the response is changed only by the highfrequency asymptote having a slope of -18 db/octave.
13-36. For the two-port network shown in the figure, determine V1/VI and
plot the magnitude response (Bode plot) showing both asymptotic
and true curves.
13-37. Prepare a Bode plot for the network function V1/VI for the network
shown in the accompanying figure.
13-38. Prepare a Bode plot for the voltage-ratio transfer function GIl
V1/VI for the two-port network shown in the figure.
Fig. PI3-39.
13-39. The figure shows an RLC network. For this two-port network, plot
the transfer function GIl = V2/V\ showing both the asymptotic and
true curves.
415
Consider the following
transfer functions:
s-1
(a) G(s)H(s)
= K s
(b) G(s)H(s)
= Ks _
1
1
(c) G(s)H(s)
= s(
+ 0.05s)
13-41. For the locus plot shown in Fig. 13-45, sketch the corresponding
Bode plots for the magnitude and phase, making some assumption
as to the frequency scale. Estimate the gain and phase margins and
indicate these on the Bode plots.
13042. Repeat Prob.
1343. Starting with the locus plot shown in the figure for Prob. 13-4;.
sketch the corresponding
magnitude and phase plots using Bode
coordinates. Make an assumption about the frequency scale along
the locus. Indicate on the figure the gain and phase margins.
1344. The Nyquist plot of the figure is made for a system for which P == O.
Analyze the system by applying the Nyquist criterion, indicating
whether the system is stable, conditional\y stable, or unstable.
j ImCH
Re CH
0+
Fig. P13-44.
13-45.
The locus plot is made for a system for which P = O. It is given that
A = -0.75, B = -1.3, and C = -2. Assuming that the plot is
jlmCH
Fig. Pl3-45.
Frequency
416
Response
Plots / Ch. 13
made for a gain K, what is the range of values of gain for which the
system will be (a) stable, and (b) unstable.
Ch.
13-~
Re GH
Fig. Pl3-47.
13-48.' The locus plot shown in the figure is made for a system with P = 2,
two poles with positive real parts. Apply the Nyquist criterion to
this system to determine the stability of the system.
j Im G(jwl
H(jw)
Fig. PI3-48.
13-49. The locus plot of G(jw)H(jw) shown in the figure is made for a system with P = O.For this system, apply the Nyquist criterion to study
the stability of the system.
j lm Gfjw)
H(jw)
GH plane
Re GfjuJ I H(juJ)
Fig. PI3-49.
13
417
Ch. 13 / Problems
o.
for which P =
this question by
j Im GH
t>=2.
w=o"
Re GH
Fig. P13-S0.
13-51. The figure shows the feedback system for which the Nyquist criterion
has been developed. For this problem, let H = 1, and
G(s) _
K
- (s - aXs
2Xs
ern withP
criterion
+ 3)
= 2
ist criterion
t;
Fig. P13-SI.
13-52. Repeat
Prob. 13-S1 if a
13-53. Repeat
Prob.
2.
13-S1 if a = 4.
functions
IOS
(s
criterion
TO
determine
if this
13-55. Repeat Prob. 13-S4 for the given G(s), but for a new feedback transfer
function
H(s)
s t020
4111
~3-S6. The figure shows a model of a feedback amplifier. For this system,
identify G(s) and H(s) as in Fig. P13-51 and express each as a quotient of polynomials in s. Is this system capable of oscillation? Make
use of the Nyquist criterion in answering this question and in a general study of the system stability.
Fig. Pl3-56.