http://www.kln.gov.

my/web/guest/
FOREIGN POLICY
MALAYSIA'S FOREIGN POLICY
OBJECTIVE
Implementing foreign policy is a complex and challenging task. With the dynamic environment
of world politics, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs needs to be constantly aware of changes and be
able to effectively respond to ensure that Malaysia's soverignty and national interests are
adequarterly protected and Malaysia's views and positions are duly articulated in the
international arena.
The Ministry will coordinate and work closely with relevant Ministries and Agencies to establish
workable terms of reference in implementing Malaysia's national interests and to coordinate
marketing and branding strategies for Malaysia abroad.
In the formulating of foreign policy, every country has its own objective. In the case of Malaysia,
it is as simple as the pursuit of Malaysia's national interest at the international level.

The Malaysian government will strive to ensure that Malaysia continues to play an active role in
international relations for the benefit of the country. Principal emphasis in the pursuit of
Malaysia's foreign policy objectives include:
Maintaining peaceful relations with all countries regardless of its ideology and political
system;
Adopting an independent, non-aligned, and principled stance in regional and
international diplomatic affairs;
Forging close relations and economic partnerships with all nations, particularly with
ASEAN and other regional friends;

Promoting peace and stability in the region through capacity building and conflict
resolution measures;.
Playing an influential leadership role as Chair of the ASEAN, Non-aligned Movement
(NAM) and Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC);
Participating actively and meaningfully in the United Nations, especially in the efforts
to end injustice and oppression, and to uphold international law; and
Projecting Malaysia as a leading example of a tolerant and progressive Islamic nation.

FORMULATION OF FOREIGN POLICY

Malaysia's foreign policy is basically an extension of Malaysias domestic policy. It is designed to
defend and promote the country's national, political, security, economic and other vital interests.
It is geared towards promoting a peaceful regional and international environment, which would
give Malaysia space to achieve all its national objectives without disruption from external
threats.
Despite the diversity of views regarding the perception and explanation of foreign policy, no
foreign policy can be formulated in a vacuum. It must serve to function in a dynamic
environment. Malaysia's foreign policy is no exception. Various geographical, historical, social
and political determinants contributed to shaping the nature of Malaysia's foreign policy and the
conduct of the country's international relations.

Photo: The Honourable Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato Sri Najib Tun Razak with the
Malaysian Peace Keeping Team.
Our foreign policy seeks to promote mutual tolerance and cooperation amongst all countries
that make up the fabric of international community. To this, Malaysia pursues an independent,

principled and pragmatic foreign policy which rests on the values of peace, humanity, justice,
and equality.
Malaysias foreign policy is also premised on the principles of respect for the independence,
sovereignty, territorial integrity and non-interference in the affairs of other nations, peaceful
settlement of disputes, peaceful co-existence and mutual benefit in relations.

Due to globalisation and the rise of powerful non-state actors, such as Multinational
Corporations (MNCs), non-governmental organisations, and a variety of transnational groups, it
is imperative for small nation states to cooperate even more closely. To this, Malaysia maintains
friendly diplomatic, and trade relations with many countries throughout the world.
As a trading nation, we advocate a multilateral rule-based global trading system which would
promote and safeguard the interests of all countries, whether developed or developing, in a fair
and equitable manner. In this respect, Malaysia has long advocated the economic principle of
"prosper-thy-neighbour" and not beggar-thy-neighbour". We believe that the global economic
infrastructure should be that prosperity will beget prosperity
KRITERIA DAN CIRI DASAR LUAR MALAYSIA
Pada asasnya, dasar luar Malaysia mempunyai tiga kriteria berikut:
a)

Pertama, dasar itu mestilah dasar yang BOLEH DIPERCAYAI:

Ia meraih kepercayaan dan keyakinan negara lain. Sehubungan itu, dasar itu perlu
berasaskan prinsip tertentu yang diterima di peringkat antarabangsa.
Ia mestilah berfungsi untuk kepentingan terbaik negara dan sentiasa menjadi anggota
komuniti antarabangsa yang bertanggungjawab.
b) Kedua, ia mestilah dasar yang MENYEDARKAN:

c)

Ia menjaga kepentingan rakyat melebihi segala-galanya.

Ia mestilah menyebabkan Malaysia diiktiraf dan dikagumi di peringkat antarabangsa
selain membolehkan warga Malaysia menjadi warga dunia yang baik.
Ketiga, ia mestilah dasar yang KONSISTEN DAN KOHEREN:

Ia menjadikan Malaysia rakan yang boleh diterima dan boleh dipercayai dalam hal
ehwal antara negara.
Ia mestilah mampu menjadikan Malaysia jenama yang disukai dalam hubungan
antarabangsa.

EVOLUTION OF MALAYSIAN FOREIGN POLICY

Foreign policy is not static. Its formulation is essentially a dynamic process. Hence, over the
years, our foreign policy has evolved, taking account of the change in leadership as well as
developments in the ever-changing global political and economic landscapes. Moreover, the
advent of globalisation and the transformation of interstate relations brought about by new and
rapid changes in information technologies, necessarily means that our foreign policy has to be
adjusted and fine tuned to meet new challenges in a globalised world.

Photo: Sir Leslie Munroe of New Zealand, President of the United Nations General Assembly,
congratulating Tun Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman, after the flag of the newly independent Malayan
Federation (Now Malaysia) was raised in a ceremony at the UN Headquarters in New York on
October 15, 1957.
The style and approches in enuciating Malaysia's foreign policy may differ in keeping with the
personality of each past and present prime minister of Malaysia. A critical examination of
Malaysia's foreign policy since 1957 would show its steady evolution characterised by notable

changes in emphasis, which took place with the change in Malaysia's political stewardship.
Briefly:
a) In the period 1957-1969, our country has just gained its independence. During this post
independence period, under our first prime minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj, our
foreign policy was geared towards the survival of our newly independent nation. Our foreign
policy then was markedly anti-Communist and pro-western in posture with close links to the
Commonwealth. We were also a strong opponent of apartheid. Our posture towards regional
cooperation also began to take root with the birth of ASA (1960), MAPHILINDO (1963) and
ASEAN (1967).

Photo: Tunku Abdul Rahman, first Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tuanku Abdul Rahman and
MacGillivray standing outside the Kings House in Kuala Lumpur after signing the Merdeka
Agreement on Aug 5, 1957.
b) In the period 1970 -1976, under Tun Abdul Razak, as a member of the Organisation of
Islamic Conference (OIC), Malaysia began to identify itself as a "Muslim nation." The search for
new friends substantially increased the importance of NAM to Malaysia. We became markedly
non-aligned and postured towards neutrality, peaceful co-existence and independence. We also
began to distance ourselves from major powers, put strong emphasis on regionalism and
developed contacts and diplomatic relations with communist countries. Investments from other
than British sources began to be also welcomed.

Photo: The second Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Abdul Razak, addresses the Meeting of
ASEAN Foreign Ministers in Kuala Lumpur
on 26 November 1971.
c) A period of consolidation ensued under Tun Hussein Onn (1976-1981) with ASEAN becoming
the cornerstone of Malaysia's foreign policy following the collapse of Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh
City) in 1975, the withdrawal of the US military presence from Southeast Asia and the invasion
of Kampuchea (now Cambodia) by Vietnam. The First ASEAN Summit was held and Malaysia
signed the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Bali in 1976. Further emphasis on independence,
non-alignment and equidistance from the major powers was also made.

Photo: The third Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Hussein Onn, addressing the 13th ASEAN
Ministerial Meeting in Kuala Lumpur on 25 June 1980.

d) A more dramatic shift in emphasis occurred when Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohammad took over as
the fourth Prime Minister in 1981. Malaysia's foreign policy stance began to take a much greater
economic orientation than ever before, coupled with a strong and nationalistic defence of the
rights, interests and aspirations of developing countries and the advocacy of south-south cooperation. Tun Dr. Mahathir's premiership saw the pursuit of numerous new initiatives such as:
Antarctica as the Common Heritage of Mankind.
The Look East Policy (LEP).
Championing of the cause of developing countries on major social issues like
environment, human rights and democracy.
With the advent of globalization, Malaysians identified both the beneficial and adverse
impact of globalization to the developing countries.
Pro-active and passionate approach on Apartheid and Palestinian issues.
Islamic Unity - Chairmanship and hosting of the 10th OIC Summit, hosting of 1st Expo
OIC, formation of D-8.
International peace and security - Malaysias membership in UNSC, peacekeeping
role in a number of countries such as Cambodia, Somalia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Namibia
and East Timor. Malaysia also actively championed against selectivity, double
standards and pre-emptive action outside the ambit of the UN.

Photo: The fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, addressing the
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) in Kuala Lumpur on 19 October
1989.

Terrorism - Malaysia forged strong regional and international cooperation in combating

terrorism, strongly advocated against profiling by religion or ethnicity, proposed
multifaceted approach in combating terrorism including identifying and eliminating the
root causes, hosted OIC Foreign Ministers Meeting on Terrorism in 2002, established
SEARCCT to primarily focus on training and capacity building.Opening of New
Frontiers:
Active bilateral engagements with African, Latin American and Eastern Europe
countries, particularly in trade, investment and transfer technology in the spirit of
South-South Cooperation. Includes opening of Diplomatic Missions and extension of
Malaysian Technical Cooperation Program (MTCP) in these countries.

Economic Orientation:
East Asia Economic Cooperation (from EAEG to EAEC to ASEAN +3).
Regional Development Cooperation - Growth Triangle concept such as IMTGT,
IMSGT, BIMP-EAGA.
Group of 15 (G15) - first advocated by Malaysia.
Economic diplomacy - reverse investment's prosper thy neighbor's, South-South
cooperation, MIGHT, Langkawi International Dialogue (LID), South Africa International
Dialogue (SAID)
e) In the period 2003 and onwards, under the leadership of Dato Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi,
foreign policy initiatives were further refined and fine- tuned to project:
Pragmatic response in meeting the current geopolitical and economic challenges.
More sophisticated articulation of Malaysias views.
Substance as a dynamic extension to existing policies.
Influential leadership role as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the
Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC) and ASEAN; and
Malaysia as a leading example of a tolerant and progressive Islamic Nation Islam
Hadhari

Photo: The Honourable Former Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato' Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi,
addressing the Welcoming Dinner and the Opening Ceremony of the 2007 Langkawi
International Dialogue on the 5th August 2007.
Since assuming the country's leadership in 2010, Malaysia's foreign policy, under the 6th Prime
Minister of Malaysia, YAB Dato Sri Mohammad Najib Bin Tun Abdul Razak, is focused on
creating a strong and united country in an increasingly interconnected world.
During the 7th Heads of Mission Conference held in Putrajaya in June 2009, the Prime Minister
announced that the government would give priority to its public service as he stressed the
importance of Malaysia to move in tandem with the '1Malaysia, People First, Performance Now'
theme. He expressed his hope that these principles can be inculcated in all Malaysians as it is
the basis of the formulation of Malaysia's foreign policy.
As how Malaysians work together towards the realization of a united and strong country, the
international community could unite to realize the common goal of creating a prosperous and
harmonious world where each country work together for their mutual benefit and interest. Under
the leadership of the Prime Minister, Malaysia's foreign policy is also geared towards
transforming Malaysia into a modern, dynamic and progressive Muslim country.

Bilateral Relations
Developing close bilateral relations with our neighbours remains a high priority. A constructive
approach had been taken to resolve outstanding problems including those related to
overlapping claims and the determination of land and maritime boundaries. Every diplomatic
effort is made to ensure that bilateral relations do not become adversely affected on account of
such problems with all our neighbours concerned. Agreeing to refer to the ICJ, the overlapping
territorial claims that Malaysia has with Indonesia and Singapore, indicates the extent to which
we are prepared to go in achieving solutions to bilateral problems.
The establishment of separate joint commissions between Malaysia and Brunei, Indonesia, the
Philippines, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam has also provided a useful framework to develop wideranging bilateral co-operation in all fields of mutual interest.

Whilst Malaysia's main focus with the outside world is geared towards countries within ASEAN,
its relations with other countries and regions are no less important. The nations first diplomatic
missions were set up in London, Washington, Canberra, New York, New Delhi, Jakarta and
Bangkok. By 1963, Malaysia has established 14 Diplomatic Missions overseas. The number
grew steadily to 21 in 1966. Today, Malaysia had a network of 105 diplomatic missions spanning
the globe - a proud testament on how far Malaysias bilateral relations has progressed over the
years, in tandem with the nations progress.
In this regard, Malaysia places equal importance to ties with the other Asian, African, MiddleEastern, and Latin American countries and will continue to strengthen and enhance the already
strong ties with the regions. Bilateral relations with other Asian, African, Middle-Eastern, and
Latin American countries would continue to be pursued without neglecting our traditional
economic partners in Europe and America. Japan, the European Union, the US, and Australia
and the Republic of Korea, would remain Malaysia's major trading partners as well as the
source of investment and technology.
The only exception is Israel. Like other countries, Malaysia is also concerned with continued
tension and conflict in the Middle East, such as the Palestinian - Israel conflict, which remain
unresolved. [In showing its concern, Malaysia would consider beginning relations with Israel

only when a comprehensive peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinian people is
successfully concluded.

Foto :
Similarly, Malaysia does not intend to lessen its traditional ties with the West. There is no
contradiction between Malaysia's justifiable criticisms of the west on certain issues and our
continued acceptance of western countries as a market for our products and as a source for
investment in our country.
The expanded Europe will not only be the focus for increased contact for Malaysia, but it would
also be the case in term of ASEAN's relations with its counterpart in Europe through the ASEM
or similarly ASEANs relations to the American continent through APEC.
Besides ASEAN, Malaysia places great emphasis on our relations with countries in North East
Asia. As a strong proponent of regional cooperation, China has always been a staunch friend of
ASEAN. It was China's unflinching support that helped the region overcome the financial and
economic crisis of 1997. China is expected to play a significant and positive role in
strengthening ties between ASEAN and North East Asia. Our bilateral ties with Japan and the
Republic of Korea are equally important. We look forward to the eventual integration of these
two regions. Similarly also, our adoption of the "One China Policy", whilst pursuing close
economic relations with Taiwan, bears no paradox but reflects our pragmatism in the face of
certain realities.

MULTILATERAL COOPERATIONS
Malaysia's clear foreign policy goals in respect of defence and security, development and
trade, international co-operation and diplomacy determine the pattern of relations that we
have established with our neighbours as well as with other countries within the framework of
ASEAN, ARF, APEC, ASEM, South-South Co-operation, the OIC, the Commonwealth, NAM,

the UN and other regional and international organisations.

These are the organisations which seek to safeguard the interest of developing countries.
Admittedly their achievements at best are mixed, but clearly developing countries have
many common problems and do need to work together to face the new challenges of
globalisation. We will also continue to make our presence felt in such international foras.
At the multilateral level, Malaysia has always defended the position of developing countries
on major issues such as terrorism, human rights, democracy and the environment,
notwithstanding facing strong pressure, in the process. Malaysia will continue to adopt a
proactive role at the international level.

Foto :
Malaysia has and will continue to be active in the OIC, Commonwealth, NAM and the UN.
Such fora are useful in promoting cooperation between member states, in finding solutions
to global problems and in establishing common ground rules that will guide the peaceful
conduct of international relations.
Malaysia will continue to use these platforms to speak on global issues like human rights
and democracy, the environment, international terrorism and transnational crimes, refugees,
disarmament and the reform of the UN Security Council. Of late, Malaysia has been in the
front line in voicing concern and the need to combat the menace of international piracy.
We believe that the UN should continue to be effective in dealing with global developmental
issues, peace and security, humanitarian activities, international crisis and cases of
violations of the UN charter and principles of international law in a fair and equitable manner.
Malaysia has always been a strong advocate of multilateralism and we oppose any and all
forms of unilateralism. We do not believe that unilateralism is the way forward to resolve
international problems.

Malaysia strongly believes that only the United Nations can provide legitimacy to
international order. As a small developing country player in the international arena, Malaysia
needs to firmly uphold the principles of the UN charter as a defence of last resort
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
Certain fundamental principles governing interstate relations would continue to guide Malaysia's
relations with other countries. These refer to sovereign equality and mutual respect for territorial
integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, peaceful
settlement of disputes as well as mutual benefit in relations and peaceful co-existence.

Photo: Members of the Eminent persons Group (EPG) during their Fifth Meeting in Kuala
Lumpur in 2007.
Malaysia has repeatedly stressed the importance of adhering to the especially important
principle of non-interference in internal affairs, particularly in the context of regional relations.

Photo: Participants of the Langkawi International Dialogue 2007 in discussion.

The so-called "constructive intervention" policy advocated by some, involving loud criticism,
adversarial posturing and grand standing would only bring more harm than good to the
promotion of neighbourly relations.
We do make exceptions to the policy of non-interference in certain extreme situations. The
bloody cruelty, genocide and atrocities perpetrated by some struck our conscience. Such
peculiar situation calls for pragmatism on our part in the interest of humanity whilst recognising
the central role of the UN in resolving the problem.
MALAYSIA's FOREIGN POLICY - IN CONCLUSION
One significant phenomenon that will impact strongly on Malaysia's foreign policy as we
move forward is globalisation. Our greatest challenge would be to extract the best from the
process of globalisation and to give our best to the system. And in return to contribute
towards making the world a much more peaceful and equitable place to live in, to provide
leadership within our region and to demonstrate exemplary and responsible membership of
the international community.

On the political front, we see the end of the cold war. Yet the world today is no safer than we
had been led to believe. The so-called friendly global village has not come about. Old
conflicts either refuse to die or simply have a way of coming out of their graves to haunt us.
In the meantime, new conflicts, at times much bloodier and brutal than the old ones,
continue to emerge and rage or remain unresolved. Added to this, two other issues of great
concern also remain, namely:

Terrorism which continue to threaten the lives and property of innocent victims;
and
The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction which brings fourth the prospect
of nuclear, chemical, and biological warfare.
It is important; therefore, that our foreign policy be geared towards ensuring that more and
more nations sign and ratify the relevant international conventions such as the Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty (NPT), the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), Biological Weapons
Convention (BWC), Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), and the Convention on Land
Mines (CLM).
The economic dimension of globalisation has been even more disappointing. The financial
crisis that descended upon East Asia in 1997 brought about not only social misery and
economic disaster but political instability as well. Massive Unemployment, negative growth,
stock market crashes and severe currency devaluation have pulled down millions of people
below the poverty lines. And now, we are anxiously watching the effects of the possible
economic meltdown following the global financial crisis.

The severity of the situation calls for the whole business of economic globalisation and
financial and trade liberalisation to be seriously addressed. This is another biggest foreign
policy challenge for Malaysia. Malaysia will continue to press for the reforming the
international financial architecture that is so prone to speculative manipulations and
frequently excessive fluctuations.
Malaysia's activism at the international front has of course attracted attention and reaction
from various quarters. Until recently, Malaysia had been the target for criticism for being "too
vocal". But this is something that we need to take in our own stride if Malaysia is to be
proactive at the global level.
Our foreign policy principles have stood the test of time. Indeed, our steadfast adherence to
these principles, supported by a consistent foreign policy, has established for Malaysia
certain credibility in the eyes of the international community.
Malaysia's initiatives at various regional and international fora have put the country
on the world map.
Increased economic prosperity and political stability has in fact enabled Malaysia
to carve its own niche in the international scene.
Making its presence felt has allowed Malaysia to exercise some influence in
setting the international agenda.
Being less dependent on foreign aid and assistance, Malaysia has been able to
speak up on issues that other developing countries feel constrained to voice for
fear of retribution by the major, particularly western, powers.
The years ahead therefore would see our foreign policy specially oriented towards not only
ensuring Malaysia's domestic success but also internationally, as a geopolitical and
economic player at the global level

ASEAN
STRENGTHENING ASEAN
ASEAN is the cornerstone of Malaysian foreign policy. It is both of geo-political significance
and economic relevance to Malaysia and also to the nations within this region. Its renunciation
of the use of force and promotion of peaceful settlement of disputes has been the foundation
to its peace, stability and prosperity in the region.
By 2015, an Asean Community will be established. The Community is premised on the three
pillars of cooperation, namely the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC), the ASEAN
Economic Community (AEC) and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC).
ASEAN is determined to accelerate the full implementation of the ASEAN Communitys
programme areas, measures and principles, with appropriate flexibility and at the same time
recognise the importance for ASEAN Member States to adopt a balanced approach towards
achieving all three pillars of the ASEAN Community.
With its dedicated Plans of Actions and Protocols, ASEAN will move closer towards its goal of
building the ASEAN Community, characterized by greater political and security interaction and
engagement, a single market and production base, with free flow of goods, services, capital
investment and skilled labour and a caring society, focusing on social development, education
and human resources development, public health, culture and information, and environmental
protection.
ASEAN came out with the blueprints for the three community pillars, aimed to further
strengthen cooperation and coordination among ASEAN Member States relevant sectoral
bodies. The ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint was adopted by the ASEAN Leaders
during the 13th ASEAN Summit in November 2007. Another two blueprints the ASEAN
Political-Security Community Blueprint and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint
have undergone their drafting processes and are set to be adopted by the ASEAN Leaders at
the 14th ASEAN Summit in Thailand.
To adapt itself to a changing regional landscape and future challenges, ASEAN came out with
the ASEAN Charter. With the Charter, ASEAN will undergo transformational changes to
become a rules-based organisation with legal personality. It reiterates the common principles
which bind all 10 ASEAN Member States i.e. rule of law, good governance, principles of
democracy and constitutional government; shared commitment and collective responsibility in
enhancing regional peace, security and prosperity; and enhanced consultations on matters
affecting the common interest of ASEAN.
Issues
As a founding member of ASEAN, the foreign policy of Malaysia continues to emphasise on
the relevance and importance of ASEAN as the forum and catalyst for regional dialogue.
ASEAN Dialogue Partnerships, ASEAN Regional Forum, ASEAN Plus Three and East Asia
Summit have allowed its members to engage leading powers on issues of global and regional

importance.
Pursuant to making ASEAN a more effective, closely integrated, rules-based, and peopleoriented regional organisation, ASEAN Member States decided to formulate an ASEAN
Charter which they eventually signed at the 13th ASEAN Summit in Singapore. The ASEAN
Charter will put in place a new legal and institutional framework for ASEAN to improve its
implementation, coordination, and decision making process. The Charter has come into force
on 15th December 2008.
Strategy
In its foreign policy strategy, Malaysia will continue to actively reaffirm its commitment and
work within ASEAN to achieve peace, security and prosperity in the region. Malaysia will also
continue to work together with fellow ASEAN Member States towards the establishment of the
ASEAN Community by 2015. On a broader scale, ASEAN will encourage closer relations with
other regional groupings on issues of common concerns and mutual benefits
OVERVIEW
Bilateral diplomacy remains an important mechanism in strengthening bilateral relations
between Malaysia and other countries. While political and economic activities continue to be the
core of the relationship, the scope of bilateral cooperation has over the years expanded into
other areas. Cooperation in the fields of culture, education, tourism, science and technology has
yielded significant progress over the years.
As of March 2012, Malaysia has established 106 Missions worldwide which comprises 67
Embassies, 16 High Commissions, two Permanent Representatives to the UN and one to
ASEAN, a Malaysian Friendship and Trade Centre as well as 19 Consulate offices. A few of
these Missions are also concurrently accredited to neighbouring countries. This extensive
network is a testimony of the importance that Malaysia attaches on its bilateral diplomatic
relations.
Bilateral relations with Malaysias partners both in the developing and developed world will
continue to be utilised by Malaysia to identify opportunities for political cooperation as well as
promoting socio-economic development of Malaysia. Malaysia will focus on the strengthening of
economic diplomacy for the promotion of its trade, investment and tourism potential.
The main focus of the bilateral diplomacy will be to maintain and enhance sound bilateral
political relations, promote trade and investment, intensify
cooperation and capacity building
in various fields, implement infrastructure development and promote peace and stability.
SOUTHEAST ASIA DIVISION
Southeast Asia Division of Wisma Putra administers Malaysias bilateral relations with its five
immediate neighbours and fellow founding members of ASEAN namely, Brunei Darussalam;
Republic of Indonesia; Republic of The Philippines; Singapore; and Kingdom of Thailand. The
Division also administers Malaysias bilateral relation with the Democratic Republic of TimorLeste.

The multifaceted cooperation and partnership with these countries are of utmost importance to
Malaysia given ASEAN as the cornerstone of Malaysias foreign policy.
Malaysia has diplomatic Missions in all these countries, which also maintain their respective
diplomatic Missions in Kuala Lumpur.
Malaysia - Brunei Darussalam

Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam have a special relationship, underscored by the long historical
ties that bind the Malay and Brunei Royal Families, as well as the shared family, religious,
cultural, ethnic and linguistic affinities.
The most notable high-level annual event between the two countries is the Annual Consultation.
Bilateral trade, investment and economic cooperation as well as cooperation in oil and gas
continue to be both encouraging and promising. The two countries inked the Agreement on
Economic Cooperation on 2 September 2012 in conjunction with the 16th Annual Consultation.
In 2014, the trade was valued at RM 3.64 billion (USD 1.1 billion). In the same year, the people
of Brunei Darussalam made approximately 1.23 million visits to Malaysia.
Malaysia Republic of Indonesia

Malaysia and Republic of Indonesia enjoy active, multifaceted bilateral relationship that is
strongly founded on shared cultural, religious and historical experiences.
The most notable high-level annual event between the two countries is the Annual Consultation.
In addition, the two countries have various other bilateral mechanisms such as the Joint

Commission for Bilateral Cooperation Meetings (JCBC), the General Border Committee (GBC),
and the Joint Trade Investment Committee (JTIC) which continue to contribute significantly to
the enhancement of mutually beneficial collaboration.
Malaysia Republic of The Philippines

Malaysia and Republic of The Philippines continue to enjoy warm and cordial bilateral
relationship.
In addition to the exchange of high-level visits, both countries also have bilateral mechanisms
such as the Joint Commission Meeting (JCM) to address a wide range of collaborative efforts.
Through the Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme (MTCP), Malaysia has received the
participation of 985 Philippine officials in various short and long term courses since 1980.
Malaysia Singapore

Malaysia and Singapore enjoy a long-standing and multifaceted relationship, reflecting shared
historical experiences.
The most notable high-level annual event between the two countries is the Leaders Retreat.
The two countries have experienced commitment to intensifying cooperation and exploring new
ways to leverage on the complementarities between Singapore and Iskandar Malaysia.
A High Speed Rail link will be extended between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore as a strategic
development that is aimed to increase connectivity by facilitating travel, enhancing business
linkages, and bringing the people of Malaysia and Singapore closer together. Bilateral trade,
investment and economic cooperation as well as cooperation in tourism continue to record
significant growth. Singapore is Malaysias largest trading partner in ASEAN and second largest
global trading partner.
In 2014, Singapore was Malaysias 2nd largest trading partner globally and largest trading
partner among member countries of ASEAN. In 2014, total trade between the two countries was
recorded at RM194.52 billion (US$59.5 billion).

Malaysia Kingdom of Thailand

Malaysia and Thailand continue to have fruitful bilateral cooperation and partnership in various
areas of mutual interests. In addition to the high-level Annual Consultation, both countries also
have various other bilateral mechanisms such as the Joint Commission for Bilateral Cooperation
(JC); Committee for Joint Development Strategy for Border Areas (JDS); Joint Trade Committee
(JTC); and the General Border Committee (GBC).
Apart from the bilateral mechanisms, Malaysia is also working closely with Thailand under the
framework Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT) to improve the connectivity
and socio economic developments of the peoples in both countries. Malaysia through the
Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme (MTCP) has also seen the participation of 745
Thailand officials in various short and long-term courses since 1981.
Malaysia Democratic Republic of Timor Leste

Malaysia and Timor-Leste enjoy warm and cordial bilateral relationship. Malaysia looks forward
to Timor-Leste joining ASEAN in the very near future.
The relationship continues to be enhanced by Malaysias commitment to assisting Timor-Leste
in its nation building. Malaysia has provided substantial technical assistance to Timor-Leste,
especially through the Malaysia Technical Cooperation Program (MTCP) and the Malaysian
Defence Cooperation Program (MDCP).
Malaysia was one of the major contributors of military and police personnel in the successive
United Nations peacekeeping missions in Timor-Leste. The Royal Malaysian Police (RMP)
personnel serving under the mandate of UNMIT since 2006 ended the peacekeeping mission on
13 November 2012. To mark the historical conclusion of the peace keeping mission, RMP
donated 29 multi-purpose vehicles worth RM3.5 million to the Government of Timor-Leste at a
ceremony held at the Embassy of Malaysia in Dili on 7 November 2012.
Bilateral trade and economic cooperation between Malaysia and Timor-Leste are set to expand
further. In 2014, bilateral trade value between the two countries was registered at RM 74.2
million (USD 21.2 million).
BILATERAL DIPLOMACY
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam (CLMV)
As Chairman of ASEAN in 2015, Malaysia will continue to enhance and strengthen its bilateral
ties with Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. At present, Malaysias relations with CLMV
countries have been characterized by mutually beneficial cooperation in the areas of trade and
investment, human resources, agriculture, education, defence, tourism as well as science &
technology.
Trade and investment relations between Malaysia and CLMV countries continue to show
significant improvement over the years. Although the CLMV countries represents only a small
percentage of Malaysias trade with ASEAN, the trade between Malaysia and CLMV countries is
expected to expand as a result of the reduction and elimination of tariffs under the ASEAN Free
Trade Area (AFTA).
Malaysia is also committed to continue providing assistance to CLMV countries under the
Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme (MTCP). Since the establishment of the
programme, participants from CLMV countries had participated in various short-term courses
such as public administration, broadcasting, cooperative management, library management,
veterinary, foreign and diplomatic relations.
The increase in exchange of high-level visits, coupled with Malaysias interest to engage in
developing the economy, human capital and institutional capacities of the CLMV countries, have
directly and indirectly opened an extensive access for more cooperation and interactions, as
well as putting interaction between Malaysia and CLMV countries at a higher level.

Oceania
Australia and New Zealand remain key partners for Malaysia in the region. Cooperation is
pronounced in the areas of trade and investment, education, defence and security, tourism and
people-to-people contacts.
Malaysia signed Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with Australia and New Zealand on 22 May
2012 and 26 October 2009 respectively, and both FTAs have since entered into force. The two
FTAs will undoubtedly serve as a catalyst for a robust movement of goods and services as well
as encouraging wider networking and collaborations in mutually beneficial areas.
People-to-people links is also a main feature in Malaysias relations with Australia and New
Zealand as both countries continue to be the preferred destination for Malaysian students to
pursue their tertiary education.

In the context of regional engagement, Malaysias partnership with Australia and New Zealand
continues to be enhanced through the ASEAN Dialogue Partner, East Asia Summit (EAS) and
the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) platforms, among others. Australia and New Zealand have
both been strong supporters of ASEANs integration and for narrowing the development gap in
the region.
With regard to Malaysias relations with the Pacific Island countries (PICs), relations have been
enhanced and expanded over recent years especially with countries like Papua New Guinea,
Fiji, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Exchanges of visits at the officials level have also been
taking place actively between Malaysia and these countries and there are several MoUs
pending to be signed with Papua New Guinea and Fiji. Although Malaysias relations with PICs
have been characterised by and focused on technical assistance under the Malaysian Technical
Cooperation Programme (MTCP), moving forward Malaysia is keen to deepen and diversify its
relations with several identified PICs.

EAST ASIA DIVISION

The East Asia Division deals specifically with overall bilateral relations between Malaysia and
China, Japan, Republic of Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea and Mongolia. In
addition, the East Asia Division also handle matters with Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and
Taiwan.

The East Asia region has long and close economic, social, cultural and political relations with
Malaysia. It is among the most important geopolitical region to Malaysia after South East Asia
and will continue to be a priority region in terms of political and economic engagements for
Malaysia. Malaysias relations with the individual countries of East Asia are not solely aimed
towards strengthening bilateral ties but regional links as well. While there have been frequent
exchanges of visits among leaders and the private sectors as well as tourists cross flows,
Malaysia will continue to encourage more people-to-people contacts in order to forge stronger
partnership between Malaysia and East Asian countries.

WEST ASIA
The relationship between Malaysia and countries in the West Asia have been evolving in the
political, economic, social, as well as cultural fields. Relations have been enhanced through
close affinity as Malaysia shares common history and religion with the countries in the region.

Over the years, countries in the region have experienced enormous economic growth and have
become important sources for both finance and investment. Countries such as Saudi Arabia,
United Arab Emirates (UAE), and Kuwait have been at the forefront of growth with expanding
infrastructural development programmes. Trade and investments between Malaysia and the
countries in the region have been encouraging for these past few years.

Major export items to West Asia countries include petroleum products, palm oil, electrical &
electronics products, chemicals and chemical-related products, machinery appliances & parts
and jewellery. Among the major import items from West Asia countries include crude and
processed petroleum, and chemicals and chemical-related products. The top five trading
partners of Malaysia from West Asia countries are UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Turkey and Iran.
Currently several Malaysian companies are doing business in the region. In return, a number of
companies from the Gulf States have made significant investments in Malaysia.

Malaysia also played a significant role in the West Asia conflict where various assistance were
given to the region which includes Malaysian Peacekeeping mission in Lebanon (UNIFIL), as
well as humanitarian aids in the Palestine-Israel and the Yemeni conflict.
Malaysia has established a few Joint Commissions with a number of countries in the region
which allow both sides to consult at the Ministerial level on pertinent bilateral and multilateral
issues of concern
SOUTH & CENTRAL ASIA
Malaysias interest to develop a productive, broadranging and enduring framework of bilateral
cooperation with countries in the South and Central Asia regions is driven by political, economic

and security imperatives. It is also anchored firmly on the close sociocultural linkages and
some degree of similarity in the historical background.
As a region, South Asia with its wide range of natural attributes has enormous potentials to
becoming a leading market for Malaysias products and services. Riding on its strong economic
performance, South Asia has emerged as among the most dynamic growth areas across the
globe. Malaysian entrepreneurs have already established their presence in various sectors in
the region especially infrastructure construction and property development. Malaysia shall tap
the opportunity given the goodwill and firm support of the governments of those countries to
further deepen our business presence in the region for mutual benefits.
Central Asian countries generally look to Malaysia as a model of successful developing country
that could be emulated to achieve progress and development. Malaysia already has strong
economic linkages especially in the oil and gas sector. Malaysia has also been playing a
prominent role in the human resource development and capacity building in the region. On this
basis, Central Asia is certainly a region in which we could deepen our political clout and
enhance our circle of friends and allies.

AMERICAS
Bilateral relations with both North and South America will increasingly be developed to identify
opportunities for enhanced political consultations, trade and investment ties, opportunities for
developing and sharing new technologies, particularly in the fields of information communication
technology, security and sustainable energy. Malaysia will focus on promoting Malaysias trade,
investment and tourism potentials as well as opportunities with countries in the Americas region.
In this regard, Malaysia will focus its marketing initiatives as one of the safest investment
destination for countries such as the United States of America, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Peru,
Mexico, Cuba and Chile.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The US offers immense potential for trade and investment along with cooperation in wide range
of areas including security, counter-terrorism, defence and education. Malaysia and the US

bilateral relations have been rejuvenated under the leadership of YAB Prime Minister, Dato Sri
Najib Tun Abdul Razak and US President Barack Obama. Efforts will be made to promote
Malaysia as an excellent trade and investment destination, despite differences on a number of
issues. Malaysia will continue to engage the US diplomatically to reduce friction and promote
dialogue and understanding. Efforts will be made to promote high-level visits from the US and
vice versa. The initiative is to ensure Malaysias views are well articulated in the US.

CANADA
Malaysias relations with Canada will be further enhanced for the mutual benefit of both
countries. Malaysia is Canadas one of the biggest trading partner in South East Asia and there
is still much room for further growth in bilateral trade relations. The potential to attract more
investments from Canada to Malaysia is also strong, which could be realised through the active
promotion of Malaysia as an attractive and conducive business partner. The State Visit by the
Governor General of Canada to Malaysia from 13-16 November 2011 also has proved the good
relationship between the two countries.

LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN ISLANDS

Bilateral relations between Malaysia and Latin America and the Caribbean countries will
continue to be advanced, especially on matters related to South-South Cooperation. These
relations will be further utilised to enhance economic, scientific, technical and business
opportunities as well as to pursue issues of common interest and concern at the multilateral
fora.
Malaysia needs to actively promote its expertise and technology in potential areas of strong
economic interests. The Malaysian business community should also be encouraged to explore
and actively pursue potential investments and trade opportunities, especially in sectors where
Malaysia has a clear advantage such as palm oil plantation, infrastructure and ICT.

EUROPE
European countries are invaluable dialogue partners, a vital destination for Malaysias trade,
source of high technology, education and training as well as investments. Germany remains
Malaysias largest trading partner among European countries.
Western European countries namely the UK, France and Germany will continue to be the
focus of Malaysias foreign policy interests in Europe. Beyond that, Malaysia continues to
seize opportunities to enhance its relations with the Central and Eastern European countries
both politically and economically. In expanding Malaysias interests, it would be important for
the country to forge new ties with these emerging economies with the aim of increasing trade
and economic exchanges.

AFRICA
The African continent is rich in resources and provides a range of opportunities for enhanced
bilateral cooperation. Part and parcel of Malaysias commitment to South-South Cooperation
has been to assist in the development of human resources in the African countries. African
countries can be a source of political support for Malaysia in the international fora. It is of
strategic importance that Malaysia forges well developed relations and links with African
nations.

Malaysia needs to position itself well to gain advantage from the developing markets in Africa.
Missions located in Africa should be maintained to help identify potentials and opportunities that
could promote better political and economic cooperation with countries in that continent. With 54
nations in the African continent, Malaysia would be at an advantage should it expand its bilateral
political and economic relations with most if not all countries on that continent.
MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY
Hear these articles

OVERVIEW
Malaysia is a member of a number of multilateral organisations including the United Nations
(UN), Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC), Non-Aligned Movement (NAM),
Commonwealth, ASEAN, Group of Seventy Seven (G77), Developing Eight (D8), Asia Middle
East Dialogue (AMED), Far East Asia Latin America Cooperation (FEALAC), Indian Ocean
Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC), Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM), Asia
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).

Multilateral diplomacy is not just important but engrained in the conduct of Malaysias foreign
policy since the country gained its indepenence. Malaysia has been working actively towards
a global political and socio-economic stability and security within the multilateral system.

Malaysia will therefore promote security, international law as well as development through its
active participation in the international fora, especially the United Nations system and its
specialised agencies.
The United Nations through its universal membership and its Charter occupies the central and
indispensable role within a multilateral system of governance. Malaysia recognises the need
to address the pressing social and economic needs of the developing countries and as such
looks to the United Nations to advance the development agenda related to underdevelopment
and the eradication of poverty.
Through Malaysias participation in the multilateral fora, Malaysia has voiced the belief that
resolution of international conflict should be peaceful and in accordance with the United
Nations and international law. Malaysia will support all initiatives aimed at strengthening the
UN and multilateralism. Malaysia has played a prominent role in advancing the development
agenda of the South through its leadership roles in the NAM and OIC.
The contributions that Malaysia has made during its tenure as Chairman of both these
organisations have re-invigorated and re-energized these organisations. Malaysias initiated
programmes such as the Capacity Building Programme for OIC countries and the NAM
Institute for the Empowerment of Women (NIEW) should be actively pursued and encouraged.
The strengthening of South-South cooperation has in recent years developed into high level
intercontinental engagements, a development that bodes well for the strengthening of
solidarity and development of interdependence among developing countries in addressing
common social and economic challenges. Another key aspect in this engagement is the
cooperation in the technical, scientific and trade fields. The strengthening of Malaysias
multilateral diplomacy is imperative as the issues and challenges the country faces have
increased and multiplied over the decades.
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND ORDER
The establishment of the United Nations seven decades ago in the aftermath of the Second
World War was a turning point in history. The destructiveness of global power struggle that
engulfed the whole world pushed nation states to commit themselves to an international
organisation that could reduce the propensity for another global war.
Since becoming a UN member in 1957, Malaysia has placed pre-eminent importance on the
principles laid down in the UN Charter especially for the settlement of disputes through
peaceful means. The UN has given equal voice to all nation states, providing Malaysia with
protection through the framework of multilateralism and respect for international law and
order.
Malaysia remains deeply concerned over the difference of views and complexities faced in the
field of disarmament and international security. The justification made by certain states for the
continued existence of weapons of mass destruction and its use as a security deterrent by
some states, undermines the peaceful co-existence of states thus serves as a threat to
humanity. Such excuses raise grave concern amongst peace-loving states as it poses a
security threat to them and induces others to secure such weapons to arm themselves. This
only serves as a formula that would lead to an arms race.

Therefore, there is now a need for renewed efforts, strategies and real commitment to resolve
the current impasse in achieving complete and general disarmament of weapons of mass
destruction as well as conventional weapons. For these reasons, Malaysia is committed to
undertake all possible efforts to achieve a world free from weapons of mass destruction and
conventional weapons.
As Malaysia moves ahead, its foreign policy will continue to place importance on the UN
multilateral system and its mechanisms. Malaysia will continue to contribute to the future of
this organisation.

HUMAN AND ENERGY SECURITY

In an ever changing global environment, the advent of conflicts and catastrophes has
engendered the world community to develop the concept of human security. Conflicts and
catastrophes would exacerbate into more dire conditions such as food deprivation and water
supply depletion with the capacity to inflict serious ramifications on human survival and well
being. Energy security has been an issue of great contention for decades. Energy security will
have to consider research on new renewable sources of energy
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
The phenomenal economic development that the world is witnessing exerts enormous stress
on nature and the environment. Climate change is a trans-national issue that requires a global
response. In facing this challenge, environmental diplomacy would certainly be an important
area that Malaysia needs to focus on to ensure a balance between development and the
environment.

Over the years, the rise in temperature due to trapped carbon dioxide and green house gases
have affected the global climate. Climate change will affect the lives of people around the
world. This includes access to potable water, health, food and the well being of the
environment.
The adoption of the Kyoto Protocol and the subsequent UN Framework Convention on
Climate Change are but a first step towards reducing the emission of harmful gases and
curbing global warming. Given the circumstances, Malaysia needs to have a firm stance on
the issue of climate change beyond the Kyoto Protocol. Pursuant to this objective, it is
imperative that Malaysia is actively engaged in the international efforts to formulate policies
based on well grounded scientific research.
UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW (UPR)
The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) is a unique exercise in the United Nations human rights
system, where the practice of human rights in each Member State will be reviewed. This
process is presently anchored by the Geneva-based Human Rights Council (HRC).
As a founding member of the HRC, Malaysia had fully supported proposals for the
establishment of a State-driven peer-review mechanism (which later evolved into the UPR) as a
much preferred alternative compared to country-specific resolutions (CSRs) that often failed to
enjoy consensus.
Undergoing the UPR exercise is an obligation for all UN member states. It is essentially a 3
hour structured dialogue process between the State under Review (SuR) and other UN member
states.
During this dialogue, other Member States can request for clarification on the issues discussed,
offer their comments, and recommend steps to be taken to improve the situation of human
rights of the SuR. After the conclusion of the dialogue, the SuR is given approximately 48 hours
(2 working days) to indicate their position on the recommendations raised during the dialogue.
The UPR represents a collaborative and cooperative effort on the part of all UN member states
to engage positively and constructively in a dialogue process to share knowledge, experience
and best practices, as well as constraints and challenges faced in promoting and protecting
human rights in their respective countries.
Malaysia underwent its first UPR in February 2009. At that time, the Government accepted
outright 62 out of 103 recommendations addressed to it by various countries. Malaysia further
clarified its position on a further 19 recommendations raised during the adoption of Malaysias
UPR report in June 2009 and did not support 22 recommendations.
Malaysia underwent its second UPR in October 2013. Malaysia stated its position on the 232
recommendations it had received, where 150 recommendations were able to enjoy support, and
the remaining 82 were not. Malaysia also delivered a statement to clarify the national position
on human rights issues in the country, especially in relation to recommendations which did not
enjoy the support of the Government.

MODERATION
GLOBAL MOVEMENT OF MODERATES (GMM)
GMM was first introduced by YAB Prime Minister of
Malaysia, Dato' Sri Mohd Najib Tun Abdul Razak during
his maiden speech at the 65th United Nations General
Assembly (UNGA) on 27 September 2010 where he
urged members and leaders of the world's major faiths to
censure and reject their own extremists and jointly
support GMM.
Since its introduction, Wisma Putra has been at the
forefront of efforts to promote GMM and moderation at
the international level.
The GMM initiative has been welcomed by various
countries. At the ASEAN fora, the Langkawi Declaration
on the Global Movement of Moderates was adopted on
27 April 2015 in Langkawi during the 26thASEAN
Summit.
It embodies ASEANs pledge to promote moderation as an ASEAN value that promotes peace,
security and development as well as promotes the approach moderation in the conduct of
interstate relations.
The GMM concept could be explained as follows:

Malaysia continues to promote the concept of moderation at the international level through
diplomatic channels, the GMM Foundation (GMMF), the Academic Chair on Wasatiyyah at the
University of Malaya (UM) and the Institute of Wasatiyyah, with the aim of exploring cooperation
on GMM and promoting moderation as an approach towards global peace and justice.

The GMMF was established in April 2012 as a think tank for the pursuit, development and
sharing of the GMM approach and operationalize it into practical and impactful initiatives.
Malaysias campaign to the UN Security Council (UNSC), themed Peace and Security through
Moderation highlights Malaysias strong belief that the practice of moderation can maintain
peace, stability and unity. Malaysia believes that the United Nations (UN) could be used by its
Member States and the international community as a platform to explore ways and means for
the possible application of moderation to current challenges. The GMM as a whole can
complement the mission and work of the UN system at various levels that seek to promote
understanding, tolerance and responsibility as well as to advance an agenda for peace,
harmony and justice

COUNTER TERRORISM
Terrorism and transnational organised crime are serious global concerns that have the
potential to endanger the stability and security of nations as well as threaten international
peace. The fight against both terrorism and transnational organised crime must be done
comprehensively. It is imperative for the international community to formulate a universally
accepted definition; to identify its root causes and undertake appropriate measures to remedy
it; and to include acts of terror perpetrated by the State.
Malaysia condemns all acts, methods and practices of terrorism and transnational crimes. As
terrorism and transnational organised crime are global phenomenon that transcends national
boundaries, fighting both menaces demand effective international actions in accordance with
the Charter of the United Nations and universally recognized principles governing international
relations and international law. Malaysia believes that the best forum to lead and coordinate
those actions remains the United Nations. Malaysia participates actively in
contributing/sharing information and experiences in the Commission on Crime Prevention and
Criminal Justice (CCPCJ) and Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) and also at regional
level especially under the ASEAN Work Programme as an effort in combating terrorism and
transnational organised crime.
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
Terrorism and transnational organised crime are serious global concerns that have the
potential to endanger the stability and security of nations as well as threaten international
peace. The fight against both terrorism and transnational organised crime must be done
comprehensively. It is imperative for the international community to formulate a universally
accepted definition; to identify its root causes and undertake appropriate measures to remedy
it; and to include acts of terror perpetrated by the State.
Malaysia condemns all acts, methods and practices of terrorism and transnational crimes. As
terrorism and transnational organised crime are global phenomenon that transcends national
boundaries, fighting both menaces demand effective international actions in accordance with
the Charter of the United Nations and universally recognized principles governing international
relations and international law. Malaysia believes that the best forum to lead and coordinate
those actions remains the United Nations. Malaysia participates actively in
contributing/sharing information and experiences in the Commission on Crime Prevention and

Criminal Justice (CCPCJ) and Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) and also at regional
level especially under the ASEAN Work Programme as an effort in combating terrorism and
transnational organised crime.
INTERFAITH AND INTER-CIVILISATION DIALOGUES
The initiative to establish interfaith and inter-civilisation dialogues was a strong sign of the
growing preoccupation at the highest political levels with the strategic importance of
intercultural and inter-religious dialogue for the pursuit of peace.
In view of the many proliferations of initiatives on interfaith and inter-civilisation, Malaysia will
focus on UN-led initiatives at the international arena; the Alliance of Civilisations (AoC) and at
the regional level; the Asia-Pacific Interfaith Dialogue.
LIST OF MULTILATERAL
ARGRICULTURE
1. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Rome, 3
November 2001.
ATMOSPHERE AND OUTER SPACE
1. Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of
Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, Washington, London
and Moscow, 27 January 1967
2. Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the Return of Astronauts and the Return of
Objects Launched into Outer Space, Washington, London and Moscow, 22 April 1968
( hereafter 1968 Rescue Agreement )
3. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Vienna, 22 March 1985
COMMUNICATIONS
1. Universal Postal Convention and General Regulation of UPU, Rio de Janeiro, 26
October 1979
2. Postal Parcels Agreement, Rio de Janeiro, 26 October 1979
3. Asia Pacific Postal Convention, Jogjakarta, 27 March 1981
4. Universal Postal Convention and General Regulation of UPU, Hamburg, 27 July 1984
5. Constitution of the Asia-Pacific Postal Union, Bangkok, 4 December 1985
6. Asia Pacific Postal Convention, Rotorua, 6 December 1990
COMMODITIES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Constitution of the International Rice Commission, Washington, 29 November 1948

Agreement establishing the Asian Coconut Community, Bangkok, 12 December 1968
Agreement establishing the Pepper Community, Bangkok, 16 April 1971
Agreement establishing the Southeast Asia Tin Research and Development Centre,
Bangkok, 28 April 1977
International Natural Rubber Agreement 1979, Geneva, 6 October 1979
Agreement establishing the Common Fund for Commodities, Geneva, 27 June 1980
Sixth International Tin Agreement 1981, Geneva, 26 Jun 1981
Agreement establishing the Association of Tin Producing Financial Agreement,
London, 30 March 1983

9. International Convention on the Harmonized Comodity Description and Coding

System, Brussels, 14 Jun 1983
10. International Tropical Timber Agreement, Geneva, 18 November 1983
11. International Natural Rubber Agreement 1987, Geneva, 20 March 1987
12. Terms of References of the International Tin Study Groups, New York, 7 April 1989
13. International Cocoa Agreement 1993, Geneva, 16 July 1993
CUSTOMS MATTER
1. International Convention for the Publication of Customs Tariffs, Brussels, 5 July 1890:(i). Protocol modifying the 1890 Convention concerning the Creation of an International
Union of Publication
of Customs Tariff, Brussels, 16 December 1949
2. Convention on the Nomenclature in Goods in Customs Tariff and 1955 amending
Protocol, Brussels, 15 December 1950
2. Convention Establishing a Customs Cooperation Council, Brussels, 15 December
1950
2. Customs Convention on the Temporary Importation of Private Road Vehicles, New
York, 4 Jun 1954
2. Convention concerning Customs Facilities for Touring, New York, 4 Jun 1954:(i). Additional Protocol to the 1954 Convention concerning Customs Facilities for Touring
relating to the
Importation Tourist Publicity and Material, New York, 4 Jun 1954
6. Convention on the A.T.A Carnet for the Temporary Admission of Goods, Brussels, 6
December 1963
6. International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs
Procedures, Kyoto, 18 May 1973
DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR RELATIONS
1. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, Vienna, 18 April 1961:(i). Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations concerning
Acquisition of Nationality,
Vienna, 18 April 1961
(ii) Optional Protocol to 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations concerning the
Compulsory
Settlement of Disputes, Vienna, 18 April 1961
2. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, Vienna, 24 April 1963
DISARMAMENT
1. Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Testing in the Atmosphere in Outer Space and
Underwater, Moscow,
5 August 1963
2. Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, London, Moscow, Washington, 1 July
1968
3. Treaty of the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of
Mass Destruction
on the Seabed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subject thereof, London, Moscow,
Washington,
11 February 1971

4. Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of

Bacteriological (Biological)
and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction, London, Moscow, Washington, 10 April 1972
5. Convention on Early Notification of Nuclear Accident, Vienna, 26 September 1986
6. Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency,
Vienna,
26 September 1986
7. Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of
Chemical Weapons
and on their Destruction, Geneva,3 September 1992
8. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. New York, 10 September 1996
9. Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of AntiPersonnel Mines and
on their Destruction, Oslo, 18 September 1997
DISPUTES SETTLEMENT
1. Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, The Hague, 18 October
1907
2. Optional Protocol of Signature concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes, Geneva,
29 April 1958
3. Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and National of Other
States,
Washington, 18 March 1965
NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES
1. Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs,
New York,
11 December 1946
2. Protocol Bringing Under International Drugs Outside the Scope of the Convention of 13 July
1931 for
Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs as amended by
the Protocol
signed at Lake Success, New York, 11 December 1946
3. Protocol Bringing Under International Drug Outside the Scope of the Convention of 13 July
1931 for Limiting
the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs as amended by the
Protocol signed at
Lake Success, New York, 11 December 1946 Paris , 19 November 1948
4. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, New York, 30 March 1961:(i) Protocol amending 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, Geneva, 25 March 1972
5. Convention on Psychotropic Substances, Vienna, 21 February 1971
6. Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Vienna, 20
December 1988
ENVIRONMENT
1. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Vienna, 22 March 1985
2. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, Brussels, 29 November
1969

3. International Convention on the establishment of an International Fund for Compensation

for Oil Pollution
Damage, Brussels, 18 December 1971
4. International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation,
London, 30 November
1990
HEALTH
1. Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, Geneva, 21 May 2003
HUMAN RIGHTS
1. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, New York,
18 December 1979
2. International Convention against Apartheid in Sport, 10 December 1985
INTELLECTUAL AND INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
1. Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property and Revision, Paris, 20 March 1883
2. Convention establishing the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), Stockholm,
14 July 1967
INTERNATIONAL LAW
1. Statute of the Hague Conference on Private International Law, 31 October 1951
2. Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, New York,
10 June 1958
3. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Vienna, 23 May 1969
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION
1. Statutes of the International Atomic Energy Agency, New York, 26 October 1956
2. Convention on the Asian Productivity Organisation (APO), Manila, 14 April 1961
3. WHO Nomenclature Regulations, Geneva, 22 February 1967
4. Agreement for the Establishment of a Regional Animal Production and Health Commission
for Asia and the
Pacific, Rome, 22 June 1973
5. Agreement for the Establishment of a Centre on Integrated Rural Development for Asia
and the Pacific,
Kuala Lumpur, 29 July 1978
6. Convention establishing the Multilateral Guarantee Agency, Seoul, 11 October 1985
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION (FAO)
1. Constitution of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), Quebec, 16 October 1945
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND (IMF)
1. Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund, Washington, 27 Disember 1945

LABOUR
1. Medical Examination of Young Persons (SEA) Convention (ILO 16), Geneva, 11 November
1921
2. Workmens Compensation (Agriculture) Convention (ILO 12), Geneva, 12 November 1921
3. Weekly Rest (Industry) Convention (ILO 14), Geneva, 17 November 1921
4. Workmen Compensation (Accidents) Convention (ILO 17), Brussels, 10 Jun 1925
5. Underground Work (Women) Convention (ILO 45), Geneva, 20 Jun 1936
NAVIGATION
1. International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of law relating to Assistance
and Salvage at
Sea, Brussels, 23 September 1910
2. International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Respecting Collission
between Vessels,
Brussels, 23 September 1910
3. Convention and Statute on the International Regime of Maritime Ports, Geneva, 9
December 1923
4. International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills Lading,
Brussels, 25
August 1924
5. International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, London, 23 Jun 1969
TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATIONS
1. Convention on International Civil Aviation, Chicago, 7 December 1944
2. International Air Services Transit Agreement, Chicago, 7 December 1944
CUSTOM MATTERS
1. International Convention to Facilitate the importation of Commercial Samples
and advertising Material
2. Convention concerning Custom Facilities For Touring , New York , 4 June 1954
3. Customs Conventions on Temporary Importation of Private Roads Vehicle New York , 4
June 1954
ROAD TRAFFIC
1. Convention on Road Traffic, Geneva, 19 September 1949
2. Agreement on the Reconstruction of the Commonwealth Agricultural Bereaux as Cab
International, London,
8 July 1986
WAR AND PEACE
1. Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating Methods of Warfare, Geneva,
17 Jun 1925
2. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, New York, 9
December 1948

PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES

1. Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations New York , 13 February
1946
2. Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the Specialized Agencies New York , 21
November 1947
3. International Labour Organisation to the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of
the Specialized
Agencies San Francisco , 10 Julai 1948
4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) to the Convention on the
Privileges and
Immunites of the Specialized Agencies Washington , 29 November 1948
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT
1. General Agreement in Tariffs and Trade, Geneva, 30 October 1947
2. Agreement Establishing the Asian Development Bank , Manila , 4 December 1965
3. Agreement Establishing the International Fund For Agricultural Development Rome ,
13 June 1976
EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL MATTERS
1. Agreement on the Importation of Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Materials, New York,
22 November 1950
2. Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, Paris, 16
November 1972
FISHERIES
1. Agreement for the Establishment of the Asia-Pacific Fisheries Commission, Baguio, 26
February 1948
2. Agreement on the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, 8
January 1988
3. Agreement for the Establishment of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission, Rome, 25
November 1993
LAW OF THE SEA
1. Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone , Geneva , 29 April 1958
2. Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas,
Geneva, 29 April 1958
3. Convention on the Continental Shelf, Geneva, 29 April 1958
STATUS OF WOMEN
1. Convention on the Nationality of Married Women , New York , 20 February 1957
LEAGUE OF NATIONS TREATIES
1. International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency , Geneva 20 April
1929

2. Protocol to the International Convention for the Suppression of Counterfeiting Currency

Geneva,
20 April 1929