സൂക്ഷ്മജീവികളുടെ ലോകം

&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
2016 BKv 1
hmeyw:
38,
ew:
kin-pI : www.kssp.in,
www.facebook.com/EurekaFortnightly
1970- {]kn-o-Ic
- Ww Bcw-`n-Xv
kqva-Po-hn-Isf
BZyw I a\p-jy
tUm. sI ]n Ac-hn-
ssat{Im_pw
\fpw Xn
Fw KoXm-RvPen
36
15
slen-tm-_m-IvS
ss]temdn F
_mIvSo-cnb ]d-bpp
P\p
teJ-\
-
Nn{X-IY
6 Ipp-Iq-m-fn-I
kvt\-lm-Zmkv
12 kqvat- em-Ihpw
kqvaZ- in-\n-Ifpw
sI ]mqn
20 sXmen-p-ds DZym\w
]n sI kp[n
24 s\tm-fn-b\pw
ssS^kv tcmKhpw
A\nX kn sI
28 kqvaP
- o-hn-Ifpw
kky-fpw
C cmP
48 ASp-f- bpw
kqvaP
- o-hn-Ifpw
cam-tZhn
50 apw kqvaP
- o-hn-Ifpw
tUm. sI IntjmIp-am
54 IS Hc-Xn-ibw; kqva
-Po-hn-I AXppw tase
C lcn-Ir-jvW
32 AXn\v ]nn R-fm....

hn N{-_m_p
64 ImWs Fm-hcpw
sskP Fkv
IY
58 Ipn-s-\v Hcp sXmov
C F joP
IhnX
5 Cn-cn-p-
- m-cpsS
s]cpw- kXyw
sI sI IrjvWI
- p-am
57 IS
knp F ]n
t^mtm-ô-
42 tcmKw
tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[w
sI ]n F
\namWw
60 mnIv kn
tht... th.
sI cm[
]wn-I
31.
31.
34.
53.
cN-\m-aqe
s{]mPIvSv
62. mn-v amen-\yn-s\-Xnsc
Zqc-Zin\n
Ipp-
Ihn-Xm-]q-cWw 63. {]nb-s bpdot
hnhn[ sh_vssk-nse Nn{X- CXn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-n-p-v. Ah-bvp IS-mSv tcJ-s-Sp-pp
]{Xm-[n-]-k-anXn : kn Fw apc-fo-[-c (F-Un-), jn-t\m-Pv cmPv
(FUn. A-kn-kvv), sI hnPb (am-t\-Pn-Mv F-Un-),

A\nX kn sI (Atkm. F-Un-), s{]m^.-sI.-]m-qn, P\p, C.F.jo-P, ssa\ Dssa-_m, hn.N-{-_m_p, C.cm-P, tUm.-sI.-In-tjm
Ipam, C.Pn\, Fw.Ir-jv-W-Zmkv, ]n.sI.kp[n, {]kmZv ]n.ssIX-, sI.-Sn.-cm-[m-Ir-jW
v , Fw.-Ko-Xm-RP
v en, F.-sI.-tPmjn, ssje kn
tPmPv, Sn.-]n.-hn-iz-\m-Y Ih : shn, teHuv: jnt\mPv cmPv, {Km^nIvkv : {iotejv Ipam.
hmjnI hcn-kwJy : ` 250, H-{]Xn : ` 12 , Un.-Un/Fw.-H. Ab-bvp-I.

hcn-kw-Jybpw hcn-m-cpsS ]cm-XnIfpw Ab-bvm-\p hnemkw:
amt\-PnMv FUn-, bpdo, Nme-pdw, tImgn-tm-Sv673002.
e-mail: ksspmagazine@gmail.com, Ph: 0495 2701919.
tIc-f im-kv-{X-km-ln-Xy- ]-cnj-v {]-kn-o-IcWw
IpIfpw cN-\-Ifpw Ab-bvt

hnemkw: FUn-, bpdo-, Nme-p-dw,
tImgn-tm-Sv- 673 002.
E-mail: eurekakssp@gmail.com
Nppw ImWp ama-c-fn-tepw

AIse BIm-is Xpf-p-Ib
- d- p
Ipp-I-fn-tepw \n-fn ]ecpw
In-abvmsX t\mn \nn-cn-pw.
]qm- - I fpw hp- I fpw ]mdn- \ - S p, a[pcw In\n- b p ]q- f ntepw sNSn-I-fn-tepw Npp-ap
sshhn- [ y- a m Pohn- I - f n- t epw
t\mn Btem-N\
- b
- n apgp-In-bh
- cpw
Ipd-hm-bn-cn-n-. Nne-cm-Is \oe-pX- n BIm- i - n- e pw AhnsS
]pncn XqIp An-fn--e-bnepw
INn-n-f
- n-p \-{X-p-p-fn-ep-am-bn-cnpw IpXpIw ]q-Xv.
AsX, \apv Npp-ap temIw
\s B\-n-n-p--Xm-Wv,
AXn-i-bn-n-p--Xm-Wv. e-W-n\v kky-e-Xm-Zn-Ifpw
Pohn- I - f p- s amw AS- n- b XmWv \psS kp-c-amb Cu
`qan. a\p-jyp Adn-hpshv, Poh F ApX
{]Xn-`m-ka
- p Htc Hcp {Klw.
A\--amb {]]--n ashn-sS-sb-nepw Pohs XpSn-pI-fptm Fv \ap--dn-bn-.
Fm C-d-h am{Xa \app Npp- a p- - X v.
\psS shdpw Ip-sImv
ImWm Ign-bm-, Fm
Npnepw \ndv \np,
tImSn-W
-
- n\v hcp NmXn-am thsd-bp-apv Cu `qan-
bn. \ap-h
- sb kqvaP
- o-hn-Is
- fv
hnfn-mw. kqvaP
- o-hn-Is
- f-p-dn-p
Hncn Imcy--fp-am-bmWv C-hW
bpdo \nsf tXSn-sb-p--Xv.
CXn Nne Imcy- Nne-sc-nepw
t\cs a\-n-em-n-b-Xm-hmw. NneXv
Aw IqSn hep-Xmb tijw hni-Zambn ]Tn-m-\p--Xm-hmw. H hmb-\bn a\-n-em-hm-h a\-n-cpn Hv
cv hw Bhnp hmbn-p-t\m-q.
Cu temIw F{X hnkva-b-I-c-am-sWv
\n Xncn-d- nbpw; F{X kp-ca
- m-sWpw.
bpdo-m-am-a
4
4
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
Ipn-I-fpsS imkv{X ssZzhm-cnI
sI sI IrjvW-Ip-am
kqvaPo-hn-I-sf-p-dnp Hcp ]mtmsS XpSmw. Iqp-Imv thn

at\m-l-c--fmb \nc-h[n
]mp-Ifpw ]pkvX-Ifpw cNn IrjvW-Ipam ama-t-XmWv Cu
]mv.
2016
Pqsse 16
Cn-cn-p--m
hnssizI ]uc-m
R-sf-b-dn-bptam Iqp-Imtc
(Cncn)
XqWnepw Xpcp-nepw
Xobnepw XWp-nepw
sImSp-ap-Sn-p-nepw
IS-en-\m-g
- nepw
s]cp-In--c-pao
R-sf-b-dn-bptam?
(C-n-cn)
Imse ImWm-\m-hmtm
scn-bm Xocm-tm
\nsS apXp-apXp
ap-n-am R
\nmbv hgn-shn
hoSp-Xotm
(Cn-cn)
av, hnv, ]qhv, ]pgI
sf-a kky-Pm-e
samp-ano {]]--an-,
\n-fn-; R-fn-
sbn-se s]cn-b-k-Xy
sap-saptamp-I...
(C-n-cn)
Cn-cn-p--m
R sNmo-Sp-sm
cnscpw kXyw ad-m-Xn-cn-pI!
55
kvt\l Zmkv
IXv at\m-lcw, ImWm-Xv

AXn-a-t\m-lcw Fv ]d-bm-dn-t.
\psS Ip-Iv ImWm-hp-X
- ne- pdw hnim- e - a mb Hcp henb
temIw Xs-bpv Cu `qan-bn.
B henb temI-ns Xe-h-mcmbn \ ImWmsX Hfn- n- c np Ipp- I q- p- I m- c pw. a\pjypw arK-pw
kky-p-a-pdw
\apv Fm-hp--Xn-e[nIw hn]p- e - a mb Hcp
Poh-tem-Iw. _mo-cn-b,
^wK- k v,
t{]mnv,
sshdkv XpS-n-bh
- c
- mWv
Cu Ipp-tem-I
- ns
A[n-]
- m. ImWm Ignbn- s - nepw
Ch
kqva-Po-hn-Isf
sNp
{]hr
n- I
\ap-smv
]cn-N-b-s-mtem? Ahsc sNdn-b-sXm-p-a-. Ch-cn]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-Xv
te-sdbpw \psS IqptImgn-tmSv
Im-cm-Wv. Cu kqva-Pokh-I-em-im-e-bn
kqva-Po-hn-I-sfhn- I sf ssat{Im_v k v
p-dnv ]Tn-p-sIm-n-cnFmWv hnfn-p-hc
- p-X
- v.
p kvt\l-t-n-bm-Wv.
Ch-sc-p-dn-p ]T\w
ssat{Im-_t- bm-fPn F
t]cnepw Adn-b-s-Sp-p. ssat{Im_-tbm-fPnv hnhn[ imJ-Ifpw
Dv. _mo-cn-bsbpdn-p ]T\s _mo-cn-tbm-f-Pn, sshd-kns\-p-dn-p ]T-\s sshtdm-fPn, ^wKkns\-p-dn-p ]T-\s
ssatIm-fPn Fpw ]d-bp-p.
BZy-Im-e--fn kqva-Po-hnI A\n-aIykv F t]cnemWv Adn-b-s-n-cp--Xv. kqvaPo-hn-Isf \-t\-{X- sImv

ImWp-hm km[n-m--Xn-\m
Ch- b psS
]T- \ - t m- s Smw
ssat{Im- k v t Imv F D]- I - c Whpw cq]m-cw sImp. BWn
t^m eoshlpv ]pcm- X \
ssat{Im-_-tbm-f-Pn-bpsS ]nXmhv
Bbn Adn- b - s - S p- Xv t]mse
B[p-\nI ssat{Im-_t- bm-fP
- n-bpsS
]nXmhv eqbn ]mkv N BWv .
Chp ]pdsa tdm_v tImv,
hnt\m-{KmUvkvIn, tPmk^v en,
FUv-thUv sP, skam F
hmIvk-am Fn-h-cpssS Hcp
\o \nc Xs-bpv ssat{Im-_tbm-fPn F ]T-\-im-J-bpsS Xeh-m-cm-bn. ssat{Im-_t- bm-fP
- n-bn
Xs C\nbpw hI-t`-Z--fp-v,
saUn- ssat{Im- _ - t bm- f - P n,
tkmbn ssat{Im- _ - t bm- f - P n,
Fbv t dm ssat{Im- _ - t bm- f - P n,
CU-kv{Sn-b ssat{Im-_-tbm-fPn, ^pUv ssat{Im-_t- bm-fPn Fns\ Ah \op-t]m-Ip-p.
\-sf-m-hcpw cpNn-tbmsS Ignp tamcv Cu hncp-X-m-cpsS
{]hr- n- b m- W v . ag- m- e pw
shw sIn-\np e-fnepw Ip-hc
- p ]qepw Ch-cpsS
kw`m-h\
- b
- m-Wv. tZmibvpw sh-
6
6
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
Pm-e-smpw Xs hmktbm-Ky-a-m An-]hX \ncI-fnepw ap-d {]tZ-i-fnepw kqva-Po-hn-I-fp-v.

a\p- j y- c n tcmKw ]c- p- - X pt]mse Ch arK--fnepw kky--fnepw
tcmKw ]c-p-p-v. arK--fn Iph-cp B{mIvkv (Anthrax), sXn
km[m-c-W-bmbn ImWp a-cn, hmgI-fn ImWp Iq-Sv... Ch-sbmw
Xs kqva-Po-hn-I-fpsS krn-bm-Wv.
CsXmw tIv Cu Ipp-Iq-p-Im Zpm-cm-sWv Icp-X-t. BsI ImWp
tImSm- \ p- t ImSn kqv a - P o- h n- I - f n
sNdnsbmcp iX- a m\w am{X- a mWv
hnthjw AWn- b p- - h . _mnsbmw D]-Im-cn-I Xs. ans ê`q-bn-jvTX Iqm\pw sNSn-I-fpsS hf
Iqm-\pw \psS \nXy-Po-hn-X
- n Ch
Iqp-Im Xs.
-n-\p-sams amhv Acp shptm Ah ]nt-tv s]mn-hc

- p-Xv
\ Ghcpw IuXp-It- msS t\mmdp-v; kwi-bn-t-, Cu IuXpIw
km-\n-p-Xpw Cu Ipp-Ip-q-Im
Xs-bm-Wv. \mhn\v cpNn-tb-dp `W- ] - Z m- Dm- p- - X n- \ mbn
Ch I-s-Sp-tm, Ch-cn Nne hncpX-m CsXms \in-n-m-\p hnZybp-ambn cwKp hcm-dp-v. {_n
Ip-h-cp ]q-epw Am-dnse shm-S-bp-samw CXn-\p DZm-l-c-W-fm-Wv.
Ch-bp-m-p ]e tcmK-fpw amcI- Xs- b m- W v . `- W - n
\npw Dm-Ip-, t_mp-en-kw, kmaW-tem-knkv Fnh ac-Wn\p hsc ImcWw BIpp-v. sNdnb Pe-tZmjw
sXmv amcI tcmK- a mb
FbvUvkv hsc-bp-h
- b
- psS
]pd- I nepw Ch- c ns
Nne Xs. a\p-jy-cn
am{Xw HXpn \np-X Ch- b psS CS- s ]- S - e pI. arK--fn-epw, ]n-Ifnepw sNSn- I - f n- e p- s amw
Htc-t]mse kmn[yw Adnbn-p-h
- c
- mWv Ch-sc-mw.
AXp-sImv Chsc khhym- ] n- I Fp Xs
hnti-jn-n-m-hp--Xm-Wv,
av, Pew, hmbp, `qan Fns\ Fhn-sSbpw Ch-bpv. Fn-\-[n-Iw, ap Poh2016
BKv 1
77
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
tUm. sI ]n Ac-hn-
Cu tem-I-v \--fpw a-p arK--fpw sN-Sn-I-fpw H-s A-msX Bpw ImWm I-gn-bm- ]e-cpw D-s-v a-\pjy ]-t hn-iz-knp t]m-p. `q-X
- ,
t{]-X-, ]n-im-NpI, am-em-J-I Fn--s\ \-s t{Zmln-p-I-bpw k-lmkqva-Po-hn-I-sf-p-dnv bn- p- I - b pw H- s
BZy-ambn ]Tn teh
sN-p- ]-e-cpw. Flp-ns\ ASp--Xmbn
\apv ]cn-Nb
- s
- -Smw.
m, C-hs
- cm-s aAt-l-s-p-dnv
\p-jy-s `m-h\
- b
- n
\tmSv ]d-bp-Xv Cy
DS
s
eS
p
hcmsWIukn t^m saUnv C-v \-ap-v A-dn dnknse Fandnkv imkv{X-\
- mb
bmw. A-Xm-b-Xv \-tUm.sI ]n Ac-hn-
sf t]-Sn-n-m-\pw cama\m-W.v
kn-n-m-\pw H-sbm-bn D-m-n-sb-Sp- Ip-td IY-I.
F-m C-sXm-p-a-m-sX, \p-sS I-p-Iv Im-Wm I-
k-dnb
Pmk
gn-bm- H-t-sd Po-hn-I D-s--Xm-Wv

k-Xyw. sh-dpw I-Y-I-f-; i-cn-p-ap--h.
A-h `q-an-bn-se-m-bn-S-pw D-v. I-c-bnepw I-S-en-epw hm-bp-hn-epw F-p th-
\-p-sS i-co-c-n-\-I-p t]m-epw A-hcp-v. \-ap--h-sc Im-Wm I-gn-bm--Xv
A-h h-f-sc h-f-sc sN-dn-b-Xm-b-Xp sImm-Wv.
H-cp sekn-eq-sS ]-{X-n-se sN-dn-b
8
8
tdm_v lppw kpva Zin-\nbpw
kqva Zin-\nbneqsS I t]\pw tImpw
A--c- t\m-n-bn-p-tm? A-h hep-Xm-bn Im-Wm-dn-t? A-Xp-t]m-se sN-dnb h-kv-Xp--sf h-ep-Xm-n Im-Wn-p-
D-]I
- c
- W
-
- f
- m-Wv ssa-t{Im-kvt- Im-p-I.
h-f-sc h-f-sc sN-dp-Xm-b-Xp sIm-v km[m-c-W-bm-bn \-ap-v Im-Wm I-gn-bm-
km-[\
-
- f
- pw ssa-t{Im-ktv- Im-n-eq-sS t\mp-tm Im-Wm I-gn-bp-p. H-n-e-[nIw sekp-I D-]-tbm-Kn-v D-m-p-h-bm-Wv- tIm-u-v ssa-t{Im-kv-tIm-
I--S D-m-p- U-p-Im-cm-b k-dn-b Pmk-\pw A-t-l-n-s ]n-Xmhpw B-Wv- B-Zy-s tIm-u-v ssat{Im-kv-tIm-v D-m-n-b-Xv; 1590 B-bncp-p A-Xv. A-Xp sh-v h-kv-Xp--sf
HXv C-c-n h-ep--n Im-Wm-am-bn-cpp. H-cp hn-t\m-Z D-]-I-c-Ww F- co-Xnbn am-{X-ta A-Xv A-h t]m-epw I-pq.
tdm-_v lq-v h-f-sc A-dn-b-s-Sp H-cp Cw-Kv-fo-jv im-kv-{X B-bn-cpp. ]Xn-t\gmw \q-m-n A-t-lw D-]tbm-Kn- ssa-t{Im-kv-tIm-n-\v- 50 C-c-n hsc h-ep-Xm-n Im-Wn-m\p- I-gn-hv Dm-bn-cp-p. ]-e X-cw sN-dn-b h-kv-Xp-sf `w-Kn-bm-bn h-c- H-cp ]p-kv-X-Iw A-tlw ]p-d-n-d-n; ssa-t{Im-{Km-^n-b F-
t]-cn. A-m-e-s G--hpw hn--gn-s- im-kv-{X]p-kv-X-Iw B-bn-cp-p AXv. X-e-bn-se t]-\pw t\a-bm-bn ap-dn-
tImpw B -]p-kv-X-I-n Im-Wn-ncp-p. tImn Im-Wp- sN-dn-b Ad-I
- v A-t-lw "sk' F- t]-cv- \In. Po-h-\p- F-m h-kv-Xp--fpw sk-pI-fm \nan-X-am-sW-v C-v \-ap-v Adn-bmw.
lq-n-s ssa-t{Im-{Km-^n-b ]p-d-n-dn-b-Xn-\p ti-j-am-Wv- 70 ap-X 250 a-Sp h-sc h-ep-Xm-m I-gn-hp- ssat{Im-kvt- Im-p-If
- p-am-bn H-cm cw-K
- p hcp--Xv. A-Wn t^m
eo-shlq-v F- H-cp
km-[m-c-W U-p-Im-c.
1632 C- - s s\Xem-Uvkn-se sU^v-
eohlq-v
p-I. \n-f
- p-sS kvI
- q-fn Xo--bm-bpw
Im-Wpw. So--tdm-Sp ]-d-bq A-h-bn-eq-sS
\-ap-p Im-Wm I-gn-bm- A-p-X-sfm-s Im-Wn-p X-cm.
2016
BKv 1
99
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
Bc-hnsS!!!
RtfmSv tNmZn-msX
_mIvSo-cn-b--sf-n
I-v {]-kn-o-I-cnXmcm??
vk
- n P-\n- eo-shlq-v
I-n-fn Xp-Wn-bp-am-bn _-s- Hcp I-S \-S-p-I-bpw
a-v Nn-e sN-dn-b hym-]m-c \-S-p-I-bpw sN-p H-cp km-[m-cW
-
- m-c\
- m-bn-cp-p. Atl-n\v kv-Iq hn-Zym-`ym-kw am-{X-ta Dm-bn-cp-p-q. eo-shlq-n-s hnt\m-Zw ssa-t{Im-kv-tIm-p-I D-m-pI F--Xm-bn-cp-p. H- sekv D- knn ssa-t{Im-kv-tIm-p-I B-bn-cp-p
Ah. Cu sekp-I h-f-sc sN-dn-b
tKm-fm-Ir-Xn-bn D--h-bm-bn-cp-p. ImWm D-t-in-p- h-kv-Xp--fp-sS h-fsc A-Sp-p ]n-Sn-v hn-j-an-v t\m--Ww.
C-sXm-s-bm-sW-n-epw A-p--Xn
sh-v anI--h-bm-bn-cpp Cu sIm-p
ssa-t{Im-kv-tIm-p-I.
sNdnb hkvXp-sf hep-Xm-bn-mWm am{X-a eohlpv Cu D]-IcWw D]-tbm-Kn--Xv. {]tXy-Inv Hpw
ImWm CS--fn Fs-nepw Hfnn-cn-ptm Fv At\z-jn-m\pw
Atlw Cu D]-I-cWw D]-tbm-Kn-p.
CXmWv At- l s temI- nse
Fm-e-tbpw anI imkv{X-Im-cm-cn Hcm-fm-n-b-Xv.
ssat{Im-kvtIm-n-eqsS I \n-c-h[n ]-Zm--sf-bpw Po-hn-Isf-bpw hc-v
hn-h-c-W--tfm-Sp
Iq-Sn
eohlpv Cw--n-se tdm-b skmssk-n-v A-b-psIm-Sp-p sIm-ncp-p. tdm-b skm-ssk-n A--s

Im-e-v tem-I-n-ep- G--hpw _-lpam-\n--s-Sp- im-kv-{X m-]-\-am-bncp-p. B-Zyw A-km-[m-c-W-sa-v tXmn-sb-n-epw skm-ssk-n eo-shlq-ns ]-e I-p-I-fpw {]-kn-o-I-cn-p.
1676 tdm-b skm-ssk-n-v eoshlq-n-s H-cp I-p e-`n-p. AXp Xp- S - p- - X v C- - s \- b m- b n- c p- p.
"ssat{Im-kvtIm-n-eqsS Rm ag-sh-n Nne kqva-Po-hn-Isf Ip.'
A-p-Xw A-Xm-bn-cp-n-. kzm-Umw
F- U-v im-kv-{X- \ncon-
G--hpw sN-dn-b PohnItf-m ]-Xn\m-bn-cw a-S-v sN-dp-Xm-Wv- eohlpv
I- Po-hn-I! kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw tdmb skm-ssk-n-bn D--hv C-Xv
hn-iz-kn-m _p-n-ap-m-bn-cp-p. {]tXy-In-v F-gp-Xp- B-fn-\v- A-{X hnZym-`ym-ksam-pw C- F- A-h-bn.
{]-kn- im-kv-{X-RvP-\m-b Ir-kv-Xnbm lm-sKkn-s\ t]m-ep--h, Ahv eo-shlq-v I- Po-hn-I-sf
Im-Wm I-gn-n-s-pw C-Xv A-t-ln-s tXm- am-{X-am-sW-pw Adn-bn-p. ]-t, C-hn-sS-bm-Wv- im-kv-{X-
10
10
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
n-s co-Xn-bp-sS {]-[m-\yw h-cp--Xv.

B-cp ]-d-bp-p F--X- k-bkn
{]-[m-\w. F-p ]-d-bp-p F-pw ]-dbp--Xv i-cn-bm-tWm F-p-am-Wv-. h-fsc th-Kw X-s a-p Nn-e eo-shlqv I- Po-hn-I-sf A-tX t]m-se ImWm {i-an-p-I-bpw A-Xn hn-P-bn-pI-bpw sN-bv-Xp. 1677 eo-hlq-v _mo-cn-b--sf ]-n F-gp-Xn-b I-v tdmb skm-ssk-n {]-kn-o-I-cn-p. XpSv t{]m- t m- t km- h - I sf ]- n- b p- Xpw. ]p-cp-j-_o-P- a-\p-jy-\n-epw ]e ar-K--fn-epw B-Zy-am-bn I--Xv eoshlq-v B-bn-cp-p.
Ip-f-n \n-v H-cp Xp-n sh-sa-Sp-v ssa-t{Im-kv-tIm-n-eq-sS ]-cntim-[n-m, A-Xn F-{Xam-{Xw A-pX- P o- h n- I - s f Im- W m- \ m- h p- s a- v \n-
2016
BKv 1
sm-s kv-Iq-fn-se ssa-t{Im-kvtIm-v D-]-tbm-Kn-v ]-co-n-p t\m-mhp--Xm-Wv-. A-ao-_, bqo-\, ]m-c-aokyw, tdm-n-s^-d F-n--s\ ]-e hn[w. C-h-sb-mw ap-q-dn-te-sd hjw
ap]v B-Zy-am-bn tem-I-n-\p Im-Wnp tIm-Sp--Xv eo-shlq-v B-bncp-p. A-t-lw B-Zy-am-bn I- _mo-cn-b--fn Nn-e-Xv a-\p-jy-\n tcmK- D-m-p-hbmsW-v ]n-oSm-Wv- \-ap-v a-\n-em-b-Xv. C-tX XpSv tcm-Kw am-m ]-p- Bn-_tbm-n-v Hu-j-[--fpw tcm-Kw h-cmXn-cn-m D- hm-Iv-ko-\p-I-fp-sam-s
I-p]n-Sn--s-p. C-Xn-s\m-s \-apv eo-shlq-n-t\m-Sv \-n ]-d-tbt? sIm-Sp-mw \-ap-v B U-p-Imc-\v- H-cp h-en-b k-eyq-v!
11
11
sI ]mqn
temIw cpv; kqvat- emIhpw qe-tem-I-hpw. qetemIw \msa-tmgpw Ip-sImn-cn-p--Xm-Wv. shdpw IpsImv ImWm Ign-bm-{X
sNdnb hkvXp-fpw Pohn-Ifpw
tN-XmWv kqva-tem-Iw.
kqva-tem-I-s-n ]v
a\p-jy\v Hpw Adn-bp-am-bn-cpn- . hmbp Ds- - d nbmw;
]t, AXn-se-sm-s-bm-WpXv F-dn-bn-. hkvXp-sf
apdnv sNdp- X mn, ]ntw
]ntw apdnv sNdpXmn As\
t]mbm F{X hsc
t]mIm ]pw?
Bw BIpw hsc
Fv
{]mNo\
{Kop- I m. IWw
hsc Fv {]mNo\
Cy-m. ]t,
ssat{Im-kvtIm-p-I-fpsS AsXms shdpw
Dulw Bbn-cp-p.
klm-bt- m-sStb
\apv kqvaP
- o-hn-Isf Bcpw AsXmpw
ImWm Ign-bq, At?
Atm ssat{Im-kvtIm- In-cp-n-.
Bfp-I tcmKw
n-s\-p-dnpw Nne Imcy a\-n-em-mw. Nncp-X- hp
acn- pI
p-n-bpsS amjns\
Ap
khkm-[m-c]mq-n-am-jn-s\ ]cnN-bs-Sp-t Bh-iy-an-t- m. W-am-bn-cp-p. ssZhtIm]w sImtm
]nim-Np--fpsSbpw ZptZ-h-X-Ifp- s Sbpw D]- { Zhw sImtm
BWv tcmKw hcp-Xv Fm-Wh hniz-kn--Xv.
Cn- t m \- d nbmw
an tcmK-pw ImcWw tcmKm-Wp- f m- W v (lr- t {Zm- K hpw {`mpw {]talhpw CXn s]Sn tItm). Ah icoc-n {]th-inv s]cp-Ip-tm-gmWv a\pjy tcmKn-bm-hp--Xv. tcmKm-Wp-sf
kqvaZ- in-\n-I D]-tbm-Knv t\cn-tm,
t^mtm FSptm ImWm Ign-bpw.
km[m-cW {]Im-inI kqvaZ- in-\n-I,
Ce-Ivt{Sm kqvaZ- in-\n-I, BtmanIv _ow kqva-Zin-\n-I, kvIm\nwKv
SW-enwKv kqva-Zin-\n-I... Cs\
F{Xtbm Xcw kqva-Zin-\n-I Cpv. tcmKm-Wp-sf ImWp-Ibpw AhbpsS khn- t i- j - X - I ]Tn- p- I bpw
sNbvX-tXm-sS-bmWv Ahsb ico-c-n
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww:
kNo{ Imd-Up
12
12
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
F
F
{]th-in-msX XS-bm\pw {]th-in-h

- sc
\in- n- m- \ p Huj- [ - \nanm\pw a\p-jy\p Ign--Xv.
tImshIvkv sekv
F Ap-X-hkvXp
Cv Ghpw IqSp-X D]-tbm-K-nep- f - f Xv km[m- c W {]Imiw sImv
{]hn-p kqva-Zin-\n-I-fmWv.
hkvXp-sf ]tm \qtdm Bbnctam
Ccn hep-
- n ImWn-m Chbvv
Ign-bpw. Ch-bnse {][m\ LSIw ctm
AXn-e-[n-Itam tImshIvkv sekpI-fm-Wv.
tImshIvkv sekv ImWm--hcp-m-In-. Fm Iyma-dI
- f
- p-sSbpw aphip Xs AXp-v. ssIt\m-
- m-cpsS
Inepw Dm-bn-cn-pw. ssItc-J-Isf
hep-XmnmWn-v, hmbn-p--Xmbn
\Sn-v, `mhn {]h-Nnv \sf ]n-m.
hrm-Ir-Xn-bn, a[y-`m-K-tbvp
hcpw tXmdpw I\w IqSn-h-cp-, s\-ns cq]-ap kv^SnIw (m-kv) BWv
sekv. sNdp-Xm-sW-n apXn-c-bpsS
cq]-am-sWp ]d-bmw. apXn-cbvv emn
`mj-bn "sen' FmWv ]d-bp-I.
AXn \nmWv sekv F t]cp h-
Xv. \Spth apdn-m apdn-`mKw Nn{X-n

ImWpw-t]m-en-cn-pw.
sekn-eqsS Hcp {]Im-i_ow IS-nhn-m adp-h-iv AXv Hcp _np-hn
Hp-tNv hopw AI-p-t]m-Ip-Xp
ImWmw. Cs\ Hp-tN-cp (kw-{hPn- p- ) _np- h ns\ sekns
t^mkv (F) Fp ]d-bpw. saen
sekns t^mkv Zqsc Bbn-cn-pw.
IpS- h - b - d - m- c p- t SXv
ASp- pw.
sekns \Sp-p-\nv t^m-n-tep Zqc-amWv t^mZqcw (f).
sekn- s bpw t^m- n- s bpw
CSbvv Hcp hkvXp sh tijw adp-hip \nv t\mn-bm hkvXp-hns
"hepXpw Xe- X n- c n- - X p- a mb' {]Xn_nw_w \apv ImWm ]pw. Atm
B sekns\ Hcp "eLp kqv a -
Zin\n' (simple microscope) Fp hnfnbvmw. XSn sekv D]-tbm-Kn-m

\qtdm Ccp-\qtdm Ccn hsc hep-
- n
{]Xn-_nw_w ImWm Ign-bpw.
Bcm-WmZyw sekp-m-n-bXv?
Bpw Adn-bn-. {]IrXn Xs
Dm-n-sbpw Bn-Sb
-
- m Is-nsb-p-amWv Dulw. An]h-X-kvt^m-S\w \S-ptm Nne-tm knen
AS-nb ]mdbpw Npmp-Ipw tNv Dcp-Im-\n-
2016
BKv 1
13
13
S-bm-Ipw. AXv emh-bmbn

HgpIn Dd- b vp- t m
kv^Sn- I - a mbn amdpw.
AXn
Nne- X n\v
sekns cq]-ap-m-Ipw. Ah ImWm\n-S-bmb Bn-S-b AsXmcp IuXp-I-hkvXp-hmbn sNdnb hkvXp-sf hepXmn ImWn-m D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-p
FmWv IY. t\tcm Ftm? Cv
\apv hy-am-b-dn-bm-hp Ghpw ]g-ap sekv Ako-dn-bb
- n (C-dm-v)
\nv Is-nb \nwdpZv sekv BWv.
308 sko-ao h-ep--ap-ff AXv \nanXv 2750 Hmfw sImw apm-Wv. Ccw
henb sekp-I kqcy\p t\sc ]nSnm, kqcys NqSpw {]Im- i hpw
t^m- n tI{o- I - c n- p- s apw
hkvXp-sf In-m AXn\p Ign-bpsapw CuPn-]vXp-Impw Ako-dn-bmpw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-p.
Ch- c n- e m- s c- nepw tImshIv k v
sekns\ Hcp eLp kqva-Zin-\nbmbn D]-tbm-Kn-n-cptm F-dn-bn-.
Fm {Kokn kzWw sImpw
apw Ae-m-ch
- k
- vXp- Dm-p-h
-
Ahsb hep-Xmbn ImWm sekv D]tbm-Kn-n-cpp Fv tcJ-I ]d-bp-p.
A l Fv bqtdm-]y hnfn-
p C_v A lbvXm-an-s\-pdnv \n tIn-p-m-Ip-at- m. 9651040

Imev Cdmn Pohn-n-cp Hcp
henb imkv{X-\
- m-bn-cpp At-lw.
At-l-ns "InXm_v A a\m-kn'
({]Im-i-ns ]pkvX-Iw) F {Kn cv tImshIvkv sekp-I
At\ym\yw Hcp {]tXyI AI-e-n
shv t\mn-bm sNdnb hkvXp-sf
hep-Xmbn ImWm-sapw asm-cI
- e
-
- n
shp t\mn-bm Zqsc-bp hkvXpsf ASpp hep-Xmbn ImWm-sapw
hnh- c n- p- p- v . kqv a - Z in- \ n- b psSbpw Zqc-Zin-\n-bp-sSbpw Xz-amWv
CsX-nepw Atlw Ah \nan-n-cptm
F-dn-bn-.
aqp \qmv Ignv InXm_v A
a\m-kndns emn ]cn-`mj bqtdm-n
Dm-bn. imkv{X-cw-Kv Hcp henb
IpXn- p- N m- - n- t ev AXp \bn- p.
sesjbpw ]noSv Keo-en-tbmbpw
BZys sSen-kvtIm-p-I \nan-p.
AXn\p apv , 1575 s\Xe- n
lmkv Pmk\pw aI k-dn-bmkv
Pmk\pw tNv BZys kwbp
kqvaZ- in\n (H-n-tesd sekp-I
tN kqva-Zin-\n) Dm-n. Cwn tdm_v lqv (\yq-s ka-Imen-I) kqvaZ- in\n Dm-pI am{Xa-, "ssat{Im-{Km-^nb' F {Khpw
cNn-p. I\w Ipdp sNn-sb-Sp
tImv Ij-W-sf lqv \nco-nv, I ImgvN IS-em-kn hc-p-sh-p.
]e ]e Ad-I t]mse ImW-s--XpsImv Ahsb "sk' Fp hnfn-p.
Av samWm-d- n-If
- n IrkvXy ]mXncn-am Xma-kn-n-cp sImp apdn-I-sfbmWv skp-I Fp hnfn-n-cp--Xv.
AtX cq]w tXmn- b - X p- s Im- mWv
lqv tImn I cq]--sfbpw
sk Fp hnfn--Xv. Ctm kky-fp-sSbpw Pohn-If
- p-sSbpw tImi-sf
sk Fp hnfn-p-tm tdm_v
lqn-t\m-SmWv \mw IS-s-n-cn-p--Xv.
14
14
Fw KoXm-RvPen
a\p-jyv
D]-Im-cn-If
- m-bh
- b
- mWv
kqvaP
- o-hn-If
- n-e[
- n-Ih
- pw.
Fsms D]-Im-c--fmWh \apv sNp--Xv ?
D]-{Z-h--tfm? imkv{Xm[ym-]n-I-bm-bn-cp KoXmRvPentn ]d-bp-Xv
tIq.
2016
BKv 1
ag-mew XpS-n. C\n ]I-\n-I-fpsS hc-hm-bn. Pe-tZm-jw, Npa,

^vfq, sshd ôh, sUn--\n,
NnpKp-\nb Cs\ t]mIpp
\osmcp env. IqsS-s hb-dnf---fpsS asmcp \nc tImf-d,
Unk-dn, Utb-dn-b. Cu Akp-Jsmw Imc-W-m-cmb sshdkp- I - t fbpw _mo- c n- b - t fbpw
Ah ]c-p sImXp-Ip-I-tfbpw
Cu-I-tfbpw Fmw \ i]nm XpS- pw. C{X I- mSv
Xcp Pohn-Isf `qap-Jv Fn\mWv {]IrXn krn-p-hn-Sp-Xv
Fv Ap-Xs
- -Spw. sshd-kv, _mocnb Fsmw tIp-tmtg Hcp]mSv ]I-hym-[n-If
- mWv \psS a\n-tev Xn hcn-I.
15
15
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww: kXojv
Akp- J - - f p- m- h m
Imc-W-m-cm-Ipp _mocnb t]mep ssat{Im-_pI Fp Icp- X n, Fm
kqvaP
- o-hn-Ifpw \apv D]-{Zhw am{Xta
Dm-p-pq Fsm-cn-epw Icp-Xcp-Xv. hmkvXh
-
- n C{Xbpw henb Afhn-ep ssat{Im-_p-I-fn A[n-Ihpw
a\p-jy\v D]-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv. Ah-cn-msX
\apv `qan-bn \ne-\nt C FXmWv kXyw. GsXmw Xc-n Ah
\s klm-bn-pp Fsmv ]cn-tim[n-mw.
1) an-ep t]mj-I-L-S-I--sfbpw
[mXp-e-h-W--sfbpw kky--fn-tev
Fn- p- Xv an- e p hnhn[
ssat{Im-_p-I-fm-Wv.
2) `qan-bnse Ghpw henb ipNo-I-
t{]mtm-tkmh
3) Pe-n Aen-p-tNtXm
AmsX sNdpIWn-II
- f
- mbn ]qW-ambn
ebn-m-sXtbm InS-p amen-\y-sf
\ow sNbvXv Pew ipo-Ic
- n-p-X
- n\v
]e ssat{Im-_p-I-sfbpw \mw D]-tbmKn-p-p.
4) DutPmm- Z \ {]{In- b - b mWv
asm-v. _tbm-Kymkv dnbm--dp-I-fn
aotXbv Dm- Z - \ - n\pw s^satj {]{In- b - b n- e qsS CssX
B-tlm Dm-Zn-n-p--Xn\pw
hen-b-tXm-Xn \mw ssat{Im-_p-Isf
B{i-bn-p-p.
5) hymh-km-bn-Im-Sn-m-\-n henb- t Xm- X n ]e cmk- ] - Z m- fpw
Fssk-ap-Ifpw _tbm Bohv Xm{X-Ifpw Dm-Zn-n-p-X
- n\v _mo-cn-b,
^wK-kp-I Fn-hsb D]-tbm-Kn-pp. DZm-l-c-W-n\v Cu ssat{Im-_pIsf D]-tbm-Knv Ak-nIv Bkn-Uv,
_yqn-dnIv Bkn-Uv, emIvnIv Bkn-Uv,
kn{SnIv BknUv Fnh Dm-Zn-n-pp-v. cw I-]n-Sn-p--Xn\pw I-]nSn-m-Xn-cn-p-X
- n\pw thsd thsd cmk]-Zm- BsK-I-fn \np-mp-p. hb-dn-f--n-\p acp-p-Ifpw
hb-nse hnc If-bp--Xn-\p acp-pIfpw ssat{Im-_p-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-p-mp-p.
6) _tbm-sS-Ivt\m-fPn, _tbm-sI-ankv{Sn, P\-n-Ivkv, tamfn-p-em _tbm-
cW {]h-Ic
- mWv ssat{Im-_p-I. ]eXcw _mo-cn-b-fpw t{]mtm-tkm-hIfpw ^wK-p-Ifpw BK-Ifpw arX-amb
kky--P-p-Pm-e-sf PoWn-n-p-Xn\v klm-bn-p-p (decomposers). {]IrXn-bn ssPh-am-en-\y- Ipp-Iq-SmsX
AgpIn PoWnv an Iev t]mIpXv Cu kqva-Po-hn-I Ah Xnp
t]mIp--Xp-sImp am{X-am-Wv.
16
16
fPn, ssat{Im- _ - t bm- f Pn XpS- nb

imkv{X-im-J-I-fn-semw ]T\w \S-p-Xn\v Ghpw ASn-m-\]
- c
- a
- mbn \mw
D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv kqvaP
- o-hn-Is
- f-bm-W.v
7) ^wKkv hn`m-K
- ns bov D]tbm-Kn-mWv ssh t]mep ]m\o-b Dm-m ]g-sf ]pfn-n-p-Xv. t_-dn-If
- n ]e-lm-c
- Dm-p-Xn-\v, Am-dp-I \nan-p-X
- n-\v, ]e
`y-h-kvXp--sfbpw kwkvI-cn-s-Spp- - X n\v Fmw bov t]mep
ssat{Im-_p-Isf D]-tbm-Kn-p-p-v.
8) \psS Zl-t\-{n-b-hyq-l-n-\pn Pohn-p _mo-cnb Zl-\
- n
henb ]v hln-p-p-v. t^mfnIv
Bkn-Up-t]m-ep hnm-an-\p-I \psS
ico-c-n-\p-ns Dm-Zn-n-p- X n\pw Zln- m _pn- a p- p
koW-amb A-P-sf (carbohydrates) s^sa v sNbvXv thsd cmk
kwbp- - - f m- p- - X n- \ p- s amw Cu
_mo-cnb klm-bn-p-p-v.
9) \psS Bhm- k - h y- h - - b n
ssat{Im-_p-Iv henb Hcp [aw
Xs-bp-v. ssPh-h-kvXp-sf PoWnn-p--Xn-eqsS _mo-cn-b, ^wK-kv,
BsK XpS-nb ssat{Im-_p-I `qanbnse Im_ ss\{S-P HmIvknP N{I-sf \nb-{n-p-Ibpw kwXpe-\-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
10) sNdp Pe-Po-hn-If
- n an-Xn-sbpw
Blm- c - a mWv kqva- P o- h n- I - f mb
t{]mtmtkmh-I. Ch {]Ir-Xn-bnse
Blm-c-irw-J-e-bnse Ghpw BZys
In- X - s - s bp ]d- b mw. As\
Blm-c-irw-Je \nb-{n-p-sIm-p-t]mIp tPmen t{]mtm-tkmh-If
- mWv sNpXv Fp ]d-bmw.
11) ]e-Xcw ^wK-kp-Ifpw (DZm: IqWpI) BK-Ifpw a\p-jy `-W-ambn
D]- t bm- K n- p- p- v . hf- s c- b - [ nIw
t{]mo\pw Imt_m- ssl- t{U- p-Ifpw
sImgp-p-Ifpw (fats), hnm-an F, _n,
kn, C XpS-n-b-hbpw AS-n-bn-p
2016
BKv 1
17
17
BK-I a\p-jy\v \ Blm-ca

- m-Wv.
12) Ip-Im-en-Ipw ]n-Ipw
tImgn t]mep hfp-]
- n-Ipw
Xo-bmbn IS BK D]-tbm-Kn-pp-v.
13) ]e [mXp--fp-tSbpw \smcp
t{kmX- mWv BK- I . Nphv
BK-If
- n \nv t{_man\pw {_u
ISm-b-ep-I-fn \nv Ab-Un\pw
IqSmsX ap ]mb- e p- I - f n \nv
s]mmjpw thXn-cn-s-Sp-p-p-v.
14) iq\ym-Im-i-bm-{X-I-fn bm{Xmt]-S-I--fnse bm{X-m-cpsS Dzm-khm-bp-hnse Im_ Utbm-IvsskUv
Hgn-hm-p-X
- n\pw HmIvknP Dm- Z n- n- p- Xn\pw Nne {]tXy-I-Xcw
BK-I (chlorella
synococcus) D]- t bm- K n-
p- p- v . `- W - a mbpw Chsb
iq\ym-Im-ib
- m-{Xn-I D]-tbm-Kn-p-p.
15) sImXpIv Iqm- S n- I - f psS
hfsb XS- b p- - X n\v Nne- X cw
BK klm-bn-p-p. Ah ]pd-sSp-hn-p Nne tSmIvkn-\p-I Ipfnepw Agp- p- N m- e p- I - f n- e p- a p
Iqm-Sn-Isf hf-cm A\p-hZ- n-msX
XS-bp-p. CXv \apv KpW-am-Wv.
kqvaP
- o-hn-Is
- f-smv \ap-p
D]-tbm-K- C\nbpw Fn-sbn
]d-bm-\p-v. D]-Imcw sNp-tm
Xs Nne ssat{Im-_p-I-sf-smv
\apv henb D]-{Z-h-hp-ap-v. Nne-sXnepw \apv Hv ]cn-tim-[n-mw.
1) ]e _mo-cn-bfpw ^wK-p-Ifpw
t{]mtm- t km- h - I fpw sshd- k p- I fpw
\apv ]I-hym-[n-I Dm-p-pv. tcmK-Im-c-W-m-cmb kqv-a-Po-hnIsf ]mtm- P - \ p- I (Pathogens)
Fp hnfn-p-p. \app ]cn-Nb
- a
- p
Nne t]cp-I ]d-bmw.
tKv, bw (TB), sS-\-kv, Un^vXocn-b, tImf-d, B{m-Ivkv, `y-hn-j_m-[, Zl-t\-{n-b-hyq-l-ns
hnhn[ `mK- - f n- e p- m- h p
Ak- d p- I , sKmtWm- d n- b ,
sa\n-RvssP-n-kv, Utb-dn-b,
\yqtam-Wn-b, Nne XzIvtcmK XpS- nb Akp- J v Imc- W - m
hyXykvX kv]ojo-kp-
I-fns _mo-cn-b-bm-Wv.
ae-\n (a-te-dn-b), a\p-jy-cnepw IpIm- e n- I - f nepw ImWp onv
knv\v (sleeping sickness), Aao-_nIv
Unk- d n XpS- n- b h Dm- pXv .
t{]mtm-tkmh hK-ns kqvaPo-hn-If
- m-Wv.
dnMvthw (h-s
- m-dn), lntm-m-kvtamknkv Fnh ^wK-kp-I-fmWv Dm-p-Xv.
sshd-kp-I Imc-W-m-cmb ]Ihym-[n-I-fmWv ^vfq, sbtm ôh, PetZm-jw, ]n-\
- n, ]n-\
- n, sUn-\
- n,
NnpKp-\n-b, sl]n-kv1, sl]nkv
2, sl-ss-nkv F, sl-ss-nkv _n,
t]mfntbm, Fv sF hn, Fv ]n hn,
FbvUvkv, apn-\ocv (mumps), dps_,
akq-cn, Nnt]m-Ivkv, aokkv, dm_okv, Ft_mf XpS-n-b-h.
]I- h ym- [ n- I v Imc- W - m
sImXptIm Cutbm Hp- a
Ftman--Ww. Imc-W-m tad kqva-Po-hn-I Xs. Ahsb
S
n-bps mbtm XpW
t] \-sf
w
m
sa n-. ?
c
Cu I t]mhp
an
S
hns
18
18
Hcm-fn \nv asm-cm-fn-tev ]c-p

]Wn-bmWv Cu, sImXp-Iv, t], Fen
XpS-nb ]e Pohn-Ifpw sNp--Xv.
hmbp- h n- e qsSbpw sh- neqsSbpw
`- W - n- e q- s Sbpw kv ] i- \ - n- e qsSbpw ssewKn- I - _ - - n- e q- s Sbpw
Hs tcmKm-Wp- ]c-p-p-v.
tcmK-v Imc-W-am-Ipp F-XmsX thsdbpw [mcmfw D]-{Z-h-
\apv Dm-p kqvaP
- o-hn-If
- p-v.
]g- , ]- - d n- I , `- W - ] Zm- Fnh tISp-h-cp-n--fbp ]q, ^wK-p-I-fm-Wv.
\psS ]e Irjn-Ifpw ^wK-p-I
ImcWw tcmKw hv \in-p-p-v. Aem-cs
- -Sn-It- fbpw ^wK-p-I B{I-anv
tcmK- Dm-p-p-v.
\psS XpWn-I-fnepw apw ImWp
"Icn-' F Idp sNdp Ipp-I
^wK-p-I-fm-Wv. Cu-tmsS XpWnI Iqn-sh-n-cp-m AXn ^wKkv
hfv s]cp-Ip--XmWv Icn-. AXv
XpWn-Isf \in-n-p-p, D]-tbm-Ki
- q-\yam-p-p.
Pem-i-b--fnse sh-n\v ]
\ndtam Nphp \ndtam Hs ImWp-ps-n AXv BKI \nd-X
- p-sIm-
m-Wv. ]e BK-Ifpw sh-n

ay- - f psSbpw ap Pe- P o- h n- I - f psSbpw \mi-n\p Imc-W-am-Ip-p.
]e kky-f
- p-sSbpw ac-f
- p-sSbpw
apI-fn hf-cp BK-I Ah-bn
\S-p {]Im-ik
- w-t-jW {]{In-bsb
XS--s-Sp-p-Ibpw Ahbvv henb
\miw Dm-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
Bkm-anepw apw ImWp Hcp-Xcw
BK tXbn-e-s-Sn-I-fn "sdUv dv
Hm^v So' F Hcp Akp-J-n\v ImcW-am-hp-p-v. Ahn-Ss Imn-s-Sn-Ifnepw Cu tcmKw ImWp-p. tXbne
Imn hyh-km-bs CXv hmsX _m[np-p.
Cs\ ]d-p-t]m-hp-Ib
- m-sW-n
ssat{Im-_p-I-sf-sm-p D]-{Z-hfpw Hcp-]mSv ]d-bm-\p-m-hpw. HcpImcyw Dd-m-Wv. Cu kqvaP
- o-hn-If
- mWv
`qan-bnse kIe Poh-Pm-e--fp-sSbpw
\ne-\nn-\v k-lm-bn-p-h
- . Pohn-temIv _pn- b p- ] - t bm- K nv Fpw
sNm Ign-bp i-cmWv a\p-jy
Fv \ hnNm-cn-p-tmgpw hn\-b]qhw Htmp-Xv \v Cu AXnkq-va-Po-hn-I Cs-n \apv `qanbn Pohn-mt\ Bhn-.
Bn-_-tbm-n-p-I
AkpJw h-tm tUm Bn-_-tbmnIv Ipdnp X-Xmbn ]ecpw ]d-bp-Xv tInp-m-hp-a-tm. FmWv Cu Bn-_-tbm-n-Iv?
Nne kqva-Po-hn-I Dm-Zn-n-p acp-pI-fmWv Bn-_-tbm-n-p-I Fv ]d-bmw.
_mo-cn-b
- , ^wK-kp-I Fn-hb
- n \npw
Bn-_-tbm-n-p-I e`n-p-p. Ch D]-tbmKn-mWv tcmK-Im-cn-I-fmb _mo-cn-b-I-tfbpw
apw \in-n-p--Xv. s]\n-kn-enbw s\mtw
F ]qn \npw \nan-p s]\nkn-en
F Huj[w Gsd {]kn--am-W-tm.
2016
BKv 1
19
19
kvIqfp-hn-p-h-m-ep-S
\-sfms sNp Hcp
]Wn-bp--tm. asm-p-a-.
\ XWp sh-nse
Ipfn-bm-WX
- v.
_n \npw IqSn-bX
- v
hnbv, IoSm-Wp- Fmsamw t]mbn. ico-c-nse
Agppw sagp- p- s amw
Hgp-In-tm-b-tm Hcm-izmkw. Ipfn Ign- b p- t m
Ahm-Ny-amb
kpJw sXmSp--
]n sI kp[n
Xp- t ]mse
tXmpw.
XWp ktmjw. Nnescms
IqSp- X
hrnv thn AWp-\min-\n-I tNsv AhIm-i-s-Sp tkmmhpw
D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xv.
hne-Iq-Sn-bXpw aW-ap-Xp-amb tkmp-]-tbmKnp Ipfn-npw Ipdp
Ign- b p- t m
Hp
hnbm \psS
kzm`mhnI
Kw
sXmenv XncnsI hcpw.
iv... iv... kvt{] ASnnpw henb Imcy-an-.
aWw \psS ]g- b Xp
Xs. F{X kqnmepw
CsX- s\
XncnsI hcpp? AXns
Kpkv Fm-sW--dnbt?
sm! hnNm-cn--Xp-t]m-e-
Cu kqva-Po-hn-I.
\psS sXmen-p-dv
Xs Ds{X Ah. Ipdsm-p-a-; tImSn--Wn-\v. IuXp-I-I-c-amb
Cu Imcyw Ah-X-cn-n-pXv imkv{X-sagppImc-\mb ]n sI kp[nama\m-W.v
20
20
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
Hcp {Sny kqvam-Wp-

GI-tZiw Hc apX cp NXp-c{i-ao- hnkvXr-Xn-bp--XmWv a\p-jycpsS sXmen. AXn Hcp {Sny
kqvam-Wp- Xmh-f-a-Sn-n-cn-p-p.
AXm-bXv 1,000,000,000,000 (ew tImSn)
Fw kqva-Po-hn-I-fmWv \psS ]pdp-X
- v. _mo-cn-b, ^wK-kp-I, sshdkp-I Fn-hc
- mWv \psS ico-c
- ns
AXnn-bmb Xzn X-Sn-n-cn-p-Xv. sXmen AXn-i
- a
- mb Ih-Na
- m-Wv. Cu
aXns-p-X
- n-\m AWp-Po-hn-Iv
Dn-tev \pg-p-Ib
- d- m km[n-p-n. aXnp-ds ]mbepw ]epw amXncn Ah sXmen-bn ]n-q-Sn-bn-cn-p-p.
\psS sXmen-bpsS ]pdw-]m-fn-bmb
Fn-tUan-knepw aqSn-bpsS t^mfn-nfp-I-fn-ep-amWv Ch hkn-p--Xv. Bbn-ctmfw PmXn-bns-Sp _mo-cn-b

- fm-W-Xn apJyw. ^wK-kp-Ifpw sshdkp-Ifpw AXn\p ]pd-sa. F{X Xpc-nbmepw Ah t]mIn-. \ hne-bp
tkmp-sImv Ipfn-m-sempw Ahsc
HmSn-m km[n-n-. \psS icocw
\p- t SXp am{X- a Fm- i z- k n- pI
am{Xta \nhr-n-bp-q.
kam-[m-\n-m thn-bn-s\ IcpXmw. \psS sXmen-p-dv Hcp-Zym-\-apv. GXmv Bbn-ctmfw PmXn _mocn-b-, ]Xn-mep h-ns
^wK-kp-I Fnh Xnn \nd ImSv.
AXpw Npa-mWv \-fn-s\ \S-p-Xv. hm-smcp ]Wn Xs.
\psS ico-ca
- W
-
- n\p Imc-Wmcpw Cu AWp-Po-hn-If
- m-W.v Nne
_mo- c nb `mbn- I \psS
hnbns\ hnL- S n- n- p- p.
AXn \np- m- I p cmk- h kvXp--fmWv ico-c-n\v Kw
sImSp-p--Xv.
A- b psS Dn Hp- a - d nbmsX Npcpp InS B sNdnb
Ime-an-t. Atm am{X-am-bn-cpp
\apv \p-tS-Xmb Xzp-m-bncp--Xv. Ahbdn \npw NmSntm--tXmsS Ah B{I-aWw
XpS-n-bnt! \psS sXmen-bn
]n-qSn Xma-kn-m Cu kqvaPo-hn-I \ hcp-Xpw Imp-\n-p.
t]Sn-t, kl-Po-h-\hpw
ktlm-]-Im-cn-X-bp-amWv
Cu iey- Cs\ tap Ib-dnbn-cn-p-tm-sg-s
- \-bm-Wm kam-[m-\ambn Dd-p-Xv? Ah-sc-s-nepw kpJt-Sp-I-fp-m-n-bmtem?
A-s\-sbmpw IcpX-. Ch-cn an-t]cpw
\- f p- a mbn kl- h - k nm XpS-n-bXv C-
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww:
kXojv
2016
BKv 1
21
21
setbm Ctm A. a\p-jy-cp-ambn

\qmpIfpsS _-am-Wh
- b
- vp-X
- v.
Ah-cn an PmXn kqva-Po-hn-Ifpw
\ap-v D]-Im-cn-If
- m-Wv. \psS Npp-]mSp-If-- nse D]-Im-cn-I-fmb kqva-Po-hnIsfpdnv \n hmbn--Xm-W-tm.
A-Xp-t]mse sXmen-bnse an{X--fm-Wnh.
\psS sXmen-hm-kn-I-fmb _mo-cnbfn Nne-scms bmsXmcp tZmjhp-ap-m-msX sXmen-p-dv NpmsX
Xma-kn-p--tX-bp-q. Nne Xsf
B{I-an-m hcp ap _mo-cn-bsf AI-m Nne cmk-h-kvXp--fpm-m-dp-v. AXv \app IqSn KpWI-c-am-Wv. ImcWw A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fmb
_mo-cn-b
- \psS sXmensb B{Ian-m hcn--tm. h-tmgpw am{Xw
Ipfn-p--hsc kwc-n-p-Xv Cu
_mo-cn-b
- f
- m-Wv.
\fpw Cu kqva-Po-hn-I-fp-ambn
Hcp _-ap-sp a\-n-em-bn-t. Hcp
Ipg- - h p- a p- m- msX Ah- c - s\
\psS ]pdv Xma-kn-p-p. ChnsS
a\p-jy\pw _mo-cn-bbvpw ]c-kv]cw
KpW-hp-an- tZmj-hp-an-. Nne _mo-cnb- \apv KpWw Xcp-p-v. ]Icw
\-f-hsc Xma-kn-m-\p CSw-sImSpv kwc-n-p-p. Cs\ tZmj-fp-m-msX Hcp-anv Xma-kn-pIbpw As-n ]c-kv]cw Xmmbn
KpW- ]n-Sp-Ibpw sNp Pohn_-
- f
- mWv ktlm-]I
- m-cn-Xbpw klPo-h\
- h
- pw.
{]ta-lt- cm-Kn-I, hr Fn-hc

- psS
A\m-tcm-Ky-I-c-amb sXmen-bn-eqsS Chscms Nne-tm Dn-tev \pgp
Ib-dm-dpv. Nne-cpsS hnbn\v cqKw hcm-\p Imc-Whpw Cu A[n-\nth-i-m-cpsS ]Wn Imc-W-am-Wv.
B Xp-I-sf-hnsS?
Cu _mo-cn-b- Fhn-sS-sbm-sbmWv X-Sn-n-cn-p-Xv Fp t\mmw.
ico-c-nse DW-nb `mK-, \\-hpn-Sw, F-a-b-ap `mK- Fn-hn-S-fn-emWv Ah Xmh-f- tXSn-bn-cnp--Xv.
ssIIm-ep-I-fmWv Ftmgpw DW-nbn- c n- p `mKw. sXmen aS- p- I ,
kn-I-fpsS Dh-i-, amdn-Sw, hncep-I Fn-hn-S--fnse Cu-n
Xzv \nhm-k
n-I
]Xn-mep h -fmb
n`mK
^wK-p-Ifpw w
lmP-cpt..!
22
22
Nne Iqw-tN-cp-p. \psS Xe, Igpv, DS Fn-hn-S

- f
- n-emWv Ftmgpw
F-a-b-ap-v. AhnsS Ah-sc-m-Wmw.
Npcp-n--d-m kqva-Po-hn-I-fpsS
kmn- [ y- a n- m Hcnp t]mepw
\psS tZl-n-en-. \\-hp `mK-sfms hrn-bmn Xs kqn-Ww. Nne-PmXn Ipan-fp-I AhnsS Ibdn-- m-\p km[y-Xb
- p-ap-v. \mkm-c{- , sNhn, s]mn Fn-hn-S--fn
Ch Hfnp hkn-p Imcyhpw {inp-I.
Xzv \nhm- k n- I - f mbn ]Xn- mep
hn`mKw ^wK-p-I AYhm Ipan-fp-Ifp- v . bov , sUatmss^p- I ,
t\m sUa-tm-ss^-p-I Fn-hb
- mW-h. sNhn-bn-te-p Zzmcw, I]pcn-I-, Xe-bp-sSbpw sNhn-bp-sSbpw
]pd-Ip-h-i-, Imhn-c-ep-I Fn-
hn-S
- f
- n ASn-p-Iq-Sm-\mWv Ipanhn`m-K-m-cmb kqvam-Wp- C-sSp--Xv.
AWp-Po-hn-Isf hmsX `b-t
Imcy-an-. \psS sXmen-bn cmPymXnn-bnse amXncn henb kwLj-sfm-p-an-. Fm-bmepw cp-t\cw
Ipfn-p-Xv \-Xm-Wv. aqn-\p`mKw
sNhn-bp-sSbpw ico-c-n-sbpw aS-pI, CSp-p-I Fn-hn-S
- f
- nepw IqSpX {i sImSp--Ww. tZlw hrnbm-m apnb tkmv thW-sa-smp-an-. A[nIw tkmv ]X-n-npw
Imcy-an-sp a\-n-em-bn-t.
tkmn\pw kvt{]bvpw ]Ww Ifbp--Xn Imcy-an Fp Npcp-w.
Xzns\ Btcm-Ky-I-c-ambn kqn-m\m-h-iy-amb t]mj-I--fp `-WamWv Bh-iyw.
R Hcp-]w kqvaP
- o-hn-If
- m-Wv.
shdpw kqvaP
- o-hn-If
-
- . \ Hm-cw
Akp-J- Dm-p kqva-Po-hnI. km[m-c-W-bmbn Ip-h-cp PetZm-jhpw ]\nbpw sXmv \n-tf-hcpw
`b-s-Sp FbvUvkv, sl-ss-nkv
XpS-n-b-hbpw R Dm-p-Xp
Xs. Fm \n-fpsS sIm--cpXmbva sImp
Xs-bmWv
R \n-fn tcm-Kns hnp-I hnXbvp- - X v.
Hcp Xc-n-
]d-m \n Rsf Wnp-hc

- p-p-p. \nv Rsf AIn-\n-W-sa-n ipNn-Xzw ]ment
aXn-bm-Iq. ipNnXzw Cm A-co-n R Fen-I-tfbpw sImXp-IpI-tfbpw Iqp-]n-Snv \n-fn {]th-inpw. aen-\-amb Pew, av XpS-n-b-hbn \npw R \n-fn Fpw. Npcp-n-d-
m Rsf t]mep
hn IYm-]m-{X- \n-cn-In
Fm-Xn-cn-t-Xv \n Hmtcm-cp-cp-tSbpw IS-a-bm-Wv. CsXmw tIv
Rsf AmsS shdp-t, R-fpsS `qcn-`mKw
Iqp-Imcpw \nv D]Imcw sNp--h-cm-Wv.
kvt\l
2016
BKv 1
23
23
A\nX kn sI
bp-n ]cm-Pb
- s
- -p. ]mco-kn Xncns-p-tm tIhew 30,000 ssk\n-I
am{X- a mWv _mn- b m- b - X v . Ah- c n
Btcm-Ky-ap--h 1000 Xmsg am{Xw!
F-s\-bmWv s\tm-fn-bs tk\
]cm-P-b-s--Xv? Imc-W-ambn Ncn-{X-Im-cm Nqn-m-Wn-n-cp-Xv djy-bnse
i-amb ssk\yhpw Ahn-Ss AXni- - a mb XWppw BWv . Fm
s\tm- f n- b s\ tXmn- - X m- s c
bmYmyw ASp-nsSbmWv temIw
a\-n-em-n-b-Xv. F-s\-sbtm?
***
enXzm-\nb. bqtdm-nse Hcp sImp-
s\tm-fn-bs
- \-p-dnv \n
tIn- ptm? ]sm- Xmw
\qm-n bqtdm-n apgp-h
A[n-Imcw Dd-n AXn-i-\mb Hcp `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bncpp s\tm- f n- b t_mWmv. Akm-[y-ambn Hp-an
F-Xm-bn-cpp
At-l-ns
Imgv N - m- S v . 1812
s\tm-fn-b N{Ihn ssk\y-hpsamv djy Iog-Sm ]pd- s - p.
Bdv ew ssk\nI-cmWv tk\-bn
Dm-bn-cp-Xv! ]StemIs Iog-S-m
{ian s\tm-fn-b N{I- tbmw ]ptcm- K - a nhnsb Cn-cn-tm sh Ahn- S kqva-Po-hn-I ]cm-P-bbn \nv Nne
s-Sp-nb IY tIn-pssk\n-I tdmU-cntm? A[ym-]n-I-bmb
A\n-Xt- n \nmbn In-tev thv thv
B IY Ah-X-cn-n-p-I\S- p.
]ecpw
bm-Wn-hn-sS.
Xfv Ipgv
hoWv acn- p- p.
ssk\yw F-n IqSp-X
D-Xp-sIm-mhmw Bcpw AXv
Ku\n-msX aptmp IpXn-p.
]t, HSp-hn s\tm-fn-b
n...!
...! l p
n
...! l m
ln p-sI m
I m ] p -
m-W c
ImW
va -f-ms ...
q
k m
.
] -]-nt
Xd
24
24
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
cm-Py-am-W-Xv. 2001se Hcp {]`m-Xw. enXzm\n-bb

- psS Xe-m-\a
- mb hn\n-bk
- n
sSen- t ^m tI_n- f n- S p tPmen- b ntes-n-cn-p-I-bmWv sXmgn-em-fn-I.
FkvIt- h- D]-tbm-Knv av tImcn-sbSp-p-I-bm-Wv. CSbvv an shfp
\nd-n Ftm Hv. AsXmcp Xetbm-Sm-bn-cp-p. ]Wn XpSp. Hv...
cv... ]ns F-a An-Iq-S-
FkvI-th- ssII-fn Ipcpn!
Ncn-{X-ns sXmb tcJ-s-Sp-ep-Isf Xncp-p--Xn-\p-ff sXfn-hp-IfmWv Av FkvIt- h- ssII an\Sn-bn \npw henp ]pd-n--Xv. Cu
kXyw a\-n-em-n-bn-s
- -nepw kw`hw
P\-{i-b
- m-Ijn-p. hn\n-bk
- n ]cyth--W- \S-p. AhnsS
V BIr-Xn-bn-ep {SpI Is- n. cmbnctmfw ih-i-co-c Hnv ASw
sNbvXn-cpp Ahbn. ihico- c smw
Dm-bn-cp
hkv{Xm-hi
- n- - f n
\npw Ah
s\tm-fnbs ssk\n-I
Bbn- c pp FXn\v sXfn- h p- I fpw
Kth-j-I Is-n.
AtXm- s Smw sRnp Nne kXy-fpw
]pd-p-h-p.
s\tm-fn-bs
ssk\ys ]cm-P-bs-Sp-n-bXv djy
ssk\n- I - c ; djybnse ssiXy-hp-a.
AXn\p Imc-W-ambXv ssS^kv F
tcmK-am-bn-cpp!!
2016
BKv 1
25
25
CXn\p Imc-W-m-ct\m? Hcp kqvaPo-hn-bpw. kqva-Po-hn-bm-sW-nepw

In-bpsS t]cp-Xs Cncn ISp-amWv tItm. dns--knb s{]mhm-kmn (Rickettsia Prowazekii).
Ip-sImp ImWm ]m Chs\- s\ ]m- f - msc Xd- ] - np
Ft? t]\p- I hgn- b mWv Cu
kqvaP
- ohn ]m-f
- m-cpsS ico-c
- n
Ib-dn-- n-bX
- v. s]mXpsh hrn Ipd-h-cm-bn-cpp {^v `S-m. Ah Ipfnp-Xv h-tmgpw. s]mSnbpw hnbpw
]nb bq\nt^mw amp-Xv A]qhw.
t]msc-n th\m-e-hpw. t]\p-I
s]cp-Im thsdp thWw? IqSmsX
Iq-am-bp Xma-k-hpw. t] ssk\n-
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww:
kXojv
In-S-bn s]cp-In, ]c-p. sXmenbntem hkv{X-f

- ntem hogp Cu sNdpPo- h n- b psS Imjv T - n \npw Hcp
sNdnb t]md-en-eqsS t]mepw ssS^kv
AWp-hn\v ico-c
- n-\I
- t- v IS-m
{]bm-k-ap-m-bn-cp-n-.
ssk\n-I-cn ]epw AXn-I-Tn-\amb ]\n _m[n-p. ico-c-n Nph
XnWp-I {]Xy-s
- -p. Nne \oen
apJ-tmsS s]sv acn-p-ho-Wp. tcmKw
hen-b-tXm-Xn hym]n-tXmsS s\tm- f n- b \v
ssk\y-hp-ambn aS-tn- h - p. tamkvtIm
apX ]mcokv hsc "ih-fpsS ]mX' Ah-ti-
jn-n-p-sImv Hcp aS--bm{X!

dn---knb s{]mhm-kmn i\mb s\tm-fn-bs AXn-i--\mb
FXn-cm-fn. AtX, Ncn-{Xs amn-a-dn
Hcp kqva-Pohn!!
***
\psS \mnepw Hcp ]S-tbm-s
kqvaP
- o-hn-I ]cm-Pb
- s
- -Sp-n-bn-pv tItm. ]gb IY-bm-Wv. AY
Npcp-n--d-bmw...
sImn-cm-Pmhpw t]mp-Ko-kpImcpw Nm-
- n-em-bXv kmaqXncn cmPm- h ns\ sNmSn- n- p.
kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS B{I-a-W-n
sImn-cm-Pm-hn\v Hfn-tm-tSn
hp. Fm Xma- k nbmsX
t]mp-Ko-kp-Im sImn-cm-Pmhns\ knwlm-k\
-
- n hopw
Ah-tcm-[n-p.
Ip]n-X-\mb kmaq-Xncn 1504
htXm-Xn-ep ]S-\o--amWv
sImn-bn-tev \S-n-b-Xv. 250 I-epIfpw \mhn-Icpw ]ns 60000 t]c-Sp ImemS-bp-samw kmaq-Xn-cnbpsS ]-p-m-bn-cp-p.
t]mpKokp- I m- c psS bpX{n\p apn ]t, kmaq-Xn-cnv ]nSnp- \ nm Ign- n- . Ap- a mks t]mcm--n-s\m-Sp-hn kmaqXncn ]nhm-n. bp-n kmaq-Xn-cnbpsS 19000 `S-m acn-p. Xon-.
asmcp 13000 t] Av hnjq-NnI (tImf-d)_m[-aqew acn--Xm-bmWv Ncn{X
]pkvX-I-fn ]d-bp--Xv.
26
26
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww:
cmPohv F Sn
2016
BKv 1
27
27
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
C cmP
kqva- P o- h nIsfp-dnv CXn\Iw a\-n-em-nbtm At. Hnt\bpw t\cnv

ImWm Inn- .
Fm Ah-cpsS
{ ] h \ w
\apv Adn-bm-\mhpw. ]mev ssXcma\p-jysc am{X-a
hp-Xv Xs Hcpkqva-Po-hn-I klmZm-l-c-Ww. a\p-jybn-p-Xv; D]-{Z-hn-p-Xpw. kky-sf
\- S - - a p Ppkqva-Po-hn-I
-fp-ambn kqvaFs\ _m[n-pp
Po- h n- I ]e- X - c Fv hy-am-p-IbmWv kky-im-kv{Xn _-s-n-cnhn-ZKv[\
- mb cmPam-a.
p- p.
Ppv hcp
]e tcmK-pw kqva-Pohn-I-fmWv Imc-Ww. kky-fpsS Imcy- nepw Cs\
Xs.
sNdp-\m-c--bpsS apI-fn Xhn-p-\nd- n- Hcp AS- b mfw ImWm- d n- t .

CsXmcp tcmK-am-Wv. Hcn\w _mo-cn-bbm-Wv CXn\v ImcWw. ]--dn-I
Nop-t]m-Ip--Xv, Ipcp-ap-fIv hn
DW-n-tm-Ip--Xv, XpSn H-\-h[n
kky-tcm-K
- v ImcWw _mo-cn-b,
^wKkv t]mep kqvaP
- o-hn-If
- m-Wv.
kky--fpw kqva-Po-hn-I-fp-ambn
tcmKw Am IuXp-I-I-c-amb Nne
_--fp-v. ]c-kv]-cm-{in-X-Xz-amWv
AXv. AXn-s\-p-dnv hmbn-q.
A\m-_o\bpw Atkmfbpw
\psS s\h-b-ep-I-fn [mcm-fambn Ip-h-cp kky-amWv Atkmf. CXv Hcp ] hn`mKw kky-am-Wv.
]q-fn. Imb-Ifpw C. Pe-n
s]mn-n-S-p- kky-amWv. CXns
\of thcp-I Xmtgmv Xqn-n-Spw. Cu thcp- I fmWv Pe- n
s]mn- n- S - m klm- b n- p- Xv .
28
28
sNdn- b Xpw ]c- - X p- a mWv Ce- I .

CXns\ "hm shshv' (water velvet) Fp ]d-bm-dp-v. Cu Ce-I-fn
Nne-bn\w kbt\m _mo-cn-bI Xmak-am-pw. Ah ss\{S-Ps\ kzoI-cnv
Atkm-fbvv \Ipw. ss\{S-P kkyh-fbvv Bh-iy-amb t]mj-Ia
- m-Wv.
Atkmf kb-t\m-_m-o-cn-bbvv Xmakn-m ew \IpXns {]Xn-
2016
BKv 1
29
29
^-es
- av Iqn-tmfq. Ch-cpsS ]c-kv]cm-{in-XX
- zw Fs\? "A\m-_o\' (Anabaena) F kb-t\m-_m-o-cn-b-bmWv
Atkm-f-s-Sn-bn Ip-h-cp--Xv.
Cupw
kb-t\m-_m-o-cn-bbpw
Cuv Fv ]d-m Adn-bmtam?
\psS \mn [mcm- f - a p- m- b n- c p
kkyamWv . Ctm hf- s c- p- d t
ImWm-\p-q. Cuns Imb apfmWv
]pXp- k - k y- a p- m- I pXv. Ipn kkyw Dm-Ip-tms
km[m- c W thcpIv ]pdsa tImdtmbv U v thcp- I
(coralloid roots) F
{]tXy- I - X cw thcpI IqSn DmIp-p.
Cu thcp-Iv ]hng- p- ns BIr- X nbmWv. ans apI-fnte- mWv
tImdtembvUv thcp-I-fpsS
hf. CXn Nne
kb- t \m- _ m- o- c n- b I Xma-knv ss\{SPs\ kqn-p-p.
ss\{S-Ps\ Cun\v
\Ipw. Cum-sWn-tem, Xs {]tXyI
thcp-I-fn NmXn
Xma-kn-tms Fv
IcpXn Hpw sNn-.
t\mtmv (Nostoc)
F kb-t\m-_m-o-cnb- b mWv
Cuv
(cycas) ac- ns
thcn
km[m-cW-bmbn
ImWp-Xv.
sImSp- p- p. Chn- s Sbpw

kqva-Po-hnbpw kkyhpw
Xn-ep ]c-kv]c
- m-{in-XXzw
ImWmw. ssdtkm- _ nbw
hn`m- K - n- e p _mo- c nb- f mWv sXmmhm- S nbnse At-hm-kn-I.
CXp- t ]m- s e- X - s - b p
kl-Po-h-\-amWv ss]a-cns thcn ImWp
Nne- b n- \ w ^w- K - k p- I .
"ssatm-ssdk' F-dn-bs-Sp Cu _w asmcp
]c-kv]-cm-{i-b-n\v DZm-l-cWam-Wv. Hcm-fn-msX asbmv Pohn- m h
F Ah-.
]bdpw
_mo-cn-bbpw
,
]b- d p- h K- ns \nc- h [n
-fn n
q
kky-sf \ap-d- n-bmw. ]b, a[p] Ipf- w.
,
- p ?
c--b, _okv, ]m-Wn XpSn

S
fn
n
I
sXmmhmSn hsc \mw In-p-v. Imb mn o ]

]
s mW
Hcp
sXmmhmSn
]dnv
GX
t\mmtam? AXns thcp-I-fn
sImp sImp apg- I t]mse
ImWmw. Cu apg-Isf aqem_p-Z (Root nodules) Fp ]d-bpw. Hcn\w
_mo-cn-b
- f
- mWv CXn Xma-kw. Ch
ss\{S-Ps\ kzoI-cnv sNSnv \Ipw.
]I-c-ambn sXmmhmSn Xs thcp-Ifn Xma-kn-m kuIcyw sNbvXp
Adn-bnv
Cu ew kqva-Po-hn-I-sf-p-dn-p {]tXyI ]Xn-m-b-Xn-\m "tUm
Upen-nepw Nm-Xn-amcpw' t\mhepw "Hcp anm-{]m-Wn-bpsS \o-bm{X' Nn{XI-Ybpw Nne ]wn-Ifpw tNm Ign-n-n-. Ah ASp e-n
XpS-cp--Xm-Wv. kqva-Po-hn-I-sf-p-dnv Fgp-Xn-n-nb Fm cN-\-Ifpw Cu
e-n Ds-Sp-m Ign-n-n-. Ahbpw XpSe---fn {]Xo-nmw.
FUn-
30
30
kqvaP
- o-hn-Is
- f-p-dnv Ipdv Imcy hmbn--dn--tm. C\n \apv
sNdnb Hcp {]h-\-am-bm-tem?
Hcp IjWw {_Uv FSp-p-I. AXv
hon-\-Iv kuI-cy-{]-Z-amb Hcn-Sv
hbvW
- w. Ddp-v, ]m, XpS-n-bh
- b
- psS
D]-{Z-h-sampw Dm-Im hn[w Hcp
]m{Xw sImv ASv sh-Ww. {_Uv
Im DS AI-m-p sImXn-bmtcm sImXn-n-amtcm hon Bsc-nep-ap-s-n Ah-tcmSv \psS s{]mPn-s\-p-dnv ]d-bm\pw aSn--.
C\n \apv thXv \ Hcp sekmWv. BZy Znhkw Xs sekp-sImv

sdmnsb hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-tm-fq.
cmw Znhkhpw aqmw Znh-khpw \ncoWw XpStm-fq. Ggp-Zn-hkw hsc.
{_n Hmtcm Znh-khpw Fs-nepw
Xc-n-ep am- ImWp-p-s-n
AXv Hcp t\mp-_p-n FgpXn hbvWw. Iymad kqw sNbvXv t^mtm FSpp-I-bp-am-hmw. \n-fpsS \nco--W Hcp dntmmn FgpXn Xm-dmn
bpdo-bvv Ab-tm-fq.
]{X-apm-q...
Hcp mkv apdn.
Xnn-\n-dv
Ccn- p- I - b mWv
Ipn-I.
a\p-jy-p-n-If; kqva-Po-hnp-n-I. Ah
]Tn-p mmW-Xv. Fm, As\ kn-p-Iq-tS?
Cu mn \S- p kw`- h -
Fs-m-am-bn-cn-pw? Ah Ds-Spn
Hcp mkv ]{Xw Xm-dm-n-bmtem? ck2016
BKv 1
31
31
am-bn-cn-nt.
]{X-n\v Hcp t]cn-Sm ad--t.
A[nIw hen--sampw th. Hcp F 4
t]-dns cv ]pdw am{Xw.
\n Xm- d m- nb
]{Xw BKv 30\v apmbn
bpdo-bvv Ab-p-X-cq.
anI ]{X-n\v km-\w.
hn N{-_m_p
{_U
p-m-
]
m
e
sh
n \ p - - X n \
-bp-ap
n
pw
R m - p v ssXcpw
--Xn
k
-\p-sa
l
m
b
cpNn-
m
n
p
-p- s
n-d-n
-tm
v.
...
\ap-dn-bm ]e
{]hn-I-fpsS ]nnepw
kqva-Po-hn-I Dv.
GsX-m-am-WXv ? CXn-s\p-dnv \n-tfmSv ]d-bpXv BIm-i-hm-Wn-bn
{]hn-p
N{-_m_p ama-\m-Wv.
Ce Xntm
nam
Xn
R hv ]pfn-n tm...
-
-sfm-s
-bm p-Xv
Wv
hbdp \ndsb
Xn-bn-p--tm.
Cu Ign--sXms Zln-n-p-Xv
Rfpw IqSn-bm-sWv
h Hmabp-aptm?
Nn{Xo-I-cWw:
cmPohv F Sn
32
32
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
R-fn-m-bn-cp-s-n
Cu `qan-sbm-msI
Ft Hcp Nh-dp-Iq\
BIp-am-bn-cp-stm?
C\n s]mntm aqv!
sh-sam-gn-p--Xn\p apv
]d-b-s. shhpw hf-hp-sams
sNSn-Iv hen-s-Sp-m
]mI-n-em-p-Xv
R-fm-Wv.
amen-\y- s]cp-Ip-tm
R-fn Nne-cpsS Fhpw
s]cpIpw. AXmWv
]e tcmK-pw Imc-Ww.
AXv s]cp-ImsX t\m-t...
Atm...
ico-c-n apdnhv
]msX t\m-t.
apdnhv Im AhnsS
Ib-dn-qSn ]gpv
hcp-m R
{ian-sv hcpw.
!
m v v
v
ymk kwk yK
m
-i
n
b
_t -c- v Bh v
b
lm C n \n -ap-m pw.
-I
n-\y- Ah-b -I-hm-X v Ign-b
e
m
a -m ]mN
cn
\v
n
R
m
c
n
2016
BKv 1
33
33
34
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
a\p- j y AS- - a p PohnhK-n\v A]-ISw hcp-m

Ign- h p kqv a m- W p- h mb
_mo-cn-bbvv A]-ISw hcpm asmcp kqv a m- W phmb sshd-kn\v km[n-pw.
ISp-hsb ]nSn InSph
Hcm- f psS ssIsh- bn am{Xw D

kqva- P o- h n- I - f psS
Fw Abm-fpsS icoc-nse BsI tImi-fpsS 500 Ccn hsc
BWv.
"ssI'Imcyw
\hmkv hS-
- c
s- f
I
n
h
vaP- o p
d- np
kq
p
n
n
b
X{
v
i
n
k
AX ne im .
N X
y
k-
CXv ]epw
Adn-bn
shw Xnf-bvm th 100

Un{Kn NqSn-t\-m Db
Xm]- \ n- e - b n t]mepw Nne
kqva-Po-hn-I Pohn-pp.
NqtSmsS
C-hW Zqc-Zin-\n-bn
kqva-Po-hn-tem-Is
Nne hnti-j--fm-Wv.
tImgn-tmSv kh-I-emim-e-bn kqvaPo-hn-Isf-p-dnv ]Tn-p-sIm-ncn-p \hmkv ama
Fgp-Xn-bXv {in-q...
35
\n- f psS tXm- nse Hcp
kv]q an Bscms
hkn- pp
FmWv
\n hnNm-cn-p-Xv? 100
tImSn _mo-cn-b, Hcp en-e-[nIw ^wK-kv, 25000
Fw BK hK!
Atm!
k-Xn-Ww!
`qan-bn a\p-jycpw ap PpPm- e - fpw

izkn- p
HmIv k n- P s ]Ip- X n- b n- e - [ nIhpw Dm-Zn-n-p-Xv ISenepw Ic-bn-ep-ap kqvaPo-hn-If
- m-Wv.
henb
Imcyw
Bg--S-ense Db NqSnepw
aZ-nepw An-]h-X-ns
]pI- b nepw
Xm]- nepw
hmbpthm shfn-tam Cm
]cn-X
- n-Xn-bnepw Fmw kqvaPo-hn-I-fpsS kmn-[y-ap-v.
XqWnepw
Xpcp-nepw
hsc
kqvam-Wp-hmb sshd-kn\v Pohnm\pw s]cp-In-bp-m-Im\pw Poh\p ap tImi- \n_-am-Wv. AXv _mo-cn-b, ap PohtIm- i - , kky- t Im- i -
Fn-h-bn-semw km[y-am-Wv.
]mh-n\v
thsd hgn-bn
CXp-hsc Is-n-b-Xn Av iXam-\

- n Xmsg kqvaP
- o-hn-Itf A]I-SIm-cn-If
- m-bn-p-q. _mn-bp-X
- n
Nne- s Xmw D]- I m- c n- I fpw ap- - h sbmw \ncp-]-{Z-h-Im-cn-I-fp-am-Wv.
P\p
slen-tm-_m- ss]-tem-dn
AXm-sWs t]cv. kuI-cyn\v Npcp--tcp hnfn-tmfq:
Fv. ss]tem-dn.
s\Sp-s\-Sp- t]cv Xs.
]t, Rms\mcp kqva-Po-hn.
kqva-Zin-\n-bn-eqsS am{Xw
ImWm-hp _mocn-b.
_mo- c nb C\ Hcp- ] m- S p- v .
AXn- s emcp C\w
am{X-amWv Fv.-ss]temdn Cu "Rm'.
\n-fn-tm
kqva-Po-hn-I-fpsS
imkv{X-n-\p-thn
temI- m- W - t m.
kzbw kan tdm_n
Iq- n Ftw
hmd. ]co-W êIqn-tm-fq. Iq-W Dd-n-m thn
kzbw Kn\n-
- n-bmb
sa-n-. Rm IqsS_mcn amj. cv
imkv{X--cpsS Bth-i- bp-v. a\p-jy-i-co-c-
n...
Fm Hcp kXyw ]d- b - s ...
Rms\mcp tcmKmWp-hm-Wv... t]Sn-tm.
t]Sn amm Ipdp Ncn{X IYbmhmw.
Ncn{Xw B-hn-izm-khpw {]tNm-Z-\-hpam-Wv.
CXm Hcp Ipn. Cm-es Ipn-b. 1937 P\n Ipn-bm-W.v t]cv tdm_n
hmd. Bkvt{X-en-bnse AsU-se-bvUnemWv Cu Ipn. \n-sf-tm-se-X-s.
\mbn hmbn- pw. IY- I - f m- W n- w.
kml-kn-I-I-Y-I-fm-sW-n ]d-bm-\p-an. Imc-Ww, tdm_n Hcp sImp kmlkn- I - \ m- W v . sskn- f n AsU- s ebv U ns kao] Ipp- p- d - - f n
Hbvv Npn--d-m henb Cw.
{]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy- Iv aXn-ad-
- n-cn-pw.
Ipdp apXn- t m A Ahs\mcp Iymad hmn- s m- S p- p.
t^mtm-{Km-^n, {]Ir-Xn-Zr-iy-t^m-tm{Km^n tdm_ns hnt\m-Z-am-bXv As\-bm-Wv.
tdm_n anSp-
hnZymn Bbn-cp-p.
imkv{Xhpw imkv{X
]pkv X - I fpw Ah\v
\ C-am-bn-cp-p. sa{Snp-te-j\v ]Tn-p-tm
IW-m-bn-cpp Ahs
{]nb-s hnj-bw. IqsS
I-c-amb IY-bn-Xm..
\n-fpsS P\p-am-a
]d-bp-p.
36
36
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
DuP-X-{hpw ck-X-{hpw kmln-Xyhp-sams ]Tn-n-cp-p.

kvIq Imes Hcp ckw
tItWm? AhnsS ]T\w {_nojv
^pSvt_m eoKv t]mse a-cm-[n-jvTnX-am-bn-cp-p. \mep Xe-n-emWv IpnI. Ghpw apI-fn anSp--m...
Ghpw Xmsg ]d-bm-\p-tm. amp
Ipd- - h . hmjnI ]co Ignm, Ghpw Xmsg- b p- f - f - h - c psS
m\w sXmp Xmgs mn-em-Wv.
Hcn- tdm_n\pw s]p. tdm_n \ncmi-\m-bn-. an\-sp ]Tn-p. Ghpw apIfn-se-n. Ahn-sS-bv Dd-p. Ipn-I-fmbm As\ thWw, At? sa{Snp-te-j Imes Hcp Zpcw IqSn
]d-bm-\pv. tdm_n\v A]-kvamcw _m[np. _p- ]d-p. C\n-b-hs\
kv I qfn hnS- c p- X v . hgn- b n- s e- m
t_m[-ap hoWmtem? ]t, tdm_n
]T\w XpSp. tdm_ns A
tdm_ns\ Ah- \ n- - a p- - s Xms
sNm A\p-hZ- n-p. ae-ap-If
- n-te-p
ssknbm-{X-sbmpw apS-n-bn-.
t]Sn-bp-m-bn-cp-s-nqSn Ah
tdm_n-t\mSv Hpw ]d-n-. aIs
kzmX{yw, hyn-Xz-hn-Imkw Fnh
hep-Xm-sWv B A-bv-dn-bm-am-bncp-p.
CXp-hsc Ipn tdm_n-t\m-sSm--am-bncp-p \. Ctm tdm_n hfp.
Imew 1949. \-fn-tm bqWn-th-gvknn
Hm^v sht Bkv t {X- e nbbnse
tdmb s]v tlmkv]n--en-em-Wv.
AhnsS ]mtm-fPn hn`m-K-n... B
C-cnp--XmWv ]mtm-fPn hn`mKw
s{]m^-k. tUm tdm_n hmd.
\psS sImp tdm_n Xs.
1979 Pq 11. tUm.-tdm-_ns 42mw
P-Zn-\w.
Ign HXp hj- - f mbn
tdm_n DZ-c-tcm-Kn-I-fpsS _tbm]vkn
tIkp-I ]Tn-p-p. DZ-c-n \nv
2016
BKv 1
37
37
Nne amXr- I - I FSp- p ]T- \ w.

s]]vnIv Ak _m[n tcmKn-I-fpsS
tIkp- I - f mWv Atlw ]Tn- p- - X v .
FmWv s]]v nv Ak F- d nbmtam?
a\p-jys Bam-ib `n-n-If
- n XpfhoWv {hW- a m- I p tcmK- a m- W - X v.
IpSense Bkn-Up-I-fmWv Ign-p
`Ww Zln-n-m klm-bn-p--Xv.
]-d- nbpw ao\pw Cd-n-bp-sams Zlnn-p Bkn-Un\v IpS-en-s\bpw Zlnn-p-IqsS? Zln-n-mw. As\ kw`hn-m-Xn-cn-m IpS`n-n-bn hgp-hgp-p Hcp Bh-c-W-ap-v. Cu hgp-h-gpp Bh-cWw t\p-t]m-bmepw IpSense Bkn-Uns Afhp Iqn-bmepw
BknUv IpS`n-nsb Zln-n-pw.
AhnsS Xpf-hogpw. {hW-am-hpw. tNmc
In\nbpw. CXmWv s]]vnIv Ak.
F- s \- b mWv s]]v nIv Ak
Dm-hp-Xv?
\qm-p-I-fmbn
sshZy- i mkv { Xw AXns\mcp Dcw ]d-bp-pv; ]ncn-ap-dp-w. hnhn[
Imc-W--fm a\p-jy
A\p-`-hn-p am\-kn-Iamb hnj- a - Dmp kZw. akm- e Ifpw Fcnhpw apw A[nI-ap `Ww [mcmfw Ign-p-Xpw
Ak-dn\v Imc-W-am-Wv. ]ncn-ap-dpw
Ipd-bvm-\p acpv \I-emWv NnIn. Fm, Cu P-Zn-\
- n tdm_n
Hcp ImgvN-I-p. Hcp s]]vnIv Ak
tcmKn-bn \ns-Sp _tbm-]vkn-bpsS
aosX Hcp Xcw _mo-cnb hf-cpp! Hcp
]ncnb _mo-cn-b. Ap-hsc sshZyimkv{Xw H-Sw hniz-kn-n-cp-Xv IpSen \ndsb Bkn-Up-I-fm-bXn-\m
AhnsS kqva-Po-hn-I-sfmpw \ne\nn Fm-Wv. tdm_ns ]noSp Zn\- Cu _mo-cn-b-sb-p-dnp ]T-\-n-em-bn. cv hj-mew
\nc-c ]co--W-. At-l-n-\p-d-
m-bn s]]vnIv Ak tcmKn-I-fpsS

_tbm-]vkn-tbm-sSmw Hcp _mo-cnb
Dv. ]t, sshZy-im-kv{X-temIw AXv
AwKo-I-cn-n-. hb-dn-\p-n \nv ]pdp-h-cp _tbm]vkn amXr-I-I arXam-bn-cn-pw. AXn _mo-cn-b-bpsS
kmn[yw m]n-pI {ia-I-c-am-bn-cpp.
tdm_n- s \mw \nXv `mcy hn\ns{Ûv am{Xw. Ah tUm-dm-W-tm.
am{X-a-, hon-en-cp-mWv tdm_ns ]co-W-. AXn\v hn\n-bpsS klm-bhp-ap-v.
1981 asmcp Kth-j-I tdm_ns\
tXSn-h
- p. tUm.-_m-cn-amj. tdm_n
hmds AXp-h-sc-bp Is--epI tUm.-_m-cn-bn IuXp-Ihpw Bthi-hp-ap-Wn. tdm_ns Is--epI AwKo-I-cnv tUm.-_mcn B ]co-W-v Hw IqSn...
a\p-jys IpS-en _mo-cn-bbvv
hf-cm-\mhpw Fp-d-p asmcp Pohn
Rm\m- b n- c p- p slen- t m- _ m-
ss]tem-dn... Rm\m-bn-cpp B hn...
tUm.-tdm-_n Is-nb _mo-cnb
Xm hc-s...
_mcn amj-ens\ Ipdn-p-IqSn Adnbt? tdm_n\pw _mcnbpw XpS
Kth-j-W-ns êw Fm-bncpp F-dn-bt?
_mcn amj. sshZy-im-kv{XK-th-jW cwKs Ap-X-a-\pjy. 1951 ]na Bkvt{X-en-bbnse Iiqen-bn P\n-p. A
\gv k m- b n- c p- p. A- s \mcp ^n- d pw.
AXym-hiyw Pohn-m hI-bp IpSpw_w. 1958 B IpSpw_w s]n
Fn. Ipn-Iv anI hnZym-`ymkw
\Im-\m-bn-cpp B ]dn-p-\-S.
hmbn- p- h - f - c m- \ p Pnm- k - b pambn P\n Ipn- b m- b n- c pp _mcn.
Fpw hmbn-pw. As tamtm
sam-\nIv ktXw hnh-cn-p ]pkvXI-fpw A-bpsS \gvknv sshZy-
38
38
lpw!!
y-imamj sshZ w
pZ
kv{X-n _nc
s
t\Sn-bt- XmsS H
p.
XInSw adn
imkv{X {K--fpw. Xon Ipn-IfpsS "Fssk- t m- ] o- U n- b - b nse

BIp-n-Ip sNm-hp Imcy' hfsc C-s-n-cp-p. _mcnbpw
ktlm-Z-c-fpw tNv AXn ]dbp \nc-h[n hkvXp- Dm-pIbpw sNbvXp.
A\pw Abpw tPmen-p-t]m-hptm sImp-_mcn cv A\n-b-m-cpsSbpw A\n-b-n-am-cp-sSbpw ]cn-]m-eI- \ m- I pw. Ahsc hc hc- b n
\npw. Fnpw Hcn- Cfb A\nb ac-n Ibdn Xmsg hoWv IsmSnp. henb hnj-a-ambn _mcn-v.
_mcnv 12 hb-m-bn-cp-p. Hcp
Znhkw _mcn-smw asf hnv A
IS-bn t]mbn. Ipdp Ign--tm
18 amkw {]mb-ap A\n-b-n-bp-v,
izmkw apn Npa-bvp-p. Fp-]n?
_mcnpw ktlm-Z-c-pw a\-nem-bn-. Fnepw _mcn AXymlnX
tkh\ hn`m- K - n- t ev s]sv
t^m sNbvXp.
15 an\n-n-\Iw Bw_p-ekv Fn.
Imn-cn-ns 15 an\n-n _mcn
Ip-\n-b-n-bpsS hmbn
kzw hmb tNv Ahv
Ir{Xn-ai
- zmkw \In-sm-n-cpp. \o ]cn-io-e-\-n\p
t]mb-tm ]Tn-X
- m-W,v izmkw
\ne- - h v Ir{Xn- a - i zm- t kmzmkw \Ip hn[w. ChnsS
A\n- b n izkn- p- p- v ,
AXm- h - i y- a n Fv _mcn
Hmn-. ]t, A\n-b-nbpsS hmb-tbmSv hmb tN2016
BKv 1
39
39
tm Ah\v as--bpsS aWw Inn.

Ah-fpsS AIp sNXv as--bmWv. Hcp ]mp-n-bn ]mXn \nd-ph-n-cp as--bmWv B Hc hbp-Imcn IpSn-p-t]m-bXv!
A\n-bn c-s-p. Ipdp Znhk- Ign--tm Hcp ]{Xw Cu
kw`hw hmm-te-J-\-am-n. AXymlnX tkh\ hn`m-K
- n-tev Fs\
hnfn- - W w, ]mp- n- b n hnjw
\ndp Ipn-I Fp-n-Sv hbvcp-Xv XpS-nb Imcy- AXn-ep-mbn-cp-p. ]t, AXn Hp-m-bn-cpn-, _mcn Xs-bmWv A{i--ambn
B ]mpn AhnsS CXv Fv.
Ahs A ]{X- m- c n \nv
Amcyw ad-p-h
- p. sImp_mcn {]ikvX-\m-bn.
hj-p-ti-jw, 1984 Ata-cn-bnse Hcp Smtm-bnUv ]{X-amb
mdn Hcp IY hp. Xe- s v
Cs\: ""Kn\nn tUm Ak-dn\p NnIn Ip-]n-Sn-p... AXns
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww: kXojv
I-fp-an-m-bn-cp-p. Atlw tdm_ns

Is--ens\ hniz-kn-p. Hcp KthjW Iqm-bva-bpsS XpS--am-bn-cpp
AXv. \nc-h[n tcmKn-I-fn \ns-Sp
_tbm]vkn amXr-I-I hv, Ak
tcmKn-If
- n Fv. ss]temdn F Fs
kmn[yw Cu tUmam Dd-n-p.
]t, Ah-cpsS \nK-a-\- Bcpw
AwKo-Ic
- n-p-n-. Bkn-Un _mo-cnbbvv Pohn-m-\m-hn F-Xn sshZyim-kv{X-cwKw Dd-p-\n-p. Nne Iq-cn-t,
]pXnb Adn-hp-I Dm-bmepw ]gbXn apdpsI ]nSn-p-h
- . AXp-t]mse.
Fm imkv{X-n\v \nK-a\w am{Xw
t]mc; sXfn-hp-I thWw. _mcn-amj
sXfn-hp- \I-Ww. ]co--W-n-eqsS
ap--h AXv icn-h-bv-Ww.
Fm sXfnbnbvm-\m-hm-Xv?
tcmKn-I-fpsS _tbm-]vkn-bn Fv.ss]-temdn F Rm\p-v. ]t, Hcp
em_nepw Fs hfm-\m-hp-n-.
tcmKn-I-fn \ns-Sp amXr-I-I
hfm hv ]ntv t\mn-bm
ss]temdn Fp-an-... Cu ka-bv
tUm.-_mcn Bn-_t- bm-n-p-I \In
tcmKn-I-fpsS DZ-c-n \nv Fs
Xpcn tcmKw t`Z-am-n-p-S-n. F.ss]- t em- d n- b mWv Ak- d n\v Imc- W sapw Npcp-nb sNe-hn Bn-_tbm-nv \In kpJ-s-Sp-m-sa-pw
D \nK-a-\-amWv _mcn aptmp hXv. AXv sXfn-bn-m NnIn-nv tcmKw
amdn-b-h-cpsS A\p-`-h-kmyw t]mc.
AXv \psS \mnse {]IrXn NnIn-Ipw H-aq-en-mpw aXn-bm-hpw.
hnh-c-an-m ]mhw a\p-jysc ]nbvm AXp-a-Xn.
\ne-hn tcmK-an-m Hcp Pp-hn
]co-n-mse \nK-a\w icn Fp sXfnbn-m-\m-hq. Kn\n--n-Ifpw Fen-Ifpw
t]mc. Hcp a\p-jy Xs thWw. _mcnamj Xocp-am-\n-p. AXv am-cp-a-,
Atlw Xs. Hcp tcmKn-bn \nsSpv _o-dn kqn Fv.-ss]-
Imc- W - h pw...''
B
Kn\nn tUm BcmsWtm? 12mw hb-n
A\n- b - nsb ac- W n \nv cnv hm- b mbn
amdnb sImp-_m-cn. _mcn amj.
\apv tUm.- _ mcn amj- e n- s \mw
t]mImw.
1975emWv _mcn amj sshZy-imkv{X-n _ncpZw t\Sn-b-Xv. 1979
Atlw tdmb s]v tlmkv]n-en hnhn[ sshZy-im-kv{X-im-J-bnep ]cn- i o- e - \ - ns `mK- a m- b nv
Fn. 1981 ]Ip-Xn-tbmsS Atlw DZc-tcmK kw_--amb NnIn-m-hn-`m-Kn-em-bn. AhnsS shmWv Atlw
tUm.-tdm-_n hmds\ ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-Xv . BZy IqSn- m- g v N - b n Xs
tdm_n Atlw Is-nb ]ncn-b
_mo-cn-b-bpsS ssUp-I _mcnsb
ImWn-p. BknUp \nd hb-dn
Pohn- p _mo- c nb ck- I - c - a mb
hnjbw Xs. tUm. _mcnv DZ-ct- cmK
imkv{X-n henb ]cn-N-b-an-m-Xp-sImv ap--h-sc-t]mse aphn-[n-
40
40
temdn _mo- c nb \nd embn\n

Atlw H-he
- nv IpSn-p. hnhcw kzw
`mcy-tbm-Sp-t]mepw ]d-n-. 1981emWv
kw`- h w. Ipdp Znhkw Ign- b p- t mtgpw Atlw tcmK-_m-[n-X\
- m-bn. a\w]n-c-, On... hb-sd-cn-n, thZ-\...
FtUm- k vtIm- n- b n Atlw
Ak _m[n-X-s\v sXfn-p. am{Xa, At-l-ns hb-n Rm\p-v,
Fv . ss]tem- d n. DZ- c - n Ccpv
Ak-dp-h-cp-Xv Iv \np Hcp
Iqn-cn-p-Im-c\
- , AXns ImcWw XsbmWv Rms\v AtXmsS sXfn-p.
Bn-_-tbm-nv Ign-m tcmKw t`Z-
2016
BKv 1
41
41
_mcn amj
am-Ip-sapw kzbw ]co-n tcmKw

_mcn kzbw NnIn- np amp- I bpw
sNbvXp.
hmkvX-h-n, ]ncn-ap-dp-hpw am\knI k-hp-a-, Fv. ss]temdn
F _mo-cnbbmb Rm IpS`n-nbnse hgp-h-gp-p Bh-cWw Xnp
\in-n-p--XmWv Ak-dn\p ImcWw. Bh- c Ww \- s `mKv
BknUv ISv {hW-am-hp-p.
em_nse _tbm]vkn sSn Fv.
ss]tem- d nsb 1982 amjepw
tdm_n\pw Is- n. B hjw,
Cu Ah-[nv ]qnb em_v Av
Znhkw Ign-mWv Xpd-X
- v. Atm
hf-cm h amXr-I-I-fn Fv.-ss]tem-dn-bpsS tImf-\n-I Dm-bn-cn-pp. AtX-bv, F\nv 24 aWn-q
t]mc, Ipd--[nIw Znh-k- thWw
hf-cm!
CsXmw Ign-v 1984emWv "m'
]{Xw hm ]pd-p-hn-X
- v. AtXmsS
temIw amj-en-t\bpw hmd-t\bpw
AwKo-Ic
- n-p. _mcn amj Kn\n-n
tUm Bb IY tInt? AXmWv
imkv{X- I m- c - s , tUmIvSdpsS,
AWw Fp ]d-bp--Xv. shdp-sXb-, 2005 tUm.-tdm-_n hmd-t\bpw
_mcn-amj-en-t\bpw s\mt_ ]pckv I mcw tXSnhXv !
Atm- t gbv pw AhcpsS Ip- ] n- S pw
Ak NnIn- sb
amn-ad- n-n-cp-p.
42
sI ]n F
tcmKw tcmK-{]-Xn-tcm-[w
a\p-jy ]I-hym-[n-I ]nSn-s]v Iq-tmsS NsmSp-nb Hcp Ime-ap-m-bn-cp-p. 14mw \qm-nse (650
hjw ap]v) tKv alm-am-cn-bn bqtdm-nse ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw
t] acn-p-t]m-bn. a\p-jyv tcmKs t\cn-Sm-\p amKw
Hp-In HmSn-tm-hpI, As-n tcmKn-Isf amn-mnpI, AXp-a-s-n hon-\-Iv AS-p-]q-n-bn-cpp
{]mn-pI FXp am{X-am-bn-cp-p. Fm, B-Sn
alm-am-cn-I-fn \nv CXp sImsmpw c-t\-Sm-\m-bn-.
tcmKw hcp-Xv tamiw hmbp sImm-sWv hniz-kn
As tUmam hnNn-{X-amb apJw-aq-Sn-I-fp-ambn Aep-\-S-p. hkq-cnbpw tImf-d-bp-sams e-sf
sImsm-Sp-n.
Cu temIv C{Xb[nIw a\p- j y

Fmmepw Dm- b n- c ptm? CsmWv D-cw. Cgn Bbncw hjn 900 hj-tmfw P\-kwJy henb
am-sam-p-an-msXbmWv XpSXv. Apw
Hcp-]mSp Ipn-I P\n-n-cp-p. ]t,
A{X Xs Bfp-I Hmtcm hjhpw
42
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
acn-n-cp-p. Ign
\qdp hj- n,
{]tXy- I npw 50
hj- n temI
P\- k wJy IpXn- pbp. CXns
{][m\ ImcWw
]I- h ym- [ n- I fpw
AXp-sIm-p acWfpw hf- s c- b [nIw Ipdp
FXmWv.
2016
BKv 1
]Xn-s\mw \qm-ns Ayn

Cwo- j p- I m- c - \ mb
FtUzUv sP Av temI-samSpw Htsd t]sc sImsmSp-nb hkq-cnv ê-{]-Z-amb
{]Xn-tcm[ NnIn Ip-]n-Snp. ]ip- h ns AIn- S n \nv
]Ip-In-p tKmh-kqcn ]nSns] ]mm- c nIv hkqcn
hcp-n-s \nco--W-am-bn-cpp
43
43
Cu Ip-]n-Sp-
- n-\m-[m-cw.
tPwkv ^nv k v F
_me-\n, tKmh-kq-cn-bn
\ns-Sp {Zhw Ipn-shv
GXm\pw Znh-k
- n-\Iw a\pjy-h-kqcn Ipn-sh--tm
tcmKw hcp-n-sp Ip.
CXm- b n- c pp BZys
imkv { Xo- b - a mb {]Xn- t cm[
Ipn-sh-v.
_mo-cn-b-I t]mep kqva-Po-hn-I BWv ]I-hym-[n-I

Dm-p-s- Xv Gsd-mew Bcpw Nnn-n-. ]sm-Xmw \qm-n,
lwK-dn-bnse Hcp tUm Bb Cmkv knhokv, {]k-hm-\-cw
A-am ]\n hp acn-p-Xv Cm-Xm-m, {]k-hs- a-Sp-p tUm
AXn\p ap]v ssI hrn-bmbn Igp-In-bm aXn Fp hmZn-p. Atlw
kzw hmUn AXp ImWnp sImSp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Fm
As tUmam AXp tIm Iqm-n-bn-.
tUmam ssI Igp-IpI!!!
]Xn-t\gmw \qm-n BWn eoshlqv F UpIm-c mv Dc-p-cv Dcp sekp-I-fp-m-n. Chsb D]tbm-Knv sImp ssat{Im-kvtIm-p-I Dm-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p
At-l-ns hnt\m-Zw. 1674 Hcp XSm-I-nse shw
ssat{Im-kvtIm-n-eqsS t\mp-tm shdpw Ip-sImp
ImWm Ign-bm sImp-Po-hn-Isf Atlw Ip. Cp \mw
_mo-cn-b-I Fp hnfn-p Chsb BZy-ambn Hcp a\pjy ImWp-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p. ]eXcw _mo-cn-bI
- sf Atlw tcJs-Sp-n.
44
{^v ck-X{ imkv{X--\mb eqbo]m-kvN kqvaP

- o-hn-If- mWv ssh\pw _nbdpw t]mep Bsmtlm Dm-pXv Fp Is-n. ap]v ]cs hnizkn-Xp t]mse `y-]-Zm-fpw apw
tISm-hp-Xv tamiw hmbp aqe-a Fpw
hmbp-hnse kqvaPo-hn-I Imc-W-amsWpw Atlw Xs {]kn--amb
^vfmkvIv ]co--W--fn-eqsS sXfn-bnp. CXp-t]m-ep kqva-Po-hn-I-fmWv
]e tcmK-pw ImcWw Fv tcmKm-Wp-kn-mw
aptmv shXpw ]mkvN Bbn-cp-p.
{^mknse ]p hyh-km-bs \in-n-p-sIm-n-cp
IpjvTt- cmKw AXn-]p-cm-X\

- a- m-W.v temIw apgph At\-Im-bn-c
- CXns sISp-Xn-bp-ambn
Pohn-p. tcmKn-Isf kaqlw _ln-jvc- n-pIbpw amn Xma-kn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p.
ssZh-tZmjw sImm-sWpw ]mc-c- y-tcm-Ka- msW-p-ap hnizm-k
- f- mWv \ne-\n-n-cp-X
- v.
]sm-Xmw \qm-n t\mth-bn tcmKw
hym]-Ia- m-bn-cp-p. tcmKw Ghpw A[nIw Dm-
ip-amb cq]-n hfm Ign-bW

- w. 3.
Cs\ hfnb tcmKm-Wp-hns\
tcmK-an-m hyn-bn Ipn-shm B hyn-bn AXv tcmK-ap-m-Ww. 4. Ans\ tcmK-ap-m-nb
hyn-bn \nv AtX tcmKm-Wphns\ thXn-cn-s-Sp-m Ign-bW
- w.
ta-d
- h Cv tImns Xz Fv Adn-bs- -Sp-p.
ASv amn
_mo-cnb
kqn-pp {]Xy-s
- -Spp
AtX-]Sn
_mo-cn-bb
- psS
kqn-pp kmn-[y-an
bn-cp- s_K \K-c

- nse Hcp tUm
sKlmUv lmk BWv IpjvTw _m[n
tcmKn-bpsS ico-c
- n ssat{Im-kvtm-n-eqsS
\of-ap hSn-bpsS BIr-Xn-bn-ep hkvXpsf I-Xv. AXv _mo-cn-bI
- Bbn-cn-msapw Ah-bmWv tcmK-n\p Imc-Ws- apw
IpjvTw Hcp ]I-hym[n BsWpw Atlw
hmZn-p.
]p-\q ]pgp--fpsS
tcmKw Hcp _mo-cnb
aqe- a m- s Wpw tcmKw
_m[n ]pgp- sf
amnbm AXns
hym]\w XS-bm-sapw NqSm-pp
]mkv Is- n.
B{mIvkv, t]-n-hn-j_m[ Fn-hbvv hocyw
\-s-Sp-nb AWp sImp {]Xn-tcm[ Ipnshv ê- { ]- Z - a m- s Wpw Atlw NqSm-pp
sXfn-bn-p.
PaIm-c\
- mb tdm_v tImv BWv tcmKmWp-kn-mw kwi-b-n\v CS-\Im--hn[w
sXfn-bn-X
- v. bw, tImf-d, B{mIvkv Fo tcmKsfms _mo-cn-b-I Dm-p--Xm-sWv
Atlw sXfn-bn-p. Hcp tcmKw C AWp-hn
\nmWv Dm-Ip-Xv Fp sXfn-bn-m Nne \ntZi-fpw Atlw aptmv shp.
1. tcmK-ap Fm-hc- nepw tcmKmWp Dm-bn-cn-W
- w. 2. tcmKn-bpsS icoc-n \ns-Sp-p AWp-hns\ et_m-d- d- n-bn {]tXyI ]m{X-f- n
44
2016
BKv 1
sNdnb apdn-hp-I
]gp-mt]mepw AXv
ac- W - n- t ev \bnp Hcp Ime-ap-mbn- c p- p. tcmKm- W psf sImp Bn_-tbm-nv Huj-[-fmWv CXn\v AdpXn
hcp-n-b-Xv. BZys
B n-_-tbm-nv
Bbn- c pp s]\n- k n- e n. Ae- I v k mU
^vsfan-v F Cwojv kqva-Pohn imkv{X apdn-hp-I ]gp-p--Xn-s\ms {][m\
Imc-W-amb ss^-tem-tIm-kv F _mo-cnbsb s]{Sn ]m{X-f- n hfp-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p.
^vtfmdnbpw GWv sNbn\pw BWv AXv

km[n-s-Sp--Xv. Hmw temI-a-lm-bp--n
IqSp-X ssk\n-Icpw acn-Xv AWp-_m-[-aqe-am-bn-cp-s-n s]\n-kn-en\ns D]-tbmKw
aqew cmw temI-a-lm-bpamb-tm-tgpw
CXv hfsc Ipdp am{X-am-bn.
Nne Nmb- ]n-n-Sn-p-Xv t]mse

Nne cmk-h-kvXp-v Cu AWpsf \in- n- m\pw Ignbpw F
Bibw Fenv aptm- p- s h- p.
kn^n-enkv tcmKw Dm-p _mo-cnb- s - X nsc Bkv s ^- \ - a o F
]Zmw ê-{]-Z-am-sWv Atlw
Is- n. CXns ê- a mbn
khkm Fpw ]noSv \ntbm
khkm Fpw t]cn CXv hn]Wn-bn-en-d-n. Npcp-nb Imew sImv
temIs Ghpw hn-gn-p acpmbn CXv. tcmKm-Wp-hns\ \in-n-m-\mbn cq]-I\ sNbvX temInse BZys acp-v.
P\ Xpdp InS-Xp sImv

Hcp Znhkw Cu ]m{X--fn
Hcp-Xcw ]q _m[n-p. Cu
]qen\p Nppw _mo- c n- b \in- n- c n- p- - X mbn
^vsfanv Ip. s]\n-kn-enbw
F t]cp Cu
]q _mo- c n- b sf \in- n- p
Hcp ]Zmw DmZn-n-pp Fv ^vsfanv a\-n-emn. s]\n-ko-en-b-n \nv a\p-jy\n D]-tbm-Kn-p Hcp acpv Dmn-sb-Sp-m ]nsbpw ]v hjn A[nIw FSp-p. slmhmUv
Ccp-]Xmw \qm-n-tep
IS-p-tm-tgpw ]Ihym-[n-I tcmKm-Wp--fmWv
Dm-p--sX Imcy-n
kwi-ba- p-m-bn-cp-n-. t]m
Fenv Hcp _lp-ap-J{- ]-Xn`- b m- b n- c p- p. tcmKm- W ps-Xnsc icocw {]Xn-hkvXp- (Bn-t_m-Un-I)
\nan-pp Fv BZy-ambn
]d-Xv Fenv Bbn-cpp. tImi- sf ]e- X cw
Nmbw ]nSn- nv \- X mbn
ImWm\pw a\-n-em-m\pw Ign-bp-sav Atlw ImWn-p. tcmKm-Wp-hn
45
45
46
n-m \ofm-Ir-Xn-bn ImWmw. tcmKw kvs{S]vtm-ssa-kn Ip-]n-Sn-p. A]-XpIp-]n-Sn-m Ctmgpw Cu sSv D]- Ip tijw ap acp-p-Ifpw hp. bw NnIntbm-Kn-p-p. Ign \qm-ns BZy np t`Z-am-m-hp tcmK-f- n-sem-mbn amdn.
]Ip-Xn-bn t]mepw Hcmv tcmK-apsv Is-n-bm acWw GXm-p-dm- b n- c p- p. C- c - msc {]tXyIw
m]n km\-tm-dn-b
- f- n {]th-in-np-Ib
- m-bn-cpp ]Xn-hv. Ah-cn Nne
am{X-amWv c-s-n-cp--Xv. 1943 B_v
jmvkv b-tcm-Km-Wp-hn-s\-Xnsc ê-{]-Z-amb
Imc-Ww. \K-c
- v IpSn-shw Fn-n-cp
\Zn-If- n ae-hn-kPy-
- Fn-t-cp-X
- m-bncpp {]iv\w. Cmcyw a\-n-em-n-bt- Xm-sS-bm-W,v
aew kwkvc- n-m-\p ]-Xn-Ifpw ipo-Ic- n
s]mXp-Pe hnX-c-W-hp-sams h sNe-hn
km-cp-I \S-n-em-m XpS-n-bX
- .v CtXmsS
tImfdbpsS tXmXv KWy-ambn Ipd-p.
\nP-eo-Ic- W
-
- n\v emb-\n-I \Ip-Ibpw
Xv. tcmKn-bpsS ae-n-eqsS ]pdp IS-p AWp-hns\ sImm Bn-_t- bm-n-p-I D]AWp Pem-ib
-
- sf aen-\s- SppI hgn Bbn- tbm-Kn-p-Ibpw sNm XpS-n-bt- XmsS tImfd
c-v tcmK-ap-m-p-X
- m-bn-cpp alm-am-cnv ac-W
- Cm-Xm-bn.
cm-Wp--fn Ahsb ImWmw. {^p-Im-c- Isf \in-n-p-I-bmWv tcmKw \nb-{n-m-\p
\mb Nmkv emsh-dm-\mWv CXv
amKw. tcmKw h-hsc NnIn-n-m
Ip- ] n- S n- - X v . Chsb ctcmKm-Wp-hns\ sImp ]e acp-pn Fn-p-Xv At\m-^nIfpw Cv e`y-am-Wv. ]s At]eokv C\-ns sImXp-Ipnv tcmKn-If- psS Fhpw tcmKw
I-fm-Wv. Cmcyw Ip-]n-Sn-Xv
h-h-cpsS ac-Whpw hf-sc-b-[nIw
{_no- j p- I m- c - \ mb sdmWmIpd- s - nepw Cpw Hmtcm
Uvtdmv BWv.
hjhpw Bdv ew t] ate-dnb aqew
At\m- ^ n- e okv sImXp- I pacn-p-p; {]tXy-Inv B{^n-b
- n.
Ign cp \qm-n 100

tImSn P\-sf (G-Xmv CybpsS P\- k w- J y- b psS A{X)
sImsm-Sp-nb alm-hn-]-m-bncpp b-tcm-Kw. {][m-\-ambpw
izmk-tIm-i-sf _m[n-n-cp Cu
tcmK-ns apJy eWw icocw
saen-b, ]\n, Npa, tNmc-Xp-
Fn-h-bm-Wv. Cu tcmKw Dm-p AWphns\ I^-n {]tXy-I-co-Xn-bn Nmbw ]nSn-
Ign 200
hj- n- \ p- n
temI-sa-mSpw esf sImsm- S pnb tcmK-amWv
tImf-d. ITn-\a- mb
hb-dn-f-hpw
ico-c-nse
Pemwiw Ipd-n-m-Xm-hp-X
- p-amWv e-W
- .
tcmK-ap-m-p hn{_ntbm tImfd F _mocn-b
- ns\ tdm_v tImv BWv Ip-]n-Sn--
temI-n Ct-hsc Pohn a\p-jy-cn

]Ip-Xn-tbmfw t] acn-Xv ate-dnb aqe-am-sWsmcp IW-p-v. icn-bmtWm F-dn-bn-.
]t, atXp ac-W-Im-c-W-t-mfpw F{Xtbm
apn-emWv ate-dn-b. a\p-jy Dmb Imew
apX AXp \ap-sm--ap-v. tcmK-ap-m-pXv t{]mtm-tkmh C\-ns Hcp GI-tImi-Po-hn-bm-Wv. ssat{Im-kvtIm-n-eqsS t\mnbm tcmKw _m[n--h-cpsS c-n Nph
46
2016
BKv 1
CXn- s \ms amw

hcp-n-bXv {]Xn-tcm[
hmIvkn-\p-I-fpsS
Ip-]n-Sp-hpw hym]\-hp-am-Wv. Cv IpnIv hcp ]Ihym[n- I - f n anXn\pw {]Xn- t cm[acpp-I Dv.
aps-t-mfpw Cs Ipn-Iv
kwL-S-\-bpsS hen-sbmcp {iaw thn-h-p.
1977 hkqcn temIp \npw XpS-p-\o-- Btcm-Ky-Ic- a- mb PohnXw Dd-m-n-bXv tcmKm-Wps-p.
-tfmSv bpw sNbvX B[p-\nI imkv{X-am-Wv.
AXn\v cq]w \Inb Nnm-co-Xn-bm-Wv.
]gb B Zpcn-X-Im-e-ns A\p-`-h-
Cm--h-tcmSv hmIvkn-\p-Ifpw Bn-_-tbm-np-Ifpw Hs tami-am-sWpw ]g-b-Im-etp Xncn-p-t]m-I-W-sa-p-sams ]dv
Nne Ah-cpsS D-- hnm Cd-nbn-p-v. Cu Xn-p-Imsc Xncn--dn-b-W-sa-n
\mw kbkns Ncn-{Xhpw kbkns coXnI-fp-sams ]Tnt aXn-bm-hq.
At\-Im-bncw Ipn-Iv AwK-ssh-Ieyw

Dm-nb asmcp sshdkv tcmK-amb t]mfntbm
Ctm ]qW-ambpw Cm-Xm-m hen-sbmcp
{iaw \S-p-h-cp-p. t]mfntbm Cm-smcp
temIw F kz]v\w ASpp Xs t\Sm\mhpw Fv \apv {]Xo-n-mw.
Ipn-I-fpsS ac-W-ns {][m\ Imc-W-fm-bn-cpp Un^vo-cn-b, hnNp-a, sS-\kv

XpS-nb tcmK-. Ccp-]Xmw \qm-n\p
ap]v, Fm cmPy--fnepw P\n Ipn-I-fn
An-semp apX ]IpXn hsc sNdp-
- nte
acn-n-cp-p. ]e kaq-l-fpw Hcp hbp
Ignp am{Xta Ipn-Ip t]cn-Sm-dp-m-bncp-p-q. Un^vo-cn-bbpw apw hv Fm IpnIfpw acn-p--Xp-t]mepw A]qh-am-bn-cp-n-.
hkqcn F sshdkv t cmKw e- sf

sImn-cp Imev ioXf amXm-hn-t\mSpw amcnb- - t \mSpw ]cnip \nt- j ykv
]pWym-f-t\m-Spsams {]mn am{X- a m- b ncpp
amKw.
Fm hkq- c ns - X n s c
hmIv k n htm nXn amdn.
tcmKw hcm- X n- c n- m
Ipn-shv FSp-m
aXn Fm-bn. Fnepw
temIw apgp-h CXp \Sm- m temIm- t cmKy
47
47
cam-tZhn
anp ASp-f apgp-h \Sv

Ftm Xnc-bp-I-bm-Wv.
""Fm tamtf...'' A tNmZnp.
Ah-sfmpw ann-bn-. ]ns
Asb hnfnv ASp-f-bn Ccp-n.
""t\m-t... ASp-f-bnse ]m{X-
apgp- h Igp- I n,
Cu-n Xs
hn-cn-p-p.''
"" A X n - s \ m . . .
anq.''
""Fm-sWtm?
ASpf-bn Fm-hcpw
Ib-d-Ww. AhnsS \S-p- Cs\ Cu-ap
]m{X- - f n- t e- t
Xv Fsv a\-n-emp--Xn-s\mw kqvam- A C\n `Ww
Wp--fpsS {]h\w
hnf-p-I.''
IqSn Adn-bq. _tbm-sI""AsX.''
an-kv{Sn-bn D]-cn-]T
- \w \Snb ca-tn ]d-bp-Xv
""Fm tItm-fq...
tIq...
`- W - ]mIw
sNbvXv
]Iv
hbvm D]-tbm-Kn-p ]m{X Cu-ap-X
- m-bm CXn
kqv a m- W p- s]cp- I pw.
AXp- s Imv `Ww ]I- t ijw

]m{X- \mbn AS-p-hb
- vW
- w. D]tbm-K-tijw _mn hcp `Ww
DS Xs {^nUvPn hbv-Ww.
""Cuw If-bm XpS-m t]mtc,
tamtf.''
""XpS-bvmw. AXv ag-m-e
- v Xobn,
sNdp-Xo-bn s]sv NqSm-n-sb-Sp-Ww. ]ns th\- e n Fp sNmsatm? kqcy-s\-tmse sNe-hp-Ip-dXpw Bbm-k-c-ln-X-hp-amb asmcp
t]mwhgnbn-tm. AXm-b-Xv, ]m{X-
\ shbn-ev hv DW-n-sb-Sp-W
- w.
]nt, ASp--f-bnse uhv, m_v,
ASp-f-bnse Cuw
\ne-\nq...!
Rsf kwc-n-q..
48
48
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
Nncn- - . {^nUvPn- \ - I v,
\psS d{^n-Pt- d-d- n-\I
- v Hcp bpw
Xs- b mWv \S- p- - X v . Bcp- t SsXtm? kqv a m- W p- - f p- t S- X v .
{^nUvPv D]-tbm-Kn-p-tm kqnt {][m\ Imcyw, `Ww
FSpv ]pdv hv A- c o
Dujvam-hn h-Xn-\p-tijw am{Xw
Ign-p-I.
cmhnse Xm- d mnb `Ww
Atmgpw Ignbv pw Dbv pw
Ignbvpw. ]ns cm{Xnbpw Ign-tijw _mn hXv
{^nUvPn Ib-pw. ]mSn. Fm-sWtm? apdnbpsS Xm]-\n-e-bn Ignbp kqvam-Wp-
Fmw {^nUv P n- \ - I v
As\ Fp-I-bm-bn.
{^nUvPn hbvp
`-W]
- Z- mYw \n_-ambpw AS-p-h-bv-Ww.
IS-bn \npw sImp-
h-cp ]-d- n-I IgpIn \mbn XpS-tijw {^nUvPn kqn-p-I. IgpIp-tmgpw XpS-bvp-tmgpw IoS-\m-in\n-Ifpw kqvam-Wp-fpw Cm-sX-bmhp-p.
]m{X- XpSv DW-n-b-tijw
Xs `-W-- \ndv {^nUvPn
hbvq. DW-nb Ah-b
- n _mocn-bv hf-cm-\m-hn-. {^nUvPn-\Ipw _mo- c n- b Dv . Ch
`W ]Zm--fn-tev IS-m-Xncn- m `- W -
AS-p-Xs D]-tbm-Knp-I.
Idp-t]m-bm
(ZoL-t\-cw) {^nUvPn
hbvp `-W
- n
kqvam-Wp- hcpw,
Dd- m- W v. Blm- c - ] Zm- tISm- h pXv C-s\-bm-Wv.
sj^p-I Ch hrn-bmbn kqn- W w.'' ]ns anp ASp- - f - b n

kqn-p `-W-]-Zm--fp-sS-bSp-s-n.
""At... [m\y-fpw [m\y-sm-SnIfpw ]b-dp-hK--fp-sams kqnp ]m{X- hmbp IS- msX
ASp kqn--Ww. A[n-I-\m tISpIq-Sm-Xn-cn-m Ch-sbmw CS-bvnsS
shbn-ev hv DW-p-Ibpw thWw.''

A anp-hns\ sIn-n-Snv Hcp
sImSp-p. Atm Ah ]dp:
""Xon. {^nUvPp Fm hop-Imcpw
Adnbm, AXm... B {^nUvPn-s\-p-dnp Ipdn-p-IqSn hmbn-W
- w.''
A ]d-p. ""hmbn-mtem...''
hcq. \appw hmbn-mw.
2016
BKv 1
49
49
tUm.-In-tjmIp-am sI
av FXv Ipw s]mSnbpw

am{Xw tN Poh-\n-m Hcp
hkvXp-h-. adnv [mcmfw [mXpfpw ssPh- h - k vXp- fpw
hmbphpw shhpw tN-XmW- X v . Ch- b v p- ] pdsa `qan-bnse Pohs\bpw `y-irw-Je
- sbbpw
\ne\np tImSm-\ptImSn kqva-Po-hnIfpw IqSn tN-XmWv av.
anse kqvaPoh
n-Isf _mo-cn-b,
an ]Wn-sb-Sp-p
Ij-Is\ Adn-bmw.
BIvnt\mssak-kv
Iqen-bn-msX tPmen
(Actinomycetes) ]qsNp an-c-sb-p-dnv
ep-I, ]mb-ep-I,
tIn-p-v. Fn-st
anse kqva-Po-hn-Isf t{]mtm- t km- h - I
am{Xw ]cn-N-b-s-n-.
(Protozoans), sshd^mdqJv tImtf-Pnse kkykp-I Fn-s\
imkv{X A[ym-]I
- \
- mb
tUm.- In-tjmIp-am ]d- Xcw-Xn-cn-mw. Hmtcm
bp-Xv {in-q.
hn`m-K-n\pw Ahbp-tS-Xmb {]tXy-IX
- Ifpw [a-fpw Dv. Hcp{Kmw
an GI-tZiw 10 ew sXmv 100 tImSn

kqvaP
- o-hn-Isf ImWmw FmWv IWm-n-bn-p--Xv. Imem-h--bv-\p-kcnpw ans khn-ti-j-X-I-\p-kcnpw Ch-bpsS F-n hyXymkw
hcmw. ans Hcp iX-am-\-n Xmsg
am{Xw `mcw hcp Ch-bpsS tkh-\
-
]t \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv.
an kqva-Po-hn-I
sNp-Xv
$ anse ssPh-L-S-I--fpw kky-Pp Ah-in-

- fpw arX-ic
- o-c
- fpw
hnL-Sn-nv kky-v e`y-amb
aqe-I--fmn amp-p.
- -
anse aqeI
nI
{I
fpsS Nm
- ns\
km-c
Xzcn-Xs- Spm\ptm?
50
50
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
$ ssPh-av (humus) cq]-s-Sp-p-Xn-\m ans ê`qbn-X hnn-p-p.

$ anse aqe-I
- f
- psS Nm{InI kmc-ns\ (Nutrient Cycle) Xzcn-X-s-Spp-p.
$ A-co--nse ss\{S-P hmXIs nXo-I-cnv kky-p
hen-s-Sp-m ]p cq]-n-em-pp.
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww:
kXojv
$ arX- i - c o- c - fpw ss\{S- P - \ - S - nb

ssPh- h - k v X p- fpw hnL- S n- nv
ss\{S-P hmX-Is Xncnv Aco--n Fn-p-p.
$ tlmtam-Wp-Ifpw Bn-_t- bm-n-pI-fp-sams \nanv kky-h-f
Xzcn-X-s-Sp-p-p.
$ ans cq]-L-S-\, {]tXy-Inv ]ina
cq]-s-Spn AXns Pe-kw-`-c-Wtijn Iqp-p.
$ anse hnj-h-kvXp-fpw IoS If
2016
BKv 1
51
51
\min-\n-Ifpw ap cmk-h-kvXp-fpw
hnL-Sn-nv hnj-c-ln-X-am-p-p.
$ anse lm\n-Ic
-
- f
- m-bXpw tcmK-Imcn-I-fp-amb Nne kqva-Po-hn-Isf
ASn--ap-p.
anse {][m-\-s
kqva-Po-hn-I
1. _mo-cnb (Bacteria) : Ch ]e cq]n Dv . Zv , tKmfw, tIma,
kv{]nwKv XpS-nb BIr-Xn-If
- mWv IqSpX- e pw. CXn- \ - \ p- k - c n- mWv Ch- b psS
t]cpw. Nneh tcmK-Im-cn-I-fm-sW-n
ap-h D]-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv. \-fp-sSbpw
arK-f
- p-sSbpw A-\m-f
- nepw D]-Imcn-I-fmb Nne C\- Pohn-p-ptm!
2. ]q-ep-I AYhm Ipan-fp-I
(Fungus) : {]Im-i-kw-t-jW kwhn-[m\-an-m hn`m-K-am-Wn-h. AXn-\m
Xs ssPh-hk
- vXp-f
- psS hnL-S\
-
- neq-sS-bmWv DuPw Dm-Zn-n-p--Xv.
Ch-bpsS CS-bn D]-Im-c-Im-cn-Ifpw
tcmK-Im-cn-I-fp-ap-v.
3. BIv n- t \m- s sa- k - kv (Actinomycetes) : ico-c-L-S\ DssS ]qens Nne kz`mh khn-ti-j-X-I-fp
Hcn\w _mo-cn-b--fm-Wn-h. kky-i-coc-nse hnL-Sn-m hfsc {]bm-kap koW-LS- \
- b
- p enKv\n (Lignin) Xm-{X-Isf sNdnb LS-I--fmbn
hnL- S n- n- m- \ p Ch- b psS Ignhv
FSpp ]d-tb--Xm-Wv. am{X-a Cv
{]Nm-c
- n-ep Bn-_t- bm-nIv acp-pI-fmb kvs{S]vtm-ssa-kn, \ntbm-ssakn, Fdn-t{Xm-ssa-kn, sS{Sm-ssk-n
XpS-n-bh thXn-cn-s-Sp-p-Xv Chbn \nm-Wv.
4. ]mb-ep-I (Algae) : q{Ko C\fpw sbtm{Ko C\- fpw,
tKmU--{_u C\-fp-amWv (blue-green, yellowgreen, golden-green) Ch-
bn {][m-\n-I. GItIm-i
- f
- pw, _lp-tIm-i-fp-amb ]mb-ep-If
- p-v.
Chbv v Fm- n\pw
{]Im-i-kw-tjW tijn-bp-v. Nne-hbvv
(q{Ko C\w) ss\{S-P
nXo-I-cW tijn-bp-ap-v.
kutcmPs ap kky-P-p-Pm-e-p `W-ambn amn `yirwJ-emPm-e-n\v XpS--an-Sm Chbvm-hp-p. IqSmsX ss\{SPs {Ib-hn-{I-b-n-epw.
5. t{]mtm-tkmh (Protozoa) : ]e _mo-cn-b-I-sfbpw
Bl- c n- m tijn- b p
GI- t Im- i - P o- h n- I - f m- W - h .
AXn- \ m Xs Ah
anse _mo- c n- b - - f psS
Fs \nb- { n- p- p.
Ch-bn Nen-m klm-bnp \of-ta-dnb hmep-If
- p-ff
bpo\ (euglena) t]mep- - h bpw

icocw apgp-h tcmam-hr-X-amb ]mc-aoknbw (paramecium) t]mephbpw
ico-c-n\v {]tXy-Inv cq]-sam-p-an-
Ime am{Xw t]mc

kqva-Po-hn-Ifpw thWw
""]p-tImSn P\-ap-v ]p
t]mbn-smcp hon
sImn-h ]mh-t]mse
Xnn-hn-n-n-S-pp''
Ime-an-. Poh-\p-h Fmw acn-pw.

acnv an ebn-pw. ih-ic
- o-c
- fpw
kky- - f p- s ams PoWn- mWv
an tNcp--Xv. PoWn-n-p-Xv
kqvaP
- o-hn-If
- pw!
C\n, arX-ic
- o-c
- PoWn-m
Ime-s-p-dnv Hp kn-p-t\mq... Ft! Ime-\n-m Imetm òI-cw, At? Atm {]IrXnsb Cu ImWpw-hn[w \ne-\npXv kqva-Po-hn-Ifpw IqSn-bm-Wv. adp-t]m-I-cp-Xv.
alm- I hn Ip \ym- c psS

"Ime\nm Imew' Xp- e n
\nmWv hcn-I. ac-W-an-m Imew
hm F-s\-bn-cnpw Fv ck-Ic-ambn Ihn kn-p-p. ap-s
apXp-ap-p--mcpw Ah-cpsS ap-mcpw Hs Pohn- p Imcyw
Htmp-t\m-q.
Ihn kn--XmWv. ac-W-an-m
52
52
Ihn-Xm-]q-cWw
_mo-cn-b-bpsS temI-n
Ddpp ssUt\m-k!
{]ikvX Ihn ]n a[p-kq-Z-\s hcn-Ifm-Wnh. CXn-t\mSv tNcp hcn-I
XpS-
- ntem HSp-
- ntem \n-fpsS bpw-t]mse tNv ]qn-bmn
t\mq.
Ihn Xs-bm-bn-cnpw cN-\-I sXc-s-Sp-p-I. anI cN\ {]kn-oI-cn-pw.
Ab-bvt hnemkw :
IhnXm ]qcWw BKv 2016, bpdo-, Nme-p-dw, tImgn-tmSv 673002.
Ah-km\ XobXn BKv 30
m Hgp-In-sbm-gpIn \S-p Ah- b n- e p

Aao- _ (amoeba)
t]mephbpw Dv. Ch- b psS
hnkPy--fn-eqsS anse ss\{S-P
h[n-n-m\pw klm-bn-p-p-v.
6. sshd-kp-I (virus) : anse ]e
sshdkpw tcmK-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv. Nneh
_mo-cnb t`mPn-I-fm-Wv.
kky Pp sshd-kp-I an-sep-Xv Ah-bpsS PoWn-p icoc-f
- n \npw hnkPy-f
- n \npw
ap amen-\y-f
- n \np-am-Wv. _mo-cnb-fps-sS-bp ]e kqvaP
- o-hn2016
BKv 1
53
53
I-fp-sSbpw aa-nse t{Imatkmw (chromosome) LS\ amm-\p tijnbpw

Chbvp ]e-Xn-\p-ap-v.
ta hnh- c n kqv a - P o- h n- I
Hmtcmpw ]c-kv]c _-an-m-sX-b
an {]hn-p--Xv. ]c-kv]cw
kulmZ-n Ign-bp-h Dv; ]ckv]cw Bl-cn-mt\m \in-n-mt\m
{ian-p-h Dv; ap-hsc Xosc Ku\n-msX
kzw Imcyw am{Xw
t\mn- t m- I p- - h - c p- a pspw Hmp-I.
C lcn-Ir-jvW
""CsXm C{X t\mm,

Cu sh-n?'' IS-c-bnse- nbtm
apX
ssIpnfn sh-sa-Spv
AXn- t ev Xs t\mn\np- I - b mWv
G.
sslkv I q- f n- s e- n- b - t m
apX G-\n-ncn kocn-bk
- mWv
Fv tXmn-bn-pv
Dn-p-\
- v.
"" A X n - s e m
Gm?''
""CXn-tem... CXn
Hncn Pohn-I-fpv
Dn-p-m. kq...-vaPo-hn-I!'
""t\m- s ... Zm,
Rm Iq'' DnCu IS-se-nepw kqvap- Xpn-m-Sn.
Po-hn-I hnp-X-cp-sav
"am, kqva-Po{]Xo-n-tm? C, AhnsS-bp-apv Ah. ]e
hn-Isf Ip-sImv
`mh-n. IS-en-se
kqva ]mb-ep-Isf-p- ImWm ]n-. AXnt\,
ssat{Imdnv Kth-jWw sNbvX
lcn-am-a CXm Nne
kvtImv thWw.
hnti-j--fp-ambn
AXn- e qsS t\m\n-tfm-sSmw
Ww. Atg ImWq.''
as\v hnfnXv Dn-p-\v A{X ]nSn-n-.
G\v \smcp ]np-sIm-Sp-m
ssI \on-b-Xm-Wv. Atm-gmWv ]cn-N-ban-m Hcm ASp-tv hcp-Xv

I-Xv.
""Akv e w km...!'' Gs apJw
ktm-jw-sImp hnSp.
Hm, Atm CXmWv In. Gs
kbkv km. Fpw kvIq hnp
hm G hmtXm-cmsX ]d-bm-dpv
Ct-l-s-n!
""Fm Aa.. CXv Aa-ens A\nb-\mtWm?'' km Dn-p-s\ tNp
\nn.
`qan-bn Cp
ssPh-ssh-hn-[yns
samw t]pw
Rm..!
54
54
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
""G ]d- b zm, Cu

ISsh- - n IpsImv ImWm ]m
Pohn-If
- p-sv!'' Dn-p kmdns\ t\mn.
""icn-bm-Wt- m. Hcp anoen- sh-n Hcp Ziew hsc kqva-Po-hnI Dv. _mo-cn-b, ^wKkv, BK, t{]mtm-tkmh, sshdkv XpSn Fm
C\w kqvaP
- o-hn-Ifpw ISen-ep-v. ]e-\n-d
- n, ]e
hen-
- n.''
G {in-n-cn-p-Ibm-Wv. Dn-p-\v apgp-hs\mpw a\-n-em-bn-.
`qap-Jv Poh Dm-bnv GI-tZiw
300 tImSn hj-am-bn. AXn-\p-tijw
GXmv aqv tImSn hj- t mfw
ChnsS Cu `qan-bn IS-enepw Ic-bn-epsams Cu kqva-Po-hn-I am{Xta
Dm-bn-p-q. Ch-cpsS {]h-\a
- mWv
Cs ssPh-ssh-hn[yw Dm-hm
Imc-Ww.''
""Ah- c psS GXv {]h\w?
Fs\?'' Gs i-n \nd
AXn-i-bw. G\pw A\n-b\pw hm-s.
\apv ChnsS Ccpv kwkm-cn-mw.
Akvew k aW-en Imep-\on Ccpp. Fnv XpSp.
""A-co-
- nse hmX-IL
- S- \ amnb-Xn kqva-Po-hn-I-fpsS ]v hfsc
hep-Xm-W.v HmIvkn-P F {]mW-hmbp
Cs coXn- b n hn- Xpw
HmtkmIpS t]mse- b p IhNw
krjvSn-p-X
- n\pw hnhn[ Pohn-I DSse-Sp-p--Xn\pw Ch henb kw`m-h-\I \In-bn-p-v.''
Dn-p-\v A`n-am\w tXmn ""Cncn-p--\m-sW-nepw tIa-\m-Wtm''
Fv A Xs-n CSbvv ]d-bm-dpXv Ah-t\mp.
""k, ]cn-n-Xn-bn Ch-bpsS [aw
2016
BKv 1
55
55
BK-I
FmWv?'' G hnSp an-.

""_mo- c n- b , ^wK- k p- I
Fnh Fm Bhmk hyh- - b nsebpw t]mse hnLm-S-It-- Pmen sNpp. koW-amb Im_-WnI kwbp-sf hnL-S\w \S-n. ]p\-cm-KncWw km[y-am-p-Xv ISP-e
- nepw
ASn--nepw ImWp Cu kqvaPohnI BWv. `qcn-`mKw _mo-cn-b-fp-sSbpw DuP t{kmXv cmk-kwt-jW
- a
- m-Wv. IS-ense t]mj-I
- f
- psS
ssPh-ù-a-Nm-{InI hn\n-abw \S-pXv Ch-cpsS [a-amWv. IS-nse
Bg-ta-dnb adn-bm-\m-{Snepw Amn-bnse AXn-ssiXy sFkvI--Iv
ASn-bnepwhsc Pohn-p Ch-bn
NneXv av Pohn-If
- psS ico-c
- n-\I
- pw
ap NneXv ]pdpw Pohn-m-dp-v.
""kqva BK-I FmWv sNpXv?'' G\v C\n-bp-sa-sm-stbm
Adn-bm-\p-v.
""kqva BK-I-fpsS ssPh-sshhn[yhpw {]h\ sshhn-[yhpw hfsc-b-[nIw {]m[m-\y-ap-Xm- W v . {]Imi kwtjWw \S-p Chbpw
_mo-cn-b-fpw tNXmWv `y-irw-J-e-bnse
BZy-]S- n. `qcn-`mKw BKIfpw bqIm-tcymv BsWnepw ISP- e - nse

kqva BK-If
- n hfsc- b - [ nIw
t]cpw
t{]mImcntbmv BWv. BK-If
- n `qcn`m-Khpw {]Imiw Fn-tcp 200 ao
XmgvNh
- s
- c-bmWv km[m-cW
- b
- mbn ImWpI. Nne BK-Iv Pp-tIm-i
- f
- ptS-Xn\v kam-\a
- mb Nne kz`mh hnti-jfpw ImWpw. DZm-lc
- W
-
- n\v BKI km[m-cW
- b
- mbn kzt]m-jn-I Bbncn-Wa-tm. Fm Nne BK-I
kml-Nc
- y-n-\\p-kc
- nv ]c-t]m-jn-Itfm
D`-bt- ]m-jn-Itfm Bhpw. Npp-ap Pen ssPhnI ]Zm- IqSptm Ch ]c-t]m-jn-If
- m-hpw. Am
nse Ubmw Fs Ipd-bvp-Xmbn imkv { Xob ]T- \ - Dv .

Ubmw Ipd-m an Ipd-bpw. am{Xa BtKm-f-Xm-]-\hpw aen-\o-I-c-Whpw
IS-en hnj-]-ZmY- ]pd-s-Sp-hnm Ign-hp hnhn[ BK-I-fpsS
hwi- h [- \ - h n\v Imc- W - a m- I pw. Ch
ayk-ns\ hmsX _m[n-pw.
`y-irw-Je
- b
- n-eqsS ssPh Bh\w
hgn Ch a\p-jy-sc-b-Sw Fm PohnhK--sfbpw _m[n-pw.''
""Cu kqva-Po-hn-I thsd GsXnepw Xc-n a\p-jyv t\cnv D]Imcw sNp-ptm?''
""Dv, Hcp-]mSv D]-Im-c- sNpp-v. `y-]-ZmY-fmbpw Bn-_tbm-n-p-Ifmbpw t{]m _tbm-n-p-I-
ka-bv {]Im-ik
- w-t-jWw \S-p
kzt]mjn-Ifpw ISP-e
- nse ss\{SP aqe-I
- ns Afhv \nb-{n-p-Xpw Dd-p-hc
- p-p-Xpw nco-Ic
- W
- t- ijn-bp BK-I BWv. DZm-lc
- W
- n\v ss{Stm-sU-kvanbw. Btcm-Kyap Hcp kaql Bhm-kh
- y-h
- b
- mWv
Cu `qanbpsS samw Btcm-Ky-tbpw
\nW-bn-p-X
- .v
""AXv F-s\-bmWv Fv hni-Zo-Icnp Xcmtam Akvew km.''
""Aa-en\v anbpw Ab-ebpw Hs
C-am-W-tm At. Ch-bpsS {][m\
`Ww IS Pe-nse kky--h-I- f mb Ubmw hn`m- K - ns
kqva BK-I BWv. BtKm-f-Xm]-\hpw aen-\o-I-c-Wsampw ISP-e-
bmbpw ^pUv kn-sambpw D]-tbmKn-m-hp Hcp-]mSv kqva-Po-hn-Ifpw

Ah-bpsS D--fpw Cv hn]-Wnbn-ep-v. Hcp-]mSp imkv{X Kth-j-W Cu kqva-Po-hn-I-fn \S-pp-v. Imk-dn\pw ap amcI tcmKs-Xn-scbpw ê-{]-Za
- mb Huj[w
Dm-n-sb-Sp-p-p-v. kqva-Po-hnI-sf-n ]d-m Xocn-. \ ag hcpp-v. _mn \apv ]ns ]d-bmw.''
""Dn-p-m, \n\-s-s-nepw a\n-emtbm?'' km Ahs\ t\mn. Dnp- Hp Nncnp Xe-bm-pI am{Xw
sNbv X p. Fnp a\- n Cs\
]dp: IS Hcp AXn-ibw Xs.
kqv a - P o- h n- I AXppw tase...
thsd seh-em...''
56
56
""cp apfw ]q
tNn-s,''m
ss-tm-Smbv
]d-bp-s-n
knp F ]n
GIm--X-sbmcp
IS-em-sW-n
IS-en \ndsb
nc-bp-s-n,
Rm\m--S-en
tmc-mbv Xnc
ame-I t\mn
bncn-m-sW-n,
sNn \np
]pI-p-cp-fm-sbmcp
`qX-a-gnp
hcp--Xp-t]mse
\oe--S-en
pn \nsmcp
am{n-I\
-
- s\
hc-hm-sb-n,
Bp-Ip-Xnp
hcp-smcp Xnc-am
eI-sf-q-hmbv
op-s-n,
B sh]q-hp-I
sfmw I\-hn
\qentmm
Ign-bp-s-n
Bq-am-eI
-
sIm-bn-em-o
smcp-s]--Xn-te
hchm-sW-n,
""Fp kpKw
]qs''p
]d-smcp Imv
]d-p-s-n
GIm--X-bpsS
IS-tem-c-smcp
sh--n
sImmcw ]Wn
Xmsm-mc
sn ap
mhn-en-cpo-
S-ens\ t\mn
hn-X-I-fn-s\
sbgpXpw Rm.
Rm\m aW-tem
cmbv Ipw
Xn-bn-cn-q
ancn-m-sW-n,
Nn{Xo-Ic
- Ww:
kNo-{ Imd-Up
bpdo--bn ck-I-c-ambn
[mcmfw Ihn-X-I FgpXn-bn-pv knp-t-n.
C-hW IS-en-s\-p-dnv
Fgp-Xn-bXv hmbn-q.
2016
BKv 1
57
57
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
C F joP
p Am tNmZn-p.
""A-tm... At{Xw Db-c-nev tIdt... Fs sXmn t]Sn-pw...''
Ipn-s- Htcmw hp-sIm-Spp.
\oe-smow Xteev shv Ipns-s Hcp \S-w-v. Ipf--c-bn-eqsS... sRfn---s\.
"Zm, Fs sXmn Itm' F `mhn.
""tlbv... B sXmn-sbmv Xtczm?
hm shbn-ev... Xe thZ-\n-vWp.''
Ipf- n- t ev t\mn- b n- c n- p
aosImn s]m tNmZn-p.
""At... Fs sXmnv aoaWw
Cw-y.'' Ipn-s- Htcmw hpsIm-Sp-p.
\oe-smow Xteev shv Ipns-\v Hcp \S-w-v... hoSns apq-sS... sRfn---s\... "Zm, Fs
sXmn Itm' F `mh-n.
Hcp Imv HmSn-h
- p. "B sXmn-sbmv
Xtczm'v tNmZntw IqSn sNm-sX,
Imv Ipn-s-s sXmow FSpv
H Hmw... ]ns, H--d-...
Ipn-s- Ic-n-temSv Ic-n...
Ic-n-en-\n-Sb
- nepw Ah Dds hnfnp
]d-p.
""Imt... s sXmn Xmtbm...
s sXmn Xmtbm...' v.
]d--en-\n-S-bnepw Imv hnfnp ]dp,
Ipn- s - \v A Hcp
sXmn hmn-sm-Sp-p. Hcp
\oe-sm-n. Ipn-s--\msW-n-tem, B sXmn Xe-bn
\np amn-.
\oe-smow Xteev shv
Ipn-s-s Hcp \S-w-v.
]mS-hc
-
-
- q-sS... sRfn-- s \... Zm, Fs sXmn
Itm F `mh-n..
""t{Imw t{Imw B sXmnsbmv Xtczm?''
hc-ns tamfn-encpv Xhf tNmZn-p.
"" A - t m . . .
shw \\- m
Fs sXmnv
XWp-pw.'' Ipns- Htcmw hpsIm-Sp-p.
\oe-smow
imkv{Xhpw IY-Ifpw
Xteev shv IpnIhn-X-I-fp-ambn joP-tn
s- s Hcp \Sbpdo--bn Fgp-Xp
- n-bn-eqcN-\-Isf \n-dn-bm- w-v... CS-hg
a-tm. CXm... Hcp IY.
sS... sRfn- - hmbn-q.
s\... "Zm Fs sXmn
Itm' F `mhn...
""Nn Nn... B sXmnsbmv Xtczm? sXmn-hv Hcp
sk^n-sb-Sp-m-\m...'' Hme-e-v samss_epw ]nSn-n-cn-
58
58
"Zv F\n--m... Zv F\n--m...' v

Ipn-s- ]ntw Ic-n-temSv
Ic-n-ev... Ic-p-I-cv Ipn-ss hmbnse shsms hn...
A Ipn-s-\v sImtd shw
sImSp-p. Ipn-s- IpSn-n-.
A Ipn-s-\v tNmdp hnf-nsm-Sp-p.
Ipn-s- Dn-.
"Dd-ntm Ipn-sm'v A
]d-npw Ipn-s- Dd-o-.
Ah P\- e nqSn tatepw
t\mn-bn-cp-p. Imv t]mb hgn-bn-tev...
""mepw s Imt...'' Ipn-s ]ntw tatev t\mn... ]ntw
]ntw t\mn... Zm Ahs ]pm-c2016
BKv 1
59
59
smn Xteepw shv Hcm tamfn-encpv Nncn-p-p.

""mepw s An- f n- a m- a m... s
sXmn...''
Ipn-s- ]ntw Ic-bm XpSn. ]ntv A Ipn-s-\v Hcp
sXmn sImSp-p... Hcp Nph sXmn...
Ipn-s- B sXmn Xtev
amn-. GXp ka-bhpw AXpw h-s\
\S-pw... Nph sXmow Xte hv
Ah-s-sbmcp \S-w-v... sRfn--s\... "s sXmn Itm F `mhn.' Fmcpw Ahs
sXmnsb t\mpw. Impw...
sImXn-tbm-sS... Bmhpw
Imv C\n Cu sXmn
sImp-sm-Sp-p-I...
sI cm[
Dp-p-kp-hns In
Hcp-{K kn-bp-v. Ah ISbn-tev km[-\- hmm
t]mhp- t m sImp- t ]m- h pXv. Im Hcp ASn-s]mfn
t]gvkm-W-Xv. AXv I-tm
^mna ^nZbvpw AaPnv
Fn\pw ap Iqp- I mpsamw AXp- t ]m- s em- s cw
thW-sa-m-bn. As\- b mWv
Dppkp- h ns D
kvIqfn-sen
Acw kn- b pm- pI F- s \sbv Fm-hpw
]d-p-sIm-Sp--Xv.
Dp- pkp- h ns
]pmc D FmWv
Fn-\mWv mnIv Ihdp-I Xs thW-sav ]d- - s Xv hmbnq. ]n Sn F, amXr\n_w ]nSn-p-Xv.
]Icw CXv t]mtc? XpWn k-anXn Fn-h-bn
kn. XpWn-k-n-bpsS X Adn- b p- - h \namWw hnh-cn-p-Xv
cpsS klm-b-m
A[ym-]-I-\mb cm[
ama-\m-Wv.
\n-fpsS kvIqfnepw
Ccw kn- I
Dm-m {ianq.
hon-se-p mnIvamen-\y-fpsS Afhp Ipd-bvp-X
- n\v
mnIv Ih- d p- I p ]Icw
\apv XpWn-kn Hcp ioe-am-mw. aSn-bm t]gvkvt]mse D]-tbm-Kn-mhp kn- b m- s W- n ]Whpw

samss_t^mWpw klnXw sImp-\S-m\pw kuI-cy-am-Wv. Ccw XpWnkn \nan-p-Xv hfsc Ffp--am-Wv.
kn-bp-m-p--Xn\v thXv Chbm-Wv: 90 x 50 sk.-ao- (36 x 20 Cv)
Af-hn kn-bvp XpWn, 25 x 22
sk.-ao- (10 x 9 Cv) Af-hn In-bp
]pdw-Xp-Wn, 35 x 7 sk.-ao- (14 x 3
Cv) Af-hn kn-bpsS ssI Xbvp-Xn-\p-X
- p-Wn, 15 sko-ao- \of-n
knv, 1 ao \of-n knns Hcp
]mfn, cp d.
BZyw Ih XpWn Nn{X-f
- n ImWn-Xp-t]mse \memn aSn aqe apdnp
9"
10"
10"
Nn{Xw 2
Nn{Xw 1
60
60
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
Nn{Xw 3
aSn AB bpsS aS-n\p apI-fn-eqsS

Xbvp-I.-Xp-Sv AB bn \npw 10 sk.ao- (4 Cv) AI-e-n CD bneqsS
aSn apI-fn-eqsS Xbvp-I. C\n knp
]nSn-n ]pdw-XpWn Nn{Xw 8 ImWn-pXp-t]mse apI`m-Kp \nv GI-tZiw
3 3 Cv Xmgvn Ncn-p-t]m-ImsX
Xbv p- t N- W w. XpSv c- hpw
BZyw D`m-Kt- v aS-nbpw XpSv
]pd- t p aS- nbpw EF eqsS
XbvvtN-Ww (Nn{Xw 9). C\n CD F
`mKw A-ambn hcp hn[-n (Nn{Xw
10) kn aSn FXn`m-Kv (GH) apIfn-eqsS Xbvp-I. C\n kn ]pdw-Xn-cnnv ASn-`mKw Xbvp tN-Ww. BD
F `mKpw EH F `mKpw
Nn{Xw 4
Nn{Xw 5
If-bp-I. XpSv Nn{Xw 3 ImWn--Xpt]mse XpWn cmbn aSn AS-bm-fs-Sp-nb coXn-bn GI-tZiw 6 sk.-aod-d \of-n I{Xn-I-sImp shp-I.
Aw < amXrIbnepw sh-Ww. XpWn
\nhn-bm Nn{Xw 4 ImWp--Xpt]mse Inpw. apdn-`- m-Ks ^vfmv cp
`mK-tbvpw Dn-tev aSn AhnsS
A
4"
Nn{Xw 6
Nn{Xw 7
knv Xbvp-tN-Ww. d LSn-nv

kns \mep- ` m- K hpw ]pd- p- I qsS
Xbvp-tNmw. Nn{Xw 5 ImWn--Xpt]mse knns H- mfn A F
ep \npw XpSn XpWn- b psS
\mep `mK- p- a mbn Xbv p- t Np- I .
XpSv d LSn-nv Ducn-tm-hm-Xn-cnm knns Aw Xbvp-tN-Ww.
C\n kn-bvp XpWn Nn{X-n
ImWp-Xp-t]mse apI-fw 1 Cv hoXnbn aSn Xbvp-I. XpWn cmbn
A
Nn{Xw 9
2016
BKv 1
Nn{Xw 10
61
61
Nn{Xw 8
{XntImW cq]- a p- m- I p hn[- n

Xbvp-I. XpWn-bpsS ]pdw-`mKw t\scbm-n-bt- ijw DF F `mKpw BH F
`mKpw apI-fn-eqsS Xbvp-I. knbpsS Dn {XntIm-Wm-Ir-Xn-bn D
`mKw ASn-`m-K-tv Xbvv tN-Ww.
C\n ssI ]nSn-n-p-Itb thq. Hv
Ht-Im Cv hoXn-bp-m-Ip hn[n ssIbv p- - X pWn Aw Dntemp aSn ssI Xbvv FSp-p-I. apIfn B\p-]m-Xn-I-amb AI-e-n cp`m-K-p-ambn ssI Xbvv ]nSn-n-p-tXm-Sp-IqSn kn sdUn. C\n aSn
knv tNp t\mq. Hcp t]gvkv
t]mse-- X-s-bn-t. ]pdw-Xp-Wn-bpsS
]pdpw kn-bpsS FXn`m- K pw
kvIqfn-stbm
bpdo n-stbm
t]cv kv{Io {]np
sNbv X m _lp- t Ia-am-bn.
bpdo p-I
{]h\w Bcw-`np
mn-v
amen-\yn\vFXnsc
Ipp-
"mnIv amen-\y-n-s\-Xnsc Ipp-' F ]cn]m-Sn-bpsS `mK-ambn \nc-h[n kvIqfp-I-fn bpdom

p-I cq]o-Ic
- n-v {]h\w Bcw-`nnpv. bpdo
p-I-fpsS Iho-\am-cp-sSbpw apJy Npa-X-e-bp
A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw t^mtmbpw hnem-khpw Ipdnpw
Ab-p-X-cq.
{]tXyI IpI m]npw. mnv

D]-tbmKw Ipdbvm-\mbn
t_m_n
cn-Xm-tPmk^v
v t_m[h-cWw \S-pw.
Kh.bp ]n kvIq
HmS--bw, Aco-tm-Sv, ae-pdw
mnIv amen-\y-hn-ap HmS-bw
F-XmWv apJy-e
- yw. CXn-\mbn Wv Xm-dmn {]tZ-is hoSp-If
- n
Fn-pw. hn]p-e-amb Im-bn-\n-\mbn
P\-Iob kanXn
Dm-pw.
t_m[- h cW mpw
Abk-`m-X-en mnIv
kvt\l
__nX
-tk-hy
{ô In-nbpw
cq]o- I - c n- pw.
XpWn-kn hnX-cWw sNp-Ibpw hoSpI-fn-ep mnIv Imcn-_m-Kp-I tiJcn- p- I bpw sNpw. anI Abk`pw hoSn\pw AhmUv \Ipw.
apl-Zv
kn\m
Kh. F ]n kvIq
thtm-Sn, ]me-mSv
"_n kvamv bpdom v' FmWv
t]cv. mv apdn-bnse mnIv km[-\
- ,
kvIqfnse sam-nep mnIv km[\-, Hmtcm Znh-khpw A[n-Ia
- mbn ]pdp-\npw hcp-h XpS-n-bh
- sb-pdnv
env Xm-dmn ]T\ {]h-\-ambn
Gs- S p- pw. mnIv km[- \ - v
_Z Fs-m-sav Is-p-Ibpw
N-sN-pIbpw sNpw.
c n - X m v t_m[h-c-Whpw
mnIv amen-\yFw.sI.
aplZv {ioteJ
jm^n
-fn-m
kvIq F eyhpw \S-m-pw.
Kh. F ]n kvIq
Ipam-c\
- - q,
apw, tImgn-tmSv
mnIv Ih-dp-I kvIq-fn Fnm-Xn-cn-m {ian-pw. sIm-p-h-h
aS-n-sm-p-t]m-hpw. kvIq- Bh-iyn- t ev mnIv D]- t bm- K n- n- .
t_ms] shbv v tiJ- c n- m
bpdo n-s\-p-dnpw mnv amen-\y-n-s\-Xnsc-bp {]h-\-s-p-dnpw IqSp-X Adn-bm

_-s-Sp-I.
tIm HmUn-t\-, bpdo v, ]cn-jv `h,
Nme-p-dw, tImgn-tmSv 673002.
62
62
Ip-I Ab-btv hnemkw:

{]nb-s bpdot, bpdo-,
Nme-p-dw-, tImgn-tmSv673002.
BcmWv Ah-Imin?
Pqsse 1 e-nse bpdo F\nv
Hcp-]mSv ]p Adn-hp-I \In. AXn
sskP Fkv Fgp-Xnb sshw apl-Zv
_jo kmdns `qan- b psS Ah- I m- i nIsfn- b p ]wn Ipn- I - f p- t Sbpw
apXn- h - c p- t Sbpw a\- n ]cnnXnt_m[-ns Hcp-]nSn hnp ]mIpI-bm-Wv. a\p-jys sXn-m-cW `qan-bpsS
Ah-Imin Ah-\m-sW-m-Wv. Hcn--ep-a-.
{]IrXnbn ImWp
Ddp- p- a p- X B\
hsc- b p Fm
Poh-Pm-e-fpw
`qanbpsS Ah-Im-inI-fm-Wv. a\p-jys
{Iqc-X-bm Cm-XmIp-Xv `qan-bpsS AhIm-in-If
- m-Wv. C\nbpw ]p-\d- n-hp-If
- p-ambv
bpdo hopsap-sav {]Xo-n-p-p.
\Zn Fkv, 6 kn, F Fw bp ]n Fkv
Ipam-c-s\-q, apw, tImgn-tm-Sv673602
Bhn--cptX
Nph-Sp-I-fn CubnsS h Hcp IhnX
{ioaXn sI B aoc-bpsS {]ikvX t\mhemb Bcm-m-cnse Hcp `mKw ]In-bXm-sWv CS-m-ep \npw A\p{io
F Iqp-Imcn Adn-bn-n-p-v (I-hn-Xb
- psS
t]cpw Fgp-Xnb Bfns t]cpw ChnsS
tNp-n-).
Ccw Imcy- Hcn-epw sNm
]mSn-m--Xm-sWv ama Fm Iqp-Imtcm-Sp-ambn ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv. asm-cm-fpsS
cN\ \psS t]cn A-Sn-p-h--XpsImv Fv {]tbm-P\w. Hmtcm-cp-cpw
Ah-cpsS kz-amb cN\-I-fmWv Abbvt- - X v. AmsX sNp- - X n\v
tamjWw Ft ]d-bp-I. Iqp-Im {in-tW. Cmcyw Nqn-m-Wn A\p{iov amas A`n-\--\-.
ag Rmp-th-e-sm-p-I
Hcp At]
F\nv Gsd C-s t\mh-ep-I-fmWv
"amf-hn-Ib
- psS abno-en-I', "A]p Bdv
_n' Fn-h. AXv Ah-km-\n--Xn k-Sap-v. AXn\n XpSp-h-cm ama-t\mSv
At]-n-p-p.
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{]h- I sc Gn- mw. As- n
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]Ww AS-bv-Ww. IFSC No. CNRB0001144.
bpdo Abp Int hnemkw
ksspmagazine@gmail.com F hnem- k n Csa-bn sNp-I. cn-Xm-hns
t]cpssS ]qW X]m hnemkw
thWw. t^m \-dpw \n_--am-Wv.
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amt\-PnMv FUn-,
_-s-tS t^m \-dp-I

$ ImktImSv:sI.sI.cmL-h ........ 9447472929
$ Iq: sI _me-Ir-jvW....... 9496168346
$ hb-\mSv: tZhky Fw Un ........... 9400877126
$ tImgn-tmSv: ]n iin-[-c ....... 9744210992
$ ae-pdw: thWp ]meq ............ 9447108099
$ ]me-mSv: ANyp-XIpn .......... 9745513272
$ Xrq: hnizw-`-c .................... 9447615330
$ Fd-Wm-Ipfw: amn Fw.B ........ 9446339747
$ CSpn: tkma-Zmkv F F ...... 9961741354
$ tImbw: hn F aWn-b ..... 9496349931
$ Be-pg: ]n hn tPmk^v .......... 9495543157
$ ]-\w-Xn: hn.F.A\n .... 9447388984
$ sImw: kp\nIp-am ............ 8547365974
$ Xncp-h-\--]pcw: cmPnXv ........... 9809999033
t^m : 9400 583 200
kqvaP
- o-hn-X
- n-ns Nn{XoI-cWw \-nb Nn{X-Im-c
- m
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CXm B ama-m
shn
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66
cmPohv F Sn kNo-{ Imd-Up
Volume 38 No. 5 Eureka 2016 August 1, 68 Pages

Printed and Published by. P Muraleedharan, Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut - 2. on behalf of Kerala Sastra Sahithya Parishad
Printed at: Geethanjali Web Offset, Kundayithode, Kolathara P.O, Calicut.
and Published at Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut - 673 002. Phone : 0495-2701919. Editor: C M Muraleedharan. Approved by CSIR for Financial Support.
&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+
67

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&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+

32 AXn\v ]nn R-fm....

hnhn[ sh_vssk-nse Nn{X- CXn-ep-]-tbm-Kn-n-p-v. Ah-bvp IS-mSv tcJ-s-Sp-pp

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(FUn. A-kn-kvv), sI hnPb (am-t\-Pn-Mv F-Un-),

hmjnI hcn-kwJy : ` 250, H-{]Xn : ` 12 , Un.-Un/Fw.-H. Ab-bvp-I.

tIc-f im-kv-{X-km-ln-Xy- ]-cnj-v {]-kn-o-IcWw

IpIfpw cN-\-Ifpw Ab-bvt

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kqvaPo-hn-I-sf-p-dnp Hcp ]mtmsS XpSmw. Iqp-Imv thn

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Zin\n' (simple microscope) Fp hnfnbvmw. XSn sekv D]-tbm-Kn-m

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cm-Py-am-W-Xv. 2001se Hcp {]`m-Xw. enXzm\n-bb

CXn\p Imc-W-m-ct\m? Hcp kqvaPo-hn-bpw. kqva-Po-hn-bm-sW-nepw

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jn-n-p-sImv Hcp aS--bm{X!

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sNdp-\m-c--bpsS apI-fn Xhn-p-\nd- n- Hcp AS- b mfw ImWm- d n- t .

Ipn-I-fpsS imkv{X ssZzhm-cnI

sNdn- b Xpw ]c- - X p- a mWv Ce- I .

sImSp- p- p. Chn- s Sbpw

c--b, _okv, ]m-Wn XpSn

sXmmhmSn hsc \mw In-p-v. Imb mn o ]

Ipn-I-fpsS imkv{X ssZzhm-cnI

C\n \apv thXv \ Hcp sekmWv. BZy Znhkw Xs sekp-sImv

Ipn-I-fpsS imkv{X ssZzhm-cnI

&-3 :-7-32 :-()3 &03+

a\p- j y AS- - a p PohnhK-n\v A]-ISw hcp-m

ISp-hsb ]nSn InSph