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CourtesyJ.H.Wittke&T.E.Bunch,20042008
Porosity
TheporesinrocksdeepintheEarthhold
oil,naturalgas,andsaltwater.
Howmuchoilcanweextract?
dependon
Howmuchoilispresent?
dependson
Howmuchporespaceispresent*
dependson
Whatisthevolumeoftherock?and
Whatistheporosityoftherock?
DefinitionofPorosity
V p pore volume (also called void volume)
Vb bulk volume (also called total volume)
porosity
Vp
Vb
Note also
Vg grain volume
Vb Vg V p
CourtesyJonBurger,UHandChevron
GamePlan
1.
2.
3.
4.
Wewillvisualizeporosityinrocksby
measuringorcalculatingporosityfor
simplemodels
Marbleswithregularpacking
Marbleswitharbitrarypacking
Loosesand
Sandstone
SimpleModelofPorosity
CubicPackingofIdenticalSpheres
UnitCell
Thisistheloosest
packingpossible,
i.e.,greatestporosity
possible.
Calculatetheporosity.
Howcanwewhenthere
arebillionsandbillionsof
grains?
Consideratranslational
unitcell.
S
Pore
Grain
Rg
2Dpicturetoaid3Dcalculation
Youmust definetheunitcellinsucha
waythattheentirerockcanbe
constructedfromcontiguouscopiesofthe
unitcellin3D.However,theunitcellcan
bemovedforcomputationalconvenience.
SimpleModelofMatrixPorosity
CubicPackingofIdenticalSpheres
UnitCell
Calculatetheporosity.
S
Pore
Grain
Vb Vg
Rg
Vb
2Dpicturetoaid3Dcalculation
1 4
3
Vg 8( ) Rg where Rg radius of a spherical grain
8 3
Vb Vg
Vb
1 4
8( ) Rg 3
8 3
2R
g
47.6%
InterpretationofSimpleModel
Whatisthedependenceoftheporosityon
thegrainsize?
Whateffectsareleftoutofthismodel?
Idrewa2Dpicturetoaidourcalculation.Isa
2Dpicturemisleadinginanyway?
OtherCubicPackings
Maximum
Porosity
Minimum
Whatistherangeofporosities
forpackingofidenticalspheres?
SimpleCubicisthemaximumat47.6%
FacecenteredCubicistheminimumat???
GamePlan
1.
2.
3.
4.
Wewillvisualizeporosityinrocksby
measuringorcalculatingporosityfor
simplemodels
Marbleswithregularpacking
Marbleswitharbitrarypacking
Loosesand
Sandstone
Letsmakeourmodel
ajustalittlemorerealistic.
Stillidenticalspheres
Nonregularpacking,oreven
worse,wedontknowthepacking
Canwemeasuretheporosity?
Makeasimplemodelofarockusing
spheresinajar
Spheres(marbles)
Jar
Graduatedcylinder
Allthewateryouwant(within
reasonablelimits)
Canyoumeasuretheporosity?
GamePlan
1.
2.
3.
4.
Wewillvisualizeporosityinrocksby
measuringorcalculatingporosityfor
simplemodels
Marbleswithregularpacking
Marbleswitharbitrarypacking
Loosesand
Sandstone
Letsmakeourmodel
aevenalittlemorerealistic.
Loosesandgrains
Nonregularpacking,oreven
worse,wedontknowthepacking
Canwemeasuretheporosity?
Makeasimplemodelofarockusing
loosesandinajar
Sand
Jar
Graduatedcylinder
Allthewateryouwant(within
reasonablelimits)
Canyoumeasuretheporosity?
GamePlan
1.
2.
3.
4.
Wewillvisualizeporosityinrocksby
measuringorcalculatingporosityfor
simplemodels
Marbleswithregularpacking
Marbleswitharbitrarypacking
Loosesand
Sandstone
Finallyarealsandstonerock.
Packedsandgrains
Wedontknowifthegrainsare
identical
Wedontknowthepacking
Canwemeasuretheporosity?
Arealporoussandstonerock
Sandstone
Jar
Graduatedcylinder
Allthewateryouwant(withinreasonable
limits)
Scale(balance)
Ruler
Canyoumeasuretheporosity?
CourtesyJonBurger,UHandChevron
PropertiesofRealRocks
ThatInfluencePorosity
Sorting
Shape
Clayminerals
Cementation
Boundwater
Fracturing
Diagenesis
Solution
Particlesize(onlyweakly)
S
Pore
Grain
Rg
PorosityRanges
RegularPackings
Cubic=47.6%
Rhombohedralorclosedpacked=25.9%
PetroleumReservoirs
5%to40%
Mostfrequentlyencountered,10%to20%
GeologicalClassificationsofPorosity
Matrix(intergranular)
Betweenthegrains.Thinkmarbles.Thisisourmaininterestinsandstones
andourmaininterestatthispointinthecourse.
Fracture
Naturalandinduced.Thisisourmaininterestwhenmatrixporosityisvery
low.
Vugular
Thinkofavugasaverysmallcavern.Carbonates.
Fenestral
Disconnectedsmallholesincarbonates,oftenduetobiologicalaction.
windows
Intragranular
Noproductionbecausenotconnected.
Intracrystaline
Thinkofaflawinadiamond.Noproductionbecausenotconnected.
CourtesyJonBurger,UHandChevron
CourtesyJonBurger,UHandChevron
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Howisporosityformed?
Sedimentgrainsaretransportedbywateror
air
Ensemblesofpackedsedimentgrainscontain
porosity
Assedimentsarecompactedintorocks,the
porositycanpersist
EngineeringClassificationofPorosity
TotalPorosity
Vp
Vb
EffectivePorosity
Connectedporositythatallowsfluidflow
throughtherock
Lookslikeitmightbedisconnectedand
notcontributetoeffectiveporosity.
Becarefulabout3Deffects.
Lookslikeitmightbeconnectedand
contributetoeffectiveporosity.
Becarefulabout3Deffects.
CourtesyJonBurger,UHandChevron
Poresinrockscanhold
oneormorefluids
Air(verynearsurfacetypically)
Freshwater(nearsurface;aquifer)
Saltwater(mostporesinmostrocks)
Oil(occasionally)
NaturalGas(occasionally)
FluidSaturations
Porescancontainseveralfluidsatthesame
time.
Si
Volume of fluidi
usually expressed as a percentage
Total pore volume
For example :
Volume of oil
So
Total pore volume
Volume of gas
Sg
Total pore volume
Volume of water
Sw
Total pore volume
For the usual case in which oil, gas, and water are the three fluids in the reservoir, then
S o S g S w 1 (expressed as a fraction) or 1 00% (expressed as a percentage )
OIIPCalculation
OIIP=OilInitiallyInPlace
OIIP 7758AhS oi
Where
OIIP=volumeofoilinbbls
A=surfaceareaofreservoirinacres
h=thicknessofreservoirinfeet
=porosityfraction
Soi =initialoilsaturation
Theunitsseemcrazy,buttheyarethecommonunits.Dealwithit.
FieldSTOIIPCalculation
STOIIP=Stocktankoilinitiallyinplace
AhS oi
STOIIP 7758
B oi
Where
Boi =oilformationvolumefactor>1
Describeshowmuchtheoilcontractsasit
comestothesurfaceduetogascomingoutof
solution
Experiment
MeasurementofPorosity
BulkVolumeMeasurements
GrainVolumeMeasurements
PoreVolumeMeasurements
Review:ArchimedesPrinciple
Anyobject,whollyorpartiallyimmersedina
fluid,isbuoyedupbyaforceequaltothe
weightofthefluiddisplacedbytheobject.
Archimedes ofSyracuse (287212B.C.)
GrainVolume:BoyleLawPorosimeter
Chamber1withcore:
InitialState:Allvalvesclosed
n1
EmptyChambers:
InitialState:Allvalvesclosed
pV
pV
n1 1 1 ; n2 2 2
RT
RT
FinalState:Valveisopened,equilibrium
ntotal n1 n2
p f Vf
p1V1 p2V2
RT
RT
RT
p f (V1 V2 ) p1V1 p2V2
p1 (V1 Vs )
pV
; n2 2 2
RT
RT
FinalState:Valveisopened,equilibrium
ntotal n1 n2
p1 (V1 Vs ) p2V2
RT
RT
RT
p f (V1 V2 Vs ) p1 (V1 Vs ) p2V2
p f Vf
Vs
( p1 p f )V1 ( p2 p f )V2
( p1 p f )
ReadingAssignment
Tiab2nd edition
pages8799
Experiment7and8inAppendix
Tiab3rd edition
pages8597
Experiment7and8 inAppendix
Excludingmercuryinjection
Watchoutfortyposinthebook