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July 5, 2016
Problem 1. Prove:
0
(a) y = 0
:
0
0
y
=
:
(b)
Solution 1. (a) The chiral representation of the gamma matrix is given by:
0
=
where
= (1; ~ ) and
0
(1)
= (1; ~ ) : So
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
(2)
1
0
1
0
Moreover
y
=
=
(3)
0
0
(
(
y
)
0
but, (
) = 1y ; ~ y
where we used
k y
= (1; ~ ) =
=
) = 1y ; ~ y
, and (
= (1; ~ ) =
(4)
Therefore
0
(b) Dening
i
2
(5)
;
0
i
2
i
2
i
2
i
2
i
2
i
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
0 0
y
y
( $ )
0
( $ )
( $ )
y
y
y
y
i
2
=
=
i
2
(6)
and
0 0
Xa Yb + Xb Ya = Xa Yb + (a $ b) :
(7)
0:
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
= 11 : Furthermore
=1
3 y
= i
2 y
i
1 y
0 1 2 3:
So
0 y
(8)
0 3 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
= i
= i 0
=
i
= +i
=
i
=
5
where we used 0
f ; g = 2g :
=(
=
=
=
3 2 1
0 2 3 1
0 2 1 3
0 1 2 3
0 0
) ,
i 0
ig00
i 0
= i 0
5
=
(9)
1 2 3
0
g11 1 g22 2 g33 3
1
2
3
1 2 3
where we used for up and down indices the metric tensor dened by g
(b) We nd
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
i
4!
i
0
k
+ k
0
4!
i
0 i j k
k 0
k i
+ k0
+ ki
0ijk
4!
i
0 i j k
+ k0ij k 0 i j + ki0 k i 0 +
0ijk
4!
i
0 i j k
+ k0ij k 0 i j + ki0j k i 0 j +
0ijk
4!
i
4 0ijk 0 i j k
4!
i
0 1 j k
+ 02jk 0 2 j k + 03jk 0 3 j k
01jk
3!
i
0 1 2 3
+ 0132 0 1 3 2 + 0213 0 2 1 3
0123
3!
+ 0231 0 2 3 1 + 0312 0 3 1 2 + 0321 0 3 2 1
i
6 0 1 2 3
3!
i 0 1 2 3
5
=diag(1; 1; 1; 1) :
(10)
kij
kij0
k i j
k i j 0
0123
1:
0 1 2 3
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(11)
0 1 2 3
1 0 3 2
3
3
3
0 1
1 3 0 2
0
1 0 2
0 1
3 1 2 0
0
2 1 0
0 1
2 1
1 2 3
2
2 3
2 3
1 2 3
2 3
1 2 3
2 3
3
3
where we used the anticommutation relation of the gamma matrices and that
0
k
k
0 = 1 and
k = 1: Demotration of
k =1
k
k
k
k
=
1
0
(d) We used
=(
(12)
=
=
0
1
1
y
) and
y
y
5
5;
y
5
= i
we have
(13)
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 0
0
5
0
5
5
3
=i
0 1 2 3
+i
0 1 2 3
(14)
For
=0
5;
0 1 2 3 0
= i
=
i
= i 0
=
i
= 0
For
1 0 2 3
0 0 1 2
0 1 2 3 1
= i
=
i
= i 0
= 0
+i
+i 0
3
+i
(15)
0 0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 0 1 2 3
1 0 1 2 3
+i
0 1 2 1 3
(16)
0 1 1 2 3
1 1 2 3
0 1 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 2
+i
2 0 1 2 3
=2
5;
= i
=
=
=
For
0 1 2 0 3
=1
5;
For
0 0 1 2 3
+i
i
i
0 1 2 2 3
0 1 2 2 3
(17)
0 2 1 2 3
i
+i
0 1 2 2 3
=3
5;
We conclude that f 5 ;
(b) Using the fact that
[A; BC]
5;
=
=
=
=
0 1 2 3 3
+i
3 0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 3
0 1 2 3 3
0 1 3 2 3
0 1 2 3
i
+i
3
i
0 3 1 2 3
= i
= i
= i
= 0
0 1 2 3 3
(18)
g = 0:
= ABC BCA
= (AB + BA) C B (AC + CA)
= fA; Bg C B fA; Cg
= i
i
[ ;
2 5
i
[ ;
2 5
i
(f 5 ;
2
0
i
2
] ; we have
]
(20)
( $ )
(19)
5;
g)
( $ )
we used that f
5;
g = 0:
2
Problem 4. Prove a/ = a2
Solution 4. We have
a/a/ =
a
a
1
a a (
2
g a a
a a
a2
=
=
=
=
(21)
+
0
0
2
2
3
3
(22)
+ 2g
+ 2g
4
2
(23)
+2
+ 2g
+ 2g
= 2
= 2
=
+2
;
4g
6
(24)
+ 2g
(25)
+ 2g
=
=
4g
2
+2
+g
i2
4
(
1
4
1
4
(26)
+
1
(2 4 + 4 4 + 4 4
4
16
2 4)
(f ) We have
5
5
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(27)
5;
g = 0, and
= 1:
(28)
+
4g
4g
4
4
4
4
4
+4
2
+
4g
4g
i
8
i
8
i
8
)
+
+
+
=
=
=
=
(i) Using that [
i
( 2
8
4g
i
16 (
8
i
4 [ ;
2
4
5;
5;
+
4g
+2
+ 4g
+ 4g
+2
)
]
(29)
=
=
=
(30)
0
] = 0 and
= 12
=
=
12
(31)
5
2
5)
Tr
= 1; we can say
= Tr
=
Tr
(32)
5 5
5
(33)
We have
Tr
Tr
Tr
(34)
5 5
=0
Tr
1
Tr
+ Tr
2
1
Tr
;
2
1
T r (2g 1)
2
g T r (1)
4g
=
=
=
=
=
(35)
Tr
+ T r 2g
(36)
= Tr
8g g
+ 8g g
8g g
Tr
+ 8g g
+ 8g g
or
2T r
= 8g g
8g g
+ 8g g
(37)
Tr
= 4 (g g
g g
+g g )
(38)
or
(d) Analogous to part (a)
Tr (
5)
5)
= T r ( 5 0 0)
=
T r ( 0 0 5)
=
T r ( 5)
(39)
= 0:
2 Demostration:
T r (ABC)
=
=
hnjABCjni =
hmjBCAjmi = T r (BCA)
n;m
hnjAjmi hmjBCjni =
n;m
hmjBCjni hnjAjmi
= Tr
= Tr
=
=
=
(40)
5
5
T r 5 4g
4g T r ( 5 )
0
a/2n+1
= Tr
/1
5 5a
a/2n+1
Tr
/1
5 5a
T r a/1
a/2n+1
T r a/1
a/2n+1
(41)
a/2n+1
5 5
=
=
iT r
(42)
0 1 2 3
0
s) = 0 (part (e)).
m)
(1
5 ) (q/ +
m)
Solution 7. We have
T r (p/
m)
= T r p/ q/
mT r
= T r p/ q/
= T r (p/1/q/1)
/
(1
5 ) (q/ +
+ mT r p/
T r p/
q/
m Tr
T r p/
m)
+ mT r
mT r p/
5 q/
4m2 g
5q
+ m Tr
m Tr
= 4 [(p 1) (q 1) + (p 1) (1 q) (p q) (1 1)] + 4i
= 4 p q +p q
(p k) g + i
p q
4m2 g
Problem 8. Calculate
5 q/
Tr p
5 q/
5 ) (p/
10
m)
p q
4m2 g
=
=
=
=
(1
p/
m)
5 ) (p/
m
+m
5 p/
5
p
4m
p
m
5
5
2 p
4m 2 5 p
4m 5
2p/ 4m 2 5 p/ 4m 5
11
(43)