InternationalJournalofEnergyScience(IJES)Volume3Issue2,April2013

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GasificationofJulifloraChipsinaCirculating
FluidizedBedGasifier
M.Nagaraja1,R.Sundaresan2
SchoolofMechanicalandBuildingSciences,VITUniversity,Vellore,India
nr_theni@yahoo.com,2sunds60@yahoo.co.in

Abstract
gasifier called BIVKIN having 500kWth capacity.
Raskinetal.[6]presentedtheoperatingexperienceof
Gasification of Juliflora chips was carried out in a 0.156 m
Kymijarvi power plant located at Lahti in Southern
inner diameter and 5 m height circulating fluidized bed
Finland jointly owned by Laden and Lampovoima.
gasifier with sand of 250 m diameter as the bed material
and air as the fluidizing medium. The influence of
Thegasifierproducedaproductgasequivalentof35
equivalence ratio and gasification temperature on gas
55 MWth depending on the gasifier fuel moisture
composition,gasyield,lowerheatingvalueandgasification
contentreportingthegasheatingvalueintherangeof
efficiency was investigated. The gasification temperature
1.62.4MJ/Nm3.
1,2
1

andequivalenceratioweremaintainedintherangeof700to
900C and 0.2 to 0.3 respectively. Equivalence ratio and
temperature strongly influenced the gas composition. With
an increase in equivalence ratio, the temperature and gas
yieldwereincreaseddecreasingthegasheatingvalue.Itwas
alsoobservedthattheincreaseoftemperaturealsoincreases
the gas heating value, gas yield and gasification efficiency.
Comparison of present experimental data with findings of
other studies of different biomass fuels is also discussed in
thispaper.
Keywords
Circulating Fluidized Bed; Gasification; Juliflora Chips;
EquivalenceRatio;GasComposition;GasYield

Introduction
The first part of the paper deals with a review of
literature survey of the work done in the field of
gasification. The second part demonstrates the
experimental programme of the gasification process
and finally, the results and conclusions are discussed
in the third part. Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB)
technologyhasbeensuccessfullyusedinmanyfields,
including power generation; cogeneration; biomass
gasification; ore roasting and oil catalytic cracking.
Numerous studies in this field have been reported in
theearlierliterature.ThoughCFBtechnologyhasbeen
used in coal combustion and petroleum industry for
morethantwodecadeswithgreatsuccess,itspractical
applicationtobiomassgasificationisstillquitelimited
[1]. There are several studies on gasification of
differentbiomassfuelsinaCFBgasifierinthelasttwo
decades[24].
VanderDriftetal.[5]successfullytestedatotaloften
different biomass fuels in a circulating fluidized bed

Kersten et al. [7, 8] introduced the novel multistage

circulating fluidized bed gasifier. The riser consisted
ofseveralsegmentsinseries,eachofwhichbuiltupof
twooppositecones.Theresultsofthegasificationtests
werecomparedwiththeresultsofgasificationtestsin
ECNspilotCFBgasifier(100kg/h).Theirexperimental
resultsexhibitedthatthehydrocarbon(CH4,C2H4,etc)
yield increased for higher gas residence times. Yin et
al. [9] presented the demonstration project of 1MW
CFBgasifierforricehuskandreportedthegasheating
valueintherangeof4.7to6.2MJ/Nm3.
Chen et al. [10] investigated the experimental results
of miscanthus pellets in a 83 cm diameter and 6 m
heightCFBgasifierwithathermalcapacityof100kW.
Their experimental results support their concept as a
promising alternative to gasify biomass for the
generation of electricity. Petersen and Werther [11]
conductedexperimentsonsewagesludgegasification
in a 0.1m diameter and 15 m height circulating
fluidized bed pilot plant. In their study the air ratio
was chosen as 0.3 and 0.6 and the temperature was
maintained in the range of 750C to 850C. The
influence of the air ratio, superficial gas velocity,
temperature, and feeding height on the product gas
compositionwasexamined.

Lee et al. [12] studied the pyrolysis behaviour of

wood pellet using 67.9mm diameter and 5.1 m tall
circulatingfluidizedbedasafirststeptodevelopthe
gasificationsystem.Theproducedgascompositionin
the CFB gasification system was 53% CO, 16% CH4
and19%H2inrisertemperatureof1073K.Sheebaetal.
[13] investigated the gasification results of coir pith

91

www.ijesci.orgInternationalJournalofEnergyScience(IJES)Volume3Issue2,April2013

using CFB gasifier. The influence of temperature and

equivalenceratioonthegascompositionwasreported.
A literature survey demonstrates that different types
of models have been developed for gasification
systemslikekinetic,equilibriumandothers[1416].
The government of India launched a national
programmeonbiomassgasificationin1986.Sincethen
over 1600 gasifiers, equivalent to 22 MW capacity,
havebeeninstalledalloverthecountry,andabout150
gasifiersystemsarebeinginstalledeveryyear[17,18].
Research and development projects for the
development of 100% biomassbased producer gas
enginehavebeentakenup[19].Thoughthedowndraft
andfixedbedtypegasifiersarecommerciallyusedin
India, fluidizedbed type gasifiers are in an advanced
stage of commercialization. Fluidized bed gasifiers
have been the focus of appreciable research and
development and there have been several
commercialization projects over the last ten years. It

hasbeenprovedthattheCFBgasifiercanoperateover
abroadrangeofoperatingconditionswithsatisfactory
gasificationresults.Basedonthese,CFBgasificationof
biomass seems to be a quite promising way.
Nowadays, gasification process is looking forward to
the renaissance after successful commissioning of the
biomass Atmospheric Circulating Fluidized Bed
(ACFB) gasifier at the Kymijarvi Power Station in
Lahti, Finland [2]. Table 1 shows the present work
alongwithdatafromearlierstudies.
Abriefreviewofliteraturerevealsthattheinformation
on biomass gasification in a CFB gasifier is very
limited. It appears that no work has been carried out
for gasification of Juliflora wood chips in a CFB
gasifier in India. The aim of the present work is to
study the gasification characteristics of Juliflora chips
in a CFB gasifier. The influences of various operating
parametersareanalyzed.

TABLE1LITERATUREDATAWITHPRESENTWORK
Ref.

Present
work
Lietal.
[3]
Wuetal.
[4]
Vander
driftet
al.[5]
Kersten
etal.[7,
8]
Yinetal.
[9]
Chenet
al.
[10,14]
Sheeba
etal.[13]
Xiaoetal
[20]
Garcia
Ibanezet
al.[22]
Zhouet
al.[23]
Menget
al.[24]

92

Gas
yield
(Nm3/
kg)

Gas.
Effi.
(%)

5273

5.456.4

1.6
1.95
1.72
3.30

1.24
3.30

2.055.13

5666

1.9

6570

14.5
16.2

0.47.7

48.8

4.76.2

2.2

65

12.57

16.02

6.0

2.45

3.46

1.79
1.85

6501028

3048

3855

612

3.05.7

600700

715

2025

3947

0.410.73

753893

6.98.6

1921.7

5.49.3

1.8
3.0

2.93.8

1.01
1.15
1.0
1.2
2.9
5.6

5560

0.31.0

6.0
7.7
48

0.1750.24
0.220.26

600900

6.06.5
5.0

77
81

0.330.47

730820

2227
2024

3541
3745

2225
2328

3743
3440

2.73.9
3.74.2

2.48
2.63

Sizeof
CFB
gasifie
r
(m)
0.156
dia.
0.10

Ht.
(m)

Typeof
Biomass

Equivalenc
eratio

Bed
temp.
(C)

%of
CO

%of
CO2

%of
H2

%of
CH4

Juliflora
chips
sawdust

0.20.3

700900

2126

720

710

0.20.60

700850

6.921.4

1518.3

3.07.3

2.0

8.5

0.120.30

700800

1621

1516

58

0.20

6.0

0.320.60

803861

5.34
11.65

13.94
17.10

1.80
9.02

0.00.4

740

33

19

1.8
(1MW
ecap.)
0.83

Rice
husk
Ten
residual
biomass
fuels
Willow
andpine
wood
Rice
husk

1.7
3.5
1.4
4.6
46

0.20.25

700850

1519

Mis
canthus

0.20.5

753

0.050

1.3

Coirpith

0.180.31

0.212
square
0.20

1.25

Animal
waste
Oliveoil
waster

0.83

5.5

6.5

6.5

Sawdust
Rice
husk
Agrol,
Willow
DDGS

Gas
heating
value
(MJ/Nm3
)
4.35.6
2.436.13

810

44.2
64.7

InternationalJournalofEnergyScience(IJES)Volume3Issue2,April2013

Experimental Set Up

Theparticulatesintheproducergaslikeash,char,tars
andalkalimetalswerecleanedandremovedbymeans
of a gas cleaning system which contains (i) Cyclone
separators (ii) Ceramic filter and (iii) water scrubber.
The hot producer gas with particulates was passed
through a first cyclone, where the coarser particles in
the producer gas were captured and it was recycled
back to the bottom of the riser through the LValve.
Thegasleavingthefirstcyclonewaspassedthrougha
second cyclone where ash got separated and got
collectedinanashdrum.Thehotproducergasleaving
thesecondcyclonewasagaincleanedusingaceramic
filterunit.Forinternalcombustionengineapplications
the producer gas was cooled to ambient temperature
inawetscrubber.

Fig. 1 shows the schematic view of Circulating

FluidizedBed(CFB)gasifierexperimentalfacilityused
in the present study. It consists of 0.156 m inner
diameterand5mheightwithrefractoryinsulatedover
thesurfaceofthegasifiertopreventtheheatloss.The
CFBgasifierconsistsofariser,smoothCShapedexit,
cyclone separators, return leg, Fuel feeder and an
electricalheater.Cycloneseparators,standpipeandan
LValve are used for recirculation of the solids back
intotheCFBriser.Inaddition,thegasifierexit,cyclone
separators, recycling line and Lvalve are protected
with outside insulation in order to minimise heat
losses. The CFB gasifieris equipped with instruments
likethermocouples,flowmeters,pressuretransducers
with a data acquisition system. Thermocouples (T)
wereequippedwiththeCFBriseratdifferentpositions
of 4.5, 44, 48.5, 85, 349, 370.5, 449 and 464.5 cm from
the distributor plate. To monitor the temperature of
bottom and upper zone of the CFB gasifier, the
temperature probes were used. The temperature
probes were connected to a centralized data
acquisition and control system. Data acquisition
system was used to indicate the temperature in a
digitalscanner
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

Airblower
Flexiblehosepipe
Bypassvalve
Pitotstatictube
Distributorplate
Screwfeeder
Fuelbunker
CFBgasifier
Electricalheater
Primarycyclone
Secondarycyclone
Ashdrum
Controlpanel
Ceramicfilter
Watersump
Wetscrubber
Tarcollectiontank
IDfan
Gastoengine
Gastoflare
2
1

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Thegassamplingportswerelocatedafterthescrubber.
Gas samples were collected using gas sampling bags
for different operating conditions and the
concentrationsofproducergaswereanalyzedusinga
gas chromatograph. Juliflora wood chips used for
experimental studies were of smaller size and
powdery in nature. These chips contained 81.8 % of
volatiles and small proportion of other elements. The
lower calorific value of wood residues used for
experimentalstudieswasfoundtobe15.5MJ/kg.

10
T
T

TThermocouple
PPressuretransducer

P
P

T
T

16

20

P
P

5
3

19
11

14
18

13

12
15

17

Fig. 1 Schematic view of Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier

93

www.ijesci.orgInternationalJournalofEnergyScience(IJES)Volume3Issue2,April2013

Ultimateanalysis
(wt%)

Proximateanalysis
(wt%)

Carbon

45.55

Moisture

12.10

Hydrogen

6.44

Volatilematter

81.80

Oxygen

47.22

Fixedcarbon

16.34

Nitrogen

0.583

Ash

1.86

Sulphur

0.205

TABLEIIIEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONS

Feedstock

Juliflorawoodchips

Fuelfeedrate

565kg/h

Bedmaterial

Silicasandofmeandiameter
250m

Gasificationmedium

Air

Fluidizationvelocity

0.144m/s

Gasificationtemp.

700900C

Equivalenceratio

0.20.3

ThePrimaryairrequiredforgasificationwassupplied
through a multiorifice type distributor plate at the
bottom of the riser from an air blower. Biomass was
fedintotheCFBgasifierusingascrewtypefeeder.An
electricalheaterinstalledattheriserwallwasutilized
to preheat the gasifier to 400550C to maintain a
desiredbedtemperaturelevelbeforebiomassfuelwas
fed. After preheating, it was then switched to the
gasification mode. The atmospheric air supplied for
gasification was measured and controlled by
flowmetersand regulating valves. The temperature at
various points in the gasifier was measured for each
experimentinacentralcontrolsystem.Allequipments
were stopped after collecting all the data. In order to
cool the gasifier and to stop further reactions, air
blower was operated continuously to supply air until
thebedtemperaturedroppedtoadesiredlevel.
Results and Discussion
EffectofEquivalenceRatioonGasComposition
Theinfluenceofequivalenceratioongascomposition,
temperature,heating value andgasyield is presented

94

in Fig.2 to Fig.5. Comparison of present work with

published results of others studies concerned with
different fuels under almost similar conditions is also
presented.AsseenfromtheFig.2itcanbeclearlyseen
that the equivalence ratio significantly affects the gas
composition.Itisobservedthatincreaseinequivalence
ratioincreasestheconcentrationofCO2from7to20%
and decreases CO, H2 and CH4 as expected. The
increase in CO2 is mainly due to the cracking of
heavier hydrocarbons, improved tar cracking and
other reactions leading to higher temperature
(reported in the earlier studies). An experimental
result of Juliflora chips in a CFB gasifier is not
available for comparison in the available literature.
Similar trend is observed by Sheeba et al. [13] in the
experimental results of coir pith under identical
condition. The higher value reported by them is
mainly due to the physical properties of the coir pith
used by them. For comparison, all the experimental
dataarereadoutfromthegraphreportedintheearlier
studies(pronetouncertaintytoaconsiderableextent).
Considering the differences in design and operating
conditions of the present experiments, this trend is
quitesatisfactory.

60 Present work (Juliflora chips)

1. CO

50

2. CO2
3. H2
4. CH 4

Gas composition (%)

TABLE2ULTIMATEANDPROXIMATEANALYSISOF
JULIFLORAWOODCHIPS(DRYBASIS)

40

Sheeba et al. [13] (Coir pith)

30

5. CO

6. CO2
7. H2

20

1
2

8. CH 4

10

0
0.16

7
8

4
0.18

0.20

0.22

0.24

0.26

0.28

0.30

0.32

Equivalence ratio

Fig. 2 Effect of equivalence ratio on gas composition

EffectofEquivalenceRatioonBedTemperature
Fig. 3 shows the variation of bed temperature with
equivalence ratio. It can be observed that the increase
in equivalence ratio linearly increases the bed
temperature. One can explain that at higher
equivalence ratio more amount of air is introduced
into the gasifier resulting in exothermic reaction of
thermal decomposition leading to complete

InternationalJournalofEnergyScience(IJES)Volume3Issue2,April2013

EffectofEquivalenceRatioonGasYield

combustionprocess.Comparisonofpresentdatawith
other works on different fuels exhibits the similar
variation.

The increase in gas yield with equivalence ratio is

shown in Fig.5. It is observed that gas yield is
significantlyincreasedfrom1.6to1.95Nm3/kgdueto
the increase in both air and fuel feeding rate being
converted into gaseous fuel with higher equivalence
ratio. This result supports experimental findings of
Sheebaet al.[13] who reported the gas yield of1.1 to
1.624Nm3/kgusingcoirpithasabiomassfuel.

1000
1. Present work (Juliflora chips)
2. Wu et al. [4] (Rice husk)
3. Zhou et al. [23] (Sawdust)
4. Miao et al. [21] (Rice husk)
3
800

2.00
Present work (Juliflora)

2
1

700

600
0.15

0.17

1.95

0.19

0.21

0.23 0.25 0.27

Equivalence ratio

0.29

0.31

0.33

0.35

Fig. 3 Effect of equivalence ratio on temperature

Gas yield (Nm3/kg)

Temperature ( C)

900

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1.90

1.85

1.80

EffectofEquivalenceRatioonGasHeatingValue
Theinfluenceofequivalenceratioongasheatingvalue
isshowninFig.4.Itisfoundthatthegasheatingvalue
decreases from 5.6 to 4.3 MJ/Nm3 with increase in
equivalence ratio. This is mainly due to dilution of
nitrogenpresentintheairusedasgasificationmedium
and subsequent increase of CO2. Experimental results
of other works are also presented for comparison. In
allthecasesitisobservedthatthegasheatingvalueis
stronglyaffectedbytheequivalenceratio.Theresultof
the one dimensional model developed by Sanz and
Corella [16] using pine wood chips is also presented
for comparison which shows that they are within
acceptabledeviation.

10

1. Present Work (Juliflora chips)

2. Sanz & Corella [16] (Fine wood chips)
3. Petersen & Werther [15] (Sewage sledge)
4. Sheeba et al. [13] (Coir pith)
5. Miao et al. [21] (Rice husk)
6. Li et al. [3] (Saw dust) (Feed rate 40-49 kg/hr)

Gas heating value, (M J/Nm 3 )

9
8
7

3
2
0.17

0.22

0.24

0.26

0.28

0.30

0.32

Equivalence ratio

Fig. 5 Effect of equivalence ratio on gas yield

EffectofTemperatureonGasHeatingValue
The influence of temperature on gas heating value in
present work and other works is shown in Fig.6. It is
interestingtonotethatthegasheatingvalueincreases
with increasing bed temperature as depicted in the
present work also shown by Li et al. [3] whereas
according to other studies, it decreases. Wu et al. [4]
reported that supplied heat is derived from the
combustion enthalpy of biomass resulting in higher
temperature mainly due to more fuel for combustion
and less for gasification process producing lower
heating value. Similarly Yin et al. [9] reported the
lower value due to moisture content of rice husk,
feedingrateanddischargeofash.

Fig. 7 shows the strong influence of temperature on

gas yield. As the temperature increased, the gas
heating value increased mainly due to conversion of
solid fuel into gaseous fuel resulting in higher gas
yield. Also shown is the similar trend observed by
Sheebaetal.[29].

2
3

0.20

EffectofTemperatureonGasYield

6
5

1.75
0.18

EffectofTemperatureonGasificationEfficiency
0.19

0.21

0.23

0.25 0.27 0.29

Equivalence ratio

0.31

0.33

Fig. 4 Effect of equivalence ratio on gas heating value

0.35

The prediction of gasification efficiency with

temperature
is shown in Fig.8. It is observed that

95

www.ijesci.orgInternationalJournalofEnergyScience(IJES)Volume3Issue2,April2013

gasification efficiency increased in the range of 52 to

73%withbedtemperature.
EffectofTemperatureonGasComposition
The predicted result of gas composition on
temperatureisshowninFig.9toFig.13.Comparisonof
different fuel used by others is also presented. As
expected, it is clearly observed that the concentration
of CO decreases with increase in temperature and
increases the concentration of CO2 as shown in Fig. 9
and Fig.10 respectively. Fig. 11 shows variation of H2
as a function of temperature. It is worth mentioning

that Xiao et al [20] reported H2 in the range of 40 to

45%andtherestofthemwithintherangeof1to12%.
The higher value is probably due to thermal cracking
and steam reforming as reported by them. The
significant effect of temperature on CH4 in present
studyas well as other works is shown in Fig.12. It is
clear that temperature plays a major role in case of
gasificationprocess.Thevariationofgasproductwith
thetemperatureofthepresentworkaloneisshownin
Fig.13. The combustible gases CO and CH4 decrease
due to increasing temperature. Opposite trend is
observedincaseofothergases.

50

6.5

1. Present work (Juliflora chips)

2. Wu et al. [4] (Rice husk)
3. Yin et al. [9] (Rice husk)
4. Li et al. [3] (saw dust)

6.0
4
1

5.5

1. Present work (Juliflora chips)

2. Sheeba et al. [13] (Coir pith)
3. Xiao et al. [20] (Animal Waste)
4. Wu et al. [4] (Rice husk)
5. Yin et al. [9] (Rice husk)

40
Gas composition of CO (%)

Gas heating value (MJ/Nm3)

7.0

30

20

1
5

10

5.0

4.5
600

700

800

900

0
550

1000

Temperature (C)

650

750
Temperature (C)

850

950

Fig. 9 Effect of temperature on gas composition of

Fig. 6 Effect of temperature on gas heating value

50

2.5
1. Present work (Juliflora chips)
2. Sheeba et al. [13] (Coir pith)

Gas yield (Nm3/kg)

Gas composition of CO2 (%)

2.0

1.5
2
1.0

0.5

0.0
600

700

800

900

40
2
30
3
20

10

650

750

Temperature (C)

850

950

Temperature (C)

Fig. 10 Effect of temperature on gas composition of CO2

Fig. 7 Effect of temperature on gas yield

80

50

1. Present work (Juliflora chips)

2. Sheeba et al. [13] (Coir pith)
1

Gas composition of H2 (%)

Gasification efficiency (%)

0
550

1000

1. Present work (Juliflora chips)

2. Sheeba et al. [13] (Coir pith)
3. Xiao et al. [20] (Animal waste)
4. Wu et al. [4] (Rice husk)
5. Yin et al. [9] (Rice husk)

70

60

40

1. Present work (Juliflora chips)

2. Sheeba et al. [13] (Coir pith)
3. Xiao et al. [20] (Animal waste)
4. Wu et al. [4] (Rice husk)
5. Yin et al. [9] (Rice husk)

30

20

1
4

10

2
0

50
600

700

800

900

1000

550

Temperature (C)

96

750

850

950

Temperature (C)

Fig. 11 Effect of temperature on gas composition of H2

Fig. 8 Effect of temperature on gasification

650

InternationalJournalofEnergyScience(IJES)Volume3Issue2,April2013

10

Gas composition of CH4 (%)

8
7

3
4

5
4
3
2
1

650

750

850

950

Temperature (C)

Fig. 12 Effect of temperature on gas composition of CH4

Gas composition (%)

The work presented in this paper was financially

supported by the Department of Science and
Technology, New Delhi and VIT University, Vellore.
Technical support of VIT University is gratefully
acknowledged.
REFERENCES

25

20

The present experimental data were compared

with the published gasification results of
different biomass fuels under almost similar
conditions.
Further research on theoretical model and its
validation with experimental data are
recommended

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

1. Present work (Juliflora chips)

2. Sheeba et al. [13] (Coir pith)
3. Xiao et al. [20] (Animal waste)
4. Wu et al. [4] (Rice husk)
5. Yin et al. [9] (Rice husk)

0
550

www.ijesci.org

Present work (Juliflora chips)

1. CO
2. CO2

[1] Wu,C.,Xu,B.,Luo,L.andYin,X.Theoryandapplication

3. H2

ofbiomasscirculatingfluidizedbedgasifiers,GasandHeat,

4. CH4
15

Vol.15,pp.38,1995.

[2] Nieminen, J. and Kivela, M. Biomass CFB gasifier

3
10

connected to a 350 MWth steam boiler fired with coal and

natural gasThermie demonstration project in lahti in

Finland, Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 15, pp. 251257,

1998.

0
600

700

800

900

1000

[3] Li, X.T., Grace, J.R., Lim, C.J., Watkinson, A.P., Chen,

Temperature (C)

Fig. 13 Effect of temperature on gas composition

Conclusions
Following conclusions are drawn from the biomass
gasificationstudies:
Experiments were carried out to study the
characteristics of Juliflora chips in a 0.15 m
diameterand6mhighCFBgasifierforthefirst
time
Influencesofequivalenceratioandtemperature
ongascomposition,gasheatingvalue,gasyield
andgasificationefficiencywereinvestigated
Withanincreaseinequivalenceratiofrom0.2to
0.3, the concentration of CO decreased from 26
to 21% and CO2 increased to 7 to 22% and gas
yieldincreasedfrom1.6to1.95Nm3/kg
By increasing the bed temperature, the gas
composition of CO2 and H2 increased linearly
andCOandCH4decreased
At higher temperature, the gas heating value of
product gas was in the range of 4.3 to 5.6
MJ/Nm3

H.O. and Kim, J.R. Biomass gasification in a circulating

fluidizedbed, Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 26, pp. 171
193,2004.
[4] Wu,C.Z.,Yin,X.L.,Ma,L.L.,Zhou,Z.Q.andChen,H.P.
Operationalcharacteristicsofa1.2MWbiomassgasification
and power generation plant, Biotechnology Advances,
Vol.27,pp.588592,2009.
[5] Vander Drift, A., Doorn, J. and Vermeulen, J.W. Ten
residual biomass fuels for circulating fluidizedbed
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