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CVL 141
IIT DELHI
CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS.
( Lecture 7)
Concrete Introduction
B. Bhattacharjee
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
IIT DELHI
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
General Outline
U
U
U
Concrete Material.
Components of concrete.
Concrete as a composite.
Cement :
U Production.
U Composition
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
25-08-2014
What is CONCRETE?
Cement-sand
Mortar
Aggregate
B. Bhattacharjee
CONCRETE INGREDIENTS
Ordinarily concrete
is made by mixing an
inorganic material
known as cement
with water together
with natural sand or
stone dusts and
natural stones which
may be uncrushed or
crushed.
Cement
Sand/
Fine Aggregate
Stone /
Coarse Agg.
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
25-08-2014
COMPONENTS OF CONCRETE
Modern concrete invariably have additional
ingredients other than the four components
mentioned earlier.
Chemical Admixture: accelerators,
set retarders, water reducers etc.
Mineral Admixture: Fly ash, silicafume,
rice husk ash and other pozzolana.
B. Bhattacharjee
ADMIXTURES
Chemical Admixture: Used for specific
Property/performance enhancement.
Mineral Admixture: Used for improvement
of long term strength and durability
performance.
Using above admixtures together, high
Strength and high performance concrete
Materials can be designed.
B. Bhattacharjee
25-08-2014
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
Lower life cycle cost
Mould-ability
Robustness.
Can be designed for desired property
Low tensile strength.
Lower ductility (brittle)
Concrete is most popular construction
material.
B. Bhattacharjee
25-08-2014
CONCRETE COMPOSITES
A
Reinforcement
Matrix
Binder
B. Bhattacharjee
B. Bhattacharjee
10
25-08-2014
CEMENT
Most commonly used cement is called Portland
Cement patented in 1824 in England, when mixed
with water, hardens, hence hydraulic cement .
Basic raw materials used in the manufacture
of cement are calcium carbonate found in lime
Stone or chalk, and silica, alumina and iron
oxide found in clay or shale.
B. Bhattacharjee
11
CEMENT
Wet process means better homogeneity at the
expense of energy.
Modern Practice is dry process.
Grinding depends on raw material & Fineness
typically 10-30% retained on 90 micron sieve.
Homogenized raw meal is introduced in to
top of a pre-heater tower and passes through
A series of cyclones to precalciner vessel.
B. Bhattacharjee
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25-08-2014
CEMENT
B. Bhattacharjee
13
Production process
Clay/
Shale
Grinding/
Blending
Grinding/
Blending
Storage/
Final blend
Pre heater
Burning [Kiln]
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
14
25-08-2014
Production
TEMP
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
15
Cement
Cement is produced burning calcium carbonate found
in Lime Stone or chalk, and silica, alumina and iron
oxide found in clay or shale at about 1500 C.
The materials sinter and partially fused to form
Clinker
The clinker is cooled and ground to a fine powder
with some gypsum, resulting in Ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC)
India is the second largest producer of cement after
China at the moment.
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT
DELHI
25-08-2014
Oxide composition
CO2 from Lime stone is liberated while burning
leaving CaO, SiO2, etc.
Approximate composition limits of Portland cement
Oxide
CaO
SiO2
AL2O3
Fe2O3
MgO
Alkalis
SO3
Content , percent
60-67
17-25
3-8
0.5-6.0
0.1-4.0
0.2-1.3
1-3
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT
DELHI
Compound Composition
Oxides forms solid solutions of compounds:
3CaO SiO2 , 2CaO SiO2 , 3CaOAl2O3 and 4CaO Al2O3
Fe2O3 etc
Main compounds & abbreviations
Oxide/Compounds
CaO
SiO2
AL2O3
Fe2O3
3CaO SiO2
2CaO SiO2
3CaOAl2O3
4CaO Al2O3 Fe2O3
Abbreviations
C
S
A
F
C 3S
C 2S
C 3A
C4AF
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT
DELHI
25-08-2014
Compound Composition
Main compounds in Portland cement
Name of compound
Oxide composition
Abbreviation
3CaO.SiO2
C3S
2CaO.SiO2
C2S
3CaO.Al2O3
C3A
4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3
C4AF
Tricalcium aluminate
Tetracalcium
aluminoferrite
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT
DELHI
Compound Composition
Control Ratio: Lime saturation factor (LSF)
Silica ratio (SR) & Alumina ratio(AR)
C
LSF =
100%
2.8S + 1.2 A + 0.65 F LSF>100 results in free
S
lime , hence 95-98%
SR =
S+F
Higher SR means more
C3S and less C3A & Higher
A
AR =
AR means higher C3A
F
Compound composition can be obtain from Oxide
Composition By Bogues equation
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT
DELHI
10
25-08-2014
Compound Composition
C3S = 4.07C 7.60S - 6.72A - 1.43F - 2.85 S
C 2S = 2.87S - 0.754C3S
C3 A = 2.65A - 1.69F
C 4 AF = 3.04F ; S = SO 3
Calculated compound composition (percent)
C 3A
C 3S
C 2S
C4AF
Minor compounds
10.8
54.1
16.6
9.1
-
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT
DELHI
Production
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
22
11
25-08-2014
Production
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
23
Heat of Hydration
Heat of hydration of pure
compounds
Compound
Heat of hydration
J/g
C3S
C2S
C3A
C4AF
502
260
867
419
Cal/g
120
62
207
100
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT
DELHI
12
25-08-2014
Schematic representation
Schematic representation of the formation
and hydration of Portland cement
Component elements
Component oxides
Fe2O3
O2
Si
Ca
Al
Fe
CaO Si O2 Al2O3
Cement compounds
Portland cements
Hydration products
C3S
C2 S
C3A C4AF
Various types
C-S-H gel
Ca(OH)2
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT
DELHI
SUMMARY
Concrete Material.
V Natural aggregates, cement or cementitious
and water and; also admixtures.
V Concrete composites.
V Cement Production.
V Composition of cement.
B. Bhattacharjee
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, IIT DELHI
26
13
25-08-2014
THANK YOU
FOR
HEARING
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