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discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227891704

Physical stratigraphy and sedimentology of the

Late PleistoceneHolocene Tiber Delta
depositional sequence
Article in Sedimentology July 1995
Impact Factor: 2.95 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1995.tb00396.x

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Piero Bellotti

Salvatore Milli

Sapienza University of Rome

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Sednneniolos. (1995142. 617-634

Physical stratigraphy and sedimentologyofthe Late

Pleistocene-HoloceneTiber Delta depositional sequence
l'. BELLOl ll,* S. MlLLl,+ P TIIRT(IRA* aDd P \JALERI* Dipatia|lt) di Scienze della Teffd. Lhn -"rritdcp.]i Stud di Horna L,:tSapienza Piazzalt: .)da
Moio 5. 00185narna.ltal\'
tlsttLtta dclla En.i.lopctlh ItalioD.t. Piozza dclh Et.i.lapcdla lxttun 1. o01rt6notltu, IlalJ'

,{B STRACT
The Tibcr Dclta lics on th-"passile .ri.rntinental
nlarginol c-.nlral\!.estemlta\'. Thc
ilnd constitrtes
Tiber D-"ltais a l,atePleistocene-Holoccnc
scdimenlr\'sLrccossion
'inconplete
an
high-ficqucnc!dcpositioralscquenr-.[.1thor 5th olrer],\\'hich
der.olopccl
from the last post filacia]fise in seale|el to the presentstillstand.Il is
bound bl a tvp-"1 basaluncortbrnitv 1\''hjchcuts Pleistoccncdeposits.
Fi\,e deposilionalslstemshale beenidentified:(1) coastalbarlier lagoon:
(2) shelf-transitioni[3] lluvia braided:i+l Tibel lagoonaldeltas(T1. 12. T:ll; and
(5) Tibe l!'a\,edominateddelta. Ihe firsl lour s\'slernsconstitutethe transglp\\i\
set.
eI ional parasequen{]es
svstenrtract ITST) \\.hich is chalact-"rized
b\' a retrograd
(HSTI
b!
charactcrized
u''hilcthe fifth s\.ste r-l)resents
the highstandsvsten]tract
onh' on-ol)arasequencc
The cloluton ol thesedeposili.rnal
{ploiyadatioDal).
has
slstems
becn mosth' cortrolledbr sealer'ellisc, u'hioh $as not contintroLts.
but prnctraledbr eifjhl rnnorslillstandsard rapid liscs. This mechaDismof
sea-ler,el
chanie
le(l to the formationof parascquenres
that d.r\.clolred\\'ithiDthc
depostionalsystems.Fronr a palacogeographica
poiDt of vicu' the presentTibcr'
Della areau,asnainlv characterized
bl'a coastalballicr. lagoonanclTiber lagoonal
(luringthc sealerel risc. Throughout
deltas(T1, T2, Tll), \!hi.l nrigraleranrh^,ards
the tine of the pfes-"ntstillstard,thc T3 agoonalceltaprogradedfapidl-\'iDto tle
lagoon,reachingthe coaslalharrier.and lhe lagoonu,asleplacedfirst bl marshes
and then br. the allLrr,ialplain. Finalh', the Tiber Rivef olercancthe littoral balrier
delta.
supph,ingthc coast,giling rise to the pres-"ntrr,ave-dorinal-"d
INTRODLICTION
Over the last fe ,1'ears
soq(ln.icstralig.dph\ has
b -n 'r d- r | ,Fd .
, .\!
r ,r -i.lin.i - r'
(lifferert
cssionsdevclopcd {)n
temporal and
spatial s.al(is and in different geologica setings
(Posdrl)ontier
cf dl., 1988r l'osaneriier& V.1,
'1988iNlLLtti
-"tol., 1988i\ian Wngonorei dl., 1990i
\litchun & Van \\iagorcr.1991iVail .l .r1.,I9911.
'lhis
nethodologr has bcon afplied t{)a slrL(hof
the Tiber stratigraphi.suc.essio,r,
r'hich formed
during tho last liBh 1equercveustaticctcle. Tho
eDtiRrsuccessio1
has bee di\,idcd inlo svsl{im
iracts [Bro\r,n& F'ishcr,1977J,depositionalsrs
icns (Fishcr& Bfor!n. 1972J,parasequnces
and
paraseLlLrence
sets (Van Nagoncf ."1 1., 19881
! 1 ! r ! 5h t p r ! a r r s f r j a t i . n . t S . n r . . l . l . S i ,

\\lich rorslihlic diftr-"nt s.raLcsrratigraphi.l

dcpositionalLrits (tsoselliniel ol., 1{l8el.

GEOLOGICALSETTING
'fhe

liber Deha l{rs .ertralh or ll,{ T\rhenian

)as1, just r\est 01 Roe, ard is .1)nsid-"re.l
diii 1lith low tidl tange
a r'vc-do1i1at-"d
lao 60cid and war-" tciglt bet\\'enI and +
(storrns\'c rp to 10 ml (lslihlio di Riccrrasllc
lssoJ Il is srbiect to a
,{cqre. 1980i Noli ei a-1..
M{diicnaneanr1llllal{i.r'ith a\'-arag'il']mpcra
tures !'df\ ing 1io 8"C iI lfinter t.r 26'(l in
srlmmer.Rainlal s between 0 n, in sumn1er
and th areais dolllinal-".1
rnd 150n1lnir alLtLrnr.
f )t 7

618 P. Bellatti et .11

Fig.1.l...atjon ol the sldr ama

d n d B e . l o g i c asl e t t i n BL. g . D d :
( 1 ) . e . n ta n d p r e s e n ts e d i m f n l s i
( 2 1v o l . a D i c l a s t n , , e p o s i t s
bel.nging to the .. ragmah.
. o m a p r o \ i r c e ( 3 1a . r . l
r u l . a D i t e s (: 4 1P l i o P L e i s l o c c r e
s e d i l n e n i s(i i l \ l e s ! - c e n o z o i c
,.dimeolsr (61nain Li,!x.ni. lircs

bt souihcrl_r,and rcstorl! winds (\4inistero dei

Lavofi Prbblici.19s1-1977iIstitrtotlcDiraldi
Stalistica,'1972:1981iN.r1i et d/., 19901.T1e
Tiber Ri\.er (a05 km longl has an averageflo$ 0f
23un' s ' a1d its basin includes part of th
..
. e n t r r ' - n ot l p r ' \ p p r I i , . ' r , r e r o ,
"nr' "
'fho
ol Ltium
dclta plain o\ids inLandfbr
13 kD aod along thc coast for 30 k. It can be
di!'ided (Bellottief d1.,1s87) into ar iDnr delta
plain. rrith allur.ial and marshl deposits, and
a1 outer delta platu lvith drl1eand beach dges
(lig. 1l
trc

t-t)cr lrctl:l -.( nr Inc.lcI.-f

(r.tc.rrlF

Tfrrhenian Sea,lr'hich constitutesaD extersiona

margin. $,hose folllaiion is conncted to the
opcnng ol thc Tlrrhcnian tr sr. Ritti.g of
the T\rrhenian Sea began in th late Nliorcor
,

'fhis
!!iih the Dain te.Jonic lines orientated N-S
oficntation \\'as adjusted dufing the Pliocene
and Quatenari lo 0n E-\\ orientated extensional
process. accopanied trv contenporaneous
.onpressiYetcctonics in ile Apennin. .h.1n
(scandone,1979i !abbri i?i al.. 1981i Rchault
{rlol.. :1987iSa ofi, 1989rKastcns& Mascle,1990:
Pataccaet al., 19901.
The e\tensi\.e ovcmcnts \\'ith ptncipal fractrirg lines N-S and E-\\ lFrlniciti]lo & l'arottL,
1978i Salvini & Tozzi, 19861.activ'r lfom the
nidLlle aie Plocene alld lluoughout lhc Plis
tocenc. strongh .on,litioned ihe evolLtiion of
the margin and induced tle deveopmcnt of the
alkaline potassi.r\.olcaDismpresent alorg the
coaslal belt. La!as nd \'olcaniclasticdefosls
cone fron the Sabalinc and Aban volcaroes,

rlr1r. lrtrmatiDral .\\sn: ili.n .l Srdnr.frologid5

-sr/tr.!1,1.-?r

il2. lili

6:r'r

't

l F L o t P P l p i \ t u L e n e H o l o c p t l c Tbet DeI te d epasit nal seqltenr.e t i 1 9

:.

,*
ri8._2.L..ntioDol the weltsrjtizcdir thc
lresenr
sd\ {Dd .l thosercp.rrcd ir I.ig.i. aswtsllas Lrac6
,)
the ' rosssectionsof Figs6 lod L

rlhich began their mall acii!itv atrout 600 000 vr

qPIDF R l" p, o/

rd9. tJq2. t9 I.

Plejstocenedepositsoutcrop in the hills arou.]

the Tibe llelta plajn (Fjg.1) and consistof shotf
clavs and sands-gravcls of coasial and flvial
deposilionals\'stoms(Bellortier d?.,1989b.1990i
Milli & Zarlenga,1991iMilli, 1992J.

STUDY METHODS
Tle ihree-dimensionalreconstruction of the t.ibcr
. r : t l r . t r . r g r o p\r
D " l d \ \ " . , oJ : n - dt , \ , t , ;
n I r u \ \ , l l . . n r " , l " . o \ 1 , r"pr r, ; . ^ , . , . , . , , ,
lgrneefrng puryoses [Fig. Z]. with fieldworr ano
f d , . l i o r' .b o r r " r J t r L \ o e r i i . , oI L n t a F . d r , l
ir lrold,r-\d..o,
,.
".ioi Al $Ftt. Lrr,o nr-oelitlologcal inlofnation \r,ith ab{Jut50o; of them
also furnishing qualitativc pataeoeDvironrnental
dJ', b".al n, tdIdl ,,r.-.
r n n . ,\ , . . t u r a . r n _
ifera. ostracodsJ;Do informatior u,as availaoreon
the sedimertar\ stnlcturas oI the
Scdimenlar structuresid thc presert lorer dclta
plan r ere instead observod in several trenches
a le!s lIrFali.ual,\s!D.irr

rn ot Sednetrr.l.qitri

Fig. 3. StfLLctrrc .four

maD ol rhe lnrlnformirv
lr' bdF ,' |
. ia lJ.o,.i .r. ts
| "l
$ Lrhrp1 H'I to tbp I rscnr \Fi-t].t).

ar

excar,ated1r reclahed .hannets, for subsurface

pipclines and for archaeologi.,ot
strdics. Th
gravel sand\ PleistoceDeunit at the base of thc
Tibe ll{rlta sedimentarl successionhas Deen
drlled b a5 wells. Theseryec utilized ro rrac
thc structurr contour nap of the lo\,stand
Lrnconforiritr. Thr: pebbles of the pleisroccne
rLnt i!'cre anal]sod in thin sectionsallowing
Dtornl.rtioDon their prolonance to be obtaiJred
(Ijmbra NfarcleSabine^pennines formal]ons].
r , n n .h o r n l , p - i r
" l " r . r a o o " I , ur o u r . h o \ F
treenobtajnedbr, Belluornni?f ol. (1986),who
har-e analvsecl samples ol the sanrc trorehols
considcfedin thc preserishLdv.

DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS
The pos-glacialsedimeniarvsuc.cssioDof the
Tiber Delta overlies an llconfo.mit| surlue that
cuts a su.rcession
of the Plcistoceneseurxerrs.
The slrLLctLual
.rrtou rnap of rhis uncontormitr
l l i e . I . o \ t r h g r r ' . . , 1l u \ \ , . r " " . .l i , l e . r . r l e
orgiral siructural situation and to phases ol

Siln-4r1,1.er...12. {.1i 6ilr

620 P. Bellotti et aI.

t*Ttfruon

:n

EE .-

* g l L l * o o Tor
P;= f l.-1 tLo Tber

:" lE:n re

g5slffi*
3 : I TITfn sr

'

.6

Lrrrrrl

depcitbnal

U@ntomity

Ponto Galaria formdion

UEntormity

systm

system

barior la@n depcilbnal

Shcl-ilsitbn

lbnt

7N

lag@nal delta dcpcitiral

Fr:-.
L i.:J

'.-=
U

)#:
/le)

wavo dominald delta dopositional systom

Flwial b(aidd depoitinal

Co6td

\^r^.'

systm

systom

0.02 m.y.

0.8 m.y.

Mab lormdin

Wdl

Fig. 4. Fencediagramof the Tiber DepositionalSequence;

A, B, C, D and E indicatethe sitesof lithostratigraphicwel
logs shown in Fig. 5; T1, T2 and T3 representthe Tiber lagoonaldelta bodies.

erosion which mainly occlured during the last

glacial lowstand. The most important element is
the E-W orientated depression near Traiano Lake,
which continues within the urban area of Rome
(Feroci et al., 1990) along a well-defined graben
that coincides with the present course of the
Tiber. Athough offshore data are not available to
follow this depression into the continental shelf,
it has been interpreted as the palaeovalley
(incised valley) of the Tiber River during the last
glacial lowstand.
The sedimentary succession underlying the
present delta plain consists of fi.ve depositional systems, each with a different lithofacies
association (Fig. a; Table 1).
( ' 1995 Irternational

Coastal barrier-lagoon depositional system

(CBL)
This is the most extensive depositional system
developed during the last post-glacialsea-level
rise and consistsof four lithofacies(Fie. 5).
Description
The CBLl lithofacies(i.e.Fig. 5E),5-6 m thick, is
composed of medium-fine sand and dark-grer'
sandysilt with associatedshell levels.The microfauna is indicative of a coastalenvironment and
about 80% is characterizedby benthonic species,
while planktonic species are quite scarce.The
Association of Sedimcntologists, SerJirrrentolo2l',42, 6'1.7-634

Thp Late Pleisktt:nFHolo.:cnc

'Iabler.

Tibe Delta depasltonol sequcnce b27

N { u j nl i l h o l o g i c a a
l D d f a x n ! . h r ( l e r i s t i . so f t h c l i t h o l c i f sr q r i B . i z e d l v i t h i n t h c d c p o s i t j , ) n .sl t s l e n s
Nfai

CodsLdlburicr lagoor ltlBll

cBLr
(]BL2
CBI-3
CBL.I

teal an.l featl mud

.re\.assc sPaI o/oJ

S l l l l t k r s i t i o n( S 1 )

sTr
ST:
STI]

F l u l i a l h r a j d e i { F E
FBl
FB2
FB3
Tibcr lasooral delt (Tl.ll)
TDLl
TDL2

pulmomta gasl,P.(l
dNltd lOnl (totrl
inldcalatios

baN)

of sjh .lal

Tiber \!a!e.niinatcd
'lelt (WDD)
\"DD1
11'DD2

fr m'r.ata gastropo.la

bdrrier lea{,| (xpper

b{rricr Leac| (lo(,er delta

\\L]D3
!1lIlD4
\{DD5

f lnurata gastro!oda
ard reNorked littoral

t]pica1 n association is characlcrizcd r\'

A111tn.,nh b.:(:caii. A. per'lucida, Dlphdiun
cispum, E. ddr?nurr and Quinquelaculina

peat larers alonc !ar! fiom 0 5 to .r m. The mor{l

recent peat la\er is tho nosi continuous and
c\icnsive and lies 2 5 l]l belo\t hc ropographic

l l - t i B l2 l i r . l i - . C , . u .
olion $ith a maximrm thi.kncssof 50 m) is made
up of blue grel' rnud r'r'ith freqLrertintercalations
of lhin layers of fic snd and sanch sitt. oltcn
associated$.ith organic ard shel detritus The
nacrolaun includesmmerous l{rvesof orster
' r F l l . . - r , . l * i n r " . o l B , ' t i " t . ., - t t u t o t u n
and l,rns belonging to ihc H_r'droiiddelallih'.
Thc microfauna is madL: up of species able io
tolerate \.ariaiions in salinit\'. Betifeen lhc
lorannifera thc olgottpical asso.iaiion r!ith l.
beccatii, A. perlucrda and t .rispr is presentl
the ostr.oda foLLndin this lithofa.ies belongs to
Loxoconchaand Leptocytlerogcnefa.$,hich are
ncsosaline al1doligosaine enliroDmental forns.
The CBL3liihoiaciesis composcdol p{idtvnllrd
and porl. which form a norc of less contiDuous
ldver at different depihs in the CBL2 litholcics.
The ma-\illum lhickness is 12 m, $rhcas the

i . ' h d r " . " r ' z - dL r 5 n '

ll-e t gla ; 1','isand and sandr silt that constjhriessedinentarl
b{)di{ls,1-2m tu thlclress.s'hi.,l ha\,o laieal
' \ r ' n - r / . o r u l | i r l h I . B l, , l . ' . ' F - .

, l1rlr. .tenati!!a.\:s..jiti.f

| . . r r - r9 . p l I f u - i i , n . q a r ' . \ ' r J m , L
the
|l.r sggestthe CBLl lithofacios.ronstitutes
(reuorkffl
drLng
remnanls ol a coastal bauier
traDsgressionl,\!hi.,h migrated land$arcl dLLring
the last postglacjal scalcvel se. Th CDL2.
CtsL3 and CBL,I lithofa.ios have been attributed
to clepositsof a coastalagoon(Fig.51.
ln particular, CBL2 rpreseDtsthc nain part of
the filling agoonal bsin Both tle nicro and
n
oL:n" .ndi "
I ' r\ ..l r'o,: \"r . r
"
occsiona
1orn lresr to bracksh watelNith
salire episodcsi lhis sggeststle influenc{j ol

.l Sednnert!o!insS
. - " . l r n r p n t . / . s r ' . ,6
1 2i . 6 3 . 1

r'22 1'.Bellatttet tl

aa=

2a:

c
: a^ eas

ts

!r
a=

.i
. i..'l
I ii

HSI

=-

E-

2Z'
:::

z . z:
;

:
F

E
i4

.E',3

xE!

.9
f
F
I

::

fll

fll

i:-.

r-E'

I 1 1r ,

ffi N u

!E Hr

'l

tin J

f-l I

L_r r
oF

+-:'':-:-

-:n
r'

NS'T

..4r.

r-.t
:rl

fl
Ll

flfl
ULll

? ia.es I
r!95 lntrationdl r\\rr

.ti..

.1 SeJn!,"n1) .!irs

S-"drrr/.],rF

42 61: l.1

Th," L.tte PlestoLene-Hokx'cneTbet :ltu dcDasitianal scqLtence623

berdep!silnasequncs
CBL

Iil ":..**
ffie."-*"

b ! .'re-,d

!
.E

stromsand lh{l fresenceof inlets,alor\'ilrgcLrm

mrLnicdiiorb,"t'eeD
the waterso the lagooDanLi
the sea. Sanrlr le\,els present i1 tlis lithofacies
are thought to be conrectdto storm events.
'll-,
,,.- ,rd
rr. -,
'. " .
shallol\' ifaters, where clals rich in org:,nicnaiior
i!'ere clepositd (CBL3 litholacicsl r.licaing a
llarsh] en|ironment. tion.itions of this kin.l.
prhaps reflectingproxnrit\ lo clastc inll).,
occulled intemlitientl\'.lring lhc \holc pcrio.l
of the salevelse.
Thc sandvbodi{]sof the CBL4 lithofac-"s
have
ber iDterpreted
or
ashover lar
Inhe... ,ord'rr" o l 1-.ri., l \ ',,.,t,, i,
relaiion to ilc distrbLrtar\L:hannels
Lrfthe Tjber
rellaand coastalbarrier(Fig 6).
lagLronal
Shelf-transition depositional system (ST)
This .lq)osilional s\slc nclLrdesthe sed
cl ol ollhore-tfansilionand offshoreshelf
l[ ,, . ]quh.l .r.,1 I '.
o ,!iI!
" l.r \ra+
from 20 to 30m. The Sl depositionals]'sten is
coer,al ith CBL and consists of thrco litholacics,
rrith transitional contacis \!hich .orslitrLtea
coafsoninq-ul\rards{iqucnco(Iig. 5D,nl.
Dcscriptian
The ST1 lithofacies(i.e.lg. -D,El (i lhc iopl s
ronposc.l 01 sand\ siLt Nith lequeDtrrtercala
iions of lne sand, bioclastic le\.els and vegetabl
.lt tus.
r 1 1 r 1 rl f5 ) i 1 r . . i

FB
[-]F".a s"d

l l -"'""

iLD
F-]i

\\TDD

"

-.r

n,"'."-

lig, ti. Crossscctionwhercslstcmst.llts depos ron.l

' '| 'a D' ''\_
bondar,!l
parrseqxe.r
Sl,
scquence
.len..PS.
TST, transgrfssi!e srstems 1r..ti llST. highsland
srslestra.t {l or crusssectionorictaiionscf Fig.2 l
Thc ST2 lithofaLicsis composcdof clalet sili
$'ith ntcrcalatiors of fin ard \.crv 1ne sandi
is $'idcl! presenl.
vegetabo.letritrs
The S'f3 litlo1cies(ar the bottom) is composed
of greenish-gre,r'cla! $'iih rare nlercalatioDs
of sand\ silt lal'ersr it sho\rs a n1oderaio bio
tubation.
An abLmd. t microtaLrnais pesent in all three
lithofacies,\'ith coastalbcnlhonic forms 0.companiedlx deephabitatspecirs(Table2l PanLton
is scarce and the species arc Glabi8enaidcs
.rl,1iqrus. erifr-"rnrs ard rL/er. Remains of
brackish rraier fauras, ,ith BiffiL/, rctcu\atutl1,
'" f '-n
h , \ o L e e n : e r. i . d r , " $ .
Intcrpetatian
GraiD sizc, rricrofaunaancl stratigfaphic rclations
of these dcpositsith ihe coval ones of the
coastalballier lagoon depositionalsvsle leacl
depous lo irtrpret lhcnl as a shell-trarsition
inl{rrcalations
thc
sitiorl s,1'steln.'lhcsand]
.lettus
ar{r
bioclaslic ler,els and the |egetablc
carr!
this
tle produ.rt of storm cvents tlat can
material Lel.r\! the mear tiiNeather $a!e base
b\, the mixing of foraminifa of
This is suggeste.l
.,oastal and rra.:kish Nater ith tlose of deoper
habitats.Tle fotmaiion of slorn beds is \!'ell
koNn in the presont shorelc{r. offshoretransition ond offshore areas lHales, 1967i
Ho\rar. & Reineck.1981iMorton, 1981iNelson.
1!82i Figeiredoet al., 1982: Snodden ef o.1,
I e d g J T r r " I i . 1 d , .| - : . L l , l " 6 n ' ' g e t. t ,

\ s s . . i L i rf l S c d n c r t ! e i s t iS e . t j r e ! r , l ! ! r 4 2 . l i l i 6 3 . 1

621 P. Bcllotti et al.

'lale

2. Ilenthori. lominilcra lmsert ir the STl.

S 1 2 a n d S T 3 l i t . 1 a .e s .

sll sTz

,lJr-.rr!e.rratd

STI

pldnd?is

lslrororior st.ll.r,r.nrn
B z dI itla oc titl -.n s s

Elphin)u11cspti1

It i I )1
i ft llu subttndd
Prc b eI p hidj tr gton. s t

nertc eni.,ironmentu,ith repaiod flu{ lLrations

between thc rptef irfralittoral linncr sher']and
th-"rppercirclillofal(outershh).
Fluvial braided depositional system (FBl
This depositionals]stem reganto der,rtopabout
:10000 ]r Br and gar.-"rise not onl\ 1.)the d,"!'el
opment ol th{r flrvial litholcies bul also to the
building of a srnalldeltaicbod\' insirlothe coastal
lagoo1. Three lithofacies ha!c been identified
(Fig.5A).
Descption
Th FB1 lithofaciesis m.rinlv saDd] and localh'
containsgra\.land 1agmented
rerlorked shcs.
These deposits have a thickness ranging frorn a
few metfcs to about 20 m a d are organized nrto
ninB-upNard sequenccs $'ith coarse san.l nd
gra!el at the basc, r'r'hich grade up$ard to
medtu and lne sand. The bsal .ontd!,s ale
'lhe

FB2 |ithofacies
is not \,or! extersii.eand its
thicknessis less than 1 m. Nrld is th prflalcnl
lilhologv brt thin bcds of fine sand and sandv
,r , .nr!u.",r
. r drp
"l.o r,..rr Th" r. rJ
exclusiveh, ol pLrlnolategasiropod!.
The l B3 lilhofacies is genef.rllt lLltldat th top
01,or lat-"ralhto, the fining-uptrardsquencs
of
the FB1 lthofacies.
t is onl! scarceh'reprcscntcd
ad .rrnsists ol irave.tine deposits and .al
carcous cocretions.gereralh, associatcdNith
lB2 lithofacies.
As a rfhoe. the deposits.loscribed
constitute
scdimentar! body $ilh a tabrlar geond.r rhat
e\lerds or:er 3-5 km r\.ith a thickness between
10 and ll0 m.

Itlt--rpetion

Geonetr\', lextLrrond organization of these de

positslcad us to attribrLte
FB to a bfajded Iluvjal
depositionalslslcm (Fig 5A). Th lithotrpes
that the slstem was supplicdb1'the
demonstrate
outcrops .rf Plcisto.ene deposits,rhich lie along
the landlard boundarl of th0 pfcseni .lelta plair.
Th0 FB I lilholciescan be attrilrutedto sandv
graverbars lhat fille.l ile low'sinrosit! chan
nes (l\'illians & RLrst,l969i Miall, 1977. 1981:
Galloifa,l' & Hobdar, 1983).
The Fts2 lithofacies is thought to br: an o|crbank and/or a le\'ee deposit Er,aporalionand
perhaps pholoslnlhosis in the snall ponds
allowed the preoipitatjo ol cailo. (1"83litho
1ciesJ
fron \ratersrich in.rol.riInbicarbonate.
1he tabular geometr) of lh;s .lopositional
svsten is due to the latefal nigttion oi
lo'"sinuosit] channels(nobie chn.el bdt of
r ''ro. i.r J. lubJ lh" \'i luri",/,r"r.
upr|ard scquencesand the texture of th sediments suggost.r depositionals]stem simlar to
that ofNfiall's(1985)m.,dol3, in \t,hich.follo\l,ing
trom
suddenfloods,massflon deposils(sL,pplio.l
locallr
thc Pleisioceehills) ar intercalate!L
lhin the u\.ial dposits.
Tiber lagoonal delta depositional system
(TLD]
'fhis is
lhe .lryositional s,t'ste of the Tiber Delta
when the ri\'or mouth la] l!'iil tle coastal
lagoon. Thftro cnticlar sandv boclies\lith thick
nessesvariablc fom a lc\\ netres to abort 30 ln
and extending om 2 to 3.5 km ho!'o bcen identi1cd (Fig.61. Ti!'o lithofaciescharacterizethcse
three sedimentar] bodics r'hich t'ere laned nr
orderof decreasing
ageas T1. T2 and T3.
Descptian
The TDL1 litholacics is prevalentill the upper
part of each deltaic bodl and is conposed ol
I e . l i u , r , F ' " - r , . r r . t h \ p r p r " L r ', ' , . i
The'flll,2 lithofacessiro\\s transitiorarLU!
tacts wth prerious lthoiaciesand occqresthe
loer part of eachdetairbodt. lt is characterized
lalers, hich bcae prevalent do$nlr,ads.
TDL2 shoifs gradationalcontacts\!ilh thc mddt
dcpositsof the .oastallagoor.

Tle three saDdt bodies (T1, T2. l3l ca be con

sideLedas fluvialll' domirated tleltas (Uaorta-r,,

l1r9; htprxlnra,\!s!!inti!i

! S.Lli Lr.L.sists Sp.lirx-"!nt,!r

42,01t r3.1

Thc Lole PlLtistocene-HalacncTllw Delt .leposltion(tl settut:

n(:e 625
Table3. Bcntlioni. and thnkl,Jfif loraninilcra !r.senl in the \VDD2.\'VULI3
rn{l \'!DDaljlhnfa.ies.
\\DD]

\VIID4

t1iDD3

B .. c I h ft i,-:d a g L t I 1tLL
jbt. 1p]1dju1 ld :)p iens
Elpnidrurn disl,
l i I i t ) li n e l e s u L t u r o n d a
Q r i , q l t \ | | )t u t u b u l s d

)ng.n,otu

|Ia.irbjs
CrJsidlnro sug1rosd

Htt/atdtL

bauedt)

I)h )h i-!ei no tulcon. t1sis

Cloh4rti naides t1ot\1s
Ck gct t1 d. s tt j lb u s
Cl bE. t t1 dt s o t)I tt rris
Clobhttnades n11)el

'l97Jt Coeman & Priof, 1980)

r\.herethe il\:o
lithofaLies respecijva! represent the mouth bl
(deltafiontl and prodltadeposils.Thc g0orDetr!
and cxlelsioDofthesedoltai. l)odiessrLggests
that
the] originated fiom lhc coaesceDceof ser,eral
mouth bars, conll t{r a seriesof distribriaf\
, " rFl-. ',1. Inhl:, ,,ld Ie-u:Kd|.\. rq-nj
'lhe
closespa.rhgof one charl to anoih an.l
their probabclateralnigration di.l noi allow th
der,eloprcl of real intrLlistribt{ba\s, but
gave rise io ll)c formatio1oi extonsi\'c .rofnposite
letcularbo.lics,in ,hich the bars int{r.ffngered
rrl ". I rhrr,.o,r ..r,
,, 1r, I.pol
T l - h r L u . r r ' " , . c i ' , , I r h " 1 , " . o r . \ " i ation in dischargc.n,l sediDent supplv ot tho
1lbe Ri\,or and the rate of iho soalrvel ris
fonditioned the developm{rl of these bodies
as shown nr simlaf dcpositional settings b\'
Donalclsoei dl. (1970), Kanes (1e701.r\itls
'tqb
\ " l , . r , 1n, . R " b . . t r R B .
" d
Tiber wave-domilated delta depositional
system ($IDD)
This depositionlslsteDrdevelopeddrrinB lhe
presenthighsiand Lrf sea level, sincc lho Tiber
River bogan to flor,! directll into the open sea.
Five lithofacishavebeen dillifentiatd.the \,erti.l or:aDizatior of \r,hich feflects th sea\r,ard
prcgradatioD
o the Tibcf Dclra (Fig.JCl.
DesctOtion
The $rDDl litholaciesis conposedof a mud.
\.arying in colour tuom dark grcv to greer to

1illlorrish broi\'n. r"-ith solne inl{c.rlations ol

gravcl an.l fine sand. travertine concrctions. and
(more rarelvl di.rtonjtcsand altered Yr-rlcanic
material mud cracks are also boquent. The lauDa
gastropods.
is sc.lnivand composdof pLLlmonatc
Tho lirholcies is .seneralh 2 3 m thi.,k nd
towardslhr)l)otlonii.rhangesto CBL3 lithoforiics
cortainirg pci and peair mrd lrith legetoblc
detritlsard shcll\.lcvcls.
'lhe
r:rf
\\DD2 litholciosis generall,r'composeLl
fine and metliLrnrsanl.lri'ith aburdartmalc mirerals,coastalen!ifonnent nicrofauna {'fable 3l
ancl\.egetabl-"rmains.Ycllr:,$'ish-broitnaDd gret
llledium to coarsesanr contanhg the remaiDsof
molluscsand pr.rmicelaBmcnisarc also locallv
found. Loir-angle,e|en, parallellaminaiionsare
that constitute
occasionall]presc.'fhe.leposits
ils lithofacies have a thi{ k{rss1o 5 to 20 m
and shol\,a lablargeometrt.
The formcI ljtholciesis gradationall.tall\,
alld verlicallv io the \vDD3 lithofacies!\'ich is
characterzed b\ finc sand lrith silt] intercotionsr foramiifera of coastalenvifonets iTable
3l and vcgtableremainsa.e also prcsent.
Do$l$'rf.1. \{DD3 sho$,s gradalional contacts
'|{ith thc \VllD.r liilofacies charactrfizcd b]
cla]et silt wilh farc intercalationsof ver\ finc
sand ard moderateproscnceofnhalittoral microfauna (Table 3J and ve.ectablc renai1s This
litholaciessho ,s gradatioDal.oniacts with th
sc.liments of th trarsition shef dcpositioral
'l'he
NDD5 lithofaciesis c(,mposcdoffrne sand
.rnd tho ihickness. rllich is LrsrLalltbet\ten I
and ,l m, occsionlltreachesas mrLrh as 10 ir
'Ihe
sand is reddish 1clol, rich in qua z and

! 1rrrr5htcfuatiaDaAss..irL.r1,lSernnennrl.qj:ri.S.r;r,r,l!qr..12,{j1itiilr

blb

L Bellatti Pt al
10.000 yea6

1 40 0 0

"F.
"*.,.

I
.1-

-l
Fig. 7.llolocene sealelcl
fr thc Tiber llelta arca

mica with small quantities of heavl minerals.

Tabular and trough cross'beddhg are ftequnt as
ell as biotrrbatior due to roots. IDD5 is local
ized in the coastalbelt and extendslandnards for
about 4km on ih-" prescnt shoreline. Fauna.
\\,hcr prcsent, is corstituted b\' pum.rnaia
gastropodaand relrorked littoral nicrofauna.

se {rNe

iransition-shclf area, rePfosents the prodelta

Thc WDD5 liiholcies reprose1tsan acolian
., !n-i \\in 4,.. I oga\ h" ho ''r h' \ ' i r.
shorclnes of the maine delta prograclation

EUSTATIC RISE OF SEA LEVIL

Interpretation
The $IDDl ithofacies is the product of the
flur.ial marsh! ard floodplain se.iimentation
tvpical of a delta plain and roprcscntsthe closure
of trc old coastal lagoon.
'lhc
WDll2, Wllll3 ad WDD4 iiholacies
togcther cLrnstitutea coarsenirg-uprrard sequoncr:
$hich is interpreted, on the basis of palaeogeLr
graphical context. as a prograding barrier beach
(the flrvial-marine sequence of Scruton, 1{ltj0i
Currar & luooe, 196,1iOonlkens. 1970 Gallowa\'.
1975rtioleman& Prior,1980i\{right. 198-i Ellioi,
1986b1.
Th \{DD2 and \VDD3 lithofacis costitrte,
respecti\,elt', thc uppcr and lowcr dclia lont,
{'hereas the distal portion of the entire bodl
(WDDa lithofacis), r,rhich degrads i1 the

A relativesca-levelcur!'0{or the last 11 000 !ears

rth
has been calculated (cxporential turve
'=0.8sJ for the Tiber Dclta area [Fig. 7J usn]g
radiocarbor data fcpo ed ill Bolluomini el 1ll
(1s861.
onlv ih prodLrclof
This cune ropresents
the glacio'eustaticrisc becausesubsidencehas
been negligible drriDg thc last 18 000 years The
absenceof local subsidenccis suffeslcd br the
h.rfizoltal postion of the peat lavers Presct in
the coastal lagr-ronrud (cross-se.tion reporlc.l
in FiB. 6l corsideredas datum planeswith resPc.l
to the Pleistocene substratun. The absence ol
regional subsidence was also found b,r, lvlarani
et ol. (1986Jalolgihe coDtnentalshelf bett!'een
the Tibcr Delta and Cap Circeo (abort s0 km
sorth of the Tiber Rivor outh) Ths it is
c\.i.let that thc ate of the glacio ustaii. rise

( r 1 r l r 5I n t . i r i . n a A + o L i a t i ! . o l S c d i m e n t d r e i r s - " d i r r e r r l i i , i l i 1 2 6 1 7 l i : r l

Thc Lat. Plcistane. Holocene Tibo Delta depsithnal sequen. 627

' 5000lr sr"
coincides r!ith the rale of dccomno.lation time. uDtil f{rachhg aboul I nm \-r
Moreor,er,consideriDgthe lasl glacial lowstan.l at
lPosanerteret {r1..1S88J.
'
,
,
,
,.nI l,'b2 he po..\- - r, m., d I \
approximateh l20m (sharkleton & opd,\'ke.
glacial sealevel rise is consideredmore or less
l97ili Aloisi et ol.. 1975i Ca er ef d.l, 19861
Nlarani ei d1., 1986! Hernandez-Molinaef ol..
continuous bf sone authors (Shepard.1963t
r rcsults
1992) a rale higher thn 10nlmvr
Nfillin1ar& nnert, 1968iBloom, 19701and cpi'llese
cal.u(FaiLbridge.
:i961i CL a!, 1965:
betwccn 18000 and 10000vr 8P.
sodic b_1'others
q-r: I 'l\\ o -l o/
\ - l - ' r B r, \ . l q - 0 : l - r d / .
lated rates agreelvith Nlilliman & nme "s (19681
1981i Caer ef al., 1986i AndersoD& Thomas.
data, $hich indi.,ate a Darked 1ll ir |alucs
1ee1l. Stratigraphic eliderce in the Tiber Delta
bet$oen 7000 and ,1000vr BP.as wrll as i,rith tho
data of Ranpino & Satders (1980J uho report
arlrairdi.alos ihat scalevel risc was discotinvalues of o\cr 5 mln !r ' bdbre 7000 tr BP.rore
oLrsnd chract.fizedbl. a soriesof rapid rises
- r l ' , l . ' , I , . i - . r i - r ,' l r l \ . , \ . l n \ \ ' *
tlan 2.5 nrn1!f ' ret een 7000 and 3000l Bl
".rl
rate aDd then rerl slo$' acconmodatio rie)
a n . lc l o s et o 1 m n \ , ' f o r t h e l a s t3 0 0 0 \ r 1 o m
(Bellottiei ol., 1s8sa).This episodicsealevel rise
the Long lsland area.Siilar rates aro repoed b!
F1o.i.la.Recent
does not appar in the eustatic cuNe rpo ed in
Parkinson{1e8e)for soLrth-lrest
Fig. 7 ol] becausof th scarcitl'of radiocarbon
Deasurncnts seem to shor! an invcrsion of
the trend \,ith r.alues ranging bet.|{een :1 and
Pcat $as lbrrnt.] in a bra.rkish-i,rtef marsh
:1.Jmn)r r (Braatz& ubrel'. 1987i Gorniiz &
(sce Nelson & Bra!. 1970Jtsuch a depositional
L p b ,L l - r . l 0 8 - . l l , " . l a r l. , . p " r t o l h ' r t ' i I
I g h , . b . ' n d , " , 1 . r . i l l r 1 , 0 0\ . B or . i n q i p
crlilonment \{as fbrmed aher the space created
dr.rringeachsea-levelrise (time of pafaseqLren.ies datareportedin Fairbridge[1961],Curravl1!651.
fonationJ was mostlr filled lvith lagooral mud.
Nfmcr(19tjs)ard Nlillimar& Emery'[19tj8).This
ln this l'|av the lagoon l\as transformed illto a
hasallowodindicatiorso be obtainedon the ages
nrsh
\\,iih
ofganic
sedineniaofthe coastallagoonpeatalers locatedat depths
brackish-\fatcr
tln
.onsidcfations.
cight
below 30
tion
lhe basisof thes.
(see
Iig.
7l
have
id{rntiled
stistrnds
bccn
bet$'een 66 m and the presentsea level. No
data are arailable to allo\r identifilation of the
S E Q U E N C ES T R A T I G R A P H Y A N A L Y S I S
AND EVOLUTION OF THI TIBER
other stillstandsbet!!eer
120m hrositroDol
glacial
the sea le\.e dLrrng the last
lowsranol
DE L T
and
6Dm. Other authors (HernanctezMolina
'ln
- r ' 1 . . t q q 2 h . ' , r , . u ; i z " , l - i l l r J - o f + "
r.\eoprpnl ' rl i..edim'n'd \ 'r,,P.'iur '
,hich
wc have ranrod the Tiber DepositioDal
lc\.el at 90. 80 and 73 m depth on the Northern
Sequerce [rig. 4], reflects a high-1cquenc]
Contincnial lvlargin of lho ,{lboran Basin
(N4edilerraneanSea).
eustatic changelilked to climatic chargescars0d
(1se1l
Anderson & Thomas
lave suggestedthat
br Milankolitch orbital cr,cles.This c,rclicil!
e
f
allol,-edthc lormation ol ath order high-froquencv
r , f l r ' r r , r i n . r h ^ r ' r r .
"rir' .'
scquces(100-200 ktr) as $'ell as the 5lh and
sheets((le{roLrpingl
reprcs{nts
a pausibleme{rh6ih orders (10-20 kvrJ $ran $Iagoner ef o./.,1990r
anismhich pcrmitsrisesin seale!cl ofthe ordcr
cf 2 5 m per centLrrt(Thomas& Bentle\',1978).
Mitclun& Van Wagoner.1991rVail ef d1, 19911,
Rclative to ile Late Pleistocene-Holocere seahich devr-'lopedduring ihe Quatefar]'
cvel ise. these sane.uihors sho,ed aL uls
Facies and seqrencesiratigraphiL anl-l'sesof
Roman QLLat{nar}depositshare been carried ort
mcchanismis probab]rcsponsibloIor the 1o|rna(Milli. 11192J.
Thesedepositshav beeDsubdrl,
ti!,n of the nlafine flooding surfa.resbounding
paraseqLreDces
in a retrogradationalsetiing (traDs
idc.l irto t$,o 3fd order depositionalseqtrences
grssnel. Nloror,er. o the basis of several
[Mc,ntc Mario ard Ponie Galeria sequences).Thc
siudies on passive continental nargins. ther
latter, dcveloped betccn 800ktr rP and the
presenl. is made up of oight ,rth ofdcf dePo
rccognizedihe shorelinepositi.xst 15, 24,
each ilh a duration of about
29 and 39 ni al sil]lil.lf.lepths.the shorelme
sitioDalscquences
positionhas also been rccognizedin thc studicd
100klr. The Tiber Sequerceis the mosi rccentof
these. 11 s bornded at the base b] a tvPe 1
aD
19841ardcoDstihrtes
I hc ,1, Lrl.,tcJ.c.lcr'.1 . u ro ind r.r o. . \-ri
unconfornit,r(Vail -"101..
'incomplete' sequcnce
ablerate of rise.^roLrnd10 000 vr Bpit $as about
Ibeginning 180001' BP
10nmtr I ald progressivelr:decreasedover
aDd still e\,oh,ig)that car be consideredboth as
5 r r i r i . . i L , \ r s . r i i i r o s r L . n . L . E i s r s . s i n . r r . l . ! . 1 2 , 6 1 i
! 1 1 r 1 rI n

fjll.l

628 P Bellatti et al.

ihe initial Part of a ad ordor scquon.,e
and a 5th
order sequece as inicrpreted bl Bord et a-1.
(1!8e)fbr the latest Pleistocneand Holocro
sediments of ihe GrU ol M.xicr,.
Th stratigfaphic or8aDization of th Iiber
Dcpositional Sequencecnblcs a trarsgressrre
s|stems tfact (TS'fl aod highstard slstens tract
(HSTI to be Llistinguished.
El'idonccoi deposits
relatiDgto the lo\rstndsfslemstract(LSl) (aLoLrt
18 00UIr Brl. ifhcn thc Tiber Rn'-"r morths $.ere
near the shcll break.is descr.ibed
b\'(lhio.,l:i &
Nomark (19e21.The exact time i\'hcn rhrr TST
reganio (l{iv{iop
is unkno\l,n.Ho\c!cr. u)nsrdrr
ing thc datarepofiedin Hernaldcz-Nlolira
ef {r1.
(1992).it could hare stadcddeYeloping14 tlU0r'r
Bp,{ith the shoreliJclocatodat a depth ol90 nl.
Durirg the pedod ol lj'ne bet$eer 18000 and
140001'r Rp . lo\!stand \!edge s!stcns traci
(L\\ST) do\'cotell.Thesedata,togthe1\,ththc
eustatcclrvc. ir(li{ ate aD a\,eragrate of scalevel rise ol .boLrt 7.5l1nl\.r r. duing thc
L\{S'f. \riable bet\reen14 and I mm rr I dur
.B h Tsl
drrr'g r"
",..1,,..r' trr"\
HST,
Durg the I-NST the Tiber Rivr probablr
consirr.iio(la deltaic bod\. at the crd (t thr
alluvial vallN. on the outer continctal shcll.
'lhis
cn bc suggestd
onl,1'on thc bassol stfatj
gfaphi., and palaeogeographic.rl
.,onsideratiors,
bcausoihc la.k of seismicpulsc ponclrotjondid
noi porfnil detectionof such a dcliai.rbodr'.
',' l\f
,:onn\rq""r ,l,nu{.
"\plopoo rJ
a stckig pattn ol rcirogfadationalparase
qrences.
FouI depostionalslstel]ls(CBL,ST. FB
ancl TLDI erc a.iljve dLuhg the development ol
the TST lts stratigraph\.rt'asslfog) conditionerL
b! the rate ofthe sea-le!(jfise. nhich ir particu
lar iuencedr {1) th0 stratigraphic organizatio1
ol the lhrvial braideddepositionals]'stemr[2] ho
neclanismnd rate of the coastalbalricr'sandward migfalionr[3Jthe phvsiographi.alo!ollion
ol the lagoonr(al tho dclel{rfment and nigratior
{,f the Tiber lagoonaldolta depositionalsr'.stenls.
Each rise crcaicd nou spacefoL sedimentation
('accomllodaiionof lerre], 1e88) allowing Iol
the LlevelopmeDtof parasequencescoftposcrt oi
.lifiircrl I ithofaciesassociatons
An overall fining-upvards r d characterizes
rhc alhL!ial sediments{)1thc flLrvialbraideddepo
silional s\:stem.This hcnd is cosideredto be
co rectecLto a backlllirg deposition as a resull ol
sea-lcvelfise (Schumm, 19931.On the parase
qLrencesscaie. such a mechanism should be
equalh actil''e.Each sea leiel ris led to a bascleYel risc cctcrminnrga vetica accrctior ard

d{positiool coafscr sedimentsLrpslroamthat

ga\'-risc to a filling uprlard trend $'jthin thc
charnlsedimen{s Thus. crclir:al naturc of the
finingrrp$ard sequenrcsprcsent in the llB iq
thoughtto bc linked to the scolclel ris. ln this
sitc thev constitutr llr ph-lsicalxprcssionof
thdl devloped,$1th
the same pifasequencs
difTerent lithofacies associations. ryithin other
Lova dcpositional stslcms. th tabulal
geometr\ ol thc B d-"posilsis thought to be
connectedto a rolaiivelr slow basc-cvelse
(aiter10 000 }'I ?p. lh{r cusiaticcur!'e indicatesa
progressivdecreascol sclevel risel thal dctcF
with amalgandlcd
minffl an allu\.ialorgaDizalion
charDel grar,csandbodies(Posanetier& Vail.
1988rPosarriefcl dl.. 1988i1\..iHht& Marrot.
1993iShanc\ & \lccabe, 199.+).
'lhe
formatioi and landr\ard mi8fation ol the
coastalra ier during a transgressive
thaso can
occul throLr8h !'nrious mechanisms sui:h as
'shoreface
retreal (Fishcr,1901rSwift. 197-1. inplar dolrning'(Sandefs & Kuar, 1975Jand
'traDsgressiv{r s bmergence' (Pllnlnnd er 41 ,
1988J.
ln the tust phas. (]1the l ST (1,1000 13 0o0rr
Rpl the apid rise of sca ler,el deterlin{,(l lh{i
baselevel |ariation ol lhc Titrer Ri\.er that b,san
to dcposit most of 1s scdimentarrload in thc
allvial valle! The defrcascin sedimentsLrppl)
.lotcrmined the abandr)nocntol the lowstnd
inlo
scdgc dcltaic bodt rlhi.h \\,astraDsforned
an erosional headland ith llanking batners
(sta8c 1 of ihe transgressi!1r
submergeDceof
Penland.l ol.. 19881.
The foloning phase (13000 s000if Brl is
.:.. i ,r

, l]d dF-,I L

".

' , r p- ' .

"

.e - .i\'

where
barrerisandarc l br Penlandcf.?1.(1e881,
the two nlailr dopositional sfstel]ls arr lhol]oastal
baDier lagooD ard lho Tber lagoonal dcltas
(T1, T2. l3J. This can be subdn ed inlo r!\'o
subphases.
each one $ilh a .liferent rate ol scaleve .ise pfodcng a different tarc of land$'ard
migration oi tho .roastalbarrief. The 1fstsrbphase
occrured bet\le{rn 13000 and 9000 87001'r Bl,
rise as at its highcst
\'r'henthe rate of s{ra-lcvcl
At this time the episodi. ris(lof sa'e|el,tog{th.f
coastllplai and the scarce
rrith h0 lor\' graLlieDt
sedirncrt srpplv. allo ,ed the coast.rlbanier to
, r . r a" l r ' ' l r r .r i t \ \ ' 1 , l , i r . . l , , d r ' \ \ ' r g
, t"rn t' p'.'
r* hrr.i.r'
vationof thesebarficrsis due to a rapid risc of sea
le!'el(Krali,1s711.The T1 delti. bod,1'developed
r' .o'r.g
. r . l ; r " ' l r " l l r ^ r " , , p o l a , ,' r l l r .
drfing
oi
prograllatron
onl,r' nloderate nlooonts
phases.
rate
ol the
Thc lc.retion
thc stillstad
l s r L i d L i o n r 1 S l r l n r . t . r l . g j : t : .J c d l . r r t r r r ! r . r 2 . 6 i t i 3 1

TIE t,titc Pleisto.ene-Halaene Iibe Dcltu depoJtlioriil s-"quer.e 629

onalt6queca3
Tbrdposil

C BL

fl

&

SI

c*"r"

fi coasra
mud
Lj raeon

WDD

ILD

m""'."-,,nD'"""""',

l;":ri*,

Eo*,-.
andp'daheud
[,

I i s . 8 . C r o s ss e (l i o n ( l a d s r o r i d i t a t . d s e e F i B . 2 )w h c r c s l s t . m s t r c t s ,d e t o s i r i i r s \ s t e n sa n d t a r a s e q u e n c .
s e t so f l I e T D S r c e r n l e n (e d P S p a s e q u e n . e S
r B s c q u . n c eb a n d d n m 1 . sf r x i r , f l , r , , l n gs r J a . e .

lagoon\\,.rsin deficit (Nichols.1s8eJ The sl.ckirg pattern of the retrogra.laliollal paraseq c.{s
is evidenccdLdh lx the lan.lwardpositionof the
coastalbar.jer aDd extcrageometN ol the Tl
deltacbod\' (Fig.8J
llring the latter subphase(fiom 9000/8700to
5000]'I rrJ, the dccreasein tlc fale of seae|el
rise associai{-.d
!!ith tle ncrcase in coastal plain
gradi.rt prodlced a decreaseill ih. rate of
land$ard nigration of the coasial barrier. Thus.
J. ir. , '" ;
| - .n,.r, ..'"
",
stillstand [period
of parasequcncefonnation),
each coastal barrir stacke.l one or top ot tro
' r l r ^ . | | " t. n E I p " - i q |
u m p o . i- J r : l
"-.:.bod\ r!ith tabulargcooretr(cross-srx,1i,,n
of Fig.
8). Each barrier r.!as built $'ith ihe sedients
eroded and rer,,,orketlo tlc underh.ins barrier.
At the samo tjme, the lagoon exper.ienced
an
accretionr\status on balance (Nichols, 1989)
u'ith .rn exteDsionof th{i rnarshr areas 'fhr est
mtion of the sedincntatiorrate m ho rentral
lirl of the lagoonbetl{een10 000 and 5000vr Bp
i s a b o u t6 m m u ' .
$ , i t h i n t h e l a g o o nd e p o s i t s .
each paraseqLrence
.onsiituts a shallo\!ing
uprlard cr.clecappcrlb] a peat lavcr,on hich a
flooding slr1comarks the conla{:t from marsh
sednnents bolo$ to deepcr lagool] seLlrmonts

ca.,hparasequence
abo|e (seeFig. 5B). Scar\,r.l
constilrLtes
a Loafscnngplftul.lbeachsequence
(coastalbarler).
\'Vithi the lagoou. the Tibet Ri\'of slfic.l. and
blilt up th T2 deltaif bodl hilc ihc T1 bod]
rlas abandoned and traDsgressedb\ la3ooll.rl
ud. Thc'r2 delta de|eloped 'rithin the lagoon
up to 7000rf Bp.ln tho lnal part of the seale|el
rise a rew shift of the Tibor Riv{r .ioufso dcicrmincd the initial brildiDgof the T3 dltair bo,l\'.
DrLrirs this 1.l phase th last igratioll lardnarrl ocL:urrcdand the lagoonbecane narro$er
an.l marsht, forn]ing thc last ost extersile pat
t s e t , e e n1 3 0 0 0 1 . 1 0 0 0 a n d 5 0 0 0 t t R p , a l . o n dcnscdscctondevelopedon the coDtinentalshell
in 1ontol ihc pfcsontTiber Delta(Chiocci.1989i
Bellotti .,1o/., 1ee4J.A simila and covalelent
has been reportd for thc \,rississippi Delta l]-outit
ei al., 1S881.
Tle HSl'begar to delelop dln)ul 5o0o\r Bp.
Nith a rate o seale|el rise of 0 8-1 noir l
llring ihjs period of tme onll one paraseqLLencc
developedwith the sdne.leposilionalclenents
that appearin the presntTiber Delta:inner an.l
ouiof dolt plin, delta hont and prodeltaslLrpe.
The increasc io scdimcnt srppll'due to the

( r ( r r r i h L p r a t i . n a ; \ \ s . , i r t n m r l S . d i n . n . 1 ! e i : t 5 .S c d n n . n i . h r r r 'a. 2 . 6 i 6 3 a

630 P. Bellatti et al.

*-'""

tu"-,,"g-,,r

fl

Bjldtdd

!.:-J

d.' hd,-.f lrs,,,"

(lJItg

hE

d.nnd

anuvErerll.

ffi

R..''d*h

deLrease
in tho rotc ofsea-levelrise causcddeposition 'ithin the lagoon (siatus of accrtionar\
sufpls: Ni.,lols, 1e8s). \\,hirh bccallle infilled
anrl was entirdl transfoned into marsh! areas.
Thus, the top of h0 last pat laver shotld
coincide r!ith thc 'axinIll lloodirg srLrtacc'
rdich separatesth TST liom the HST (Fig. 81.
The Tibcr lagoonal delta (T3 l-rod1)prograded
rapiill) in ihe lagoon as far as the backbaDier.
creating lwo scparaiearsh,r'areas(Fig. 9). These
remained pra.rticltunaltereduntil the! \'cro
reclaimedat the end ol the 19th centrn. Il is
unknol\'n lvher tl mor.rth01 lhc T3 delta reached
ol a $'ar.e
thc sca,givingdse to the developrnr:nt
dorninato.lmrinedelta.Ho$'e!'r,archacologcal
1em"rn,,r'l Ii.rn . d Jo,
tance n recooslru.ting the delta e\'olution o\,0r
thc last2500years(Fig.s).'lhe earliostremahs of
at the \,ermouth (OstiArtica) date
a settlenont
back to the ,lth centurv u(. This could inilicat.
that the maine ri!er mouth lfs ahad,r'actne ir

d.lt)

Fig. 9. Prl.fdgeographj. skclches

shoNing $,,1llion 01th Tibcr
D.positii,nl S.quc.{ e dring Lhe
t r a r s g r e s q i ! e ( p l i d s e sA . B , C ) a n d
hi.qhsla.d lpha,cs D, E. FJ slslcms

that perio.l (or na\ be before: Titus LiYii and

sa\'OstiaAntioa lt'asfounde.lat
PLnirsSecLrndii
least thrce ceDturics earlief) Ihe mmairs ol
the impetil harbours of Claudius [s2^D] al]d
Tr.rianus[110{D], both north of thc river nonth.
villas
ard the reains to the s.ruthof thc PatriciaD
thc
trare
along tle coaslalroad [via Se1'eriona],
slightl r:uspidateshoreliDein the 1st crturr AD
ttil 1.100there \tas no 3rct progradtion ol
thef irrDolia.lhepostion olsometol!crs bu1t
during Papal tule ad a serisof napsdraNrrp
in lho last two centrriesindicate progradatLon
phase at the beginillg of 1500 (\1ith an ad\'ancerl. shch con
mcnr of ihe shoreincof I n \T
linued $ilh progressi\'elllowcr rates unt rhc
b-"ghniDg ol this cenlrr\" At l)rcset the h...hes
car the rivct nouths afe urdrrrSoingintcsive
erosivefrocesss(Uaputot, dl., 1983).corne.te'l
$,itl the strong deLroaseof thc sedin]nt supPlv
drLeto the dansbuilt ir the liber Basirovcr ihe
last 50 \,ears.

, l l r r l l n t . n a t i o n a l \ \ { r . i i t i t r , , 1 S . d i n e l t f l , g : t s S e r l ' / .r , t l r l . ' r r . ' t 2 f i 1 i 6 3 1

'lhe

Late Pleistacpnc H1.ftt)e Tlbet Delta dcpostanal sequenLe 637

Tho paeogeographical
ftr.r)rst.uftio1sot the
Tiber Delta area drlrng lh-" last 12 00ui.r Rparc
s h o \ r ni n F 9 . 9
CONCLUSfO\S
Tho Tiber DepositioralScqLrence
(TDSI rcpLcseDtsa high-ficqu0nc\depositionalscquercethat
is still in c\oution and which dcvcoted du19
the las glaLioeustatic sca-lovelrise ard thc
present stillstanLl.lt is mde rp of vc dq;ositjonalslstnlsthai .r.]nstitLrte
transgessi\.and
highstandsfstemsira.ls. Th-"lSl sho\\,s.rrdro
graclational st.r.king pattern o p.rr s{xlLrel1ces,
while thc HST is corposed
o1onll on progradaiioal parscqrLeDce.
Deposilsf0lating to a lorrstad s1stefts tract are prosriot near the sholf
break\!hile thosebelongingto a lo\l,standl!'cdgc
shold l)o pfesento the outer continentalsholf
and fornjnga deltaicbodl.
The TDS is an cxanple of a sedimoniarvsrLc
' r . o r r q l u n : i u .- o h \ , . , r , ' o l . t o .
"-.i,
{alloc}'cliclrortroll. \rherc rate of s-"alevl so
and th{r effectson basc-l'el change repLcsr:,,t
!crl important facioJrstrr stratigraphic oryan
izalion. Howev.r. aLrtocrclical pr(,cesses
also controlled tho facies
iB{iofbower.1{16.1J
organizationand lhe geometl\.of ilc scdin1eDrar|
Iu.l '
r h" ,l , ,.i . r.4l.r.. r.. tl - -r.
"
Lreateddring each sea le\,el se (tjmo of paras,,1 .. r,,,\,..o,i,r,i',
$,.,
t,.|"f
ations \!hi.h .rhafacteriz tho or! rorlrerLS.
eithrbelonginBto depositionals\stemsor to thc
coeval depositiora1
svstcns(\lilli, 1ee2).Thus.
th0 same parase.luon.rcc.n have dilrcr1 ptrrsi
cal exprossionsand can bc .hifacterized. ior
exanplc, br a firing uplfrd sequencein flurial
'1 .,,i.,r,b,o,,,-.
i n { , . t , , \ " r , 1. 1 , .n' , . i l
(rrastaldeposits.This stratigraphicaf.rhrrecture
fcpresentsthe basic lfan]-"$'orkof thc TDS aDd it
is similaL to the stratigraphi{. afrhitectlue that
. | , r J ,r , , . t h . t l " i . n . p L r . u - i .
n t , ], r .
out alongthe hills aoun.llhe presentTibof D{rta
plin lN1illi,1992,1994iBellotti er dl., 19931.
ACKNO\,VLED(\IINT S
This rescarch has been supporled Lr grants
on lumisto della PLbblica Tstnzione an.l
aionsigloNazorale dclc Rilerche. J l. \clls
and K. Shanlel ro\.ic$ ed this pape hcir critical
co'nnerts l{(i greatlv apprcciated. Thanks ar.c
1soo\lcdedto C. l. tssb)and l. T. \\'ells ro
rcad ar earh'r'ersiooof the nanus.ript.

R E F E R E N C ES
aD.l
r\loisi. I.C.. Nfonnr!. -l , Tlr.nrrefct. I
T h . m n e r e t ( 1 9 7 5 1L \ o l u t i o r I a l o g i ! g f r p h i q u e
,u pltelu .oDliDental aqurdllicn dDs lc cadrr
d u C o n d r L l . i . i . { n a l ! s p . . m p a r d - " s. l o n D r s
s i s m i q { r ss.. d i n c ! l o h B n t i , se l t a d i , , n r t i q et o
sn
.emart le Quanrnari. .c.nl. Iler Geogi P/rr!. Gr|
Dr,. 17,l3 22.
; \ n d i , r s o r 1l B
. . and lhorras,\1,1 lreell \l.lne r.e
s h . c l d c c o p l i n A | r t s , , 1 i , . i L t r . a p j d , e ! i $ . 1 i .
s e a1 . ! o l c h { I s c t l i . r c l r d o l s u ,I e ! e t t s a n d t h e i r
ir1fll.nc. aD sfdinuLati,trr -Srl,r,rl. G.1. 70,
87 10.1.
B . c r b o r v c r ,l R . ( 1 1 1 6 .a1r). l , L h e r , \ . r , i , 1 ( 1 ( L i . ( l c p .
siti.nal mcchanisns in allLrial fl.ir se'L!treot.li,,..
B u l l . g . 1 .5 n ( d n r d s . 1 6 c , 3 1 - . + 2 .
B - " l l o t t iP
. . B i a g i ,P . F , T o . t o . a .P . d l a l d i . f . ( l l r l 7 )
I l d . l t a d . l T c l i r . : c a r r L l { i ! u l i r l , , g i , , i t si t s , 1 , e n n i
l.gi.i d.lla piana d.ltizir Gion L;erl. 49. 89 9!.
B c l l D l t i P , i i a r b o n i ,N l . C . \ ' l i l l i , S , l ! f t , t r r . f . a n . l
l a l . r i . P . ( 1 9 8 9 r )L r t i . n a d c t j r i a ( l e l l e l e r e : a n a l r n
di licirs fd jU,lesi r\,)lu1i\r (hl ltio lo('sland
gh.irlf ril'rtru,rlf. alinn. (lp.l .5t.;| 91
B c l l o l t i . P , C h i o c c i ,l . l , N l i l l i S , 1 , , , , i J , P . a n d
\.aleri. P. f1!9.1) Scqucn.c stfutigraphl rod depo
sitioal settirg of th. Iibcr d.L
intcg.rtion ,)f
Ijgh resolutian s.isnics. rcll l.,ss,and arLhfoLosni
d a t a / . _ - p
d . s . , 8 6 4 , 3 , ! 1 1 64 3 2 .
B c l l . t i i . P . C h i D c c h i r i ,L r , C i p r i { i , : 1 . a n r LI l i l l i , S .
( 1 9 8 9 b 1S c d i m d i t a l o g i c u lc h u a c l c r s ! f t h c t ' e i s
t o . c n g r a \ c l l l - s a n d rb c a . h i , si o t h i , s u r r u n r l i . g s ! f
Rom., ltalr lr 1entl1 fie)ltl
,U..e/in.! Lr .isr.
S c d r r . ( - \ b s l r a c l sr o l u ! r e ) B r d r t r s l ,I ) 1 ,: 2 2 i r
l l . l l o t t i , P , C l i i c h j ! i . l l , c i t ) f j N n i ,N . . n d N f i l i , s .
f 1 9 9 3 )I I s i s t q n i . L r p , , s i r i , , n r n e i \ e , i e . l i. l a s t i . i
I r l f i n ! f f r i c i r l l i , , J r n l i e d i . t . m i d i ] ] . 1 eG a l e r i a
t s u r L! r f s l i l l R , , n r a lB. . l 1 5 o . . 9 . . 1 I l . . 1 1 2 .9 : i l 9 , 1 1 .
l l . l l o l l i . P , I ! 1 i l 1 iS. . u a \ : i l r i . P l l 9 9 0 l T r . . e l o s s i h
. c a r a t t . . i s c d i n c n l o l i i g i ( i i n d e t ) , , s l 1Li a g u . r n . l i
t e m t e s t ah r a s h o r c rl a r l n f l h l l r D r z i . l r r f l f i s l , , c e
ni.a di l.nte Cal-"ria(Romal Gorrr. Ceol. s2, 1t9B e l n . n r i n .C . . l ! z z . l i n i , P , \ l a D f r a ,L . \ h r l a r i , I a n d
Z i l a l l i . \ f ( 1 9 8 6 1E l o l u z i o n . t u c c n t c d c l d c L i a. 1 . 1
Tc!re Crl Fan..25,213 221
B l , , . n r .. L . L .( 1 c t o l P a l d a sl l r a l i g r d p l . f l i k P ! x ! f
r n , K u s i i ,e s i c rC r l i D eI s l a . 1 sa.! l l . q . r . 5 o . .
,lrr. 81. 189: l9al.l.
B ! s c l h i . A . . N f ] r f t i .E . r d R i . . : L r . . h i . F ( 1 9 8 9 1
r..e -- sd..ssnri s-"dint-.nfi. S.ienz. d.lla
'1fra,
LITET
lloirl, R.. sref. . N.i Penlard. s. lle8sl squencc
r f u t i 8 r a p l \ { , 1l l t s l l f i s s i s s i p | i D e l t a T r d s . C l
L.rbl.,ls! -seoi,S..r 39,ll3l i1.10
l l f u a l z , U . \ ' . r ! d . 1 ! t r e r D . C ( 1 9 8 7 1R e . e n t f e l a t l l c
s e r - l t \ e r h n g j n e r t e m \ . ) h ] \ n e r i . a I n : S . o
Letel Fluctut .n orrl C.dJtdi Er.rti.n [nd. b! L].
' H ''
\r'',.J.u
:..
I .,
Pbl. Sa.. ..n. Palcotll .11n--...11,21) Jti.
B J . w . L F . a . 1F i s h e r .U i . L . ( 1 9 7 7 ) S f i n i c s t f r l i '
grrpl. i.leTreration ol de!ositi.Dal srDS:
e r n p l e s h o n r B r a z i l a nr i l t a D d p l l a p l r t b l s x r s .

r l!r95lnnri11a1sjariofnr5ednne!t.l.qi:r:.S.,'r.,i,j!!r..12.rilt

rir+

6?,2 P. Bellott et al.

r: Seisnrr. Slldti:^4rr - Appltltions tIlrdtocl
brn rxploroir (Ed.b! C E. Pa!11,llen.,1nr.,1ss
pctrl GPal. 26.213 248.
C.pnto, C.. D Alcssan.lm. L.. l.a \'l.nj.. C.B , 1,.r.Lini.
t l , L u ! i a P a l n i e r i .E a n d P u g l i e s e . 1(. 1
. !ll3lUrcsio
problcms oD the .oasi ol LrLiulr, ltalt Ir (lodsi.rl
Ptobl.ns jn the ileLltedne.rn s../ (Ed. br E. C. F.
Bi.d and P. l abbril !p 5e 68
C a r t e f ,R l ' f . , C a e r .L . a n d J l r l r s o nD, . P . t 1 . J 8 6 S
l ubn.rse.l shoreli.es i0 th. St\ Pa.ific: clidnce for an
i,pisodi. post gl, i! Lrnsgfcssion. Scditnentl9|
3 3 . 6 2 96 , 1 C .
Chiocci, Fl,. (1989) trolrzton. dci sXte1dctosjzionali E(t-4 tiat .li piattal oxt d.frit attto\ pt\j
I analsi sjsntrtt)earlco d dettollio dj tt. t-"pd.l
mdryin. tjeni.t) lpiuu.Llanneelbona |oznle c .akr
,.o.trD r... r ,r.i."
Fo." td:"t "r.
C 1 i o . . i , F . L . r . d N o r m a r l . U / . R .[ 1 9 9 2 )E i l e { ] f s e r
1elel !ariation o. rppn-s1of. dcpositioDalpro.esses
offshore of Tiber .elta, llrrhcniar Sa, Italr. lar
C e o l 1 0 4 !1 0 9 : 1 2 2 ,
C o l . m a r . I . N f . a . , l P r i u . D . l { 1 9 8 0 1D e l t a i . s a n d
bodi.s. ,'lrn. .\ss. pc.]
Geal , slort Courr..
tdu.otion Cise If-.s.15.
e u{tei{rt histo ..oDtinental
C u n a i , l . R .( 1 9 6 5 1 l . a l Q
s h e h e s o f t l l l l i t t d S t a t c s I. D : T h e Q n t c \ t t . f
il. alrit-"./ Sr.rles tEd br II D. \Vrigh nd D. c
F F r l . p t . 7 2 i r 7 1 5 .P r i n c i t o U r i r e r s i l l P f e s s .
,..1R.'. \l' " U.. l,r,-lli
,.
q .
lilt.ral san{1,Costa dc Nalarit. \,lexi.o li: ]]eilirnl
ond Shalloh \1iti.p Deposits.t.r?lpDerls tr S-".]j'
r n l o 1 $ ' ,\ i . r l . 1 ( l : i l . b \ L N l . I . u v a n s u a a L e l r .
76 42.
D c R i t a ,D . , F u n i . i e l l . . R . a n d P . u o t o . N 1 .f 1 9 8 8 )C o i f d
Gealoecddcl Co csst,\:ulcan.b dei Callj Albori
CNR
D e R i t r . D , F u n i c i e l l o .R . n 1 R o s r .C . t 1 ! 9 2 J\ : o l c a r i c
!.lilit!
{ n d d r a m a g e n e t r o r l e v o h L t i o no i t h .
Alban llills area (R.e.l1{li). A.ttt lillcdnol.. 2,
' t L r 51 9 8 .
D c R i t a ,D , F r n i c i r l l o ,R . i l o a , L , S f o s a t . r .A . a n d
R o s s j ,l ; . ( 1 9 9 3 )\ : o l c a n i c n i i l : S d i d r h i l l r f d r i .
corft--x iEd b! \l oi Filipp.). Cosi!l) )iozi(lle
dell-" Ri. tcl1e.Png.tro Fitlali.zat Ge..linatni
ltbn B1l i | inel, 1a. 33 i 9.
D o n a L d s . . ,A a l . .N l a r t i n ,D . C a d K a . c s . U i . H . ( 1 9 7 0 )
HoLoLenG
e a d a l ! eD e l t a o f T e x a sc u U C o a s t .l n :
Dcltuic SedimentationLfodm drd rcient ild b!
l. P. Ilfrrsdri), sp... Pu1.5... -\rn Paleant. Ltiiet..
75, IO7 137
E l l i o l , f . ( 1 9 8 6 a JS i l i . i . l a s l i ( s h o f e l i n e sl n : S e d n n e n
Iat l:nriton-pnts ord F.t.,i""s,2nd cdn ild b! H C
Ri,adinr. tp 1-s 188 Bl.clwell Sci.ntific Publi
llliot. T. (1986b)Dclras.In:.S""dnnentdr-rnrrronnenrs
d , d l : d . n r J 2 n d e d n ( E . b t 1 1 .c . l { c a d i r s ) . p p 1 1 3
1 5 4 .B l a c k N e l lS . i e r t i l c P b l i c a t i o n sO, x f o r o .
f a b b r i . A . G a l l i g n { n i ,P . a D d Z i t e l h n i , N . ( 1 9 6 1 1c e o ,
l o g i . e ! { , l L r t i o io f t h . ! . r i t ! h e n i a n s e d i n e ! t u \
basins. ln Sedtn.n id.r' Adsh s d/ l--V""ditenan"{"r
f o r y i n s ( l - d b _ \ ' F .C $ z c l ) , p t 1 0 1 - 1 2 6 l . c l o

I a i r b r n g c ,R . U i . ( 1 9 6 1 1E u s l a i r . h a n g c i r s c a l e v e L
P / r ! C l e r .t a d r 4 , 9 9 1 8 5
F e r c c i ,\ l , l r . i . i e l l o . R , \ l u ( , F . ! n d s a l l i . S . ( 1 e ! 0 1
Evolzione r1lo.i. e palfogfog1ll:. plio
p l e i s t o . c n i . ad c l l a f e a n R . n r a . I l Q u o t e n a a . t .
1 . 1 1l i 8 .
Figu.ir.do.,\.G. Jr.. Sand.rs.l.[. and Silir', D.].P
( 1 9 8 2 1S t o r m - S r a d e {l !l \ , e $ o n i n D e r L , , n l i n e n t l
s h e h e s :e x a n p l c sl i o n s ! u t h e n B r a z i La r d A t r . 1 , ,
t . u a l.
c o a s to l r l r e . e r t r a l U i l i d S t r l s . S - . d i t n . : n G
3 1 ,1 7 1 - 1 9 0 .
.h ..iit"
,l i.c"..\"
,r,
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sas in light ol sedinentation !n ,{tlanti. .oast of
Ncr .rsr).3rll. lr. ilss. per!]. Ge./,:r5, 16s6
1667.
F i s h c r .$ L . u d B r t r r , L . F . I r . f 1 ' J 7 2C
) L a s r i d. e p o s i
t i o n a ls \ s t c n s A g e . e i i . a p p r o a c ht o 1 i c i . " si t a l t s i s
T-"xasLrn. ru. E()n. C-.o1.Spc.. Ilept.
' l\
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\l i.il J
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delta. In: Gerrrerl\ ol Sdndsine Aodies - .l SrDf s t ! , l E d b ) J . A . P e r e r s o Da r d l C . O s . o d l ,
p p 2 ! - 5 2 - l r r . , 1 s J p . t t | . G e o l . ,l l l t .
h a z i c r . l l . H ( r ! J 7 . 1 )D . ! o s i t i o n r e f i t u d e s : l h c i f
rclationsip nr the quat.rndrr str.rigraIhi. hami
Norl in lht nrdh wer poion !l lle Gnll Basnr.
B Ecr. C)e.)lCi:. J4
F r j n d P F f 1 9 8 3 ) l N s t h - "f i c l d c l a s s i l t i l i . n . l
allulial architccLe ,)f sequencc ln: ltlodeth .ind
An.int FILial S-!al-e,s {Id b! l. D. Collnrso!
,,
and I L.r{irt, Spc.. Puhl. jt.,1ss S--dn,cnr.6
3 . 4 53 5 4
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r
., , .,' ' 'l \ b'.'r ' r. "r
g.o.ianiche paleoS.ografichesul ruine tir
. c n i c o d e l l ' A f p e n D D oc c n t r a h .C e o l , R . d 1 7 . 2 3 3
2ai.
C a l l o ( . d ) .\ V E . ( 1 9 7 i ) P r o c c s s1 r e w . r l l o f d e s c r i b fig t|e dorphologic and n.rligJaphi. elotion of
dcltaic dep.sii.nal slsteni. h: Ir--lrts, rV.d-"1sItr
fypl.ru?ioi i!.. bt l\r. L. rroussdr), pp 37 ee
Hoston CNol SOc.
c a l l o ( , a ! . w L . a r d H ! b d ! \ , D K [ 1 9 8 3 ]T e r r y - " n o l s
C1i^_itrD.psrtronol Srri--trt. SprnrgerV.rhC. \f\.
G.mjlz. \r. and Lebi,dfll,S. (1q8t) Clobal si,alclcL
.|arges driDg thc pan ce.h.r. n: 5.d l,e,e/l/u.
tatja on.l C.asrlEvoh ?ion{Fld.lt D Nmmcdal.
O. H. PiLe\,and J D. llorrtud), .spc. Publ. sc.e.on
P d l e o r l . , V t r e . . , 1 1 ,3 1 6 .
c a l d . H . R ( 1 9 7 l l lT h e \ l i s s i s s i u p id e l l . o n p l e x . I n
Deltec Sp.li)c.totil\1ddrra.(l lt.r-"rl (Ed b!
I . P N l ! r s r r ) . . s p e . . l l s o c e c a t t .P o l - " . , r t \ L t 1 e t . ,
15,3-30,
H a r e s 1 1 . O .( l ! t j 7 ) H r f i . a n e s a s g c o l o S li ]g e n t s : . a s e
n u . l i c s o l H u r r i c a n eC a r l a ,1 9 6 1 a n d C i n d l . 1 9 6 3 .
T . r d s L h i r ' . 8 u E t n C . 1 . , I l e p LI I L t 6 l
l l c r n a n d c z - \ l o l i r .F . J . s o m o z a .1 . , R e \ ' .l . a n d D i z
D e l R i o , l . ( 1 ! 9 2 1S e q u e n . e* r a t i g r a p h l o l t h e L a t e
Qu1crar\,ir th. lb.rian Alh,ra. Varyin {WtsterD
qi..8.opl
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Late l'le\taene Holo.ene lbt Delh rf-"posiiion.rlsrq!e.re 633

r l o r a r d , J D . a n d R e i f e ( l . l l . L { 1 9 8 1 JD e p o s j t i . n l
facies ol high ene.g\ bcr.h-to offsh.r-" se.Len.c,a
corpirrison uith lolv energ! qeqrF.r B!ll. -1r,.
s s .p e l r a l G e a l 6 5 , 8 0 7 8 i 1 0 .
I s t i l u t oU c n t r a l ed S i a r i s l i c .[r 9 7 2 - 1 9 8 1 ) , l I r d r r o d r
.." i. r. \,l r2 -.h,,..
Islilul,) Rjc.r.d Sulle ,\.que []91r0) lndasin.
s u l l i m m i s s i a l e . l e l F u r eT e ! { c D f l l l a r T i r n o .
Prag.tt
Fitttliz2Qta
Ptunzie
qtlit
d . l l o ) h i - " n t e Q a d e n o , 6 2 , C o D s i g l i .\ a z i , , n r l t
K!.s. \VH (19t0) facics and derel.pe l or |
C.l.rd,, Ri\."r Uelta ir Tcxas. lr ,D-p1tdt,.Scdinr""n
tatiti, )hxldn ard Arc.nr (E.1.br J. Ir Nlugi),
Sp.t. P|J1.sln:. eron Paleont. trfer.. 15. 78 1otj.
K l r e n s . K a n ( l \ f r s c l c , l { 1 e e 0 l1 T h e g , , 1 , ) sei ci o l t i . n r ) l t h e l r l i . n i a n S e a ra . i n r x l u d i ! r t L rt h c
...t...tuDpt..In-.,
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Pr'g.S.i-.rl R--i, 107, 3-25.
K i d s o C . [ 1 9 8 2 )S e r i . ! . 1 c h a n g ej n t h e l l , , ] o c i r i f .
Q u d i S . i r . ,1 . 1 2 1 - 1 5 1 .
K m l t . l C f 1 9 7 1 JS e { i r , e o t a r lr{ c i . s p a t t e s a n d B e o - nr'
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o
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leNe_\',\LT (19e6)Qtrarlitatile ge.l.gi.al r.clins ol
s i h . i . l a s t i c r o L ks c q u . n . e sa D d h e i . s e i s f i r i c| x p r c s
sion. In Sco l"{'elL?or-q.s. t\, Itcgtate.l Appnacll
l E d b \ C . K \ V i l g u s .B . S . H . r l . B s . C . c . S t . C
K e n d l l ,H $ P o s a m e D l i eC
r . A . R o s su i d J C . V a
1\'agoner),St,: Publ Sc.ccor Plct.Mnet .12,
. 1 76 9
L o u t i t . T . S , H ! l e n b o l .1 . .\ ' a i l . P . R .a n . l E a u n , C . R .
" etermial 1 9 8 8 J C o n d e . s esde c t i o D s : t hkce ! t u a g - d
ti.rn and cofrelslirn ,)l contincntal nalg. sc.reocts.
l 5.a Lcvel Cllr1\: Ar lntcgtot.d t\pp(tu:li lt:tl
L i I C K . \ l i i l g s .B S . H . d i n g s , C ] C . S t C . K e n i . 1 ,
H . \ ! . P o s a n e t i e f .C . A . R o s s a n d I . C . \ ' n
t\gonrrJ. spr. Puhl Soc.eton Paki,r. \t,
a2,
:183-213
L u d w i e .C . , \ J u l l e r , H . a n d S l m i l , H . l l g e l l N e \ ! d r L i , s

rrl''
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B . r s t ( E , 1b. \ S . U . N i o . N l . T . E . S h u l t c n h o l ma n d T j .
C . E . \ ' a n $ f c r i n g l , 5 p . . P h 1h r . , s s S . d n n . r i . , 5 ,
211 219
\ I a r a n i , N { . , l a v j a n i . \ I . T r i n . a d i , 1 . , . 1 . r g n a n ir,\ ,
B o l ! e l t i . . { . N f . a n d Z i t l l i . l , N . ( 1 9 8 6 1P l e i s t o . e . c
progradatiorl and posl gli{,ial clcnts ol the NE
T\' leriu cantinent.l shelfbeLwi,cnth. Tibr Rir er
.leLtaand Cdlo iiire.. rvpr). -So..geol Ii., 36. et 8q.
IlfidlL.,1.D. f1977JA .e!i."w of thc haided.i!r
depositional enliro.nrerl .rrt15.1. n.r. 13, 1 tl].
I l l i r l L .A D ( 1 s 8 1 )A n a h s i s o l f r i a l d e p . s i l i o . a l s \ s ,
t c m s . l r r . , l s s p c \ 1 . C e o | .E
. d c a t i ,C a t s p| n e s .
20.
L l i a l L . , \ . D i 1 9 8 s ) - { , h j l e c t L t r a l - c l c r annt l t i i s : I
nN{ ncthod uf lacies {hsis applie.l r{, Lrlial
. l p o s i t st. l 1 l . S . ; .1 1 . r . , 2 2 . 2 a , ti , \ t n .
l\fili. S. (19e2) Analsi d fa.ics c t:iclt)sttuthtoho 1
dcpa\iti di p(1n.sticta p 1ana mdryinoli Ut)
eseptu ne1 Pktiso.cc del Bdcin nar PhD
thesjs. Lrnilcrsil d Rord La Sapenza , lt.l!.
, l!!; htenrati.n.l \snri!

l \ f i l l i . S . 1 1 9 9 . 1l l1i g h - f B l , i e . . r s e q e D c .n r a t i g r r p h \
, ) l t I e N l i d . l l eL a t ( ,P [ j s t , ] . e n e i o l l o l a c d t d c t o s i t s
ol lhi, Ror!n Basin (Rolrc. ltallJ: relaiionsbips
a m . n g h i g h - I e q u F n ce! u s l a t i cc l c l c s , t e . t , t r i . si d
'
.
/ -/:l P olt o.t ,..
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ll.
l\I.
Conl"n?ix,e lorganizers
Stati]tlphl
Posamtit. i.d E N{utti) (ALsl.ts !olumel.
p p 1 2 5 - 1 2 9 T . e n p .S p a i n . 2 0 2 t J u l f 1 9 9 4 .
N r i l l i . s . a n d Z a r l o n 8 a1, : ( 1 e e ] l A n a h s i d i i i c i c s d e i
{ l e l ) o s i ltii e n i a n i ( D n r R r s s r l l l l o f a n tni . l L a r . a . l i
C.nel rofziano-Pomczir (RorrJ Ilna ltsrorc
d m b i e n l a l e, Q . l . . n d r r . 4 . 2 3 3 1 1 . 1 8
M i l l i n i . r , I . l l . . . 1E n e r l . K . L l .( 1 ' J b 8S) e al e l c L sd u r i g
t h f p n r l j - 0 0 0 l e a r s s . r c n . e . 1 6 2 ,1 1 2 1 1 1 2 i 1 .
Miristetu Dei Latod Pbblici ll95l 1q77) -idli
n|dr.ci{,i. Pirte I e II S.zionc .1i R!mr.
\ l i t c h n . l t . I 1 l f . u n . l \ ' a n \ ! a g . n c r I . C .I l l e l ) H g h
f r . q d . ] s c ( l L i e . . e sa n d t h c f s t a c l i o g I ) r 1 l e J . s
scqtrrn!,enr!tigfaphi. .!idcnc. ol hi8ll lrcqren.t'
d s t a t i c ( \ ( l e s . S . , l t n . r t C e | . ,7 0 . l l l 1 6 n
I l n u . \ A ( 1 q 6 9 )T h e L a t DQ a t . d . ! h i s l , ) N{ i l t h e
'\-Lr l'
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Lrd-a.,
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C.
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640. 1 .r8i.
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Farnulion ol sl,n dep.sits b1
\ ' l o r L ! n .R . . { 1 1 9 8 1 1
s'ind-l!rled l:u e.rs in th. Cll ol l!le\ic! .rnd Nol
S.a. ln: Holo|erc lLt. s.dtr.ni.lron h l/re,{,)/1lr
5..r rdsx trid b! S D. Nio. Nl. l L Shulte.lelnl
and Tj. C. l. \'dn 1veeringl,5p... P!tl. rr. rsJ
S.dlrr.rn1.,5, 38a-il!ti.
\ l u t t i , [ . , S c g u r f t , l \ f i , i d S g a l e l t i .N l . f 1 9 8 8 )S ( l j f e n
t a t i o na n d l l c l o r i 1 i d rn r t h . T c r l i t S { u f n f e s . f
tlic Sorhrn f\ re.cs ,\'\PC \LiditeDlte Bnsins
C.jeretu e. Fild Trit : Spccial Purli,rii{,n nf
{ , 1P a .
t l i r l n n i l u l e , ) f C o l . g 1o f t h . L . n i \ e r s i 1 1
llalv.
\ f l n . C . H .[ 1 9 8 2 ) \ f o d . r n s ] i a l L o L { N e i3 r d e ds a d
l N \ e F l o i s t o n n s r g $ . B e r i r B s h e l l :a m i m i . o i
Brn seqlen.es and tLtrbilLiles\slenrs. / s-"dnl
P e t r o l . . 1 2 , 3 r a 4 a
t nd
\ c l s o D , H . l . . n d B r a r , E L ( 1 9 7 0 1S L r l i g r d p h a
h i s r o N o f l h c l i ! l , x e . e s e d i n e D t sn r l h c S a b i r c l l i g h
l,land arc{, Culf {,f Nle\i... In D./14-i. S.dinrenrd
tj.n \I.dc ond )nciert (Ed. ll l P \,lo:anl. spe.
Pbl. S..ccn.Poleont If;!-.f. 15. .I8 77.
\ j . h o l s . \ l l \ l [ 1 9 8 , JS) e d i d e n ra . . ! r l a t i o nr a l . s a n d
fealtire s.alcv.l rise ill lag..s. Itl: Pl1:'sicttlP)
.--!s-psod s.dtn.nilos_i al SiIr:i.lsrr. Do1it1rcd
td8..,rdl s_rsi.Drs{[d. b] 1.. G Ui aDd C N1.
,lshlet), 5llr.. lssu. 1lo Llet)1.,Aa.2a1 219.
N o l i . , . ,I l e G i f o l a n o P . a n d S . r r i r r . , P ( 1 9 q 0 1
Pttti Ti-"n: C.nrrinzione lleei.)h Lzi. 171
rersiLd\l Sfudi dj Fottd Lo Sapierra t-.lizit ).
tl lit)e ri:cfu11Yot.1
O o m k e r s , l . l .( 1 9 7 0 )D p p . s i t i o t r a sl r q u e n c c sa n . l s d
dislril,ulio. in rhe forgla.ial Rhnnf deil! rrrtLex.
l DelLoi.:Scdr.notit lJodern an(/ ln.rirl (Ed.
b\ J F. \f{nSi.). st... Publ. S.. erar. Plct
I t u . r . .1 5 , : 1 9 8 - 2 1 !
P a r k i n s . n , R . W . ( 1 9 8 . J 1D e . c L e f a i i D ga l l o L o . o n c
sealelel rise an.l ils i lurn, on solh$Iesl
r..r..,..i.r.:.
r,1".,
i,
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strxtisr.ph!. /. s.dirn. P.rt.d. 59. !60 972.

!l Scdin.nr..glsts -srlxn.rrrl.!r. il2, br7 [.r]

631 P. Bellatti at ul.

P a t a c c a ,E . . S a f o r i , l t . a n d S c d o l c P . ( 1 9 9 0 )
Tthcnidn basir and alcnniniL ar.s kiren tc
r e l a t i o D s i n c el . t e T . f o n i a n t i m e s l L n . 5 r . . g e r l .
It., 41, 425 13't.
P e n l a n d ,S . , B o i d . R a n d S u t e r ,I . R . ( 1 9 8 8 1T . a n s g r e s
sn'c dcpositioral s)st.ms of thc lt4ississrp!i drll.
l l a i n r a n r . d e l l o r b a r i e r s l o r - " l i n ea n d , h e l f s a n d
developnenl /. se.i? Perrcl.. 58, 932 9,19.
P o s a n e n t i e rl,l . 1 \ . , l c r l e t . l t 4 . l . r d v a i l . P . R t 1 9 8 8 1
nustatic contmls on clastic .lcpositioDI - coDceptual
amcwork. lr: 5d l,ev.1 Lllonges:,ln lntegared
,1pp.od.n (Ed. bt il. K. t{ilgus. B. S. llastirlgs, C. C
S t .C . K e n d a l l ,H . $ P o s a m e n t i e r , C
^.Rossandl C.
\ran NasoDer), sp. Pbl. so. ricon. Paleant.
l r I n e . . 1 2 , 1 O g1 2 1
Posanenti.r. ll \!" and Vail. P R. 119881lstatic .ontrols oD clastic deposilion Il sequen.e and s,vstens
tra.t models. l: Se l,v-",rCidg-.s: iin 1ni.glnl.d
:lppmd.l (Dd br C. K Wilgs, B. S llastin.qs.C. C.
St. C. Kendall, H W. Posanentier.ii. ,\ Rossard l. C
\ran txasoner), sp... P!l so.. ccn. Palcotlt.
lfiner., 42. 125 15.1.
Rampino, ltl.R. and Sand.rs. I [. (1980)ll.rlocene trans
sression in soth-ccntral Lors Isldnd, Nei! Y!rk.
J. t:dt . Pctnl 50, 1063 1080.
R e h a u l l ,J . P , N f o s s a tE, . a n d F a b b r i r \ . f 1 9 8 7 1S t r c tral elolllion olthe tlrrhe.ian back ar basin. ,Vdr.
C-pa|.14.723 1a.].
S a h i n i . F . a n d T o / r i , N l . ( 1 9 8 6 )E v o l z i o n et e t t o n i c a
., ir
.
r", ..r" l"l | "
"r ,... l"l \1- "r j'o .r.
.
'
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t " . bd."
d i r-l li,"/ or.. t.^
"
"i l"
I c l o l z i o n e . l e lN I a r T i e n o .l l . n r . 5 o . . g c o l . I r . , 3 6 .
233-241.
Sanders.I E. and Kumar. N. (11175J
E\.ilence of shorefice retal {rd in-placc
d.os.njng
durjng
Hohccne sbm.rsfncf ol bdrricrs. shfll o11 ol
86.
fift Island. r"_c1vYork. Au,/,/ gerl. So. lr,.
6i 76.
Sartofi. R. (198!J Drillings of OOP leg 107 in lhe
Tvnhenian Sca: tcntnc basir .volution conipued
to dcfomlatios ir the sondng chairs ln: 71e
litnsperp t lidl (Ed. bv,1 Bodani, M. Bonafede
I B.D,"t
n,l ,8.\,
t.t d-i . ..\-,t.
lir.-.i,40, 139 156.
S . a D d . n e .P ( 1 9 7 9 1O r j g n . f l l e T v h e n i a DS e aa d
'. hi"r,,.F's.
/ qn.r- 4
"S . N t o n , P . c . 1 1 9 6 0 1D e t n b u i l d d g a D d t h e d e l t a i .
si{Lrence In HeceriLSe.linerts. 'orll(es! 1/ d
i v p x . . , ( E . 1b. ! f . F . S L e p r , F B . P l e g e . . . T j . H
\,. Andcll. pu.82-r02 ,\APG.
Srhlllm, S..{. (1993) Rirer res!oose to baseL!el
charge nrLpli.alions Ir sfquencc stratigfnph\' /.
G--n1.,101, 27,J-294
) \lsen rrl
S ( l i a ( l l e l o n ,\ I . a n d O p d l k c N D . ( 1 e 7 r l O
tope dnd pdldi,omagncticnrddgraph! oi iqurt!ri.L
I a L i l c c o r e \ ' 2 U - 2 3 1 o: \ I g | n i s o L o p et e r D c r a l r c s
io.l ice lolunes or d 10: ledr rl lot'vear s.le.
Q . r d r . e s . 3 . 3 9 - 5 5 .
Shanlc!. K \ ard NIcCabc,P.l. (1ee.,11
Pcrspcccs on
thc scq.nce stratigraphl ol contincntal strata.,u/1.
,,1D.,.lss p-.ir./. Gerl. 78, 54.1 s68.

S h c p n r l ,F . P 1 1 9 6 33) 5 . 0 0 0l e a r s o f s e a l ! e j l n : t s s o r
jn Matirlp c.ls]'([d b\, T Clenerrts], pp 1-10
llni\'.rsil\ of Soth calilornia Prcss.Lcs,1.geles
S n e d d e n .l N . . N u m e d a l .D . r n i l A m o s . - \ . f ( 1 9 8 8 )
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