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OLGA 2000 Heat Transfer

Calculations

Prepared by:

Reviewed by:

Approved by:

Lars P. Endresen
Consultant
Xin Chen Billdal
Senior Consultant

Ivar Brandt
Principal Consultant

Sigurd Nss
Section Manager

Technical Note 13010002 /TN9 mai 2011


Scandpower Petroleum Technology AS
P.O. Box 3, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway
www.scandpower.com
Tel. + 47 64 84 44 00
Fax. + 47 64 84 45 00

1.

HEAT TRANSFER IN OLGA 2000


1.1 Heat transfer and heat transfer coefficient
1.2 Overall heat transfer coefficient
1.3 Heat fluxes

3
3
4
5

2.

HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATIONS

3.

CALCULATION OF AVERAGE FLUID PROPERTIES

4.

SYMBOLS

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5.

REFERENCES

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1.

HEAT TRANSFER IN OLGA 2000


OLGA 2000 offers a large number of options for the modeling of heat flows between
the multiphase fluids flowing in pipe networks and the ambient. The OLGA 2000 basic
thermohydraulic model, the Bundle module, the FEMtherm module and the Advanced
Well module add up to a tool that allows the user to work with very complex heat flow
models associated with the temperature control of networks of wells, flowlines,
trunklines and process equipment.
This document is meant to give an overview of the basic heat transfer terms applied in
OLGA 2000.
Symbols are found in Ch. 4 and references are given in Ch. 5.

1.1 Heat transfer and heat transfer coefficient


OLGA 2000 applies one energy conservation equation. This means that one common
fluid temperature is calculated for the mixture of gas,oil and water (as function of time
and axial position). OLGA is one-dimensional and in the calculation of the heat transfer
between the fluid and the inner pipe wall no fluid phase distribution effects are
accounted for and thus each pipe inner circumference is assumed to have a uniform
heat transfer coefficient and a uniform temperature. Moreover, generally the heat flow
between the fluid and the ambient is radial from this inner wall surface and thus no
axial heat flow in pipe material or other solid structures surrounding the fluid is
assumed. Axial heat flow is thus driven by fluid flow (convection), only.
The user may specify the heat transfer coefficient between the ambient and the
outermost solid surface in an OLGA model or one can specify a fluid flowing (fluid
properties and fluid velocity) on this outermost surface and let the code calculate the
heat transfer coefficient.
In general a heat transfer coefficient is defined by the equation:

q hAT

and calculated by

Nu k fluid
D pipe

[W/m2K]

The equations used in OLGA 2000 for calculating the Nusselt number Nu, is given in
Ch. 2, below.
Please observe that average fluid properties are used to calculate the various
dimensionless groups, ref. Ch. 3.
Both OLGA BRANCHES and LINES have inner and outer heat transfer coefficients,
and these are defined as:

htk
htko
hhin
hhout

Heat transfer coefficient of BRANCH inner wall


Heat transfer coefficient of BRANCH outer wall
Heat transfer coefficient of LINE inner wall
Heat transfer coefficients of LINE outer wall

[W/m2K]
[W/m2K]
[W/m2K]
[W/m2K]

1.2 Overall heat transfer coefficient


The equation for the overall heat transfer coefficient, which is also called the U-value,
for a cylindrical pipe wall with 3 co-centric layers of different materials with thermal
conductivities k A , k B and k C is:

1
r
r
r
r
r
r
r 1
1
1 ln 2 1 ln 3 1 ln 4 1
h1 k A r1 k B r2 kC r3 r4 h4

[W/m2K]

where h1 is the inner wall heat transfer coefficient, and h4 is the outer wall heat
transfer coefficient. Figure 1 visualizes the pipe wall and the overall heat transfer
coefficient.

Figure 1 Overall heat transfer in a wall with 3 layers.


The four radii for the pipe wall borders are defined in increasing order: r1 < r2 < r3 <

r4 .
In OLGA 2000 two such heat transfer coefficients are calculated as output variables
(volume variables):
q2
uvalue

Overall heat transfer coefficient for BRANCH


Overall heat transfer coefficient for BUNDLE

[W/m2K]
[W/m2K]

1.3 Heat fluxes


The heat flow per meter [w/m], through a cylindrical pipe wall of outer radius r2, inner
radius r1 and wall thermal conductivity k is given by:

q r kA

dT
dT
T
k (2r )
2k
dr
dr
ln r2 / r1

Here T is the temperature difference across the wall. In OLGA 2000 three such heat
fluxes are calculated as output variables:
Qm
Qbun
Qin

Heat flux from BRANCH inner wall to fluid


Heat flux from BUNDLE outer wall to carrier fluid
Heat flux from BUNDLE inner wall to carrier fluid

[w/m]
[w/m]
[W/m]

In particular the heat flux between the fluid and the inner pipe wall surface is calculated
by:

q hTws T f

[W/m2]

where
h
Tws
Tf

is the heat transfer coefficient between fluid mixture and wall surface [W/m2K]
is the temperature of the wall surface
[K]
is an adjusted fluid mixture temperature and is estimated by
Tf = Tm if the gas volume fraction 95 %
Tf = Tm +

1 g
U g2 if the gas volume fraction > 95 %
2 kg

Ug is gas velocity [m/s],g is gas viscosity [Ns/m2] ,kg is gas thermal conductivity
[W/mK] and Tm is the standard fluid mixture temperature [K] , calculated by the
OLGA energy equation.
The above correction of the fluid temperature means that if the flow is mainly gas and
the gas velocity is high, as for instance during a blow-down, the effective fluid
temperature will be higher than the bulk fluid temperature and thus the e.g. cooling
effect of the gas is reduced.

2.

HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATIONS


Standard engineering correlations are used to calculate the heat transfer coefficients.
As said in Ch. 1.1, the heat transfer coefficient of a wall surface is calculated by:

Nu k fluid

(1)

D pipe

Where,
Nu - Nusselt number
kfluid - Thermal conductivity of fluid
Dpipe - Diameter of pipe
In OLGA the Nusselt number is calculated by:
For turbulent flow [1], Re > 104, according to Sieder and Tate:
1

Nu 0.027 Re 0.8 (Pr) 3

(2)

For the transition zone [1], 2300 < Re < 104, according to Ramm:
1
6 105

Nu 0.027 Re 0.8 (Pr) 3 1


Re1.8

(3)

For laminar flow (natural convection), Re < 2300:


For the inner wall of a pipe [2] and [3] :
1
Nu max 0.184Gr Pr 3 , 3.66

(4)

For the outer wall of a pipe:


Horizontal pipe [2],

0.387 Ra 1 / 6
Nu 0.6

8
/
27
0.559 9 / 16

Pr

(5)

Vertical pipe [2],

Nu 0.825

1/ 6

0.387 Ra
8 / 27
0.492 9 / 16

1
Pr

(6)

A pipe inclination of 45 degrees is used to judge if the pipe is


horizontal or vertical.

Where,
Gr

- Grashof number,

g 2 D3
T
2

Gr

(For a vertical pipe, the length of the pipe is used instead of D when
calculating the Grashof number).

1
T

T Tws Tf
Tws

- Temperature of wall surface

Tf

- Fluid temperature
(temperature of the ambient in case
of outer pipe wall)

Cp

Pr

- Prandtl number,

Pr

Ra

- Raleigh number,

Ra Gr Pr

Re

- Reynolds number,

Re

D V

The various dimensionless numbers are calculated according to Ch. 3.

The code selects the appropriate Nusselt number in the following sequence:
The code calculates the Nusselt number first by one of the equations from (2) to
(6) according to the Reynolds number, inner wall or outer wall of the pipe, and the
pipe inclination:
If Re > 104 the Nu = NuF2 is calculated according to eq. (2) (forced convection)
If 2300 < Re < 104 the Nu = NuF3 is calculated according to eq. (3) (forced
convection),
If Re < 2300 and it is an inner wall the Nu = NuN4 is calculated according to eq.
(4) (natural convection), etc.,
Since the Reynolds number is not a sufficient criterion the Grashofs number is
also used to single out the most appropriate Nusselt number:
If (Gr/Re2) < 0.01 and Re > 104 then Nu = NuF2 and the selection is finished.
But if (Gr/Re2) 0.01 or RE 104 it is necessary to compare the Nusselt numbers
from the relevant forced convection equation and from the relevant natural
convection equation.
In order to be conservative the maximum Nu number is used so the selection is
between the maximum of the relevant NuF and NuN.

Please notice that if the calculated heat transfer coefficient on the inner wall surface is
lower than the user defined minimum heat transfer coefficient on the inner wall surface,
the user defined minimum heat transfer coefficient will be used.

3.

CALCULATION OF AVERAGE FLUID PROPERTIES


The average fluid properties are calculated in each pipe numerical section by a phasevolume weighted method. The average Reynolds number is calculated on each
section boundary by a momentum-weighted (mass flux) method.
Prandtl number for the gas phase:

Pr g

g Cp g
kg

(7)

Prandtl number for the oil phase:

Pr o

o Cp o
ko

(8)

Prandtl number for the water phase:

Pr w

w Cp w
kw

(9)

Average Prandtl number:

Pr Prg Pro HOLo Prw HOLw

(10)

Average thermal conductivity:

k k g k o HOLo k w HOLw

(11)

Average fluid density:

g o HOLo w HOLw

(12)

Average fluid viscosity:

g o HOLo w HOLw

(13)

Average thermal expansion coefficient:

1 g
1 o
1 w
HOLo
HOLw
g T
o T
w T

(14)

The Reynolds number used for the Nusselt number is calculated according to the
following:

Re* g

Re*l

Re*d

WG

WL

(15)

WD

(16)

(17)

And then the average Reynolds number is calculated by:

Re = D (Re*g + Re*l + Re*d) / (WG+WL+WD)

(18)

Please observe that when pipe diameter changes on a section boundary, the smallest
diameter is used in the calculation of the average Reynolds number.

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4.

5.

SYMBOLS
HOL kD-

[-]
[-]
[W/mK]
[kg/m3]
[Ns/m2]
[1/K]
[m]

WG WL WD -

[kg/sm2]
[kg/sm2]
[kg/sm2]

Suffix:
gowl-

Gas phase
Oil phase
Water phase
Liquid phase

Gas volume fraction


Total liquid volume fraction (film and droplets)
Thermal conductivity
Density
Viscosity
Fluid thermal expansion coefficient
Inner (for inner heat transfer coefficient) or outer (for outer heat
transfer coefficient) diameter of pipe
Gas mass flux
Liquid film mass flux
(water and oil)
Liquid droplet mass flux (water and oil)

REFERENCES
[1]

A. P. Szilas, "Production and Transport of Oil and Gas", second completely


revised edition, part B: gathering and transport, 1986.

[2]

VDI - Warmeatlas, VDI-Verlag, 1984

[3]

Frank P. Incropera, David P. DeWitt, "Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer",


fourth edition, 1996

[4]

Hollands, K.G.T., In: Handbook of Heat Transfer. pp 4.1-4.99. McGraw-Hill. 1998.

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