Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Calculations
Prepared by:
Reviewed by:
Approved by:
Lars P. Endresen
Consultant
Xin Chen Billdal
Senior Consultant
Ivar Brandt
Principal Consultant
Sigurd Nss
Section Manager
1.
3
3
4
5
2.
3.
4.
SYMBOLS
11
5.
REFERENCES
11
1.
q hAT
and calculated by
Nu k fluid
D pipe
[W/m2K]
The equations used in OLGA 2000 for calculating the Nusselt number Nu, is given in
Ch. 2, below.
Please observe that average fluid properties are used to calculate the various
dimensionless groups, ref. Ch. 3.
Both OLGA BRANCHES and LINES have inner and outer heat transfer coefficients,
and these are defined as:
htk
htko
hhin
hhout
[W/m2K]
[W/m2K]
[W/m2K]
[W/m2K]
1
r
r
r
r
r
r
r 1
1
1 ln 2 1 ln 3 1 ln 4 1
h1 k A r1 k B r2 kC r3 r4 h4
[W/m2K]
where h1 is the inner wall heat transfer coefficient, and h4 is the outer wall heat
transfer coefficient. Figure 1 visualizes the pipe wall and the overall heat transfer
coefficient.
r4 .
In OLGA 2000 two such heat transfer coefficients are calculated as output variables
(volume variables):
q2
uvalue
[W/m2K]
[W/m2K]
q r kA
dT
dT
T
k (2r )
2k
dr
dr
ln r2 / r1
Here T is the temperature difference across the wall. In OLGA 2000 three such heat
fluxes are calculated as output variables:
Qm
Qbun
Qin
[w/m]
[w/m]
[W/m]
In particular the heat flux between the fluid and the inner pipe wall surface is calculated
by:
q hTws T f
[W/m2]
where
h
Tws
Tf
is the heat transfer coefficient between fluid mixture and wall surface [W/m2K]
is the temperature of the wall surface
[K]
is an adjusted fluid mixture temperature and is estimated by
Tf = Tm if the gas volume fraction 95 %
Tf = Tm +
1 g
U g2 if the gas volume fraction > 95 %
2 kg
Ug is gas velocity [m/s],g is gas viscosity [Ns/m2] ,kg is gas thermal conductivity
[W/mK] and Tm is the standard fluid mixture temperature [K] , calculated by the
OLGA energy equation.
The above correction of the fluid temperature means that if the flow is mainly gas and
the gas velocity is high, as for instance during a blow-down, the effective fluid
temperature will be higher than the bulk fluid temperature and thus the e.g. cooling
effect of the gas is reduced.
2.
Nu k fluid
(1)
D pipe
Where,
Nu - Nusselt number
kfluid - Thermal conductivity of fluid
Dpipe - Diameter of pipe
In OLGA the Nusselt number is calculated by:
For turbulent flow [1], Re > 104, according to Sieder and Tate:
1
(2)
For the transition zone [1], 2300 < Re < 104, according to Ramm:
1
6 105
(3)
(4)
0.387 Ra 1 / 6
Nu 0.6
8
/
27
0.559 9 / 16
Pr
(5)
Nu 0.825
1/ 6
0.387 Ra
8 / 27
0.492 9 / 16
1
Pr
(6)
Where,
Gr
- Grashof number,
g 2 D3
T
2
Gr
(For a vertical pipe, the length of the pipe is used instead of D when
calculating the Grashof number).
1
T
T Tws Tf
Tws
Tf
- Fluid temperature
(temperature of the ambient in case
of outer pipe wall)
Cp
Pr
- Prandtl number,
Pr
Ra
- Raleigh number,
Ra Gr Pr
Re
- Reynolds number,
Re
D V
The code selects the appropriate Nusselt number in the following sequence:
The code calculates the Nusselt number first by one of the equations from (2) to
(6) according to the Reynolds number, inner wall or outer wall of the pipe, and the
pipe inclination:
If Re > 104 the Nu = NuF2 is calculated according to eq. (2) (forced convection)
If 2300 < Re < 104 the Nu = NuF3 is calculated according to eq. (3) (forced
convection),
If Re < 2300 and it is an inner wall the Nu = NuN4 is calculated according to eq.
(4) (natural convection), etc.,
Since the Reynolds number is not a sufficient criterion the Grashofs number is
also used to single out the most appropriate Nusselt number:
If (Gr/Re2) < 0.01 and Re > 104 then Nu = NuF2 and the selection is finished.
But if (Gr/Re2) 0.01 or RE 104 it is necessary to compare the Nusselt numbers
from the relevant forced convection equation and from the relevant natural
convection equation.
In order to be conservative the maximum Nu number is used so the selection is
between the maximum of the relevant NuF and NuN.
Please notice that if the calculated heat transfer coefficient on the inner wall surface is
lower than the user defined minimum heat transfer coefficient on the inner wall surface,
the user defined minimum heat transfer coefficient will be used.
3.
Pr g
g Cp g
kg
(7)
Pr o
o Cp o
ko
(8)
Pr w
w Cp w
kw
(9)
(10)
k k g k o HOLo k w HOLw
(11)
g o HOLo w HOLw
(12)
g o HOLo w HOLw
(13)
1 g
1 o
1 w
HOLo
HOLw
g T
o T
w T
(14)
The Reynolds number used for the Nusselt number is calculated according to the
following:
Re* g
Re*l
Re*d
WG
WL
(15)
WD
(16)
(17)
(18)
Please observe that when pipe diameter changes on a section boundary, the smallest
diameter is used in the calculation of the average Reynolds number.
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4.
5.
SYMBOLS
HOL kD-
[-]
[-]
[W/mK]
[kg/m3]
[Ns/m2]
[1/K]
[m]
WG WL WD -
[kg/sm2]
[kg/sm2]
[kg/sm2]
Suffix:
gowl-
Gas phase
Oil phase
Water phase
Liquid phase
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
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