CONTENTS

I. I N T R O D U C T I O N
.
1. Definition of the subject
2. Historical outline .
3. Physical background
4. T h e stress-strain curve
II.

1
1
2
4
8
14
14
16
23
33
38
45
48

FOUNDATIONS OF T H E T H E O R Y
1. The ideal plastic body
2. T h e criterion o f yielding
3. Strain-hardening
4. The complete stress-strain relations
6. T h e L e v y - M i s e s a n d Reuse equations
6. The H e n c k y stress-strain equations
7. Other theories

III. G E N E R A L T H E O R E M S .
1. The plastic potential
2. Uniqueness of a stress distribution under given boundary conditions
3. E x t r e m u m a n d variational principles

50

IV. T H E SOLUTION O F PLASTIC-ELASTIC PROBLEMS.

1. Introduction
.
.
.
.
.
2. Theory o f Hohenemser's experiment
3. Combined torsion a n d tension of a thin-walled tube
4. Combined torsion a n d tension o f a cylindrical bar .
5. Compression under conditions o f plane strain
6. B e n d i n g under conditions o f plane strain .
7. B e n d i n g o f a prismatic beam
8. Torsion o f a prismatic bar
.
.
.
.
9. Torsion o f a bar of non-uniform section

70
70
71
74
76
77
79
81
84
94

V. T H E SOLUTION OF PLASTIC-ELASTIC PROBLEMS.

1. T h e expansion o f a spherical shell .
2. T h e expansion of a cylindrical tube
3. Theory o f the autofrettage process
.
.
.
4. E x p a n s i o n o f a cylindrical cavity i n an infinite medium

II

97
97
106
114
125

63
60

VI. P L A N E PLASTIC STRAIN A N D T H E T H E O R Y OF T H E SLIP

. 128
LINE FIELD
.
.
.
.
.
.
128
1. Assumption o f a plastic-rigid material
129
2. T h e plane strain equations referred to Cartesian coordinates

Tiii

CONTENTS
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.

T h e plane strain, equations referred t o the slip-lines

Geometry of the slip-line field
T h e numerical calculation o f slip-line fields.
T h e numerical calculation o f the velocity distribution
A n a l y t i c integration of the plane strain equations .
Discontinuities i n the stress

.
.
.
.
.
.

132
136
140
149
151
157

VII.
1.
2.
34.
5.
6.
7.
8.

TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS OF STEADY

F o r m u l a t i o n of the problem
.
.
.
Sheet-drawing
.
.
.
.
.
Ironing o f a thin-walled c u p
.
.
.
Sheet-extrusion
.
.
.
.
.
Piercing .
.
.
.
.
.
Strip-rolling
.
.
.
.
.
Machining .
.
.
.
.
.
F l o w through a converging channel
.
.

161
161
163
178
181
186
188
206
209

VIII.
1.
2.
3-.
4.
5.

N O N - S T E A D Y M O T I O N P R O B L E M S I N T W O D I M E N S I O N S . I 213
Geometric similarity a n d the unit diagram .
.
.
.
213
Wedge-indentation.
.
.
.
.
.
.
215
Compression o f a wedge b y a flat die
.
.
.
.
221
E x p a n s i o n of a semi-cylindrical c a v i t y i n a surface .
.
223
Compression of a b l o c k between rough plates
.
.
. 226

MOTION
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

DC. N O N - S T E A D Y M O T I O N P R O B L E M S I N T W O D I M E N S I O N S . H
1. Introduction
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2. F o r m u l a t i o n of the problem
.
.
.
.
3. Y i e l d i n g of notched bars under tension
.
,
.
.
4. Plastic yielding round a c a v i t y
.
.
.
.
.
5. Indentation a n d the theory of hardness tests
.
.
.

237
237
238
245
252
254

X. AXIAL SYMMETRY
.
.
.
.
1. F u n d a m e n t a l equations
.
.
.
.
.
2. E x t r u s i o n from a contracting cylindrical container .
3. Compression of a cylinder under certain distributed loads
4. Cylindrical tube under axial tension a n d internal pressure
5. Tube-sinking
.
.
.
.
.
.
6. Stress distribution i n the neck of a tension specimen
7. Compression of a cylinder between rough plates
.
8. Relations along slip-lines a n d flow-lines. .
.
.

262
262
263
265
267
269
272
277
278

. 282
282
287

X I . MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
1. Deep-drawing
.
.
.
2. General theory o f sheet-bending
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

CONTENTS

ix

3. Plane strain of a general plastic material .

4. The theory of plane plastic stress, with applications
6. Completely plastic states of stress in a prismatic bar
XII.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

PLASTIC ANISOTROPY The yield criterion .

Relations between stress and strain-increment
Plastic anisotropy of rolled sheet .
Length changes in a twisted tube
The earing of deep-drawn cups
Variation of the anisotropic parameters during cold-work
Theory of plane strain for anisotropic metals

APPENDIXES

294
300
313
317
318
320
321
325
328
332
334
341

AUTHOR INDEX

361

SUBJECT I N D E X

364

AUTHOR INDEX
Author' name are followed by the number of page on which paper or book are explicitly
mentioned. Where essentially distinct part of the tame source are quoted on different page,
all page number are given. If the same material i quoted more than once, only the page
where it first occur it given.

Aldous, C. W., 267.

Allans. W. E . . 27.
Allen, D . N . de G., 126, 246, 307.
Ansoff, H . I., 162, 172.
Aul, E . L., 287.
Baldwin, W . M . , Jr.. 17, 269, 271, 282,
317, 323, 330.
Baranski, G., 78.
Barrett, C. S., 4, 329.
Bauer, F . B., 68, 64, 66.
Becker, A . J . , 23.
Belayev, . . , 124.
Beltrami, E . , 20.
Bishop, R . F . , 104, 127, 218.
Bitter, F., 326.
Bland, D . R., 189, 197, 201.
Boas, W . , 4.
Bohlen, E . C., 330.
Bourne, L . , 323, 330.
Bouwinexq, J . , 19, 135.
Bragg, W. L . , 14.
Brick, R. M., 329.
Bridgman, P. W., 12, 16, 77, 273, 334.
Briggs, G. C , 168.
Burghoff, H . L . , 330.
CairnB, W. J . , 14, 251.
Caratheodory, C., 153.
Carrier, G. ., 160, 162, 172.
Chow, C. C, 334.
ChriHtianovitch, S., 143.
ChriKtophertion, D. G., 92.
Coffin, L . F., Jr., 125.
Cook, G., 23, 119, 123, 124, 125.
Cook, M., 199, 277, 317, 322, 329.
Cottrell, A. H . , 4, 11.
Coulomb. C. ., 19.
Cox, H . L., 23.
Cunningham, D. M., 32.
Dana, A. W., 334.
Davidenkov, . . , 273.
Davies, R. M . , 268.
Davis, . . , 22, 32, 45, 172.
Davis, . . , 32.
Dehlinger, U . , 23.
Dokos, S. J . , 172.
Dorn, J . E . , 14, 32, 320, 333.
Drucker, D. C , 47.
Eddy, R . P., 96.
Edwards, S. H . , 22.
Eichinger, ., 23, 29, 32, 171.

Eiabein, W., 185.

Elam, C. F., 4, 14.
Emat, H . , 206, 207.
Fangmeier, E . , 187.
Fisher, J . C , 125.
Ford, H . , 78, 189, 197, 201, 258.
Foster, P. Field, 213.
Fraenkel, S. J . , 32, 35, 45.
Francis, E . L . , 178.
Fried, M . L . , 248.
Galin, L . . , 262.
Geiringer, H . , 88, 136, 167, 233.
Gensaroer, M . , 32.
Gleyzal, ., 48.
Goldberg, .. 14.
Greenberg, H . J . , 58, 64, 66, 67.
Guest, J . J . , 23.
Hear, ., 67, 280.
Haigh, B. P., 17, 20.
Handelman, G. H . , 33, 45.
Hankirtf, G. ., 257.
Hanson, D., 27.
Hencky, H . , 20, 45, 135, 281.
Hermito, R. L . , 218.
Heyer, R. H . , 261.
Hill, R., 41, 59, 64, 67, 77, 100, 115,
125, 142, 163, 178, 181, 182, 203,
218, 219, 221, 223, 228, 242, 248,
263, 265, 278, 284, 287, 312, 318,
329, 330, 334.
Hitchcock, J . H . , 189.
Hodge, P . G., 64, 89, 118, 220.
Hoff, H . , 325.
Hohenemser, K . , 72.
Hollomon, J . H . , 14, 29, 30.
Howald, T. S., 271, 282, 323, 330.
Howard, J . V . , 16.
Huber, . ., 20.
Hume-Rothery, W., 4.
Ilyushin, . . , 46, 47, 48Ishlinsky, ., 281.
Iterson, F. K . Th. van., 162, 181.
Jackson, K . L . , 287.
Jackson, L . R., 30, 320, 333.
Jacobs, J . . , 252.
Karman, Th. von., 67, 198, 280.
Klingler, L . J . , 172, 318, 322, 323.
Kochendorfer, . , 26.

119,
215,
256,
323,

352

AUTHOR

Korber, F . , 29, 171, 256, 325.

Kdeter, W., 317.
Hotter, F., 136, 299.
Lankford, W . T., 32, 320, 333.
Larke, E . C , 199, 277.
Lee, . . , 115, 119, 142, 215, 228.
Lessells, J . M., 22.
Levy, M . , 38.
Lin, C. C , 33, 45.
Linicus, W., 177.
Lode, W., 18, 22, 44. 45.
Low, J . R., 32.
Lubahn, J . D., 14, 181, 287.
Ludwik, P., 12, 14. 29.
Lueg, W., 201.
Lunt, R. W., 176, 177.
McAdam, D. J . , Jr., 16.
MacGregor, C. W., 12, 22, 125.
MacLellan, Q. D . S., 176, 177.
Malaval, M . P., 29.
Mandel, J . , 297, 299.
Marin, J . , 22.
Markov, . . , 68.
Mason, W., 23.
Maxwell, J . Clerk, 20.
Mebs, R . W . , 15.
Melan, E . , 34, 57.
Merchant, . ., 207, 208.
Meyer, . . , 261.
Miller, C. P., 22.
Misee, R . von, 20, 21, 38, 51, 141.
Mohr, 0., 296.
Morkovin, D., 23.
Morrieon, J . L . M . , 23, 72, 94, 123, 124.
Mott, N . F., 104, 127, 218.
Nadai, ., 20, 32, 41, 45, 46, 76, 84, 87, 93,
94, 117, 122, 136, 192, 197, 211, 230,
234, 253, 255, 256, 269, 308.
Nye, J . F., 14, 228, 251.
Odquist, F . K . G., 30.
Orowan, E., 14, 189, 192, 201, 202, 261.
Oegood, W. R., 32.
Palm. J . H . , 13.
Palmer, E . W., 322.
Parasyuk, O. S., 253.
Parker, E . R., 32.
Pearson, C. E . . 185.
Pearson, K . , 38.
Philippine. A. H . , 67.
Piispanen, V . , 208.
Polanyi, M., 16.
Pope, J . . , 23.
Prager, W., 33, 41, 45, 48, 49, 64, 65, 72,
88, 93, 136, 139, 142, 157, 158.
Prandtl, L . , 39, 41, 86, 233, 235, 255, 256,
297.
Pumphrey, S. L . , 276.
Putnam, W. J . , 23.
Quinney. H . . 22, 27, 45, 171.

INDEX
Reiner, M., 13.
Reuse, ., 39, 41, 100.
Robertson, ., 23.
Roderick, J . W., 84.
Roe, M., 23, 32.
Roeenhain, W., 206.
Roes, A. W., 323, 330.
Saehe, G., 14, 23, 171, 172, 177, 181, 186,
248, 255, 269, 287, 318, 322, 323, 334.
Sadowsky, . . , 67, 135.
Saint-Venant, B . de, 38, 117, 131.
Sangdahl, G. S., Jr., 287.
Scheu, ., 29.
Schleioher, F., 21.
Schmid, E . . 4, 16.
Schmidt, E., 163.
Schmidt, R 27, 46.
Schroeder, W., 277.
Scoble, W. ., 23.
Seely, F. B., 23.
Seitz, F., 4.
Shaw, F. S., 92, 96.
Shepherd, W . M . , 29, 72, 123.
Shevchenko, . . , 162, 172.
Shoji, H . , 14.
Sidebotham, 0., 23.
Siebel, E . , 162, 181, 187, 201, 256, 277.
Siniteky, A . K . , 124.
Smith, C. S., 322.
Smith, K . F., 320, 333.
Smith, S. L . , 15.
Sneddon, I. N 253.
Snitko, . . , 23.
Sokolnikoe, I. S., 83, 84, 86.
Sokoloveky, W. W., 17, 48, 84, 90, 93, 96,
124, 141, 162, 169, 172, 235, 250, 256,
258, 299, 303, 304, 307.
Sopwith, D . G., 23, 125.
Southwell, R. V., 83, 84, 92, 97, 131, 245,
307.
Spiridonova, N . I., 273.
Stanley, R . L... 22.
Steveneon, A. 0., 253.
Sturney, A. O , 206.
Swainger, . . , 48.
Swift, H . W., 94, 168, 269, 282, 286, 328.
Symonds, P. S., 141, 250, 263.

Tabor, D., 258, 260.

Taylor, G. I., 22, 24, 26, 27, 45, 52, 171,
307.
Thompeon, F . C., 178.
Thomson, E . G., 32.
Tietz, . . , 14.
Timoshenko, S., 83, 84, 94, 97, 131, 190,
258.
Todhunter, I., 38.
Tracy, D. P., 181.
Trefltz, E., 92.
Treeca, H . , 19.
Trinke, W., 197.
Teolikov. A . T.. 195.
Tupper, S. J . , 115, 119, 142, 163, 215, 228.
I Turner, L. B., 110, 121.

AUTHOR
Underwood, L . R., 195, 197.
Voce, E . , 13.
Warren, A. 0., 121, 124.
Webster, D. . , 277.
Weiss, L . , 178.
Westergaard, . . , 17.

INDEX
Wheeler, . . , 27.
White, . . , Jr., 118.
Williams, . ., 84.
Wilson, F. H . , 329.
Winzer, . , 48, 160.
Wistreinh, J . O., 178.
Zener, C , 14, 29, 30.

353

INDEX
Anisotropy, 29, 44, 45, Chap. X I I .
Annealing, 5.
Autofrettaged tube, axial expansion of,
121-2; axial stress distribution in, 116,
120; under plane strain, 115-18; with
closed ends, 118-24; with open ends,
124.
Bauschinger effect, 8, 16, 24, 30, 72, 121.
Bending, of a sheet, 79-81, 287-92; of a
beam, 81-4.
under tension, 292-4.
Cavity, expansion in plate of circular, 30713; expansion in surface of semicylindrical, 223-6; expansion of cylindrical, 125-7, 252; expansion of spherical,
103-6.
Channel, flow of plastic material through,
209-12.
Characteristics, theory of, 345-8; in deepdrawing, 285; in expansion of a tube,
113; in plane strain, 132, 296-7, 336; in
plane stress, 300-1; in torsion, 89, 95-6.
Compressibility during plastic distortion,
26-7.
Compression, of block between rough
plates, 226-36; of block between smooth
plates, 77-9; of cylinder between rough
plates, 277; of cylinder under distributed load, 265-7 ; of wedge by a flat
die, 221-2, 351.
Consistent strain-increment for plasticrigid body, 59.
Constraint factor in notched-bar test, 250.
Creep, physical mechanism of, 5.
Criterion of yielding, definition of, 15;
dependence on cold-work of, 23-32;
experimental investigations of, 19,22-3;
for anisotropic metals, 318; geometrical
representation of, 17, 295, 301; influence
of hydrostatic stress on, 16.
Crystal, lattice structure of, 4; plastic
glide in, 6.
Cycloidal slip-line field. 232.
Cylindrical cavity in infinite medium,
125-7, 252.
tube, under internal pressure, 115-25;
under tension and internal pressure,
267-9; under tension and torsion, 71-5.
Deep-drawing, 282-7. 328-32.
Deviatoric, strain-increment, 27 ; stress, 16.
Discontinuity, in stress, 93, 157; in stress
gradient, 133; in stress rate, 55, 239; in
velocity, 150, 160; in velocity gradient,
134.
Drawing, deformation in, 171; die pressure and load in, 167, 172-3; efficiency
of, 170; influence of back-pull in, 175;

of sheet, 163-76; of wire, 176-8; standing wave in, 168.

Earing of deep-drawn cups, 328-32.
Elastic limit, see Criterion of yielding.
moduli, influence of cold-work on, 6,15.
Elastic-plastic boundary, conditions along,
55, 132, Chaps. I V , V , I X .
Envelope of Mohr circles, 295-6.
Equivalent, strain, 30; stress, 26.
Extremum principles, for elastic body,
60-3; for plastic-elastic body, 63-6; for
plastic-rigid body, 66-8.
Extrusion, deformation in, 185; direct,
186; efficiency of, 185; from contracting container, 263-5; inverted, 182;
pressure of, 185.
Forward slip in rolling, 193.
Glide system, 6, 34, 50.
Grain boundaries, 7.
Hardness test, significance of, 258-61.
Hole, see Cavity.
Hydrostatic stress, influence on necking,
12; influence on yielding, 16, 294-5.
Hysteresis loop, 10.
Indentation, by cone, 218; by flat oylinder
281; by rectangular die, 254-8, 339-40;
by sphere, 281; by wedge, 215-20.
Internal stress, 24, 35, 37, 50, 328.
Invariants, 15, 30, 343.
Ironing, 178-81.
Isotropy, conditions for, 7.
Lattice imperfections, 6.
Lode's variables, 18, 36, 44.
Liiders bands, 10, 52, 255-6.
Machining, 206-9.
Maximum plastic work, principle of, 66.
Mild steel, yield-point in, 10, 23, 52, 123-4.
Necking in tension, of cylindrical bar,
272-7; of thin strip, 323-5.
Neutral loading, 33.
surface in bending, 79, 82, 288-91.
Notched bar under tension, 245-52.
Orientation, preferred, 8, 317.
Piercing, 106, 186-8.
Plane plastic strain, 77-8, Chap. V I .
stress, 300-7.
Plastic potential, 50.
Plastio-elaetic boundary, conditions along,
55, 132, Chaps. IV, V, I X .
Plastic-rigid body, 38-9, 58.128, Chap. I X .

SUBJECT
Prismatic beam, bending of, 81-4; tension
and torsion of, 75-6; torsion of, 84-94;
torsion, tension, and bending of, 313-6.
Reduced stress, 16.
Residual stresses in overstrained shell,
102-3, 121.
Riemann method, 153-4.
Rolling, efficiency of, 199; empirical
formulae in theory of, 199; influence of
strip-tension on, 202; influence of workhardening on, 200-1; pressure distribution in, 199-201; roll-distortion in,
189-90.
Shear, deformation in, 326-7.
Size effects, 23, 124.
Slip bands, 6.
Slip-lines, definition of, 134; Hencky'e
theorems on, 136-8; in anisotropic
metals, 336; in axially-symmetric state,
278; numerical calculation of, 140-9;
variation of curvatures of, 138-9; variation of pressure along, 135; variation of
velocity along, 136.
Soil mechanics, 294-300.
Spherical cavity in infinite medium, 103-4,
106.
Spherical shell, under internal pressure,
97-103, 104-5.
Statically determined problems, 87, 100,
111, 131, 242-5.
Strain, engineering, 9; equivalent, 30;
increment of, 26; logarithmic or natural,
9, 28.

INDEX

355

Strain-hardening, see Work-hardening.

Stress, deviatoric or reduced, 16; equivalent, 26.
Stress-strain curves, comparison of, 27-31;
significance of, 8-13.
relations, experimental, 44-5, 71-2;
geometrical representation of, 41, 301;
inversion of, 68; theoretical, 38-40.
Suffix notation and summation convention,
342.
Thermal phenomena, 14.
Torsion, membrane-roof analogy for, 86-7.
93; of anisotropic tube, 325-8; of
annealed bar, 93; of non-uniform bar,
94-6; of uniform bar, 85-92; warping
of section in, 88-9.
Tube drawing and sinking, 269-72.
Uniqueness theorems, for plastic-elastic
body, 53-8, 242-5; for plastic-rigid
body, 58-60.
Unit diagram, 213.
Variational principles, tee Extremum
principles.
Viscous fluid, contrast to plastic solid, 38.
Work-hardening, dependence on plastic
strain, 26-32; physical mechanism of, 5.
Yielding, tee Criterion of.
Yield-point, in annealed mild steel, 10, 23,
52, 123-4.