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a,*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea 790784
b
School of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Peoples Republic of China, 300072
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea
Received 7 June 2001; received in revised form 6 August 2001; accepted 27 September 2001
Abstract
Uniaxial and torsional fatigue tests have been conducted on eight steels. The cyclic equivalent stress and strain amplitudes can
be fitted by the Ramberg-Osgood relationship. Fatigue lives are found correlated with the equivalent strain amplitude. Seven methods
for estimating uniaxial fatigue properties from tensile properties or hardness have been evaluated. The modified universal slopes
method by Muralidharan and Manson, the uniform material law by Baumel and Seeger and the hardness method by Roessle and
Fatemi predicted over 93% of test cases within the factor of 3 compared with observed lives. These methods are also found
applicable to torsional fatigue with fatigue properties estimated from uniaxial fatigue properties based on the equivalent strain
criterion. 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Uniaxial fatigue; Torsional fatigue; Fatigue properties
1. Introduction
The strain-based fatigue life analysis is routinely performed to assess the fatigue resistance of structural
components [1]. The characterization of fatigue endurance of engineering materials is usually made through
uniaxial fatigue tests, and fatigue properties under such
loading are available for a large body of materials. Often,
however, circumstances are encountered in service
where the fatigue resistance of a component needs to be
answered within a short timeframe but fatigue data for
the material are not available. The situation becomes
even more difficult if the loading condition is multiaxial.
Some multiaxial fatigue criteria [2,3] require torsional
fatigue data to determine all material constants. However, torsional fatigue data can be found only for a limited number of materials. Therefore, it would be desirable to have an estimation scheme for torsional fatigue
properties from readily available material properties.
0142-1123/02/$ - see front matter 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 1 4 2 - 1 1 2 3 ( 0 1 ) 0 0 1 9 0 - 6
784
Nomenclature
e
s
t
g
Nf
sf
ef
b
c
tf
gf
bo
co
K
n
K0
n0
s
e
E
G
n
ef
su
sy
RA
EL
HB
2. Experiment
The test materials used in this investigation are eight
steels purchased in the form of wrought bars. The chemi-
785
Table 1
Chemical composition of test materials (wt.%)
Material
Si
Mn
Cu
Ni
Cr
Mo
SNCM630
SNCM439
SCM440
SCM435
SFNCM85S
SF60
S45C
S25C
0.32
0.39
0.42
0.38
0.2
0.43
0.43
0.27
0.25
0.24
0.22
0.21
0.25
0.18
0.18
0.24
0.45
0.72
0.71
0.7
0.8
0.69
0.69
0.53
0.013
0.09
0.01
0.015
0.017
0.023
0.023
0.019
0.017
0.018
0.01
0.018
0.008
0.007
0.007
0.002
0.18
0.13
0.13
0.11
2.52
1.65
0.08
0.09
0.49
2.54
0.67
1.01
0.83
0.55
0.51
0.16
0.22
0.16
0.19
Table 2
Mechanical properties of test materials.
Material
E (GPa)
G (GPa)
sy (MPa)
ty (MPa)
su (MPa)
EL (%)
RA (%)
HB
SNCM630
SNCM439
SCM440
SCM435
SFNCM85S
SF60
S45C
S25C
196
208
204
210
201
208
206
209
77
80
80
81
80
79
79
80
0.273
0.296
0.283
0.3
0.26
0.311
0.298
0.29
951
950
846
795
565
580
590
280
581
560
440
460
340
274
341
182
1100
1050
1000
951
825
820
798
508
19
13
13
18
21
19
17
19
49
37
36
66
66
53
39
52
327
323
319
300
241
167
234
153
e sf
(2Nf)bef(2Nf)c for uniaxial fatigue,
2 E
(1)
g tf
(2Nf)b0gf(2Nf)c0 for torsional fatigue,
2 G
(2)
786
E
sf 10b log 2+ log
2
2.5su(1+ef)
E
(3a)
1
1
ef 10c log20+ log
2
1 3/4
e
4 f
1
0.0132e 1
1
c log
log e3/4
,
3
1.91
3
4 f
efef,
log
su
,
E
4)+ log
2.5su(1+ef)
E
(6b)
(6c)
(6d)
(3b)
(3c)
(3d)
where sf sf.
0.81
1
0.00737ee/2
c log
logef,
4
2.074
2.5(1+ef)
0.9
,
b
log[1/(4105)]
log
1
su
b log 0.16
6
E
(3e)
(4a)
b0.12,
(4b)
ef0.7579e0.6
f ,
(4c)
c0.6.
(4d)
(6e)
su
E
b0.09,
ef0.0196e0.155
f
0.832
su
E
(7a)
(7b)
0.53
c0.56.
(7c)
(7d)
sfsu345(MPa),
sf1.5su,
(8a)
b0.087,
(8b)
ef0.59y,
(8c)
(5a)
2(su+345)
1
,
b log
6
su
(5b)
efef,
(5c)
c0.58.
c0.6.
(5d)
where
y1 for
(6a)
su
0.003,
E
su
su
y1.375125.0 for 0.003.
E
E
(8e)
(8f)
Notice that b and c are very close to those of the modified universal slopes method.
e s s
2 2E 2K
(9a)
1
ef [0.32(HB)2487(HB)191000].
E
(9b)
787
1/n
g t
t
2 2G 2K0
(10)
1/n0
(11)
(12)
e(2/3e e ) (2/3e e ) ,
e e 1/2
ij ij
p p 1/2
ij ij
(13)
p
ij
Table 3
Fatigue properties of test materials obtained under uniaxial loading and torsional loading.
Material
sf (MPa)
ef
tf (MPa)
gf
b0
c0
SNCM630
SNCM439
SCM440
SCM435
SFNCM85S
SF60
S45C
S25C
1270
1380
1400
1100
1040
978
1400
821
1.54
1.89
0.675
0.996
0.316
0.187
0.449
0.216
0.0732
0.0722
0.0879
0.067
0.0924
0.082
0.107
0.0961
0.823
0.801
0.650
0.708
0.522
0.439
0.564
0.458
858
969
754
512
533
504
630
426
1.51
3.68
0.315
0.360
0.251
0.286
1.22
0.249
0.0606
0.0855
0.0814
0.0454
0.071
0.0668
0.0802
0.0741
0.706
0.765
0.54
0.519
0.406
0.417
0.564
0.376
788
Table 4
Cyclic stable stress-strain properties of test materials
Material
Regression
K
K0
n0
n0
SNCM630
SNCM439
SCM440
SCM435
SFNCM85S
SF60
S45C
S25C
1,060
1,000
1,040
1,070
1,320
1,350
1,150
1,140
0.054
0.066
0.094
0.089
0.180
0.186
0.152
0.210
592
601
643
553
676
609
552
565
0.050
0.072
0.108
0.085
0.173
0.156
0.119
0.199
1,220
1,300
1,480
1,100
1,280
1,340
1,640
1,140
0.086
0.112
0.151
0.088
0.175
0.160
0.142
0.197
0.089
0.090
0.135
0.095
0.177
0.187
0.190
0.210
828
837
898
560
679
616
612
560
Fig. 2.
was computed with the assumption of uniform distribution through the wall thickness of the specimen. This
assumption may lead to inaccuracy in the stress (9.3%
underestimation if purely elastic). However, in the presence of substantial plasticity, which is the case for most
test conditions, the error becomes considerably smaller.
It is also noted that the fatigue criteria used in this study
789
Fig. 4. Comparison of fatigue lives for uniaxial fatigueexperimental and predicted by the four-point correlation method.
Fig. 6. Comparison of fatigue lives for uniaxial fatigueexperimental and predicted by Mitchells method.
Fig. 5. Comparison of fatigue lives for uniaxial fatigueexperimental and predicted by the universal slopes method.
Fig. 7. Comparison of fatigue lives for uniaxial fatigueexperimental and predicted by the modified four-point method.
790
Fig. 8. Comparison of fatigue lives for uniaxial fatigueexperimental and predicted by the modified universal slopes method.
Fig. 10. Comparison of fatigue lives for uniaxial fatigueexperimental and predicted by the hardness method.
This material had higher contents of nickel and chromium, and highest strength of all test materials. Without
SNCM630 data points, the statistics can be improved
remarkably. A notable feature is that the fatigue ductility
exponent, c, and the fatigue strength exponent, b, are
almost the same in the three methods. Thus, the estimates of b=0.09 and c=0.56 are deemed reasonable
for steels. However, sf and ef may vary somewhat
depending on the crack size used in the failure criterion
[1214]. This implies that the performance of individual
methods could vary, perhaps to a minor extent, with the
failure criterion used in the baseline fatigue data. With
the failure criterion of 10% drop in load or torque used
in this study, which produced 5 mm to 15 mm cracks,
the modified universal slopes method appears to provide
the best correlation.
4.3. Torsional fatigue properties and life prediction
Fig. 9. Comparison of fatigue lives for uniaxial fatigueexperimental and predicted by the uniform material law.
(14a)
gfef3,
(14b)
b0b,
(14c)
c0c.
(14d)
791
Fig. 11. Comparison of fatigue lives for torsional fatigueexperimental and predicted by the modified universal slopes method.
Fig. 12. Comparison of fatigue lives for torsional fatigueexperimental and predicted by the uniform material law.
792
Acknowledgements
The elastic and plastic parts of the Basquin-CoffinManson equation, Eq. (1), for uniaxial fatigue can be
written as
5. Conclusions
ee sf
(2Nf)b,
2 E
(A3)
ep
ef(2Nf)c,
2
(A4)
ee sf
(2Nf)b,
2
E
(A1)
ep
ef(2Nf)c.
2
(A2)
3E
.
where E=
2(1+n)
The addition of Eq. (A3) and Eq. (A4) provides the
equivalent strain criterion.
For torsional fatigue, the maximum shear strain criterion given by Eq. (2) can be split into
ge tf
(2Nf)b0,
2 G
(A5)
gp
gf(2Nf)c0.
2
(A6)
[3]
2 3G
(A7)
ep gf
(2Nf)c0.
2 3
(A8)
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
(2N )b0,
2 (1+n)G f
ep gf
(2N )c0.
2 1.5 f
(A9)
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
(A10)
References
[1] Morrow J, Socie DF. The evolution of fatigue crack initiation
life prediction methods. In: Sherratt F, Sturgeon JB, editors.
Materials, experimentation and design in fatigue. Westbury
House (England): Warwick, 1981:3.
[2] Kandil FA, Brown MW, Miller KJ. Biaxial low-cycle fatigue
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
793
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