Inroduction 1.1 Embedded System

CHAPTER 1
INRODUCTION
1.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM:
Embedded system is the only technology which is developing and used in day to
day life. Embedded system is defined as the combination of hardware and software. This
combinations ultimate result will be a specified task done by a machine or a prototype.
Some of the commonly known control devices used in embedded system is
microprocessor and microcontroller. But they have the oldest technology at present because of
their low memory, slow process unit etc.
The current trend of technology development in embedded system needs more
process memory because of multitask. In the embedded system world the technology was
developed this much faster is by simple proverb which is hard work has to be replaced by
smart work for time management.
There is no clear definition of what embedded system is-it may vary in size from
a single chip to a large multiple-processor system. To make a complete based on the purpose of
the project the size and working unit controllers count will vary in embedded system. Any
task can be achieved by embedded technology.
The embedded system was now a days is used to make many prototypes useful for
making the human work easy and it make sure that the peoples safety and comfort zone in a
good manner.
The one of the first recognizable modern embedded system was Apollo guidance
computer, developed by Charles Stark Darper at MIT instrumentation laboratory. This have
happened in 1960s and after this the development was grown faster as we are seeing and the
size of the chips were reduced by the VLSI technology.
The memory of the processor was also raised and the weight also reduced and this
development also a reason for making the developer to develop their ideas in embedded
system.
Using embedded system the society oriented projects were developed to guide
people and to make some alert, or make some remote controlled devices to make automation in
field work like agricultural, gas leak alert, theft find and remote lock the bike are some
examples for the embedded system projects.
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY:

The recent development and research are being done for visually limited people and
the scientist developed lots of different smart cane for visually limited people. They made the
development in cane and made the cane smarter but their no new prototype to guide the
visually limited people.
We also want to develop a prototype for society and it has to be the project which must
be useful for someone and make them satisfied. This is the only thing which we had in our
mind while searching for project base paper. This ultimately resulted in the project
I_GUESSER for visually limited people.
1.3 OUTLINE OF I_GUESSER:

This I_GUESSER was a prototype which help the visually limited people to guide
them to walk and reach their targeted place without getting any hurt and it guide them through
voice this was the most interesting thing in this project.
Current technology was guiding the visually limited people by tactic feedback. This
current technology was guiding them but they must be very clear about the vibration meaning
else they will be resulted in danger.
1.4 ABSTRACT:
To study about the visually limited people and create a compact tool. This is the
combination of a controller (Atmega 328) with ultrasonic sensor (HR_SR04) for input and to
guide the user by an audio output by voice module (SD_Shield) through earphone. These are
interfaced and embedded to work by the Arduino IDE programing software. There are three
HR-SR04 was used each sensor has a specific task. first sensor will cover the upper body of the
user and detect
the problems approaching it, followed by the second sensor will cover and
detect the overhead problems and the third sensor will cover and detect the problems
approaching in the lower body. The reaction of the HR_SR04 were concordinated and based on
evaluated sampled values the respective wave files stored in SD_Shield were picked and
played through Earphone.
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS

CHAPTER 1
Deals with the introduction to embedded system, uses of embedded system, literature
survey and outline of the work.
CHAPTER 2
Provides brief explanation regarding background of our embedded project.
CHAPTER 3
Complete technical details, modification and our module study.
CHAPTER 4
Presents the discussion about simulations done and the results.
CHAPTER 5
Provides the conclusion and future scope of the project.
CHAPTER 2
2 THE BACKGROUND TOOLS AND SOFTWARE USED:
The List of Tools:
Atmega 328 [controller]
Ultrasonic sensor [input device]
SD Shield [to store the audio file]
Head set [output device]
THE LIST OF SOFTWARE
Arduino IDE.
Online mp3towave file converting website [any].
2.1 ARDUINO PROGRAMING LANGUAGE:
This Arduino was the best programing language which is free of cost and easy to
use and to present our idea. Its reach was in the world wide because of its user friendly nature.
If we need to help or to do some modification in Arduino by adding a library or creating a
library is easy and maximum of library and sample codes are available in the software itself for
tutorial purpose. So we can learn the Arduino very easily.
In Arduino the programming and interfacing is simple and availability of
programmable board are in a wide variety. The program controller we used in this project is
Atmega 328.
2.2 Atmega 328:

The Atmega 328 is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based on the
ATmega328 (Atmega 328 3.0) or ATmega168 (Atmega 328 2.x).
It has more or less the same functionality of the Arduino Duemilanove, but in a
different package. It lacks only a DC power jack, and works with a Mini-B USB cable instead
of a standard one. The Nano was designed and is being produced by Gravitech.
2.2.1 POWER:
The Atmega 328 can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V
unregulated external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply (pin 27).
The power source is automatically selected to the highest voltage source.
The FTDI FT232RL chip on the Nano is only powered if the board is being
powered over USB. As a result, when running on external (non-USB) power, the 3.3V output
(which is supplied by the FTDI chip) is not available and the RX and TX LEDs will flicker if
digital pins 0 or 1 are high.
2.2.2 MEMORY:
The ATmega168 has 16 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 2 KB is
used for the boot loader); the ATmega328 has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used for the boot
loader). The ATmega168 has 1 KB of SRAM and 512 bytes of EEPROM (which can be read
and written with the EEPROM Library; the ATmega328 has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of
EEPROM.
5
2.2.3 INPUT AND OUTPUT:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Atmega can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digital Write(), and digital Read() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can
provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by
default) of 20-50 k Ohms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
The Nano has 8 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e.
1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to
change the upper end of their range using the analogReference() function. Additionally, some
pins have specialized functionality:
The Atmega 328 has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer,
another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provide UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An FTDI FT232RL on
the board channels this serial communication over USB and the FTDI drivers (included with
the Arduino software) provide a virtual com port to software on the computer. The Arduino
software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the
Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted
via the FTDI chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).
The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for
details. To use the SPI communication, please see the ATmega168 or ATmega328 datasheet.
2.2.4 PROGRAMING:
The Atmega 328 can be programmed with the Arduino software. Select "Arduino
Diecimila, Duemilanove, ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the
microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Atmega 328 comes preburned with a boot loader that
allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol.
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the
ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.
2.2.5 AUTOMATIC (SOFTWARE) RESET:

Rather then requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the
Atmega 328 is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected
computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the FT232RL is connected to the
reset line of the ATmega168 or ATmega328 via a
100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line
drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to
upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that
the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated
with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Nano is connected to either a
computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from
software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the
Nano. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of
new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a exection process.
2.3 HR_SR04:
When voltage is applied to piezoelectric ceramics, mechanical distortion is
generated according to the voltage and frequency. On the other hand, when vibration is applied
to piezoelectric ceramics, an electric charge is produced. By applying this principle, when an
electric signal is added to a vibrator, constructed of 2 sheets of piezoelectric ceramics or a sheet
of piezoelectric ceramics and a metal sheet, an electric signal is radiated by flexure vibration.
As a reverse effect, when an ultrasonic vibration is added to the vibrator, an electric signal is
produced Because of these effects, piezoelectric ceramics are utilized as ultrasonic sensors.
2.3.1 OPEN STRUCTURE TYPE ULTRASONIC SENSORS

As shown in the diagram of an ultrasonic sensor a multiple vibrator is fixed
elastically to the base. This multiple vibrator is a combination of a resonator and a vibrator which is
composed of a metal sheet and a piezoelectric ceramics sheet. The resonator is conical in order to
efficiently radiate the ultrasonic waves generated by the vibration and also in order to effectively
concentrate the ultrasonic waves at the central part of the vibrator.
2.1Construction of Open Structure Type
2.2Simulation of Vibration
Ultrasonic Sensor
I. Sample block diagram for ultrasonic sensor working:
2.4 SD_Shield:
SD_Shield is device which helps to add or extend the memory. In our project
SD_Shield place the ultimate role because our new idea in this project guidance done by voice.
The module (Micro SD Card Adapter) is a Micro SD card reader module, and
the SPI interface via the file system driver, micro controller system to complete the Micro SD
card read and write files. Users can directly use the Arduino IDE comes with an SD card to
complete the library card initialization and read-write
SD_Shield image
2.4.1 FEATURES:
Support Micro SD Card, Micro SDHC card (high-speed card). The level
conversion circuit board that can interface level is 5V or 3.3V
Power supply is 4.5V ~ 5.5V, 3.3V voltage regulator circuit board Communication
interface is a standard SPI interface4 M2 screw positioning holes for easy installation Control
Interface: A total of six pins (GND, VCC, MISO, MOSI, SCK, CS), GND to ground, VCC is
the power supply, MISO, MOSI, SCK is the SPI bus, CS is the chip select signal pin; 3.3V
regulator circuit: LDO regulator output 3.3V as level converter chip, Micro SD card supply
Level conversion circuit: Micro SD card into the direction of signals into 3.3V,
Micro SD card toward the direction of the control interface MISO signal is also converted to
3.3V, general AVR microcontroller system can read the signal
Micro SD card connector: yes since the bomb deck for easy card insertion and
removal Positioning holes: 4 M2 screws positioning hole diameter of 2.2mm, the module is
easy to install positioning, to achieve inter-module combination Micro SD Card Interface
Module Control Interface: A total of six pins (GND, VCC, MISO, MOSI, SCK, CS), GND to
ground , VCC is the power supply , MISO, MOSI, SCK is SPI bus , CS is the chip select signal
pin3.3V voltage regulator circuit : LDO regulator output is 3.3V level converter chip , Micro
SD card supply
Level conversion circuit : Micro SD card into the direction of the signal is
converted to 3.3V, Micro SD card interfaces to control the direction of the MISO signal is also
converted into 3.3V, general AVR microcontroller system can read the signal ;
Micro SD card connector: a self- bomb deck, easy card insertion.
Positioning holes: 4 M2 screws positioning whole diameter is 2.2mm, the
positioning of the module is easy to install, to achieve inter- module combination;
10
2.5 PROJECT IDEA:

In this project the main motto is to guide the visually limited people. Already a
smart cane technology is under development and the users also using it. It alert the visually
limited people through a tactic feedback. The draw back in it was they must be aware of all the
meaning of those vibration else they may result in danger.
So we have planned to guide the visually limited people through voice. This may
make the user to fell friendly and easy to guide. There are three HR-SR04 was used each
sensor has a specific task. first sensor will cover the upper body of the user and detect the
problems approaching it, followed by the second sensor will cover and detect the overhead
problems and the third sensor will cover and detect the problems approaching in the lower
body. The reaction of the HR_SR04 were concordinated and based on evaluated sampled
values the respective wave files stored in SD_Shield were picked and played through
Earphone.
2.6 LAYOUT DIAGRAM
The above layout is the actual circuit to build the project. This bread circuit is the
working lab module designed in a fritzing.0.9.2b.64.pc software. The circuit has all the specified
parts and they were been connected by wire.The power supply is directly given in the Atmega 328
through power bank.
11
CHAPTER-3
WORKING CONDITION
3.1 THE WORKING CONDITION TEXT FORMAT:
12
3.2 PROGRAM:
#include <SD.h>
#include <pcmConfig.h>
#include <pcmRF.h>
#include <TMRpcm.h>
#include <SPI.h>
String inputString ;//= "";
char mychar;
const int CS_PIN = 4;
TMRpcm tmrpcm;
/*int resetPin = A2; // The pin number of the reset pin.
int clockPin = A3; // The pin number of the clock pin.
int dataPin = A4; // The pin number of the data pin.
int busyPin = A5; // The pin number of the busy pin.
Wtv020sd16p wtv020sd16p(resetPin,clockPin,dataPin,busyPin);*/
#define echoPin_0 2 // Echo Pin
#define trigPin_0 3 // Trigger Pin
//#define LEDPin 13 // Onboard LED
//#define LED2Pin 11
int maximumRange_0 = 200; // Maximum range needed
13
int minimumRange_0 = 100; // Minimum range needed

long duration_0, distance_0,y_0; // Duration used to calculate distance
//**********************************************************************
long duration_1, distance_1,y_1,X_1 = 100; // Duration used to calculate distance
//************************************************************************
*******
long duration_2, distance_2,y_2,X_2 = 200; // Duration used to calculate distance
//************************************************************************
********
void setup()
14
{
Serial.begin (9600);
pinMode(trigPin_0, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin_0, INPUT);
//pinMode(LEDPin, OUTPUT); // Use LED indicator (if required)
//wtv020sd16p.reset();
tmrpcm.speakerPin = 9;
Serial.println("Initializing Card");
pinMode(CS_PIN, OUTPUT);
if(!SD.begin(CS_PIN))
{
Serial.println("Card Failure");
return;
}
Serial.println("Card Ready");
tmrpcm.play("1.wav");
}
//******************************************************************
15
void loop()
{case_0();
delay(500);
case_1();
delay(500);
case_2();
delay(500);
Serial.println(inputString);
if (inputString == "A1B1C1")
{
//inputString = "";
}
else if(inputString == "A1B1C2")
{
}
{
}
16
{
}
{
}
{
}
{
}
{
}
{
17
}
{
}
{
}
{
}
{
}
{
}
18
{
}
{
}
{
}
{
}
{
}
{
19
}
{
}
{
}
{
}
{
}
delay(1000);
inputString = "";
}
20
/*gets(A1B1C1,A1B1C2,A1B1C3,A1B1C4,A1B2C1,A1B2C2,A1B2C3,A1B2C4,A1B3C1
,A1B3C2,A1B3C3,A1B3C4,A2B1C1,A2B1C2,A2B1C3,A2B1C4,A2B2C1,A2B2C2,A2B
2C3,A2B2C4,A2B3C1,A2B3C2,A2B3C3,A2B3C4)*/
//inputString += inChar;
//***********************************************************
void case_0(void)
{
//String inputString ;//= "";
/* The following trigPin/echoPin cycle is used to determine the
distance of the nearest object by bouncing soundwaves off of it. */
digitalWrite(trigPin_0, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin_0, HIGH);
duration_0 = pulseIn(echoPin_0, HIGH);
//Calculate the distance (in cm) based on the speed of sound.
distance_0 = duration_0/58.2;
y_0 = (201 - distance_0)*2.55 ;
if (distance_0 >= maximumRange_0)
21
{
/* Send a negative number to computer and Turn LED ON
to indicate "out of range" */
Serial.println("A1");
inputString += "A1";
//digitalWrite(LEDPin, HIGH);
// analogWrite(LED2Pin,0);
}
else if(distance_0 <= minimumRange_0)
{Serial.println("A2");
inputString += "A2";
//digitalWrite(LEDPin, HIGH);
//analogWrite(LED2Pin,255);
}
else
{
/* Send the distance to the computer using Serial protocol, and
turn LED OFF to indicate successful reading. */
Serial.println(y_0);
//digitalWrite(LEDPin, LOW);
//analogWrite(LED2Pin,y_0);
delay(100);
22
}
//Delay 50ms before next reading.
delay(50);
}
//****************************************************************
void case_1(void)
{
//String inputString ;//= "";
/* The following trigPin/echoPin cycle is used to determine the
distance of the nearest object by bouncing soundwaves off of it. */
//Calculate the distance (in cm) based on the speed of sound.
y_1 = (201 - distance_1)*2.55 ;
if (distance_1 >= minimumRange_1)
{
if((distance_1>100)&&(distance_1<150))
23
{
//X = distance_1;
delay(100);
Serial.println("B3");
inputString += "B3";
}
else if(distance_1>150)
{
}
else if(distance_1<150)
{
}
}
else
{
24
}
}
//************************************************************************
***
void case_2(void)
{
String inputString ;//= "";
y_2 = (201 - distance_2)*2.55 ;
if((distance_2>100)&&(distance_2<150))
{
25
delay(100);
Serial.println("C1");
inputString += "C1";
analogWrite(LED2Pin,0);}
}
else if(distance_2<100)
{
}
else if((distance_2>150)&&(distance_2<200))
{
}
else if(distance_2>200)
{
analogWrite(LED2Pin,255);
}
}
26
3.3 FLOWCHART
27
28
29
30
31
3.4 TABULATION
TABLE I:
SI.NO
VALUE
OUTPUT
A1B1C1
PATH IS CLEAR
A1B1C2
OBJECT ON THE FLOOR
A1B1C3
PIT DETECTED
A1B1C4
NEED ASSISTANCE
A1B2C1
OVERHEAD DETECTED
A1B2C2
OBJECT ON THE FLOOR & OVERHEAD DETECTED
A1B2C3
PIT &OVER HEAD DETECTED
A1B2C4
NEED ASSISTANCE
A1B3C1
OVER HEAD ALERT
10
A1B3C2
OBJECT ON THE FLOOR & OVERHEAD ALERT
11
A1B3C3
PIT DETECTED AND OVER HEAD ALERT
12
A1B3C4
NEED ASSISTANCE
32
13
A2B1C1
YOU ARE APPROACHING SOMETHING

YOU ARE APPROACHING SOMETHING & OBJECT ON THE
14
A2B1C2
FLOOR
15
A2B1C3
YOU ARE APROACHING SOMETHING & PINT DETECTED
16
A2B1C4
NEED ASSISTANCE
YOU ARE APPROACHING SOMETHING & OVERHEAD
17
A2B2C1
DETECTED
18
A2B2C2
NEED ASSISTANCE
19
A2B2C3
NEED ASSISTANCE
20
A2B2C4
NEED ASSISTANCE
21
A2B3C1
YOU ARE APPROACHING SOMETHING AND OVERHEAD ALE
22
A2B3C2
NEED ASSISTANCE
23
A2B3C3
NEED ASSISTANCE
24
A2B3C4
NEED ASSISTANCE
33
3.5 OUTPUT:
OUT PUT ARE GENERATED AS AUDIO FILE

Eg: if A2B3C4 is concordinated NEED ASSISTANCE audio file is listed through earphone
34
CHAPTER 4
4.RESULT:
We had invented a small module which is helpful for the visually limited people, it is
named as I-Guesser. A very small module it has the Arduino Nano, ultrasonic sensor, SD card
slot and the ear phone connecting module is also there which give the guide about to move .the
components which are all used in our invention were explained above.
4.1.BLOCK DIAGRAM:
We have learn about how ultrasonic sensors work, reinforcing the connection
between this sensor and how humans, bats and dolphins estimate distance. They learn the
echolocation process sound waves transmitted, bounced back and received, with the time
difference used to calculate the distance of objects. Apart from distance measurement, they are
also used in ultrasonic material testing (to detect cracks, air bubbles, and other flaws in the
products), Object detection, position detection, ultrasonic mouse, etc.
35
An ultrasonic sensor consists of a transmitter and receiver which are available as

separate units or embedded together as single unit. If any hurdles or object is detected in the
transmission path of the ultrasonic sensor it detects and it will vary the output voltage.
4.2 ULTRASONIC WORKING DIAGRAM
The above diagram explains the working of the ultrasonic sensor.
36
CHAPTER 5
5.1 CONCLUSION:
Our module I _GUESSER will guide the visually limited people and guide them
through voice. The current technology which has gsm module and gps tracking devices which
will register their location so the user location can be tracked easily.
5.2. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT:

I_GUSSER project the future development will be the tracking the user and size of
the module will be reduced by replacing the big HR_SR04.
The power backup and water proof are some additional development which we
have planned to development in our I_GUESSER
5.2.1 I_GUESSER
37

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CHAPTER 1

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY:

1.3 OUTLINE OF I_GUESSER:

1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS

2.2 Atmega 328:

2.2.3 INPUT AND OUTPUT:

2.2.5 AUTOMATIC (SOFTWARE) RESET:

2.3.1 OPEN STRUCTURE TYPE ULTRASONIC SENSORS

2.1Construction of Open Structure Type

I. Sample block diagram for ultrasonic sensor working:

2.5 PROJECT IDEA:

2.6 LAYOUT DIAGRAM

int minimumRange_0 = 100; // Minimum range needed

OBJECT ON THE FLOOR

OBJECT ON THE FLOOR & OVERHEAD DETECTED

PIT &OVER HEAD DETECTED

OVER HEAD ALERT

OBJECT ON THE FLOOR & OVERHEAD ALERT

PIT DETECTED AND OVER HEAD ALERT

YOU ARE APPROACHING SOMETHING

YOU ARE APROACHING SOMETHING & PINT DETECTED

YOU ARE APPROACHING SOMETHING AND OVERHEAD ALE

OUT PUT ARE GENERATED AS AUDIO FILE

An ultrasonic sensor consists of a transmitter and receiver which are available as

4.2 ULTRASONIC WORKING DIAGRAM

The above diagram explains the working of the ultrasonic sensor.

5.2. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT:

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