10/14/2013

Section6:
BodyComposition
ACSMGuidelines:Chapter4(pp.6272)
ACSMManual:Chapters4

HPHE4450
Dr. Cheatham

Outline
ImportanceofBodyComposition
GeneralPrinciples
Basicprinciples

AnthropometricMethods
BodyMassIndex(BMI)
Circumferences/WaisttoHipRatio
SkinfoldMeasurements

DensitometryMethods
Hydrostatic(Underwater)Weighing
Plethysmography (AirDisplacement)

OtherMethods
BioelectricalImpedanceAnalysis(BIA)
DualEnergyXRayAbsorptiometry (DEXA)

InterpretationofResults

10/14/2013

Introduction
Definition:Relativeproportionoffatandfat
freetissueinthebody.
Clinicalsignificance:Obesityiscorrelatedtoan
increasedriskof:
Coronaryarterydisease(CAD)
Noninsulindependentdiabetesmellitus(NIDDM)
Hypertension(HTN)
Certaincancers
Hyperlipidemia (highbloodcholesterol)

WhydowemeasureBC?
Excessbodyfatisassociatedwith:
Hypertension,Type2Diabetes,Stroke,CAD,Hyperlipidemia

Toassessthedecreaseinbodyfatweightthatoccurs
inresponsetoaweightmanagementprogram.
Tohelpathletesdeterminethebestbodycomposition
forperformance.
Tomonitorfatandfatfreeweightinpatientswith
disease.
Totracklongtermchangesthatoccurinbodyfatand
fatfreemasswithaging.

10/14/2013

BasicPrinciples

BasicPrinciples

10/14/2013

Terminology
PercentBodyFat(%BF)
Thepercentageofthebodyweightthatisadiposetissue

FatWeight(FW)
Thetotalweightoftheadiposetissue

FatFreeWeight(FFW)
Thetotalweightofeverythingthatisnotfat

LeanBodyMass(LBW)
Moresoreferstotheweightofmuscle

Overweight
Deviationinbodyweightfromsomestandardoridealweightinrelationto
height

Overfat
Undesirablepercentbodyfat(differencemalesvs.females)

Obesity
Surplusofadiposetissueresultingfromexcessiveenergyintakerelativeto
energyexpenditure

BCTechniques
Definition:Measurementofthehumanbody
Categoriesinclude:
Heightandweight(bodymassindex[BMI],waisttohip
ratio[WHR])
Circumferencesandgirths
Skinfolds
Bioelectricalimpedanceanalysis
Hydrostaticweighing

Purpose:Toevaluatebodyweightandcomposition
inthehealthandfitnessfield,oftentoestablishan
individualstarget,desirable,oroptimalweight

10/14/2013

Anthropometry BodyMassIndex(BMI)
Bodymassindex=__Weightinkg__
(Heightinmeters)2
Statistics:
Formostpeople,obesityrelatedhealthproblems
increasebeyondaBMIof25.0
Inincreasedriskofhypertension,TC/HDLratio,CADand
mortalityrateareassociatedwithaBMI 30

Limitations:
Itisdifficultforclientstointerpretweightlossandgain
Thereisnodifferentiationbetweenfatweightandfat
freeweight
Thereisonlyamodestcorrelationwithpercentbodyfat
determinedbyhydrostaticweight

Anthropometry BodyMassIndex(BMI)

10/14/2013

Anthropometry BodyMassIndex(BMI)

Anthropometry BodyMassIndex(BMI)

10/14/2013

Anthropometry Circumferences
Uses:
Prepostchangesinbodymeasurements
Usefulforweightmanagementprograms/motivationfor
clients/patients

WaistcircumferenceusedalongwithBMIcanbeused
asanestimateofdiseaserisk(ACSMManual,Table4.2)
Estimate%BF(limitedaccuracy)
CalculateWaisttoHipRatio

Advantages:
Easilylearned
Quicklyadministered
Quantifieschangesinmusclewithspecifictraining
(musclegirthsize)
Easytodocumentchangesinbodysize

Anthropometry WaistCircumference

10/14/2013

Anthropometry Circumferences Sites

Anthropometry Circumferences Sites

10/14/2013

Anthropometry Circumferences Procedures

Anthropometry WaisttoHipRatio
Definition
Comparisonbetweenthecircumferenceofthe
waistandhips,representingthepersons
distributionofbodyfat

WHR=Waistcircumference(cm)
Hipcircumference(cm)
Waistcircumferencealonemaybeusedasan
indicatorofhealthrisk
Truncal adiposityincreasestheriskofchronic
disease

10/14/2013

Anthropometry WaisttoHipRatio
Thepatternofbodyfat
distributionisanimportant
predictorofthehealthrisks
ofobesity.
Android(malepattern)
Trunk/abdominalfat
Increasedriskforhypertension,
diabetes,dyslipidemia,CAD,
prematuredeath

Gynoid (femalepattern
Hipandthigh

Anthropometry WaisttoHipRatio

ACSM Box 4.1 (Waist)

ACSM Box 4.1 (Buttocks/Hips)

10

10/14/2013

Anthropometry WaisttoHipRatio
WaistMeasurement

HipMeasurement

Anthropometry Skinfold Assessment

Principle
~33%ofourtotalbody
fatliesdirectly
beneaththeskin
(subcutaneous)
Therefore,by
measuringskinfold
thicknesswecan
estimatebodydensity
and%bodyfat
Accuracy( 45%)

11

10/14/2013

Anthropometry Skinfold Assessment Sites

Anthropometry Skinfold Assessment Sites

12

10/14/2013

Anthropometry Skinfold Assessment Sites

Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Chest)

Diagonal fold; one-half the distance between the anterior axillary line and the
nipple (men), or one-third of the distance between the anterior axillary line and
the nipple (women)

13

10/14/2013

Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Abdomen)

Correctlocation
WRONGorientation

Vertical fold; 2 cm to the right side of the umbilicus

Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Thigh)

Vertical fold; on the anterior midline of the thigh, mid-way between the proximal
border of the patella and the inguinal crease (hip)

14

10/14/2013

Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Tricep)

Vertical fold; on the posterior midline of the upper arm, halfway between the
acromion and olecranon processes, with the arm held freely to the side of the
body

Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Suprailiac)

Diagonal fold; in line with the natural

angle of the iliac crest taken in the anterior
axillary line immediately superior to the
iliac crest

15

10/14/2013

Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Midaxillary)

Vertical fold; on the midaxillary line at

the level of the xiphoid process of the
sternum.

Correctlocation
WRONGorientation

Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Subscapular)

Diagonal fold (at a 45 degree angle); 1

to 2 cm below the inferior angle of the
scapula

16

10/14/2013

Anthropometry Skinfold Sites(Calf)

Vertical fold; at the maximum

circumference of the calf on the midline
of its medial border

Anthropometry Skinfolds Assessment Procedures

Technique:
Firmlygraspallsubcutaneousfat(withoutmuscle)
Usetwofingers(thumbandindex)about8cm
apart,perpendiculartolongaxisofsite1cmabove
thesitetobemeasured
Releasethescissorgripofthecaliperbutsupport
itsweightwhilemeasuringnolongerthan1to2
secondstothenearest0.5mm
Measureeachsiteatleasttwotimes,rotating
throughthesites(shouldbewithin1to2mm)
Usetheaverageofeachskinfoldsiteforuseinthe
regressionformula

17

10/14/2013

Anthropometry Skinfolds Assessment Procedures

Anthropometry Skinfolds Assessment Procedures

18

10/14/2013

Anthropometry Skinfolds Assessment Procedures

Note:Makesuretocarrybodydensityouttothreedecimalplaces.

Anthropometry Skinfolds Assessment Procedures

Note:Makesuretocarrybodydensityouttothreedecimalplaces.

19

10/14/2013

Anthropometry Skinfolds Assessment Procedures

ConvertingBodyDensityto%BodyFat
GeneralizedEquations:
%Fat=(457/BodyDensity) 414.2(Brozek)
%Fat=(495/BodyDensity) 450(Siri)

Anthropometry Skinfolds Assessment Procedures

20

10/14/2013

HydrostaticWeighing
MeasurementofDensity
Density=mass/volume
Mass=Thebodyweightwemeasureinairon
thescale
Volume=Whywearedoinghydrostatic
weighing

Useofhydrostaticweighingtomeasure
volume
BasedonArchimedesPrinciple:
"Whenasolidbodyispartiallyorcompletely
immersedinwater,theapparentlossinweight
willbeequaltotheweightofthedisplaced
liquid.
Byknowingthedensityofwater,itiseasytogo
fromweighttovolume.

HydrostaticWeighing
ConsideredtheGoldStandard(Sortof)
MeasurementofBodyDensity
Underwater,muscleandboneismoredensethan
fat
Therefore,themoremuscle/bone,themorethe
subjectwillweighunderwaterorviceversa
ByweighingthesubjectintheairANDunderwater,
wecanmeasureBODYDENSITY
Frombodydensity,%bodyfatiscalculated

Accuracy( 3%)

21

10/14/2013

HydrostaticWeighing

More Muscle

Same Weight

More Fat

HydrostaticWeighing
BWAIR
Body Density =

((

BWAIR (BWUWW Tare)

H2O Density

- (RV +100)

BWAIR = Bodyweight in air in grams

BWUW = Bodyweight underwater in grams
Tare = Chair weight (and any other apparatus) in grams
H2O Density = Density of water at specific temperature
RV = Residual volume in mL
Residual Volume (males) = (0.027 * Ht) + (0.017 * age) - 3.45
Residual Volume (females) = (0.032 * Ht) + (0.009 * age) - 3.90
Residual Volume (both) = 0.24 x FVC
% Body Fat = (457 body density) 414.2 (Brozek)

22

10/14/2013

AirDisplacementPlethysmography

BioelectricalImpedanceAnalysis
Premise:
Thevolumeoffatfreetissueisproportionaltothe
electricalconductivityofthebody
Fat(tissuewithlittlewater:14%to22%)isapoor
electricalconductor
Leantissue(mostlywater:>90%)isagoodelectrical
conductor

Accuracyishighlyvariable
Greatlyaffectedbycaffeine,alcohol,fluidintake

23

10/14/2013

BioelectricalImpedanceAnalysis

BioelectricalImpedanceAnalysis

24

10/14/2013

BIAProcedures
Conditions:
Noeatingordrinkingwithin4hoursofthetest
Noexercisewithin12hoursofthetest
Urinatecompletelywithin30minutesofthetest
Noalcoholconsumptionintheprevious48hours
Nodiureticsintheprevious7days
Limiteduseofdiureticagentsbeforethetest

BIAProcedures
PreTestProcedures:
Recordage,gender,height,weight,activitylevel,frame
size

Performingthetest:
Calibratetheinstrument
Preparethesubjectforthetestbyhavingthemlie
downonthetable
Havesubjectremovealljewelry,rightsockandshoe
Armsandlegsshouldnottoucheachother

Cleanelectrodesiteswithalcoholpad,allowtodry
Attachelectrodesandwires
Allowvaluestostabilize(~30seconds)
EnterinformationintoBIAsoftware

25

10/14/2013

BIAProcedures

OtherMethods
MagneticResonanceImaging(MRI)and
ComputedTomography(CT)

26

10/14/2013

OtherMethods
DualEnergyXRay
Absorptiometry

SummaryofMethods

27

10/14/2013

InterpretationofData
BasedonBMI:

InterpretationofData
BasedonCircumferences:
Pre toPostChanges
WaistCircumference
WaisttoHipRatio

WHR

Waist
Circumference

28

10/14/2013

InterpretationofData
BasedonSkinfolds,BIA,anytechniquethat
providesacalculationof%BF
Pre toPostChanges
PopulationNorms
CalculationsofFatWeight,FatFreeWeight,Ideal
BodyWeight

InterpretationofData

29

10/14/2013

InterpretationofData
%BFPopulationNorms
Seepreviousslide
%BFconsideredsatisfactoryforhealth:
Men:10to22%
Women:20to32%

InterpretationofData
FatWeight:
FW=BWx%BF
%BFneedstobeindecimalform(i.e.25%=0.25)

FatFreeWeight:
FFW=BWx(1%BF)
ORFFW=BW FW
%BFneedstobeindecimalform

IdealBodyWeight:
IBW=FFW/(1 Desired%BF)
Desired%BFmustbeindecimalform

30

10/14/2013

InterpretationofData
IdealBodyWeight(contd)
Howdoyoupickadesired%BF?
Usepopulationnormcharts
Basedonattainableorincrementalgoals
Basedon%BFconsideredsatisfactoryforhealth

PracticeProblem
Male#1

45
90.9

19

21

20

20

14

18

16
21

19

24

25

27

30

30

22

25

5
JP7,Brozek

22

31

10/14/2013

PracticeProblem
Calculatethefollowing:
BodyDensity
%BodyFat
FatWeight(kg)
FatFreeWeight(kg)
IdealBodyWeight
Usea%desiredbodyfatof18%

32