Regions of the Body

PLATE 1

Parietal region
Frontal region

Temporal region

Nasal region

Orbital region

Oral region
Mental region

Sternocleidomastoid region
Infraclavicular region

Palm

Anterior neck region

Posterior cervical triangle
Axillary region
Anterior antebrachial
(forearm) region

Deltopectoral triangle
Deltoid region

Anterior cubital region

Sternal region

Anterior brachial (arm) region

Pectoral region

Axillary fossa
Lateral pectoral region
Hypochondriac region

Posterior brachial
(arm) region

Epigastric region
Umbilical region
Lateral abdominal region

Posterior antebrachial
(forearm) region

Inguinal region
Hypogastric (pubic) region

Anterior antebrachial
(forearm) region

Trochanteric region
Penis
Dorsal hand
Femoral triangle

Anterior femoral (thigh) region

Anterior knee region

Posterior crural (leg) region

Anterior crural (leg) region

Posterior crural (leg) region

Lateral malleolus
Dorsal foot

Calcaneal region

FIGURE 1 Regions of the Body: Anterior View

NOTE: (1) Surface areas are identified by specific names to describe the location of structures and symptoms precisely.
(2) Some regions are named after bones (sternal, parietal, infraclavicular, etc.), others for muscles (deltoid, pectoral, sternocleidomastoid), and
still others for specialized anatomical structures (umbilical, oral, nasal, etc.).
(3) The principal regions of the body include the pectoral region and upper extremity, thorax, abdomen, pelvis and perineum, lower extremity,
back and spinal column, and neck and head.

Chapter 1 Pectoral Region, Axilla, Shoulder, and Upper Limb

Regions of the Body: Gastrointestinal Tract PLATE 219

Anterior cervical region (anterior cervical triangle)

Sternocleidomastoid region
Lateral cervical region (posterior cervical triangle)
Deltoid region

Clavipectoral triangle (deltopectoral triangle)

Presternal region

Axillary region
Mammary region

Pectoral region
Inframammary region

Anterior region of arm

Epigastric region (epigastric fossa)
Anterior region of elbow
(cubital fossa)
Posterior region of forearm
Anterior region of forearm

Hypochondrium
Umbilical region
Flank (lateral abdominal region)
Groin (inguinal region)
Pubic region
Urogenital triangle

Dorsum of hand

Femoral triangle

 FIGURE 219.1 Regions of the Body (Anterior View)

Anterior region of thigh

Anterior region of knee

Posterior region of leg

Anterior region of leg
Oral cavity
Oral vestibule
Oral fissure,
oral opening

Oropharynx

Parotid gland
Dorsum of foot (dorsal region of foot)

Sublingual gland

Laryngopharynx
[hypopharynx]

Submandibular gland

Esophagus

Liver

Stomach

Pancreas
Duodenum
Gallbladder

Transverse colon
Ascending colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Caecum
Appendix

Jejunum
Ileum

Rectum
Anal canal

FIGURE 219.2 Organs of the Gastrointestinal System 

Anus

Chapter 3 The Abdomen

Female Urogenital Triangle: Surface Anatomy of Anal Region PLATE 350

Symphysis pubis

Suspensory ligament of clitoris

Corpus cavernosum of clitoris

Prepuce of clitoris
Glans clitoris
Crus of clitoris
Frenulum of clitoris
Labium minus
External urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice

Remnants of hymen
Ischiocavernosus muscle

Vestibular bulb
Greater vestibular gland and its orifice

Bulbospongiosus muscle

Inferior fascia of urogenital

diaphragm (perineal membrane)

Superficial and
deep transverse
perineal muscles
External anal
sphincter
muscle

Vestibule of vagina;
frenulum of labia minora

Anus

Anococcygeal
ligament

FIGURE 350.1 Dissected Female External Genitalia

NOTE: (1) The skin and fascia of the labia majora have been removed. Observe the crura, body and glans clitoris, the vestibular bulbs, and the
location of the greater vestibular glands.
(2) Each crus of the clitoris is covered by an ischiocavernosus muscle, and the vestibular bulbs are surrounded by the bulbospongiosus muscles.
(3) The greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) are found just behind the vestibular bulbs. During sexual stimulation, they secrete a viscous fluid
that lubricates the vagina.

POSTERIOR
Sacral region

Anal cleft
Anal region
Perineum
Urogenital region

Gluteal region
Anus

Posterior labial commissure

Labium majus
Pudendal cleft

Genital hair

ANTERIOR

FIGURE 350.2 Surface Anatomy of the Female Sacral, Gluteal, and Perineal Regions (Posteroinferior View)

Chapter 4 The Pelvis and Perineum

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PLATE 365 Male Perineum: Surface Anatomy; Muscles

Sacral region

Gluteal region
Anal region
Anus
Perineum
Urogenital
region

Raphe of scrotum
Right testis
Penis

FIGURE 365.1 Surface Anatomy of the Male Perineum

Anococcygeal ligament

Coccyx

Gluteal fascia

Anus

Levator ani muscle

External anal sphincter muscle
Gluteus maximus muscle

Ischiorectal fossa

Obturator fascia;
pudendal canal (Alcock)
Sacrotuberous
ligament

Obturator fascia;
foramina for pudendal
vessels and nerves
Femoral fascia
Ischial
tuberosity
Adductor magnus
muscle

Foramina for perineal

vessels and nerves

Superficial
transverse perineal
muscle
Deep transverse perineal muscle

Inferior fascia,
urogenital diaphragm
Gracilis muscle
Ischiocavernosus muscle
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Corpus spongiosum penis

Bulbourethral gland (Cowper)

Central tendinous point of perineum
Dartos layer of scrotum
Raphe of scrotum

FIGURE 365.2 Superficial Muscles of the Male Perineum

Chapter 4 The Pelvis and Perineum

Lower Limb: Photographs (Anterior and Posterior Views) PLATE 409

Sacrum

Anterior superior iliac spine

Anal sulcus
Tensor fasciae latae muscle
Gluteal region;
gluteus maximus muscle

Inguinal ligament

Greater trochanter
Greater trochanter

Gluteal crease

Anterior femoral region

Sartorius muscle
Posterior femoral
region

Quadriceps
femoris muscle
Posterior knee region;
popliteal fossa
Head of the fibula
Anterior knee region; patella
Head of the fibula
Tibial tuberosity
Gastrocnemius

Posterior crural region

Anterior crural region

Anterior margin of the tibia

Medial malleolus (tibia)
Medial malleolus (tibia)
Lateral malleolus (fibula)
Lateral malleolus (fibula)
Dorsum of the foot
Dorsum of the foot
Small toe (5th digit)

Calcaneal tuberosity

4th digit
3rd digit
2nd digit

Plantar surface
of foot
Large toe (hallux)

FIGURE 409.1 Photograph of the Anterior Surface

of the Lower Limb

NOTE: (1) The following bony landmarks are shown:
(a) Anterior superior iliac spine
(b) Greater trochanter
(c) Patella
(d) Head of the fibula
(e) Tibial tuberosity
(f) Anterior margin of the tibia
(g) Medial and lateral malleoli
(2) The inguinal ligament, which forms the lower anterior boundary
of the abdominal wall, separating it from the anterior thigh inferiorly.
(3) Deep to the surface areas shown in this figure course branches of
the cutaneous nerves that supply the anterior and lateral aspects
of the thigh and leg and the dorsum of the foot. These branches
are shown in Figure 411.1.

FIGURE 409.2 Photograph of the Posterior Surface

of the Lower Limb
NOTE: (1) The following bony landmarks are shown:
(a) Sacrum
(b) Greater trochanter
(c) Head of the fibula
(d) Medial and lateral malleoli
(e) Calcaneal tuberosity
(2) The gluteal crease. Midway between the greater trochanter laterally and the ischial tuberosity medially and deep to this crease is
found the large sciatic nerve descending in the posterior thigh.
The nerve is vulnerable at this site because only skin and superficial fascia overlie it.
(3) The popliteal fossa located behind the knee joint. Deep to the
skin at this site are found the tibial and fibular divisions of the
sciatic nerve and the popliteal artery and vein.
(4) The calcaneal tuberosity into which inserts the calcaneus tendon
formed as the common tendon of the gastrocnemius, soleus, and
plantaris muscles.

Chapter 6 The Lower Limb

PLATE 517

Regions of the Neck and Head

Frontal region

Orbital region

Infraorbital region

Temproal region

Nasal region

Zygomatic region
Oral region
Buccal region

Mental region

Submental triangle
Submandibular triangle

Anterior triangle

Carotid triangle
Muscular triangle
Sternocleidomastoid region
Lesser supraclavicular fossa

Occipital triangle
Omoclavicular
triangle

Posterior triangle

FIGURE 517.1 Regions of the Head and Neck (Anterior Aspect)

Parietal region

Frontal region
Temporal region
Orbital region
Nasal region
Zygomatic region

Occipital region

Infraorbital region
Oral region
Buccal region

Parotid region

Mental region

Submandibular triangle
Anterior triangle Carotid triangle
Muscular triangle (omotracheal)

Sternocleidomastoid region

Posterior cervical region

Occipital triangle
Posterior
Omoclavicular
triangle
triangle

Lesser supraclavicular fossa

Deltoid region

FIGURE 517.2 Regions of the Head and Neck (Lateral Aspect)

Chapter 7 The Back, Vertebral Column, and Spinal Cord