Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
Edwin P h i l i p Teece
B.A., V i c t o r i a C o l l e g e ,
1963
i n the Department
of
CLASSICS
We accept t h i s t h e s i s as conforming
r e q u i r e d standard.
THE
1971
to the
In
presenting
this
thesis
an advanced degree at
the L i b r a r y
I
shall
f u r t h e r agree
for scholarly
by h i s
of
the U n i v e r s i t y
make
it
written
for
financial
Sffifllflr
British
for
Columbia,
gain shall
Columbia
I agree
r e f e r e n c e and
this
that
not
copying or
for
that
study.
thesis
b y . t h e Head o f my Department
is understood
dftSSICS
The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h
Vancouver 8, Canada
Date
It
permission.
Department o f
of
the r e q u i r e m e n t s
for e x t e n s i v e copying of
purposes may be g r a n t e d
thesis
fulfilment of
freely available
that permission
representatives.
this
in p a r t i a l
or
publication
be a l l o w e d w i t h o u t my
ABSTRACT
effects
two c e n t u r i e s o f s e t t l e m e n t .
upon the c o l o n i s t s
c e n t r e s of Greek urban l i f e ,
vironment
of i s o l a t i o n from the g r e a t
o f the h o s t i l e
civilization,
p h y s i c a l en-
transplanted their
surrounded
while s t r u g g l i n g to
i n their
city, yielded i n
neighbours.
and p o l i t i c a l i n -
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S
I'would l i k e t o express my g r a t i t u d e t o
P r o f e s s o r Malcolm F. McGregor, who o f f e r e d
f u l and d e t a i l e d
and
c r i t i c i s m of the f i r s t
care-
draft,
a t i o n f o r , and p a r t i c i p a t e d
paration
of t h i s study.
c l o s e l y i n the pre-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
. . p.l
II
TESTIMONIA
p. 8
III
L I F E IN A NEW ENVIRONMENT
p. 39
IV
THE SCYTHIANS
VI
p.83
VII
p.98
p.56
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . .
p. 105
APPENDIX
p. 109
( .
INTRODUCTION
on the
century
of Greek c o l o n i s t s on the s i t e
century.
the f i r s t
dur-
two c e n t u r i e s of i t s e x i s t e n c e i s i t s i s o l a t i o n ;
and a l i e n t o the
Not o n l y i t s g r e a t d i s -
of i t s c l i m a t e and the s t r a n g e -
ness of the n a t i v e S c y t h i a n c u l t u r e , i n t o c l o s e c o n t a c t
with
Herodotos i s the f i r s t w r i t e r who uses the name "Borysthenes'. Coins and i n s c r i p t i o n s from the colony a t
every date r e f e r to the c i t y as O l b i a .
r e e
2.
i n h a b i t a n t s of the n o r t h e r n
of e x i l e .
And,
c o a s t of the B l a c k Sea
a feeling
because of the d i f f i c u l t i e s of t r a n s p o r t
and
the B l a c k Sea,
was
t h i s I s o l a t i o n was
more than an i l l u s i o n ; i t
a fact.
In s p i t e of the h a r d s h i p ,
have d e t e r r e d a p r o s p e c t i v e
r e a l and
c i v i l i z a t i o n of M i l e t o s f o r the c h i l l y w i l d e r n e s s
of the
adventur-
the abundance of a r a b l e l a n d on
Hy-
the
so d e s p e r a t e l y
short of l a n d as
the
s i x t h century,
age
u c t i v e l a n d , the B l a c k Sea's n o r t h e r n
sibility
of l u c r a t i v e t r a d e ;
could supply
c a t t l e , hides,
a t i v e a r t , and
oil
mid-
In a d d i t i o n to prod-
c o a s t o f f e r e d the pos-
the S c y t h i a n n a t i v e s of the
s l a v e s and
c e r t a i n kinds of
region
decor-
of a warmer c l i m a t e .
i n d u s t r y suggested i t s e l f
i n the convenient
Another
and
promising
coincidence
of
and
n a t u r a l d e p o s i t s of the s a l t
t h a t i s used to p r e s e r v e f i s h
f o r export.
A first
themselves
settlers
i n a very similar
situ-
into
circ-
I n both cases,
too, the people i n v o l v e d were a d v e n t u r e r s , w i l l i n g to abandon the f a m i l i a r i t y and s e c u r i t y of home i n o r d e r to f i n d mate r i a l w e a l t h and a b e t t e r way
century America
of l i f e .
And
i n both
seventeenth-
f a c e d w i t h the problem
of e s t a b l i s h i n g workable
r e l a t i o n s with
native populations.
The p h y s i c a l environment
omed harshness.
frontier
J u s t as the s e t t l e r s of the N o r t h
created a special l o r e
p l a i n s and
of an unaccustAmerican
Greeks
a particularly
t a l e s of e t e r n a l m i s t s ,
grey, stunted
v e g e t a t i o n , and
b i z a r r e p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s of the f r i g i d n o r t h e r n
By
g r e a t l y i n c r e a s i n g the r e l u c t a n c e
the n o r t h e r n
climate.
of t r a v e l l e r s t o voyage to
c o l o n i e s , these f a n c i f u l r e p o r t s
tended t o aggrav-
the h a r s h
environment, the c o n t a c t w i t h a n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n ,
l i m i t l e s s a v a i l a b i l i t y of p r o d u c t i v e
the almost
t h a t was d i f f e r e n t i n many r e -
D u r i n g the c e n t u r i e s of N o r t h
existed i n d u s t r i a l
enterprises,
to the f r o n t i e r
Did
society.
a native population
(the Scythians)
the f i r s t
inhabitants
existence,
with
and the i s o l a t i o n of O l b i a
a unique way of l i f e ?
To what
extent,
the
of t h e i r
to Greek t r a d i t i o n s i n the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n
of t h e i r
5.
city,
i n their
architecture,
g e n e r a l l y i n t h e i r way
An examination
of
their
and
and
life?
The
evidence,
quest-
although
some c o n c l u s i o n s ,
and f o r
are not
voluminous.
References
to t h i s r e g i o n i n the w r i t i n g s of A r c h i l o c h o s ,
Herodotos,
had
pro-
to be
lived
flora
the r e s o u r c e s of the a r e a .
Olbia.
ities
and
t e c t u r e are b r i e f l y
about
t h e i r r e l a t i o n s w i t h the s e t t l e r s of
the
In the
life
The
s i t e of the c i t y
and
peculiar-
i t s archi-
themselves
The
region's
Strabo.
at t h i s e a r l y p e r i o d
6.
t h e r e i s o n l y a s m a t t e r i n g of w r i t t e n i n f o r m a t i o n .
D i o Chrys-
ostom p r o v i d e s a h i n t about the mode of d r e s s a t O l b i a , D i o doros and Herodotos mention the c o l o n i s t s ' M i l e s i a n o r i g i n and
d e s c r i b e t h e i r d e a l i n g s w i t h the S c y t h i a n s , and Strabo
us that a major,preoccupation
few
tells
of the O l b l o p o l i t a i was t r a d e .
i n s c r i p t i o n s p r o v i d e a fragmentary
p i c t u r e of O i b i a n ex-
t e r n a l r e l a t i o n s i n the s i x t h and f i f t h c e n t u r i e s .
All
"Testimonia,
11
i n the next
chapter.
the r a t h e r
Unfortun-
a t e l y , a l t h o u g h the s i t e
Russia)
( near N i k o l a e v i n Southern
hemisphere.
e s p e c i a l l y the l i s t s of a r t i f a c t s r e c o v e r e d from
the c i t y ' s
upon
the O i b i a n f a c t o r i e s t h a t s p e c i a l i z e d i n i m i t a t i o n s of S c y t h i a n
art,
a r c h i t e c t u r e adapted
In construction
7.
and
style
and r e l i g i o u s c l u e s .
An appendix pro-
those
e x h i b i t i n g a d i s t i n c t l y Scythian influence i n
design.
E p i g r a p h i c a l evidence
c e n t u r i e s of her e x i s t e n c e .
earthed
on the s i t e
at O l b i a i s scanty f o r the e a r l i e s t
Pew of the many i n s c r i p t i o n s un-
can be dated
before
the t h i r d
century
B.C.;
aspects
of l i f e
century.
i n the f i r s t
T h i s evidence
" a t home."
will
where p o s s i b l e , the
i n the O l b i a n s o c i e t y that r e p r e s e n t
two
a depart-
8.
II
TESTTMONIA
The
literary
and T o d
and c i t e by
number.
The m a t e r i a l has been r o u g h l y c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o content under the f o l l o w i n g headings: The S i t e and Surrounding
Country, The Climate and L i v i n g C o n d i t i o n s , Resources
and Ind-
u s t r i e s , The S c y t h i a n s , The O l b i o p o l i t a i , E x t e r n a l R e l a t i o n s .
In the body of t h i s study, r e f e r e n c e w i l l be made to these
t e s t i m o n i a by number.
a. THE SITE AND SURROUNDING COUNTRY
T l . D i o Chrysostom, XXXVI, '1,2.
rj yap 710X15 TO uev etXncpev
9.
xa\
vuv
xa t i i n p o r e p o v
N
xaAoujie'vnc; a x p a c ,
ou
ev TG
x a \ aTepebv Monep
TO
6e
Tt
btaxoatous*
6e
aiiTou
evTeu^ev
ytyveTat
For,
T(6T)
ourto? coxelTO,
Hat*
eu^oXov,
XtuvaCouat
not Tb
eupog
uep't
ne'xpt
ov\
o auuntTCTOuatv o l
T)TTOV
xat
eVt
ftaXxcTTnc;
TauTT)
axebo'v
aTabtouc,
TCOV TtoTau&v.
Y XT)VTi xalc;
a
TtoTap.ot.
eubtatg
eoVl
ev
\tp.vT)
OTaSepa'.
about
a ramming- beak,
here i s
There i s In t h a t r e g i o n a g r e a t d e a l o f
as one f i n d s on a q u i e t
T 2 . D i o Chrysostom,
such
lake.
XXXVI, 6 .
10.
ov upbs
TO
poor
The
upo$
v
uxYeftoc, ou6e
XTJV
tox^v
TT]S noXeto?.
q u a l i t y o f the b u i l d i n g s
the c i t y w i t h i n n a r r o w l i m i t s
and the s h r i n k i n g
are evidence o f i t s o v e r t h r o w ;
of
s e c t i o n of
the
i n g , now d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e
to the s i z e
and power of
the c i t y .
anb
yap.Iaxpou
xe erci
TT)V
kn\
xCuvnv
B o p u a $ e v e a Sena
dena K O U
xot>s HaxO'iTep-&e
6e 060s
TJ
tiuepnaCn
Exu-frecov
O!HT)-
ava 6ir)K<5caa
nat
TI
anb B o p u a & e v e o c ;
T O anb S-aXaaanc;
06 6q,
xexpaHtaxiXiu)v
Tiuepewv
xa
op&ta
xa
ec,
XT)V
neaoyatav
cpepovxa
auxT).
Now,
since
the same
11
Tlj.. S t r a b o , V I I ,
&r)pai
lj.,8.
xolc; ne6Cot?
Y^vea^at
ev
xotc;
XO'TCOIC,
xouxcov
etx* evxeu^ev
XT\<;
.kXacpou
6po^ici),
H O I
Ttlfviov
xotc,
pio'&cucav eie;
TT)V
xe9a\T)v,
ea$ou pa6u*)s.
'Prfvou xou
x Q
xouxotc;.
o-aaypcov, ev 6e
xotaurq
Maiotfxifios.
The w i l d game i n the marshes i n c l u d e deer and w i l d
w h i l e on the p l a i n s t h e r e are w i l d
it
i s a strange f a c t
try.
boar,
t h a t the e a g l e I s n o t found i n t h i s
There i s a f o u r - f o o t e d c r e a t u r e c a l l e d
the
"stump-horn-
coun-
than e i t h e r o f them.
sheep
The
through i t s
i n waterless
the I s t r o s R i v e r from
12.
T5.
Strabo, VII,
eixa
3,17.
BopuaSevTK noxa^bc;
wai
exouaa
ouc; dianoat'ouc;
xaXeixai,
Xiu^va.
6u(j5vup.os
TiXetfaavxi, 6e xbv
\xya e u n o p t o v ,
Texcov
Zapuaxat
x x t a u a MIXT|O-IGJV .
o l BaatXeiou
itXeov v o u a 6 e s ,
XeyoVevoi
xaV
bXiYOi- HCXI y e w P Y ^ S
r\ 6e
uaaa
6uepHetnevTi
xai/Taxpou
e p n u t a , 'ercetxa ou T u p e y e x a i ,
xa\
^OXBia
Bopua^evn a x a 6 i -
upwxri u.ev
eaxtv
uv
xo
emueXouuevoi.
Next i s the B o r y s t h e n e s R i v e r , n a v i g a b l e f o r a d i s t a n c e
of
s i x hundred
called
s t a d e s , and
the H y p a n i s .
t h a t has
s t a d e s up
the Borysthenes,
great
trading
i t there i s another
an i s l a n d
name as t h e r i v e r ;
adjoining
an a n c h o r a g e .
the c i t y
one
I f one
will
i s also
sails
two
c e n t r e , a colony of M i l e t o s .
Of
there i s
hundred
come u p o n a c i t y
called Olbia.
river
o f the
It i s a
a l l the
territ-
o r y b e y o n d whst I have d e s c r i b e d , b e t w e e n t h e B o r y s t h e n e s
the I s t r o s ,
one
the f i r s t
part
comes t o t h e T y r e g e t a n s
so-called
i s the D e s e r t o f the G e t a i ,
and
R o y a l S c y t h i a n s , and
t h e most p a r t ,
a l t h o u g h a few
same
and
and
the I a z y g i a n Sarmatians,
then
the
t h e O u r g o i , who a r e nomads f o r
of
them engage i n f a r m i n g .
13.
y ^ v e T a t n p u u o s , ev
T[T)\ov.
not
oTos
Tcotrfaets
e r a TOU x p u a T a W o u ot
OUTIO
4>uxea auTO$t e a T t .
TPOTCOUS Ttaat T o t a t ev a W o t a t
nextoptaTat
xupioioa Y < Y v o u e v o t a t
oubev,
xziiiQoi,
TO 6e $epos
ua)v OUH a v t e t .
All
Thus w i n t e r
T h i s k i n d of w i n t e r I s
In-
lands;
13-19.
6f]uoc; xe
/
TCOXIC;
xe,
ou$' oV
aXX'
ETCI
av a4; e i u YCUBV
aaxepoevxa,
cW oOpocvodev
Ttpoxpatrnxai,
have t h e i r
iaxi
u^xpi
Tffc
Mcuwxi6oc.
auxwv
15.
6e T<3V ent $ a \ a T T r ) xh
xe
-to
apxTtxioraTa
x a \ Kapxtv^xou,
xa$'$v
axou,a xr\q
Matcoxtboc;.
(bJaptyov
yap
ubptat,
utxpot,
Ta
6e T t p o p a T a ueyaXa*
ex
6oc, 6T)\O'S c r t t v .
du.aeueTat yap
Ix
TOU n a v T t x a n a t o u ,
All
Tt13v a u u p a t v c f v T i o v
coerce xa\ r c a y o v
Ttep t
v
btdnXouc;
el v a t
TQV 6e
Tb
yevTO
pifrTOVTat
Twfytov
TI
Tfic; M a t u r e t -
aTOua
o etc; $ a v a y o p t a v
xa\
o6ov.
ex-
Gulf
and
the horns o f f
of the c o l d .
larger.
16.
When the f l u i d w i t h i n f r e e z e s s o l i d ,
open.
bronze j a r s
split
clear-
there
wagon, the i c e b e i n g as s o l i d
as a highway.
ueye^os
xols
xai. . TCXT)$OS.
xeXeuxuW
xa\
uV a u x f i a t
x e t x a t yap
hyyvxa-za y t v e x a t , o x d x a v
xoxe oXtyov
xpovov
$epuavet
eVt
xaxd
o x e rjXtoc
xd? $eptvds
eX$n
rceptobous
x a t ou acpobpa* x d x e n v e u -
u a x a o u x d c p t x v e t x a t , T)v UTI o X t y a x t s
ubdxwv TCOXXSV
e'axtv.
6uaotXTixd
ev x o u x o t a t
be x"a opea e x X e t u e t *
oube'rtoxe
Tirfp
x e x a x e x e i - noXus x f ] s
btatxeuvxat*
iptXd x d \ o u x eaxecpdvwvxat
'dpxxiov
yriv
axeTtaCeadat.
oxt
oux
e a x t v dXen
e t a t ueyaXat
oube
axe'Tin.
iie'pa u b a x e t v b v
Xtbvoc,
xat
eXxovxes
Tcayexcov,
auxo\
auxr}
xTje;
a t be uexapoXaX
ecouxolc;
Y * k
xaXatTtiupou
aueovxec;.
oux
uexaXXaaaouaat
x a \ $epeoc; x a t XELH^VOS,
uoaxa
TJ (JHXOXTJS,
xOv topewv
e t a t atxw xe
x a \ rcaxu'v* x d x e
x o u xe
rcebta
t a x u p a t , 'aXX* o u o t a t x a t b x f y o v
b t o x t x a t x d e t b e a o'uotot
ate\
iiexeiopa y a p to
6* Y & P
oube
iiue'pnc; x d u e b t a , xoct
o p e a t v , aXX* rj d v d v x e a a n b xwv
uno
xouxcov b e
diro
xpewuevot
xbv
xe
u t v o v x e c ; arco
17.
The S c y t h i a n r a c e i s f a r from p r o l i f i c
ory
breeds
and t h e i r
territ-
the n o r t h e r n
s o l s t i c e , i t r a i s e s the temperature
to
a s m a l l degree.
f o r only a b r i e f period,
and
never r e a c h so f a r n o r t h , except f e e b l y on r a r e o c c a s i o n s .
Prom
Because t h i s c o l d never l e a v e s
they are u n i n h a b i t a b l e .
The
S c y t h i a n s spend
the
day,
s o r t of summer
days.
No
their
The
reason
which p r o v i d e s no warmth or s h e l t e r .
As f o r the seasons,
their
18
changes are s l i g h t
and i n s i g n i f i c a n t ,
a l l months b e i n g much
a l i k e because they a l l eat the same food and wear the same
c l o t h i n g , summer and w i n t e r ; and they are a l l s u b j e c t to b r e a t h i n g the t h i c k , m o i s t atmosphere, and to d r i n k i n g water
comes from snow and i c e , and to a v o i d i n g heavy
c. RESOURCES AND
that
exertion.
INDUSTRIES
.TO
6potc;.
taxots
6e
XOCTCOV
rjtov ianv
enexovxes.
o$ev ot %\eiovq
olxoGvxec;
XTJV
and
TOUC;
TX\T)VOS
aXac; xa\
Tauptxrfv.
thickly
In f a c t many of the t r e e s
stand
concentrat-
salt.
19
Til.
2-lj..
^oXepdTat,
x^PT)
pa&uxdxiT
vuvxat a i t X e x o f
ouat, Ttapexexat i s
d r i n k , and
flows c r y s t a l
xaXe-
xapCxeuatv....
TCTIY-
which
v e r y t a l l grass wherever
the l a n d i s not c u l t i v a t e d .
At the
and
and
a n t n k a i o l , are
available f o r salting.
T12. P o l y b i o s , IV, 38,J+-5.
rcpbs uev yap xaq dvayxatas xou ptou x P ^ S tcx xe ^peuuaxa not
E
xPU
bacHXe'axaxov xa\
a t
x a T O V
Ttoxe
uev
As f o r the n e c e s s i t i e s of l i f e ,
everyone
agrees t h a t the
conven-
men
20.
who
can be used as s l a v e s .
p l i e s an abundance
And In a d d i t i o n t h a t r e g i o n sup-
l i m i t , r e c e i v i n g from our l o c a l i t i e s
i n exchange our p l e n t i -
But as f o r g r a i n , the
grain,
T13. S t r a b o , V I I , 6,2.
6'* e a T u v
e l s 6e Euvunrnv
rcpo'uoOaa w p a u o T e p a 7tpos T e
TTJV
$rjpav
xa\
TTJV
Tapuxeuav
COTUV.
combined
w i t h the narrowness o f the waters; here, because o f the conf i n e d passage, they can be caught even by hand.
The t u n n i e s
21.
begin l i f e
gained a l i t t l e
Trap-
time I t i s p o s s i b l e to
At t h i s
point
salting.
Tllj.. Theophrastos,
IV, 5,3
TWV 6e
Tpttaxd
vnv
T^uepouu-evtov
xou.
uupptvnv,
TU> n b v x a )
pota\
6e
TT)V
apa
& i H a t xr\c; 6e
6e
Tieuxn
uypa
xP^vxat
TI e v
ayptac;
xa\
6e
aurn
ye
xat
Ttpbs
TOTtots
xP^otat.
u\ns
ikdxr)
a\)xr\ TtX^v
Ttat
auxat
TteptaxeuaCouevat.
TxavTobanurcaTat x d \
xa\
ndvTOv
ipuxpois
ZXI
npb<z xa<z t e p o a u v a s *
axat
TCOXU
To"ts
xa\
eaTt
TUTUS OUX
xzipwv
xa
6p0s
TcoXXa\
xai
eaTtv
xa\
ueXta
ou6l
TtX^jv
xat
o'Xcos
Itvwutxfis,
xaOxa
eu-
6e xaY u n X e a t
6' e a p t v a \
rcTeXea
TCOXU xr\c\
uTtat-Opta.
6e
6e
ev
aTcoubaCovTiov
autot
aurat
6occp-
unou-eveiv
u.upptvT)v....
ueye&etc; x a t
fvbctbov
ev
TOUTWV 6e TJTTOV
xa\
TidvTa p i n x a v a j u e v w v
auTtt.
cpaatv
uxv
otv
TtXe't-
et
xot-
oaa
ou6ev
wore
rcep\
ou6e
xbv
auTOU.
22.
even though people are most anxious to r a i s e
these
plants,
of them p r o l i f i c
retarded.
Although
the i n d i g e n o u s f o r e s t i n c l u d e s such
to that of Sinope,
i t , except f o r outdoor
construction.
of most of the P o n t i c r e g i o n .
T15.
Strabo, X I , 2,3.
Ttuv
vop.a6wv
ayo'vxtov xa t 6epuaxa xa\ el' xt a\\o xQv voua6tx<2v, xtov 6' eaSnxa
N
XTIS
xtCoue'viov.
It
to b o t h A s i a n and
i n t o the l a k e .
23
and whatever e l s e nomads possess, w h i l e the o t h e r s
offered
d. THE SCYTHIANS
Tl6.
Herodotos, IV,
TO 6e u e y t o x o v
ine\$6vxa
ini
1^,2.
UTI o'to'v x e e t v a t * x o t a t
a \ X a <j>epeotxot
x e eeupe$f|vat
aaxea
y^P
urjxe
xetxea
av
e'tnaav
Now
xaxaXaBetv
p
exxtaue'va,
t e u.nde'va
ot>xot a u a x o t
xe x a \
arcopot
Ceuyewv,
xw?
ixpoauLayetv;
a safe r e t r e a t ,
to men who
ifications,
ers
but who
have n e i t h e r
e s t a b l i s h e d c i t i e s nor
fort-
l i v i n g not by a g r i c u l t u r e but by r a i s i n g
cattle,
and
who
and d i f f i c u l t y of approach.
Strabo, VII,
Ij., 6
e t a t v TJ X n a x p t x o t , rcoXeu-
21*.
ede'Xouat
avx\
xauTTis
ayanQai
xal
xd
dvayxata
TOU
TTJV
e'xetv
cpopouc;
yr\v
Tots
TOUC;
Xau^dvovTes
auvTeTayuevouc; u e T p t o u g T t v d s OUX
i^iffaepa
yap
eTttTpeipavTes
cpopiov.
ptou*
T&
Tco\euouatv.
Now
than b a n d i t s ,
the moderate t r i b u t e
T h e i r p r i c e s are f a i r
that
the S c y t h i a n s go t o war w i t h
them.
T l 8 . H i p p o k r a t e s , de Aere, 18
TI 6e
Exu$eu>v
<\>i\r) xa t
s
atTeuvTat,
auaSpatv
xuxXot,
6e xa\
TauTa
e'vubpos
TO
XeTeuouat
epnutTi
u6iop
xaXeuu.e'vT) rtedtac;
ueTptws.
Noua6es 6e
otxeuatv.
xaXeOvTat,
at 6e auaat
ai 6e e a x u x \ o t *
TeTexvaauevat
6e xa\
aTeyvd
coarcep
etat
xat
vTaO$a
6rt
oux
etatv
au\at 6e
eaTtv
at
TttXotc;
otxTfuata T a
xai
yap
rcoTaum
TC3V T t e 6 t i o v .
ex
eaTt
up'bc;
uev
uev
\etuaxio6ris
ueyaXot',
ot
Exu&at
xat
o^ o5t-
oixTfuaxa, a\\*
J
e\.dxtaTat
x ^ ^ v a xa\ npos T a
uev
TeTpd-
n e p tTtecpayp-evat
6tTt\a, T a 6e
ev
etat
TptTtXS.
Ttveu'-
6 u o , xa<z 6e Tpt'a
25.
xauxrjat ubv
6' eY
i i w
axa xa
ev
oxeOvxac ot av6pes.
e<W
xoaottxov
ou yap
xa\ at Boec x a l ot
auxot
tTinot.
xw aux<3
i n t h i s r e g i o n too l i v e
the S c y t h i a n s who
there are
plains,
are c a l l e d ^omads
although
some have s i x
are l a i d
horses.
I t i s because of
While the women
r i d e along on horseback,
them f o l l o w s the t r a i n of t h e i r
The
im-
Teams of h o r n l e s s o x e n
and behind
out
sheep, c a t t l e
and
place.
26.
Ttaarjc;
xouxou
uapa^aXaaatwv
rcpuixot K a W i n -
xaXeovxat.
xaxa xauxa xu$nat eTtaaxe'oucH, atxov 6 xa\ auetpouat xa\ atxe'ovxat, xa\ xpou-uua xa\ axopo6a xa\ 9axo\>s xat xeyxpou?.
<5uep
6e 'AXaCo'vcov oixe'ouat xu$at apoxfjpec;, ot oux'eui atxrfat artetpouat xbv atxov 'aXX* eVt tcpnat.
Neupot\
TjueC? tbuev.
xaOxa Uev uap'a xbv ifnavtv itoxauov eVrt e#vea upb? eanepris x o u
BopuaSeveos*
xou?
c/
tOTtoX^xac;.
Bopua-
ouxot Sv ot yewpyo\
Exu$at veuovxat xb u.ev up'bc; XTJV r)w TCI xpetc; rfue^pas obou, xaxrjxovxec; ent noxaubv xw 06'voua xetxat navxtxa'Ttnc;, xb 6e upbs
Boperjv &veu,ovTCXO'OVdva xbv Bopua^evea rjuepe'cdv evbexa. r)5r) 6e
xaxuuep$e xouxwv rj eprjuo'c; e'axt eVt TIOXXOV .
>
uexa 6e x r j v
epTjuov
Beyond
dv^pujmuv
'tduev.
27.
Greeks.
Alazones.
and m i l -
the l a n d - t i l l i n g S c y t h i a n s who
but f o r s a l e .
And
upon
( t o themselves
c o l o n i s t s g i v e the name O l b i o p o l i t a i ) .
e r s occupy
the t e r r i t o r y
wards as f a r as a r i v e r
and e l e v e n d a y s
l i v i n g on the
these Greek
These S c y t h i a n farm-
t r a v e l northward
up the Borysthenes.
And
e a t e r s , a separate and n o n - S c y t h i a n r a c e .
28.
T20.
Herodotos, IV,
76,
78-80
UT)TE
Txpoataxet iq K u C t x o v
xobq
KuCtxnvous
n o t eupe yap
n d t uytT)c; aTtovoaxrfaT) iq
<SL
ewuxou, &uaetv xe
XTJV
XT)V
drtexxetve.
xuyxdWi
Exu&etov xaxacppaa^el?
xaXeo-
not ^xbnaduevos'ayaXuaxa.
aTctHOuevos
XT*|V
d 'Avdxapats
dvdyovxaq
be dutxexo iq
uevnv''YXatnv
Ttoteuvxa
e t ' p n x a t %ep\
6 be xat
auxbs
xaOxa, x o e u a a ? a6xbv
'Avcgcapatc;, ou cpaat
\iiv
6u.t\tas.
nefoeoq
e'lia^e
6 'Apta-
ouxos yCvexai
r)q
paatXe'oc;,
29.
' A p t a r t E t ^ E t natc;.
TJPEOXEXO
BaatXsuwv
E x u ^ t x r ) aXXa
TIOXXOV
npbc; x a E X X r j v t x a uSXXov x x p a ^ c
EUXE
d y a y o t xrjv a x p a x t r j v xrjv
EXU&EWV EC; t b
B o p u a ^ s v E t x s w v d'axu
EV
OMWS e X & o i
o Exuftrjc;,
XT)V u v a x p a x t r j v x a x a X t u E a x E
^X$ot E'C; xb xEtxoc, x a t xac; -rcuXac;
EXWV
OU6EVOC;
Xr)vt6a E a ^ f j x a ,
xauxrjv rVyopaCe
OUXE
bopucpopwv
EKOUE'VWV
EXUSE'WV
OUXE
J
6''av
aXXou
xac;
6 t a x p t ( p E t e uf]va f)
TIXEOV XOUXOU,
aTcaXXaaoExo
axoXrfv....
'EuEtxE
7t$u|ir)aE
Atovubxj) B a x x E t w xXa$f)vat* u x X X o v x t
' d y a $ a t xrjv
^EVEIXEWV
xa\
XEXEXTJV EYE'VEXO
9aaua u y t a x o v .
avrfuriv
rjv o t
TIOXUXEXEOC,
o X t y w x t updxEpov xouxcov
6E o t EC, x ^ P .
stxov.
EV
a c
Bopua-
TCEptBoXrf, xfjc,
xrjv TCpt X e u x o u
xouxov
'Qc, 6e
aqptyyEc;
baxtc. u a t v a $ a t
UEXOC x a O x a
upoaxriaauEvot
TrjpEU)
xbv
evayEt dv^pwrtouc;....
Er)Xauve
abEXcpebv a u x o u
Q-uyaxpbc;, s r c a v t a x E a x o
'Oxxauaadbrjv,
xw Z x u X r j .
yEyovdxa
EX
xf)c;
30.
There he found
the c i t i z e n s c e l e b r a t i n g v e r y l a v i s h l y a f e s t i v a l i n honour
of the Mother of the Gods, and he, A n a c h a r s i s , vowed to the
goddess t h a t , i f he made a safe a r r i v a l home, he would o f f e r
s a c r i f i c e u s i n g the r i t e he had observed
the K y z i k o i p r a c t i c i n g ,
So when he had
a r r i v e d I n S c y t h i a , g o i n g o f f i n t o the r e g i o n c a l l e d the
Woodland, which l i e s near
the Racetrack
of A c h i l l e s and which
happens to be covered w i t h t r e e s of a l l k i n d s , A n a c h a r s i s
c a r r i e d out i n f u l l
b a l s and s t a t u e s .
the r i t e
him i n
when he a r r i v e d
doing
I f anyone nowadays
31.
But many y e a r s l a t e r
a similar
i n v o l v i n g S k y l e s the son of A r i a p i t h e s . S k y l e s
of s e v e r a l c h i l d r e n born t o A r i a p i t h e s , k i n g of the
i a n s , but he was
case
was
Scyth-
the o f f s p r i n g of an I s t r i a n r a t h e r than a
b o t h spoken and w r i t t e n .
A f t e r a time, however,
Spar-
g a p i t h e s the A g a t h y r s i a n k i n g , S k y l e s i n h e r i t e d b o t h the
and the w i f e of h i s f a t h e r .
n a t i v e town) was
Opoeia,
throne
her
s i n c e he was
way
of l i f e ,
a l t o g e t h e r d i s s a t i s f i e d w i t h the S c y t h i a n
the e d u c a t i o n t h a t he had
enjoyed, he used
to do as f o l l o w s :
c i t y o f Borysthenes
:
(the
i n h a b i t a n t s of t h i s c i t y r e f e r to themselves
as M i l e s i a n s ) and,
c l o t h i n g , he used
unattended
by
him.
to go
spearmen or anyone e l s e .
and
Meanwhile someone
32.
used
t h i s mode o f d r e s s .
aspects o f Greek l i f e ,
from
S k y l e s conformed to
even to the e x t e n t of p e r f o r m i n g
s a c r i f i c e a c c o r d i n g t o the Greek r i t e s .
F i n a l l y , when he had
c l o t h i n g and d e p a r t .
He d i d t h i s q u i t e f r e q u e n t l y .
He
and he m a r r i e d a l o c a l
woman.
But sooner
or l a t e r
he was on the p o i n t o f u n d e r t a k i n g
portent occurred.
t h i s , a very
g r e a t and expensive
and g r i f f i n s i n white
stone formed
significant
a
above,
a
a thunderbolt.
nevertheless carried
The S c y t h i a n s , how-
to worship
i n t h i s r i t e , on
a god who d r i v e s
33.
So,
d. THE
T21.
Athenaios,
MUTICHOI
HCU
xag
6'
XII,
eio? uev
brother
against
Skyles.
OLBIOPOLITAI
523
OUH
expt^cpcov, ev6tu>v
O V naxt^Huaav tcoXeai
people,
Kauixpa'ts, H C U
EHOOCS,
HCU
xbv
IOS
cpocatv 'jUcpopos,
Etfeetvov
TIO'VX-
MiArfaioi,.
l o n g as the M i l e s i a n s d i d not y i e l d
races.
and
s e t t l e d the Euxine
luxury,
away, as A r i s t o t l e r e c o r d s ,
Dio
and
s t a t e ' s manliness d r a i n e d
T22.
living
i n c o n t r o l , as Ephoros t e l l s us,
to s o f t
and
ago
the
men."
Chrysostom, XXXVI, 7
ITITUHIUV
the
31*-.
xat TT)V
utxpbv ue\av,
XETIXO'V, coarcep
etateaatv ot Bopua$evetxat.
He wore on h i s b e l t a great
ed i n t r o u s e r s and
his
shoulders
tuaxtov
dress-
he wore a b l a c k cloak of l i g h t
Borysthenitai generally
c l o t h , as
over
the
do.
f . EXTERNAL RELATIONS
T23.. A r c h i l o c h o s , f r a g . 7 9 ( D i e h l )
xuu[aat] Tt\a[ Coji] evo? .
xav
pj|KS axpo[x]ouot
\apotev e v $ a nbW
dvatc\T)aet xaxdc
fill
his
body s t i f f e n e d by the c o l d .
T21|.
7itnxoucrf
there he w i l l
astray
have
Xenophon, Anabasis,
ev$a xwv
sent
eiq
xbv
V I I , 5, 12-11).
xe'vayos ydp
eaxtv
ex-
35.
ot
xeuvs 6\ \zyov
evxaO-fra nuptoxovxo
uoXXaY U E V xX?vat, noXXd 6e xtptoxta, ttoXXat 6e ptpXot y E y p a u UEvat, xat xaXXa TioXXd oaa E V uXCvot$ xeuxeat vauxXrjpot ayouatv.
Here
shoals t h a t abound i n t h i s p a r t o f the s e a . And the Thraci a n s who i n h a b i t t h i s coast plunder the s h i p s t h a t r u n aground,
each band descending upon those s h i p s w i t h i n i t s own marked
boundaries.
ship-
owners c a r r y i n wooden c o f f e r s .
T25. P l i n y , Nat. H i s t . , I V , 13, 93
Non
e s t omittenda multorum
o p i n i o , priusquam d i g r e d i m u r
a Ponto, q u i m a r i a omnia i n t e r i o r a i l l o
c a p i t e n a s c i , non
36.
within
the M e d i t e r r a n e a n a r i s e
through the
from t h a t
S t r a i t s of Gades; and
a b i l i t y from the f a c t
t h a t there
their
source, and
not
argument d e r i v e s
i s a current flowing
i n the
prob-
con-
opposite
direction.
T26.
Tuxrjt
ava$f]t.
'OXB touoXtxat
'^bwxav Xatptyevet
Mr)xpo6topou
Me^ri-
elaayr\i
raxtoec;,n
ofc; xotva xd
rj eCayrit, r)
beXcpot
uaxpuka, f)
a-
$epa7twv
xat
xat
e[u]
TioXeuwt xa\
ev
W i t h the b l e s s i n g of the
gods, the O l b i o p o l i t a i
have
de-
37.
creed proxeny
to C h a i r i g e n e s
and t o h i s d e s c e n d a n t s ;
of Mesembria,
and a l s o
son o f M e t r o d o r o s ,
the r i g h t
of c i t i z e n s h i p ,
o f e x e m p t i o n f r o m a l l t a r i f f s o n w h a t he h i m s e l f
ren or h i s
brothers
and c o - h e i r s o r h i s
i n v i o l a b l y and w i t h o u t
T27. T o d , 195
i n wartime or
or
in
treaty.
( t r e a t y b e t w e e n O l b i a and M i l e t o s , _ca.330
child-
a g e n t may i m p o r t
e x p o r t u p o n e n t e r i n g and l e a v i n g t h e c i t y
peace,
or h i s
and
B.C.)
x b u MtXrfatov
ev
i e p d x d a u x d cpotxav x d |J b n u o a i a x a x d x a a u x d x a t 'OXBtorcoXtJ
e t v a t 6e x a \ dxeXetac. MtXrjatotc. x a j f o x a a a x a t -rcpdxepov
xa?*
eav 6e $ e X r ] t J
x t u o u x t & u , i i e x e x e t v , e n t BouXriv
entxajj x a t
riaav
duo-
etatv
e t v a t 6e x a t r c p o e b p t a y , n a t e t a x n j p u a a e a S a t
dyflvac; x a \
|TiaJpda$at
xa'Cc; x p t a x a a t y ,
xaSaaaa
etc; xouc.
x a \ J eu MtXrfxwt
xfflt MtXnacwt
ev'0X8tat,
e t v a t 6e J [ d j x e X e t c ; uavxac. M t X n a i f o u s ,
ev a X X r ^ t }
uoXet
aaxnpujv.
xaxd
etvat,
r|xu>t
uoXtxeubvxat
xau|xa
x a \ dpxetw(u)|
6e x a l '0X8toTcoXtxac,
n\r)v
oaot
uexe'xouatY not
eu,
MtXrfxiot d x e l X e l l c .
UTKxpjxetY
x a ^ o x t x a \ M t X n a t o t c . ev
The f o l l o w i n g p r o v i s i o n s
6txMtX-
'OXBtouoXet.
38.
itai
end
rifice
the M i l e s i a n s :
at the same a l t a r s as an O i b i a n
p u b l i c temples on
there
t h a t the M i l e s i a n In O l b i a may
are the
and
citizens;
enter
and
the
that
as there f o r m e r l y
the o f f i c e of a m a g i s t r a t e ,
be r e g i s t e r e d before
he must go before
holding o f f i c e ,
to t a x a t i o n , j u s t as the other
that the M i l e s i a n may
on
the
Council
c i t i z e n s are;
and,
the T r i k a d e s ,
to
subject
furthermore,
citizen,
sac-
the r i g h t
the r i g h t to p a r t i c i p a t e i n
j u s t as they do
i n Miletos;
and
receive
the p e o p l e ' s t r i b u n a l .
judgement w i t h i n f i v e days
A l l Milesians
to O l b i a n s
or
T h i s agreement a l s o
s i m i l a r l y exempt from
i n Miletos
exempt from
have c i t i z e n s h i p or h o l d a c i v i c
j u d i c i a l m a g i s t r a c y i n another s t a t e .
i n M i l e t o s , and
are to be
before
p r o v i s i o n s are to
taxation
apply
j u s t as they do f o r M i l e s i a n s i n O l b i a .
39.
Ill
L I F E IN A NEW ENVIRONMENT
southward i n t o
Russia i s , i n f a c t ,
i n Southern
the O l b i a of the a n c i e n t l i t e r a r y t r a d i t -
i o n i s n o t a matter of d i s p u t e .
c i t y o f Borysthenes ( a l s o
dred
jut-
A l t h o u g h S t r a b o ^ p l a c e s the
c a l l e d O l b i a ) a t a p o i n t two hun-
a common e s t u a r y ,
i n length.
confluence.
unequivocally
i d e n t i f i e s the O l b i o p o l i t a i as
1. T5.
2. T19.
3. T l .
ho.
fourth-century
III. Hellenistic
X
Archaic
graves.
graves.
masonry.
graves.
in.
R i v e r (the Bug).
tail
He goes on to d e s c r i b e
the l o c a t i o n i n de-
the two r i v e r s ,
the promontory.
and on
He a l s o
O i b i a n c o i n s and
city's
i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n by Strabo
was a colony
of M i l e t o s i s supported
found on the s i t e .
identity.
and Herodotos
by the e a r l i e s t
that O l b i a
pottery
h a l f of the s i x t h century
B.C., are
3
among the e a r l i e s t
e s t s t r a t a i s o f E a s t Greek o r i g i n .
recovered
seventh century,
Eusebios
1. T5-
2. T20.
to the f i n a l q u a r t e r of the
very s h o r t l y a f t e r
f o r Olbia's founding.
Small
by
t e r r a c o t t a f i g u r e s rang-
The
same i s t r u e of
the j e w e l l e r y i s of I o n i a n o r i g i n i n most
2
cases.
An e s p e c i a l l y v a l u a b l e i n d i c a t i o n of the r e l a t i o n s h i p
of M i l e t o s and O l b i a i s a f o u r t h - c e n t u r y
i n s c r i p t i o n found at
i n the
other.^
r e g i o n of which O l b i a e v e n t u a l l y formed an
c e n t r e was,
as we
take
important
i t s hinter-
The
land
and D n i e p e r R i v e r s .
ways t h i s r e g i o n r e p r e s e n t e d ,
Aegean shores
a thousand m i l e s
was
steppes,
In a number of
to s e t t l e r s coming from
to the south,
a very
alien
environment.
O l b i a must, i n f a c t , be regarded
ground to which Greek c i v i l i z a t i o n was
planted.
1.
ever
successfully trans-
I t s v a s t h i n t e r l a n d of i n h o s p i t a b l e w i l d e r n e s s , i t s
2.
as the most n o r t h e r l y
Black
3. This i n s c r i p t i o n (T27)
i s discussed
i n chapter
V below.
1*3.
foruslhene
'river ,
Olbia ,
Tyras
jiPanVicapaiod
Chersonese
'CMetsos
5/ f\eien(V>r)a
THRACE.
unfamiliar
t e r r a i n , i t s severe
c l i m a t e and
the p r i v a t i o n that
the somewhat l i m i t e d n a t i v e f l o r a r e p r e s e n t e d
demanded a very
s p e c i a l e f f o r t of a d a p t a t i o n on the p a r t of i t s new
One
of
life
of the f i r s t
e c t i o n and e l i m i n a t i o n .
tlement
a process of
composed o n l y of men
B.C.,
who,
to be
forbidshrugcentury
contemplated v e n t u r i n g northward.
Even i f the g e n e r a l Impression
of the n o r t h e r n wastes as
t r e a t e d w i t h some i n c r e d -
ards remained to be
a t i o n s was
all.
set-
having
sel-
ged o f f by
inhabitants.
considered.
The f i r s t
of these
consider-
Both P l i n y
and
describe
at
the
1. T2S,
2.
Black Sea P i l o t . P , 2 1 ,
line
"The
s u r f a c e cur-
" i s s i m i l a r i n c h a r a c t e r to
1*5.
t h a t w h i c h w o u l d be
high pressure,
ancient
Sea
ing
Oar-driven
speed g r e a t
four-knot
reme o f
n a r r o w and
of
that
the
the
i n the
times,
Carpenter
sustaining oar-driven
six
To
the
Greek n a v i g a t o r
to O l b i a i n the
sixth
B o s p o r o s must
certainly
undertaking.
While
passage,
how
world
1.
might
Carpenter,
LII
2.
and
century
have l o o m e d
c o n s i d e r i n g the
a prospective
frequent
the
other
colonist
hand, had
the
seems n o t
to
problems of
contacts
have
five
through
a forbiddingly
the
or
Mi-
the
difficult
northward
asked
with
oar-
tri-
a voyage from
passage
to
unrelent-
speeds exceeding
the
Black
a sustained
c o u l d w e l l have
dependable O l b i a ' s
the
E v e n the G r e e k
planning
as
current
northerly
into
achieved
argues,
of
letos
sail
channels."
this
prevailing
Bosporos.
been capable
knots.
of
e n o u g h t o make headway a g a i n s t
current
classical
they
under
irregular
effect
v e s s e l s , on
f o r many c e n t u r i e s b e f o r e
powered
j e t of water,
B o s p o r o s made a v o y a g e u n d e r
impossible.
evolve
i n a study*
s h i p s , p o i n t s out
winds i n the
a great
d i r e c t e d down t h e
Rhys C a r p e n t e r ,
on
p r o d u c e d by
the
himself
Aegean
be.
"Greek P e n e t r a t i o n
of
the B l a c k
Sea,"
A.J.A.
T h a t C a r p e n t e r i s n o t g r e a t l y u n d e r e s t i m a t i n g the speed
o f a n c i e n t v e s s e l s i s i n d i c a t e d by C a s s o n ( S h i p s and
S e a m a n s h i p i n the A n c i e n t W o r l d , pp.282-281+), whose
t a b l e s o f p a s s a g e s made by a n c i e n t s h i p s show ave r a g e s p e e d s between t h r e e and s i x k n o t s i n n o r m a l
c o n d i t i o n s o f wind and c u r r e n t .
1*6.
not guaranteed
century
witness^- t h a t T h r a c i a n p i r a t e s awaited
Pontic coast.
tails
a safe voyage to
Xenophon p r o v i d e s
later
t r a v e l l e r s along t h e i r
and much f u l l e r
de-
uncharted
The v e s s e l s
a l l u r i n g t a r g e t s f o r the
professional
Thrace.
s u r v i v i n g on the f r i g i d
a t i o n , Homer's d e s c r i p t i o n
the p r o s p e c t
made to seem e q u a l l y h o p e l e s s .
3
Black
avail-
to f i n d :
In the
T23.
2. T2l*.
3. T 7 .
1*. T6.
c o a s t ; there were f r o z e n
1*7.
s u n - l o v i n g Greeks
to o f f e r .
not d e t e r r e d from m i g r a t i n g
to t h a t r e g i o n , because, i n the
ado,
the f i r s t E l Dor-
How
treasure."
f o r b i d d i n g was
across
the
that O l -
the steppes of
hinterland?
There i s a c o n s i d e r a b l e body of a n c i e n t evidence
To
surroundings,
and how
of what
they
the
to expect.
F a s c i n a t e d by the v a r i e t y of t h e i r new
been
ex-
collect-
Both Herodotos
and
p
Strabo
r e c o r d r e p o r t s of c a v a l r y e x p e d i t i o n s conducted by
1. Minns, S c y t h i a n s
2. T6,
T7.
the
1*8.
Strabo and H i p p o k r a t e s
c r i b e herds of c a t t l e Indigenous
to the r e g i o n , t h e i r
des-
horns
T y p i c a l of s t o r i e s intended
S t r a b o ^ (which he c o n s i d e r s s u f f i c i e n t l y noteworthy
telling
twice) about
the f a t e of bronze w a t e r - j a r s l e f t
doors; when t h e i r f l u i d
One
to warrant
contents s o l i d i f y ,
the j a r s
out-
shatter.
ate, from
the I n a b i l i t y
the r e g i o n to support c e r t a i n k i n d s of v e g e t a t i o n .
climof
Theophrast-
s u r v i v e the c o l d , he says.
Laurel
Fruit-trees,
1. T8.
2. T8,
3. T 7 ,
1*.
Til*.
T18.
T8.
1*9.
damp, stunted
That o l i v e s and
and
ancient
the B r i t i s h M e t e o r o l o g i c a l O f f i c e
s e t t l e r s from M i l e t o s d i d , indeed, f i n d
they were not accustomed.
Statistics
i n d i c a t e that
c o n d i t i o n s to which
Polybios.
observations
south.
vic-
degrees
the s i t e of M i l e t o s the r e c o r d s
ures of seventy
degrees
i n d i c a t e t h a t midday temperat-
January.
The
v a l l e y of the Bug
R i v e r near i t s mouth i s , as
the
temperatures, but
about f i f t e e n i n c h e s .
complaint
The
possibility
a l s o by the annual r a i n f a l l of
( T h i s does not
c o n f l i c t w i t h the
low
only
ancient
total
of Temperature.
50.
Yet
the i m p l i c a t i o n t h a t f r u i t
and v i n e s were i n t o l e r a n t o f
as s u p p o r t i n g
"some orchards
The coast i s
and virteyards."
There was
with
The c i t y o f O l b i a was i d e a l l y s i t u a t e d , as b o t h D i o
x
to r e a p the advantages o f
(The commercially
of
more d e s p i c a b l e
after
the v i c i n i t y of O l b i a . )
The r e g i o n surrounding
O l b i a provided
the arable l a n d
5
that M i l e s i a n s e t t l e r s had hoped f o r ,
Herodotos and P o l y b i o s
51.
supplied.
And
finally,
2
as DIo
Chrysostom observes,
the s i t e was
not without i t s
a e s t h e t i c charms.
Although evidence f o r the d e t a i l s of everyday
s i x t h or f i f t h century at O l b i a i s not p l e n t i f u l ,
life
i n the
there are
That
the b u s i n e s s of
of l i f e
to m a i n t a i n a Greek
clim-
ed formed O l b i a s medium of t r a d e .
1
areas immediately
I t seems t h a t e x t e n s i v e
c u l t i v a t i o n of c e r e a l s ,
and
a l a r g e submerged s t r u c t u r e i n
1.
town" appears
T l , T5.
2. T l .
3. Cf. Mongait, Archaeology
David
SKirsky,
i n the U ; S . S . R e t r a n s l a t e d
pp.190-195.
by
52.
v e s s e l s . A f e a t u r e of e x c a v a t i o n
a t O l b i a i s the f r e q u e n c y
storage
and s h i p p i n g of f o o d
products.*
statuary
part
B.C., and
I o n i a , as w e l l as the q u i t e e a r l y attempts a t a h i g h l y
civiliz-
ence t h a t the c o l o n i s t s of O l b i a
their city
the d e t a i l s o f l i f e
at home i n Greece,
nevertheless
lands.
aspect
of t h e i r f i r s t
No l i f e - s i z e d
sculpture
encounter w i t h
L o c a l l y made r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s
of f i g u r e s are small
terracottas
2
and r a t h e r
crude c a r v i n g s
i n stone.
As f o r the matter of p e r s o n a l
d r e s s , Herodotos t e l l s u s
colony i n
t r a d i t i o n a l Greek a t t i r e ; y e t D i o Chrysostom d e s c r i b e s ^ an
1*. T22.
53.
O i b i a n f r i e n d who,
has adopted
p r o b a b l y because of the n o r t h e r n c l i m a t e ,
the t r o u s e r s and
cloak of the S c y t h i a n n a t i v e s .
small t e r r a c o t t a s t a t u e t t e , p o s s i b l y of O i b i a n manufacture,
i l l u s t r a t e s a Greek c o l o n i s t wearing
precisely
t h i s mode of
dress.^
The
settlement on the
island
concession
The f i r s t O i b i a n houses
times equipped
w i t h adjacent storage p i t s .
Second-generation-
are
one-
sites.
as the requirements
of t r a d i t i o n .
Al-
belongs
5k.
to a p e r i o d l a t e r
e r a of the
sixth
at O l b i a ( I t i s a H e l l e n i s t i c house of the t h i r d
still,
the l o c a l f a c t o r s t h a t i n f l u e n c e d
a t i v e of the
century
century
i t s design
are
s p e c i a l a r c h i t e c t u r a l problems t h a t the
s i t e f o r c e d upon b u i l d e r s there
at any
period.
The
B.C.),
indic-
Olbian
positioning
south, f a c e s
toward the
severe w e s t e r l y
aspect
falls
winds of the
of the b u i l d i n g ' s d e s i g n
e x p l a i n the comparatively
steppe.
north-
unbearably
exposed to
Another p u r e l y
i s Its roof.
local
Heavy w i n t e r snow-
steep p i t c h of the r o o f
on
an
an
influence
one
of those impressive
s c a l e was
beyond the
Borysthenes estuary,
to the r i v e r i t s e l f .
The
Hypanis
that
l i v e s of the
The
Olbia
a sheltered inland
sea
s e t t l e r s around i t s
55.
shores.
The Borysthenes,
Strabo t e l l s us
, was
navigable f o r
and Herodotos^
describes
adds t h a t i t s
he importance
o n i s t s i s p o i n t e d out by G.M.
the c u l t of the River-God
Hirst
Hirst,^
Borysthenes
who
makes r e f e r e n c e to
at O l b i a .
The
c u l t , Miss
I l l u s t r a t i o n s of some
are p r o v i d e d i n the
ap-
pendix below.
The e f f e c t of an a l i e n landscape upon the l i v e s of the
Greek c o l o n i s t s i s u n d e n i a b l e ; we
a n c i e n t authors and
belief.
to support
this
physical
basis.
We must now
to d e a l
"The
56.
IV
THE
In
SCYTHIANS
a l i e n to the Greeks;
of l i f e was
n o r t h c o a s t a l r e g i o n of the B l a c k Sea,
quite
i n h a b i t e d the
the s t a b i l i t y
and r e -
a t most times b e n e f i c i a l to
s u c c e s s f u l development of t h e i r Euxine
colonies.
Nowhere
was
settlement.
s e l v e s l a i d c l a i m to the t e r r i t o r y t h a t Greek c o l o n i s t s
them occupying
1. IV,
2.
found
The
Scyths
describes
seventh
58.
century w r e s t i n g
c o n t r o l of the l a n d from i t s p r e v i o u s
the w a r l i k e Cimmerians.
The
p e r i o d immediately p r e c e d i n g
a r r i v a l of the O i b i a n s e t t l e r s was,
l e n t unrest
The
coast.
the c o n t r o l of their, t e r r i t o r y by
Scythian t r i b e s .
I t was
the e v e n t u a l
Cimmerian
the a l s o nomadic
S c y t h i a n monopoly and
r e s u l t i n g absence of i n t e r - t r i b a l s t r i f e over t e r r i t o r y
gave the n o r t h c o a s t of the B l a c k Sea
f o r s u c c e s s f u l c o l o n i z a t i o n by
The
the s t a b i l i t y
the Greeks.
the
that
necessary
Rostovtzeff
says:^
very e x i s t e n c e to the f o r m a t i o n
Russian
the
t h e r e f o r e , a time of v i o -
nomads and
tenants,
of s t a b l e kingdoms on
c o l o n i e s , exposed
i f the
surrounding
condition.
could o n l y
country was
as
survive
i n a more or
J u s t as the p r o s p e r i t y of
the
the
the
existence
Cher-
Rus-
59.
C o e x i s t e n c e w i t h the S c y t h i a n
a c o n f r o n t a t i o n w i t h a way
of l i f e
of view somewhat u n c i v i l i z e d .
stance,
with
t h a t was
There was
i n d e a l i n g w i t h a people who
uncertainty,
d i d not
from t h e i r
The
point
for in-
i n h a b i t permanent
e l u s i v e nature:
Herodotos* p o i n t s out
the S c y t h i a n s
a t t a c k i n g and
are i n v i n c i b l e .
great
t h a t , h a v i n g no f i x e d headquart-
the
Hippokrates
describes
of
the
un-
to the Greek c o l o n i s t s .
the
stationary,
Scythian
agricult-
i.
ural l i f e
warrior
of t h e i r Greek neighbours,
they must s t i l l
have been
seventh century,
of the Cimmerians.
so
Sophisticated
60.
though
ly
these S c y t h i a n s may
i n the e x c e l l e n c e of t h e i r a r t s , as we
shall see
of t h e i r d r e s s ,
exterior.
i n t h e i r d i s d a i n f o r the
they
In the
civilized
2
p u r s u i t of a g r i c u l t u r e ,
religious rites
the
comers to t h e i r
territory.
f e l t uneasy
the
c a u t i o u s nature of t h e i r f i r s t
settlement.
estu-
seen i n
As a p r e l u d e to
the c o l o n i s t s stopped i n i t i a l l y
P i t - d w e l l i n g s and s l i g h t l y more
e l a b o r a t e single-roomed mudbrick
island,
as w e l l as p o t t e r y of the l a t e
i t E a s t Greek
Rhodian,
at Berezan, an i s l a n d
seventh c e n t u r y , a l l of
wsre.
colony was
1. T9.
2. T16.
3. Herodotos, IV,
72.
true harbour.
61.
Apart from
the i s l a n d ' s
s t r a t e g i c p o s i t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o the
sturgeon-fishing industry, i t f a i l e d
to p r o v i d e access t o the
n a t u r a l ( c h i e f l y a g r i c u l t u r a l ) r e s o u r c e s of the mainland.
C l e a r l y a major c o n s i d e r a t i o n was the s e p a r a t i o n of the i s l a n d
from mainland
neighbours
whom the f i r s t
c o l o n i s t s d i d not t r u s t .
i f a s u c c e s s f u l colony
There i s e v i d -
and the a r c h a e o l o g i c a l r e c o r d s t h a t
It
the l u x u r i e s of artwork
and f i n e c r a f t s m a n s h i p ; the
c o l o n i s t s at O l b i a were a source o f these Items and other comm o d i t i e s that the n o r t h e r n steppes
oil.
lacked
c h i e f l y wine and
hindered.
the S c y t h i a n s welcomed a f r i e n d l y
exchange of goods
62.
R i v e r , two
seventh
and
One
i n South R u s s i a i s from
the
Nearer O l -
and
At a l a t e r
stage, i n an e a r l y f i f t h -
cent-
ury tomb on the e s t u a r y between O l b i a and Berezan, the occupant of the grave,
wine j a r s ,
a S c y t h i a n w a r r i o r , i s p r o v i d e d w i t h two
an A t h e n i a n
cup,
a Greek bronze d i p p e r
and
Chian
strain-
er i n c i s e d w i t h a Greek d e s i g n .
By
by
ial
the date
items
at which t h i s w a r r i o r was
b u r i e d , accompanied
a c q u i r e d at nearby O l b i a , a f i r m p a t t e r n of commerc-
and
3
t h e i r S c y t h i a n neighbours.
S c y t h i a n s who
raise
Herodotos
t e l l s of
p u r e l y f o r s a l e to the c o l o n i s t s at O l b i a .
1. Boardman, The
2. i b i d . ,
Greeks Overseas,
land-tilling
consumption, but
Rostovtzeff^"
com-
p.22.
p.272.
3. T19.
I*. R o s t o v t z e f f , I r a n i a n s and Greeks i n South R u s s i a ,
p.12.
63.
t h e i r muttial i n f l u e n c e was
or i n t h e i r
The
n e c e s s a r i l y the dominant f a c t -
lives."
c o o p e r a t i o n between S c y t h i a n s
seen not o n l y i n t h e i r m u t u a l l y
ments, but i n the e v e n t u a l
and Greeks at O l b i a i s
beneficial trading
p a r t i c i p a t i o n of at l e a s t
i a n s i n the urban l i f e of O l b i a .
In f a c t
arrangesome S c y t h -
the p r e c i s e p o s i t i o n
Strabo
ful
retained
administration
t e l l s us t h a t the a g r i c u l t u r a l
on
lands
north
apparently r e s i d e d w i t h i n O l b i a ;
cemeteries
immediately o u t s i d e the
w a l l s are a number of o b v i o u s l y S c y t h i a n b u r i a l s , w i t h
bodies
laid
i n their
city's
the
Prom the
size
and
1. Although there i s no evidence f o r the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l s t r u c t ure of the colony i n the e a r l y p e r i o d , much l a t e r i n s c r i p t i o n s and c o i n s i s s u e d at O l b i a i n the f o u r t h and
t h i r d c e n t u r i e s I n d i c a t e the e x i s t e n c e of a m a g i s t r a t e
(perhaps a f i g u r e h e a d ) , the "King Archon," whose r e p r e s e n t a t i o n on the c o i n s i s o f t e n as a l o n g - h a i r e d , bearded
S c y t h i a n type. One such K i n g Archon, d e p i c t e d on a f i f t h century c o i n of O l b i a (Minns, S c y t h i a n s and Greeks, p . i j . 8 7 ) ,
has the probably S c y t h i a n name f r M i r ' A K O .
2. T17.
61*.
iety.
a r u l e , i t seems, S c y t h i a n r e s i d e n t s i n O l b i a d i d not
As
occupy p o s i t i o n s of any
observes
the
considerable
authority.
soc-
A . J . Graham
on i n s c r i p t i o n s from
none."
c l u d i n g , of course,
evidence.
But
the numismatic
i n h i s s t o r y of S k y l e s , one
of the S c y t h i a n
kings.
at l e a s t u n o f f i c i a l i n f l u e n c e of a S c y t h i a n k i n g i n the
Greek colony
occupies
chapters
IV.
d e r i v e s c o n s i d e r a b l e i n s i g h t i n t o the
One
seventy-eight
to e i g h t y , i n c l u s i v e , of Book
and
marching up
to the gates
back.
while
strategic
relat-
the S c y t h i a n k i n g s
t h e i r l a n d l o r d s w h e n one r e a d s of
Skyles
of O l b i a w i t h the S c y t h i a n army at h i s
I t i s l i t t l e wonder t h a t he f e l t q u i t e at h i s ease
p l a y i n g the game of O i b i a n c i t i z e n s h i p , knowing t h a t h i s
army attended
him
at the gates
of the
city.
2.
and
by Herodotos
The
Scythian
T20.
65.
The
O l b i a n house of S k y l e s , as d e s c r i b e d by Herodotos, i s
we
with i t s ostentatious
colony.
It i s interest-
an O l b i a n woman; here
S c y t h i a n and
The
a Greek
colonist.*
s t o r y of S k y l e s , of course, r e p r e s e n t s
the p o t e n t i a l
the O l b i a n c o l o n i s t s .
purpose i n r e l a t i n g t h i s s t o r y , as i n the s t o r y of
that precedes i t , i s to acknowledge two
the g e n e r a l o b s e r v a t i o n
that "these
f a l l i n g i n w i t h f o r e i g n customs, and
they
shun those
notable
Scythians
Anacharsis
exceptions
scrupulously
of a l l n a t i o n s '
Herodotos'
Yet,
to
avoid
customs
as we
have
Scyth-
to a c c e p t i n g the m a t e r i a l b e n e f i t s of
the'
1.
2. IV,
76.
66.
dominant f a c t o r s :
powerfully
the p h y s i c a l environment, i n i n t i m a t e
attached
governed by
con-
T h e i r homage
was
and
the e a r t h T a b i t i and A p i a .
R i v e r God,
Borysthenes.
land i t s e l f ;
and
was
were not
the
the
a normal
religion.
important
i t s aftermath
rites^
ancestor
p l a c e of t h e i r worship was
p a r t of t h e i r
The
The
T h e i r own
p l a c e h e l d i n the S c y t h i a n r i t u a l by
can be
burial
by
rel-
most
A r c h a e o l o g i c a l c o r r o b o r a t i o n of
death
tumuli
their culture.
All
these
upon i n s t i n c t s
extent,
IV,
2. IV,
3. IV,
1.
aspects
s u f f i c i e n t l y powerful
to w i t h s t a n d ,
the i n f i l t r a t i o n of i n c o m p a t i b l e
59.
5.
71.
ideas.
to a l a r g e
Thus, i n the
67.
practising
a Greek r e l i g i o u s r i t e ,
h i s own b r o t h e r
I n the s t o r y o f S k y l e s , t o o , the S c y t h -
of D i o -
i s the e x c e l l e n c e o f t h e i r a r t ,
The
c o l o n i s t s at O l b i a , e n c o u n t e r i n g the q u i t e non-Greek s t y l e s of
S c y t h i c a r t f o r the f i r s t
c o a s t a l n a t i v e s , were immediately
powerful
the S c y t h i c s t y l e i s so d i s t i n c t i v e
e a s i l y be d e s c r i b e d v e r b a l l y ,
t h a t i t can
widely
with
are f l o r a l
and animal
shapes d e p i c t e d
68.
i n the form of s w i r l i n g
semi-abstract
designs.
A s t r i k i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the S c y t h i a n a n i m a l - s t y l e i s
the use
of s h a r p l y c o n t r a s t e d s l a n t i n g planes
distinct
t h a t meet
j u n c t u r e s to c r e a t e b o l d , c u r v i n g l i n e s of
along
design.
of t h i s work i s the d i s c o v e r y , by
d e p i c t i n g an animal s u b j e c t at r e s t ; i t i s a matter
through w i t h t i g h t l y
coiled
line.
s t y l e was
a p p l i e d by i t s S c y t h i a n i n v e n t o r s
a wide v a r i e t y of p r a c t i c a l c r a f t s .
o r a t i o n of the weapons and
the p e r s o n a l
an e n t i r e S c y t h i a n i n d u s t r y
j e w e l l e r y found i n Scyth'
and
i t i s the b a s i s of
the p r o d u c t i o n
of worked metal
on
and
cloth-
Among the
i n the
jewel-
the g r i f f i n .
latter
had
a l s o to
the
s i g n i f i c a n c e to the S c y t h i a n s ,
Egyptians
to
I t c h a r a c t e r i z e s the dec-
i a n tombs of the e a r l y s i x t h c e n t u r y ,
special
the
The
as I t had
the S y r i a n s ; i t i s a m o t i f
t h a t appears everywhere
69.
i n S c y t h i c a r t , . I n c l u d i n g , as Herodotos noted,
of
Skyles
the
decoration
house at O l b i a .
In c o n t r a s t w i t h the m a g n i f i c e n c e
a r t s , the p o t t e r y of the Scyths
u t i l i t a r i a n i n design.
he
S c y t h i a n o r i g i n are simple
of t h e i r metal-working
i s uninteresting; i t i s purely
bowls, j a r s and d r i n k i n g v e s s e l s of
i n d e c o r a t i o n , and n o r m a l l y
grey
or
d u l l black i n colour.
From the d i s c u s s i o n above, one
the S c y t h i a n world
some f e e l i n g f o r
i n t o which the c o l o n i s t s at O l b i a t r a n s p l a n t -
ed t h e i r Greek s o c i e t y .
f r i g h t e n i n g world;
can gather
a harsh
and
c i v i l i z e d nomads, and
to be
cannibals.
be of s e r v i c e .
ful,
though benevolent,
the O l b i a n way
i n certain
t h a t . the other
I f the r e l a t i o n s h i p tended to be
k i n g s and
of l i f e was
shall
see i n a l a t e r
they
fields
could
t h a t of power-
t h e i r r e n t - p a y i n g guests,
capable
chapter,
still
of a r o u s i n g a c a u t i o u s r e -
un-
And
in return,
to
at l e a s t a l i m i t e d e x t e n t , the compliment of
1.
T19.
Scythians,
imitation.
70.
V.
The
OUTSIDE WORLD
half-civilized
Scythian
i n p a r t , on the e x c l u s i v e n e s s
Oibian colonists.
surroundings,
other
c e n t r e s of Greek
It
depend-
of t h e i r i n f l u e n c e upon the
these
the
the colony i s o l a t e d i n
the nature
of her
contact
life?
i s c l e a r t h a t i n the e a r l i e s t p e r i o d of O l b i a ' s
tenuous.
existAs
a d i f f i c u l t undertaking
n a v i g a t i o n on the r o u t e , and
threatened
every
n o r t h e r n Thrace.
M i l e t o s , was
we
Sea
s h i p that ventured
The
with
along
still
almost a thousand m i l e s by
city,
sea, a c o n s i d e r a b l e
of
voy-
of an average speed,
71.
f o u r knots.
A n c i e n t r e f e r e n c e s to these v a r i o u s d i f f i c u l t i e s
2
are found
i n A r c h i l o c h o s , Xenophon and P l i n y ,
as we have not-
ed above.
The n e a r e s t c e n t r e s of Greek c i v i l i z a t i o n were, of
course,
to these c i t i e s
for
sail,
e r a t e range of the r e l a t i v e
In
that O l b i a n s c o u l d most e a s i l y
the f i r s t
s e c u r i t y of t h e i r own
decades of i t s s e t t l e m e n t O l b i a was
t h e r e were few
c l o s e neighbours.
O l b i a d u r i n g the f i r s t
Although
territory.
truly
isolated,
the f o u n d i n g of
B l a c k Sea
was
the western
r o u g h l y contemporaneous w i t h t h a t of I s t r o s
and Sinope
on the south c o a s t ,
on
The
journey
hundred m i l e s ;
a d i r e c t , open-sea c r o s s i n g
was
added two
important
s e t t l e m e n t s to the
T21+,
T2.
3. Roebuck, I o n i a n Trade
h a l f of the
and C o l o n i z a t i o n , p. 121*.
72.
north c o a s t P a n t l k a p a i o n ,
two
hundred m i l e s e a s t of O l b i a ,
In the
second
up
halfway
stop-over
on both the l o n g
Pantikap-
aion.
The most important
reason f o r m a i n t a i n i n g r e l a t i o n s
A n a t u r a l exchange of
most s u b - t r o p i c a l c l i m a t e was
While
timber
as Theophrastos t e l l s
us,
Sinope w i t h i t s a l -
provided with l u x u r i a n t f o r e s t -
Tib,.
south
good q u a l i t y f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n was,
commodities
those of the
1.
the
b o u r s the need f o r t r a d e .
of
with
supply to O l b i a .
The
south
73.
t h a t were O l b i a ' s e x p o r t a b l e p r o d u c t s .
salt
I n i t s key p o s i t i o n
confirms
from
of Sinope.
Seamen n a v i g a t i n g
ible astern.
direct
j u s t c a t c h s i g h t of the
vis-
i s the o n l y
ing
s i g h t of l a n d .
Strong t r a d i n g connexions
ing
c o l o n i e s are r e f l e c t e d i n numerous i n s c r i p t i o n s g r a n t i n g
proxeny to c i t i z e n s of these s t a t e s .
The e a r l i e s t decree, a
1.
XII,
2.
3,
11.
(1916),
pp.1-15.
Ik.
fifth-century inscription,
and
extends the r i g h t of c i t i z e n s h i p
s p e c i a l t r a d i n g p r i v i l e g e s to a f a m i l y of Mesembrla, a
I t can
frequent undertaking
bria,
i n the B l a c k Sea.
western shore of the sea, would i n v o l v e stops at s e v e r a l major c e n t r e s , i n c l u d i n g T y r a s , I s t r o s , Tomis, K a l l a t i s and Odessos.
Although
c i t i e s of the n o r t h c o a s t , the t e d i o u s r o u t e
o f the s i x t h century)
c r e a t e d a g e o g r a p h i c a l h i a t u s between
Olbia,
Istros.
the c i t i e s
P a n t i k a p a i o n , which l a t e r assumed l e a d e r s h i p o f
c l u s t e r e d around the Cimmerian . Bosporos (the mod-
1.
T26 .
75.
looked
to these
easily
a c c e s s i b l e c e n t r e s on the e a s t e r n s i d e
of the Crimean b a r r i e r .
A f t e r the end o f the s i x t h century,
O l b i a , making use
however, s h i p s from
of the s h e l t e r p r o v i d e d
at Chersonesos
and
to r e a c h the important
goria.
c i t i e s of P a n t i k a p a i o n
Phana-
and
that "the
s e l e c t i o n of
i n d i c a t e s the k n i t t i n g together
c o l o n i e s i n the l a t t e r p a r t of the
Black
of the Eux-
century, f o r i t was
By
the end
of the p e r i o d under
study
frequent.
Strabo
(who,
of course,
desof
neighbourhood.
But O l b i a ' s i n t e r c o u r s e was
w i t h i n the B l a c k Sea.
c l e a r l y not only w i t h
Numerous f i n d s of p o t t e r y and
T8.
cities
other manu-
76.
factured
of Greek c i t i e s a t t e s t to the c o n t i n u i n g
s i d e world upon O l b i a at q u i t e
an e a r l y date.
the p l e n t i f u l E a s t Greek p o t t e r y
on
i n f l u e n c e of the outI n a d d i t i o n to
are a s i x t h - c e n t u r y
goblet
from N a u k r a t i s and a f i f t h -
cent-
origin.
Graves at O l b i a o f b o t h Greeks
S c y t h i a n s c o n t a i n many l u x u r y
cities
i n Greece, i n c l u d i n g j e w e l l e r y , o i l f l a s k s and s t r i g i l s .
though no l i f e - s i z e d
statuary
Al-
small
i n s c r i p t i o n , apparently
base of a work of s c u l p t u r e ,
That O l b i a ' s
contains
the name o f P r a x i t e l e s .
of f o o d .
77.
n i n g of the s i x t h c e n t u r y .
The
journey of the S c y t h i a n p h i l -
t u r n i n g to O l b i a , s i n c e the S c y t h i a n s themselves
i s r e p o r t e d by Herodotos.^
dotos h i m s e l f i n the f i f t h
e x t e n s i v e l y i n the n o r t h e r n
If
were landsmen)
I t i s s i g n i f i c a n t a l s o t h a t Herocentury found
i t p o s s i b l e to t r a v e l
Euxine.
(prob-
the l a t t e r h a l f of the f i f t h
century.
of n a v i earliest
no l o n g e r a r e a l i t y
The voyage of P e r I k i e s
2
into
the B l a c k Sea
may
to secure f o r
g r a i n - p r o d u c i n g c e n t r e s of the r e g i o n by
I n the y e a r s f o l l o w i n g P e r i k l e s '
P o n t i c s t a t e s ; i n t h i s p a n e l , c a l l e d " C i t i e s of the
1.
T20.
3. A9,
tour of
on an A t h e n i a n
of
2. See Chapter
ties
list
Euxine,"
Athenian
78.
most o f O l b i a ' s n e a r e s t
neighbours can be i d e n t i f i e d , i n -
A l t h o u g h the name of O l b i a
cannot be i d e n t i f i e d w i t h c e r t a i n t y on the l i s t ,
t h a t the colony was i n c l u d e d .
t a l e n t entered f o r a state 0 [ - ,
as O l b i a .
S i n c e other P o n t i c
to Greece
notably
i t i s likely
, which could be r e s t o r e d
merian Bosporos w e r e l i s t e d
as p o t e n t i a l t r i b u t a r i e s t o
list.
In:any case near the end o f the f i f t h
longer
century O l b i a no
The
possible
t r i b u t a r y r e l a t i o n s h i p of the c o l o n i e s
and
to Athens
traffic.
remote
n o r t h e r n l o c a t i o n on the l i v e s of the c o l o n i s t s one must cons i d e r the connexion of O l b i a to the mother c i t y , M i l e t o s . A l though the r e l a t i o n s h i p o f colony to mother c i t y i n a n c i e n t
79.
B r i t i s h colony,
f o r Instance,
case of O l b i a there
much of the
colony's
to e x i s t .
i s an i n d i c a t i o n i n the
as we
to
the
In
predominantly
have seen, t h a t
commercial i n t e r c o u r s e was
with Miletos.
I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to observe t h a t , a c c o r d i n g
to H e r o d o t o s ,
the i n h a b i t a n t s of O l b i a r e f e r r e d to themselves as M i l e s i a n s .
Yet,
imply the
political
2
dependence of O l b i a upon M i l e t o s .
are numerous i n s t a n c e s
i n g c o l o n i s t s by
he
not
cites
As Graham
that i l l u s t r a t e
The
the e t h n i c a d j e c t i v e of t h e i r p l a c e s
1.
p r e c i s e n a t u r e of the
k.
designate
of
origin;
citizen
Thucydides'
I n s c r i b e d on
stone
T20.
3.
and
there
etos i s o u t l i n e d i n a f o u r t h - c e n t u r y
The
the p r a c t i c e of
reference
p o i n t s out,
VI,
T27.
5,
1.
Greece, p.100.
80.
to be a restatement
l i s h e d at a much e a r l i e r d a t e .
o f terms t h a t were e s t a b -
The evidence f o r t h i s w i l l be
A c i t i z e n of
He may
h o l d O l b i a n c i t i z e n s h i p and be e l i g i b l e f o r m a g i s t r a c i e s i n
O l b i a on the c o n d i t i o n t h a t he be entered i n the r o l l s f o r taxation.
I f a M i l e s i a n at O l b i a becomes i n v o l v e d i n a l e g a l
act-
SiKAcnvfp(ov
of the colony.
o b l i g a t i o n s b e l o n g a u t o m a t i c a l l y to an O l b i a n who r e t u r n s to r e s i d e at M i l e t o s .
p l y o n l y to c i t i z e n s of e i t h e r c i t y who do not h o l d
or p u b l i c o f f i c e l n any t h i r d s t a t e .
The decree
therefore i n -
occurrence.
citizenship
neverthe-
I t can be i n f e r r e d
to the o t h e r was
81.
The
first
an o l d r e l a t i o n s h i p r a t h e r
of a new
the O l b i o p o l i t a i and
the M i l e s i a n s .
Further
t r e a t y where, I n s e r t e d
one
single
customary
evidence
among the
M9^OA
octerms
i s t r a t e i s described
as an e x c e p t i o n
older
agreement.
Graham suggests* that the o c c a s i o n
of r e l a t i o n s w i t h O l b i a was
c o n t r o l by Alexander i n 332;
had
of the
re-establishment
the f r e e i n g of M i l e t o s from
Persian
p o s s i b l y the o r i g i n a l agreement
f r e e of e x t e r n a l c o n t r o l s .
The
was
first
The
e a r l i e s t date might be
before
the f i r s t
1. 0.
c i t . , p.102.
the e a r l y s i x t h
i n v a s i o n of I o n i a by
the P e r s i a n s .
Confed-
century,
At whatever
82.
date an agreement of t h i s s o r t f i r s t
such t r a d i t i o n a l
e x i s t e d , the e x i s t e n c e of
c o n d i t i o n s of mutual p r i v i l e g e i s evidence of
earliest
times.
We
And w i t h M i l e t o s e s p e c i a l l y
close contact.
Thus, i f i s o l a t i o n
the
of l i f e , the
t h a t i s o l a t i o n were, to an i n c r e a s i n g degree
as time
was
effects
passed,
immediate s u r r o u n d i n g s .
83.
VI
THE.
0 LB IAN WAY OF L I F E
I n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e i r way o f l i f e
but the c u l t u r a l i n f l u e n c e o f a n e i g h b o u r i n g
t h a t these c o l o n i s t s s t r o v e from
the Greek s o c i e t y of t h e i r m o t h e r - c i t y ,
there are a l s o i n d i c -
a t i o n s t h a t aspects o f t h e i r s t y l e o f l i f e were p e c u l i a r , i f
not t o O l b i a alone, at l e a s t to t h e s e t t l e m e n t s o f the n o r t h
Euxine.
The m a t e r i a l t r a p p i n g s o f normal Greek urban l i f e
been found
i n abundance on the s i t e o f O l b i a .
have
Even i f l i f e -
there are
from
I n a d d i t i o n to the imported
t r a d i t i o n a l Ionian fashions at O l b i a .
Pottery
both
81*.
can be i d e n t i f i e d by i t s
In t h i s we
have an i n d i c a t i o n of a t y p i c a l
col-
fashion.
In c e r t a i n other r e s p e c t s
ched, i n t h e i r own
on a r e g u l a r , r i g h t - a n g l e d g r i d . The
the l a y i n g out of s t r e e t s
e a r l i e s t i n d i c a t i o n of
agora, d a t e s from a p e r i o d
ly
of the c i t y by S c y t h i a n s ,
a f t e r the d e v a s t a t i o n
the r e t r e a t of D a r e i o s .
dated the establishment
imately
500
B.C.,
The
g r i d - p l a n at M i l e t o s .
following
R u s s i a n a r c h a e o l o g i s t Parmakovsky
of the g r i d p l a n at O l b i a
apparently
immediate-
earlier
I t might be
than the f i r s t
at approxof
the
supposed, i n f a c t , that
the
advent of s t r e e t - p l a n n i n g i n M i l e t o s was
use
an i n n o v a t i o n
first
85.
l a y o u t of s t r e e t s i n O l b i a r e f l e c t s not o n l y
also considerable
city,
prosperity.
The b a s i c p a t t e r n o f the
f i f t h century,
planning,
ed f o r two-way v e h i c u l a r and p e d e s t r i a n
traffic,
intend-
and secondary
The b u i l d i n g s that l i n e d
some l a r g e p r i v a t e d w e l l i n g s ,
the c e n t r a l
auxiliary struct-
u r e s such as storehouses, and workshops connected w i t h m e t a l working i n d u s t r i e s , about which more w i l l be s a i d below.
ent
e x c a v a t i o n s by R u s s i a n a r c h a e o l o g i s t s
Rec-
end of the O l -
b i a n agora at an e a r l y date.
Evidence o f the c o n t i n u i n g
uneasiness of the c o l o n i s t s i n
walls
t h a t surround the s i t e .
A large
edge o f the s i t e , d e s c r i b e d
masonry of the a r c h a i c p e r i o d ,
and l o o k o u t
fort-
by Minns-^
towers
86.
indicatwall
of the a n c i e n t
century
c i r c u i t w a l l and of d e f e n s i v e
of colonial l i f e
i n use.
at O l b i a , i n s p i t e
of the o c c a s i o n a l u n c e r t a i n t y of r e l a t i o n s w i t h
made g r e a t d e f e n s i v e
the Scyths t h a t
neighbours.
I n the h i n t e r l a n d immediately n o r t h o f O l b i a ,
2. T2.
3. T19.
87.
itself,
The v i g o u r
of O i b i a n i n d u s t r y came t o depend n o t o n l y on s a l e t o the S c y t h i a n s o f wares imported from Greece, but a l s o on items manuf a c t u r e d a t O l b i a i n a new G r a e c o - S c y t h i c s t y l e e s p e c i a l l y f o r
the S c y t h i a n market.
to appear
The p r o d u c t s of t h i s new i n d u s t r y b e g i n
and i n S c y t h i a n tombs,
century g o l d e a r r i n g s , e a r l y f i f t h - c e n t u r y
c r u c i f o r m metal
anim-
a l d e c o r a t i o n i n the S c y t h i a n f a s h i o n
( b u t ' - w i t h handles,
a f e a t u r e t h a t S c y t h i a n craftsmen never
added to t h e i r m i r r o r s ) ,
1.
goods
M i r r o r s o f the type
of an e x t e n s i v e
88.
m e t a l workshop unearthed
at O l b i a i n 1.91+8
ficant find
a mould d i s c o v e r e d by Parmakovsky,
at O l b i a was
An even more s i g n i -
Of
on
and the r e -
1. Boardman,
p.275.
Ion-
adapt-
s t y l e s of the
8 9 .
O l b i a attempted,
times the s e t t l e r s
and through
connexions
from
t h e i r new s u r r o u n d i n g s , to m a i n t a i n i n t h e i r o u t p o s t a
Greek way of l i f e .
But t h e i r i n t i m a c y w i t h the S c y t h i a n s an
e s s e n t i a l p a r t of O l b i a n l i f e w a s
life
absent
o f a normal Greek c i t y .
a f a c t o r n o t p r e s e n t i n the
the B l a c k Sea:
The
s c h o l a r above a l l c a r r i e d away q u i t e n o v e l
Impressions.
in
He r e a l i z e d
the presence
appeared
i n an a l t e r e d ,
sometimes almost
unrecogniz-
90.
In a previous
specific
style
to which R o s t o v t z e f f r e f e r s .
proto-
types
S i n c e most o f the S c y t h i a n
of O i b i a n
C e r t a i n images, ever
crafts-
pres-
The sphinx
S k y l e s , a landmark o f f i f t h - c e n t u r y O l b i a , r e c u r f r e q u e n t l y on
j e w e l l e r y i n a s t y l e t h a t suggests i m i t a t i o n of S c y t h i c models.
An example o f the sphinx m o t i f on a Greek g o l d diadem i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 2 i n the Appendix.
of a s p e c t , e s p e c i a l l y i n the s t y l i z e d
A general
similarity
Euxine coast p r o b a b l y
( F i g u r e 1) from the n o r t h
of Oibian manufacture
portrays a
the s t a t -
artist.
91.
If
the s t a t u e i s a p o r t r a i t of a Greek c o l o n i s t , as
suggested
by D i o Chrysostom s d e s c r i p t i o n * of an O l b i a n i n S c y t h i c c o s t 1
ume,
the s t a t u e i t s e l f ,
in
the colony.
The f i n e s t i l l u s t r a t i o n s of the G r a e c o - S c y t h i c s t y l e
are
the K u l Oba
stag.
Although
these b e a u t i f u l
p i e c e s were b o t h d i s c o v e r e d at s i t e s d i s t a n t from O l b i a ,
they
b e i n g done at the b e g i n -
century i n the f a c t o r i e s of O l b i a .
s t a g should be compared w i t h a s i m i l a r
S c y t h i c d e s i g n and workmanship.
( F i g u r e 1+)
Kul
animal of p u r e l y
g o l d s t a g from
The
the Kuban
t o r t u o u s curves of the
c h a r a c t e r i z e S c y t h i a n work are c l e a r l y
In
The
l i c i t y of i t s a b s t r a c t d e s i g n .
exaggerated
The
and
c o n t r a s t , the K u l Oba
seen and n o t h i n g
else.
1.
T22.
92.
extraneous to i t .
In the p u r e l y S c y t h i a n d e s i g n ,
every
line
the u b i q u i t o u s
griffin
cover
hreak
i t s unity.
The
Vettersfeld f i s h
(Figure 5)
l i n e of a S c y t h i c d e s i g n
a d d i t i o n of i r r e l e v a n t
symbols.
complicated
I f t h i s plaque i s not
ic
by
the
style,
Graeco-
Scyth-
"The
In O l b i a as e a r l y as the s i x t h century,
therefore,
the
c o u l d be
seen i n
crafts-
and b e a u t i f u l In e f f e c t ,
and u n a t t r a c t i v e .
One
some of i t i s r a t h e r
of a p a i r of l i o n s , r o u g h l y
crude
carved
B.C.
93.
from
F i g u r e 6.
These o b j e c t s , found
i n t o the colony
from
Scythia.
But i n the p r a c t i c a l and a p p l i e d a r t s at O l b i a t h e r e were
f a s h i o n s d i c t a t e d not by S c y t h i a n models but by the demands
of
life
i n the c o l o n y .
Of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t i s the domestic
f u n c t i o n a l designs were a f e a t u r e of l i f e
of
the unornate
Typical
the s i t e ) i l l u s t r a t e d
suggests
at Olbia.
i n F i g u r e 7 o f the Appendix.
Minns
The manu-
the c o i n s of O l b i a were
clues
p.322.
91*.
The most
f r e q u e n t l y r e p r e s e n t e d d e i t y on the c o i n s of O l b i a i s A p o l l o ,
who
appears, as Miss H i r s t
d e i t y of the new
Hos.
colony j u s t as he was
city-
the c h i e f d e i t y of MiLe-
"that
t h i s c u l t , of s p e c i a l a p p r o p r i a t e n e s s f o r those who
to found a c i t y i n a new
were going
land."
Demeter i s another f r e q u e n t s u b j e c t of p o r t r a i t s on O i b i a n
coins.
a s t r i c t l y local deity,
the r i v e r
on
(The c o i n s are i l l u s t r a t e d
M i s s H i r s t observes t h a t t h i s
of the S c y t h i a n war-
i n F i g u r e 8 of the Appendix.)
c u l t , an obvious r e a c t i o n to the
the o n l y element
i n the r i t u a l of the O l b i o p o l i t a i t h a t
added to the p u r e l y H e l l e n i c
1. H i r s t ,
lives,
cults.
p.255.
was
95.
The
p o r t r a y a l on a l a r g e number of O l b i a n c o i n s of a f i s h
the sturgeon
i s an
indication
the importance
fishing
i n d u s t r y , another
Borys-
c e n t u r i e s of i t s e x i s t e n c e , n o t h i n g Can be
certainty.
said with
I n s c r i p t i o n s t h a t d e s c r i b e the f u n c t i o n i n g of
the f o u r t h century, by
as the l e g i s l a t i v e b o d i e s , as i n A t h e n i a n democracy.
i n a d d i t i o n to whom, two
a financial
a d v i s e r and
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , as we
i n the hands of f i v e
whose t e r r i t o r y the O l b i o p o l i t a i o c c u p i e d w i t h t h e i r
The
to
/3ou\rf
colony.
c o n s t i t u t i o n r e p r e s e n t e d i n these decrees b e l o n g s , of
a p e r i o d beyond the one under study here, and
ablishment
the
est-
second h a l f of the f i f t h
In
after
course,
century.
cent-
96.
k i n g ' s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e may
as a f i g u r e h e a d i n the f o u r t h c e n t u r y .
cumstances of t h i s p e r i o d , R o s t o v t z e f f
Guessing
1
at the
expresses
the
cir-
belief
even d u r i n g the f i f t h
of
democracy.
have been n e c e s s a r y
in
k i n g s , and who
I t may
direction
to accept as t y r a n t s
represented
slow,
surmise,
the
Archons.
pass q u i c k l y as a
centuries.
But,
as we
during
s i x t h and f i f t h
c e n t u r i e s was
i t s dependence upon t r a d e
not
( e s p e c i a l l y food)
to the Greek
c i t i e s of the Aegean.
In
1.
summary, l i f e
at O l b i a i n the f i r s t
two
centuries after
97.
its
Greek way of l i f e ,
like
ability,
of t h e i r d e t e r m i n a t i o n to l i v e
Olbiopolitai
the l i f e
coast.
power o f t h e i r
life
But i n
o f H e l l e n e s , the
d i d make concessions i n t h e i r d a i l y
a r t , r e l i g i o n and p o l i t i c a l
on the Euxine
life
Scythian
to the
neighbours
93
VII
THE
From l i t e r a r y
HISTORICAL FRAMEWORK
the c e n t u r i e s under c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h i s
study i s extremely
earliest
r e f e r r e d t o i n the p r e c e d i n g c h a p t e r s , t h i s f i n a l
be,
from
chapter
will
evidence
history.
c o r r o b o r a t i o n ) as mid-seventh
as an i n d i c a t i o n of the f i r s t
through the Bosporos.
of
century, may
surge of commercial
be
taken
traffic
( w i t h archae-
seventh
a f t e r the f o u n d i n g of B y z a n t i o n , t h a t
the.sites
Sinope
coast.
99.
After
tested
by
pottery
evidence,
Bug
a brief
the
initial
and
and
B.C.
the
'The
first
the
year
earliest
of
of Eusebios'
of
the
site
Equally
graphical
the
poem o f
the
the
t o the
pseudo-Skymnos
The
original
Cyrus
literary
of
the
Olympiad,
the
site a l -
extent
of
decade o f
the
of
sixth
geofound-
as
s h o r t l y before
the
indic-
i n the
to O l b i a s date
i n the m i d d l e o f
the
foundation
i s the r e f e r e n c e
i n H e r o d o t o s , Book I , p e r s i s t e d u n t i l
o f L y d i a by
the
from
last
at-
w e s t bank o f
thirty-fourth
during
Berezan,
than
places
date only
inexact
contemporaneous w i t h
invasion
of
confluence
pottery recovered
seventh century.
as
island
the
Eusebios
occupation
ation
from
Borysthenes.
lows v e r i f i c a t i o n
ating
the
c o l o n i s t s f o u n d e d O l b i a on
o f O l b i a i n the
6144/3
on
domestic remains r a t h e r
(Hypanis) R i v e r , f o u r m i l e s
Hypanis
see
stop
we
the
century.
c o l o n i s t s were M i l e s i a n s , as H e r o d o t o s i n -
p
forms us,
stated
the
the
c o n n e x i o n b e t w e e n O l b i a and
i n the f o u r t h - c e n t u r y
two
The
1.
Lines
2.
T20.
3.
Ta?.
Miletos
treaty^ regarding
is
clearly
citizenship
in
cities.
symbolism
806-9
of
the
ear
o f wheat
and
the
fish
(either
I,
p.196.)
100.
d o l p h i n or sturgeon)
on the e a r l i e s t
c o i n s minted
at O l b i a i s
decades of l i f e on
col-
the Hypanis R i v e r .
But
the c l o s e c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e i r S c y t h i a n neighbours
was
to open new
that
very e a r l y i n O l b i a s h i s t o r y .
1
The p h i l o s o p h e r A n a c h a r s i s ,
logue Av<x\ctpcrts.
J
During
archaeolog-
fill
subsequent
period.
around the
A t r e n c h t h a t formed the d e f e n s i v e c i r c u i t
colony e s t a b l i s h e d by the e a r l i e s t
s e t t l e r s was
filled
and
built
Proper
The
1.
T20.
101.
colonists'
tombs.
As i n d i c a t e d on the s i t e - p l a n i n Chapter
northern
boundary of the s i t e , w h i l e f i f t h - . a r i d f o u r t h - c e n t u r y
are c l o s e r t o the c e n t r e , and H e l l e n i s t i c graves
still.
are c l o s e r
graves
extent o f
a n c i e n t remains.
The
p r o s p e r i t y o f O l b i a i n the s i x t h century i s a c e r t a i n
d u r i n g the p e r i o d .
E x c a v a t i o n shows, hoxvever,
The c i t y was d e v a s t a t e d
and r e b u i l t
stability
of v i o l e n t
shortly
before
a g a i n s t the i n v a d i n g D a r e i o s
and h i s a l l i e s i n t h i s
campaign,
the I o n i a n Greeks.
good reason
Herodotos t e l l s us
1. T2.
2. IV, 136-11*0.
a f t e r the
102.
that f o l l o w e d .
That
the former
c l o s e r e l a t i o n s between
i s seen i n H e r o d o t o s
the r e c o n -
story of Skyles.
vague c h r o n o l o g i c a l r e f e r e n c e
( S k y l e s ' s o j o u r n at Borysthenes
i n the f i r s t
h a l f o f the f i f t h
centirry.
Ana-
about
Herodotos i d e n t i f i e s ^
t h e r e f o r e about
Thus, from
of
JL4.9O
as the f a t h e r o f S k y l e s , f l o u r i s h e d
the time o f A n a c h a r s i s
I4.7O.
t o t h a t o f Skyles a p e r i o d
tied
to the c o l o n i s t s ' r e l a t i o n s w i t h k i n g s o f a s i n g l e S c y t h i a n
family.^
The p o s i t i o n of the O l b i o p o l i t a i i n t h i s p e r i o d ,
1. T 2 0 .
2. IV, 1 2 6 .
3. IV, 78.
1;.. T h i s f a m i l y ' s descent, as i t i s
r e p r e s e n t e d by Herodotos, may
by o u t l i n e d as seen here:
Saulios
I
Idanthyrsos
. I
Ariapithes
Skyles
Anacharsis
(ca555.7
(ca 5l)
( c a I4.9O)
(
^.70-60)
c a
10}..
from
the e a r l y s i x t h to m i d - f i f t h century, i s t h a t of
tribut-
ary s u b j e c t s of the n e i g h b o u r i n g S c y t h i a n k i n g s .
W i t h i n t h i s framework of G r e e k / S c y t h i a n r e l a t i o n s ,
a p p a r e n t l y went forward u n e v e n t f u l l y at O l b i a u n t i l
affairs
the Athen-
h a l f of the century
As we
V, the consequences i n O l b i a of t h i s
at
have
Athenian
I t i s c e r t a i n , however,
i n a Euxine p a n e l of a s s e s -
appar-
e n t l y f o r the purpose of c o l l e c t i n g t r i b u t e ,
the
B l a c k Sea i n I4.2I+ B . C . ) .
O l b i a may
sailed into
have been i n c l u d e d on
this
list.
The
t h i s Athenian i n -
A l t h o u g h the r e p o r t of the m i s s i o n , i n P l u t -
arch, P e r i c l e s , 20,
c o n t a i n s no d e f i n i t e
chronological indicat-
1.
Thucydides,
IV,
1-2.
101*.
the d a t e .
Athenian
Because t h i s e x p e d i t i o n i s d e s c r i b e d as a show o f
s t r e n g t h on the Euxine
coast o f A s i a Minor,
Meritt,
as e a r l y
Another view, h e l d by B e l o c h ,
as
those
l*$0.
Rostovtzeff,3
Ehrenberg^-
its
lim-
the n o r t h
i o d the second
C e r t a i n l y by t h i s p e r -
h a l f o f the f i f t h century
O l b i a was no l o n g -
shore
a p i o n e e r com-
and I t s
2.
Beloch, A t t l s c h e P o l l t l k .
3.
1*.
Ehrenberg,
p.325.
From Solon to S o c r a t e s ,
p.1*1*1*.
10$.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. Ancient
Sources
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APPENDIX
I l l u s t r a t i o n s of
NORTH
EUXINE ART
11U.
FIGURE 1
COSTUME OF THE NORTH EUXINE COAST.
C R E E K TERRA COTTA FOUND IN THE C R I M E A
(AFTER MfNNS)
I l l
FIGURE
113.
FIGURE
(AFTER, BOARDMAN)
111*.
(AFTER
MINNS/
H5.
FIGURE 8
BRONZE: COINS OF OLBIA
(AFTER HIRST)
FrGURE 9
BONE BUCKLE FROM OLBIA
( A F T E R MOHGAir)
116.