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UNIT-III-Generation of High AC Voltages:

Cascade Transformers
Power supply for AC test circuits
Resonant Transformers
---Series resonant ac test system
---Parallel resonant ac test system
Drawbacks of single transformer
Suitable for <300KV
Extra winding is required (meter winding-to measure the output voltage)
For HV requirements- single unit construction becomes difficult and costly due to
insulation problems.
Transportation and erection of large transformers -difficult.

Importance of cascading
HV windings of all units are connected in series.
Series connection or cascading of the several identical units of transformers

Cascade Transformers

Supply to units- motor-generator set/ induction regulator

Primary (or) LV wdg ratingSmaller units-230 or 400 V,100KVA
Larger outputs-3.3KV,6.6KV or 11KV

Disadvantage of Transformer Cascading:

Effects of Overloading:

Cascade Transformer Unit with isolating transformers for

excitation

Isolating transformers-1:1 ratio transformers

Supplies excitation for the second and third stages at their tank potentials
Power supply- ac i/p
Advantages:
*Transformers -light ,compact
*Natural cooling is sufficient
*Easy Transportation and assembling

Drawbacks:
*Expensive
*Requires more space

*Rating-10 MVA, 2.25 MV

Applications-Indoor & Outdoor
Testing of Capacitive loads with very low power dissipation

C-capacitance of the test object

V-rms value of the nominal output voltage of the transformer at an angular
frequency
Nominal rating of the transformer in KVA
P=K .V*2 C
K>1 ( factor to account for any extra capacitance in the test circuit)
K>2 or more for very high voltages

Charging currents- 10 mA at 100KV

Short time rating- 10-15 minutes

Large testing transformers- 1 MVA at 1MV

-out door use
Units are enclosed by large size metal rings( to prevent corona)

Terminated with near spherical polycone electrodes

Expensive , difficult to repair
Modern test transformers- built to withstand transients during flashover of the test
object.
Should be provided with
*current limiting reactors- short circuit currents
*Reactor compensation- against excessive load currents of capacitive nature

Power supply for ac test circuits

Supply-Motor generator set
-Voltage regulators-> cheaper,more flexible
*Units in cascade set- operated in cascade, or in parallel, or as 3 phase units.
*Impedance of the VRT(voltage regulating transformer) is low in all V positions
(from min to rated )

Resonant Transformer

Equivalent Circuit
Consists of
*leakage reactance of the windings

*Winding resistances
*Magnetizing reactance
*Shunt capacitance across the output terminal due to bushing of the HV terminal.
Series resonance at power frequency
(L1+L2)=1/(C)
Current is high
Limited by R only.
V across the test object -Purely sinusoidal
Magnitude of V across the C of the test object=
Vc

Q factor of the circuit

Xc/R=1/(CR)
Gives the magnitude of the V multiplication across the test object under resonance
conditions.
Input V required for excitation is reduced by 1/Q
Output KVA required is reduced by 1/Q
Secondary power factor of the circuit=1

Principle in testing at very high voltages

Cable testing
*Di-electric loss measurements

*Partial discharge measurements

Transformer-50-100 KV rating, larger current rating, additional choke
Test condition
(Le+L)=1/C
Le- total equivalent leakage inductance of the transformer

Advantages of resonant transformer

*Gives pure sine wave output
* Less power requirement (5-10% of total Kva)
* Cascading is possible for very high voltages
* Simple and compact test arrangement
* No high power arcing and heavy current surges(if the test object fails, as
resonance ceases at the failure of the test object)
* No repeated flashovers in case of partial failures of the test object and insulation
recovery.
Disadvantages:
Requirement of additional variable chokes-( capable of withstanding the full test
voltage and the full current rating)

Series resonant AC test system

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Voltage regulator
-auto transformer type
- induction regulator type
Inductance of the reactor is varied by varying its airgap
Operating range-10:1
C comprises of
- C of the test object
-C of the measuring V divider
-C of the HV bushing
Q factor= 50

Parallel Resonant AC test system

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HV reactor- connected as an auto transformer

Advantages:
*More stable o/p V
*High rate of rise of test V
*Independent of the degree of tuning and Q factor
Rating:
Single unit resonant test systems- 500KV
Cascaded units- 3000KV