Research & Development

Coming and potential ideas

Improvement Needed
Most of these ideas will never come to fruition, some may have already failed and
just not announced it yet. But for all that fail there are great ideas that will succeed
within. The diamonds in the rough will shine through.
Bitcoin is open source and there is no central method to pay developers for their
developing.
How does the code develop?
In what directions is it developing?
What potential ideas do we have so far?

Code Changes
All of the original code that Satoshi wrote is no longer present. Why? Changes to
help cope with new features, to guard against newly discovered security threats, to
improve interoperability, and a number of other reasons but suffice to say all of the
changes have been towards improving the network.
The Core client is an evolution of older clients and has the largest usage amongst
nodes/miners. The developers for any client have the ultimate say in what
changes do or dont get committed to the code for that client.
Bitcoin source code is at GitHub 10,000 submitted changes by over 300 people.

Open Source Development

The term open source can be used to reference source code that anyone can
view and source code that can not only be viewed by anyone but that can have
changes submitted by anyone.
Anyone can work on it and make changes that others can look at, discuss, verify,
and also modify. In this way many people collaborate to create developments.
A submitted change is known as a pull request and has to be approved by others.
The code is tested before being included in the next version. Software testing can
be done in a number of ways such as stress testing or providing unusual.
One of the best places for people who have computer science skills and want to
help btc is to review changes made by others.

Final Code Changes

After ideas have been vetted and tested they are put into the protocol. Currently
only those with commit access can make this final change. Ideas have been
proposed on others ways approval can be granted.
How should changes in Bitcoin be made in the future? There are some benefits
and downsides to all suggestions.
Continue the current model. Users can get ignored by developers, devs can
become corrupted.
Allow some sort of voting; but who should vote? Users, miners, nodes, companies,
coin holders, only large coin holders? How to prevent abuse?
Establish a benevolent dictator. Who to chose that cant be corrupted or coerced?

The Bitcoin Foundation

In 2012 a nonprofit company called the Bitcoin Foundation was created to pay the
core developers to work full time.
It was created with the mission statement, [to] "standardize, protect and promote
the use of Bitcoin cryptographic money for the benefit of users worldwide."
The organization was modeled on the Linux Foundation and was funded mainly
through grants made by for-profit companies that depend on the Bitcoin
technology.
Nine members resigned in May of 2014 following a disagreement about the
organization. In Spring of 2015 the Bitcoin Foundation was exposed by insiders to
be on the verge of bankruptcy.

Funding Developers
Founded by Adam Back, the company Blockstream raised $21 million in
November of 2014. Dr Back (PhD) recruited other cryptography enthusiasts such
as Austin Hill, Pieter Wuille, Gregory Maxwell and Matt Corallo to continue working
on the Bitcoin Core but also help work on a concept called 'sidechains'.
MIT Media Labs announced in April of 2015 that they plan to take over funding for
three of the Core devs. MIT Media Labs in not funded nor governed by MIT but
corporations, companies, and even DARPA.
MITs Digital Currency Initiative raised $900,000 to help the research and
development environment of cryptocurrencies.

Direction of Research
Bitcoin as use as e-cash, internet money, digital gold, etc are all thought to be part
of Bitcoin 1.0, but the use of Bitcoin as a platform for other developments such as
smart contracts and more are said to be Bitcoin 2.0 things.
There are a number of people and companies researching and developing
improvements for both aspects.

Improving Bitcoin with Proposals

As far as Bitcoin 1.0, there are three BIPs or Bitcoin Improvement Proposal types.
BIPS are the standard way to introduce new features in Bitcoin.
There are three types of BIPs:
Standards Track BIPs - Changes to the network protocol, block or transaction
validation, or anything affecting interoperability.
Informational BIPs - Design issues, general guidelines. This type of BIP is NOT
for proposing new features and do not represent community consensus
Process BIPs - Describes or proposes a change in process. Similar to Standards
BIPs but apply outside the Bitcoin protocol.

Getting Better, Always Better

The first BIP (BIP 0001) was submitted by Amir Taaki on Aug 19, 2011 and
described what a BIP is. Not all BIPs are accepted, ones that are not can be
redrafted or withdrawn. So far BIPs have given us things like: pay to script hash,
ways for nodes to get information from each other and stay in contact, passphrase
protected SKs, a mnemonic code for generating deterministic keys, and much
more.
Lets look at some of the ideas being worked on in the cryptocurrency space.

Sidechains
Sidechains would allow the creation of blockchains that are linked to The Bitcoin
Blockchain. Such a chain might exist under the control of a TTP who would
facilitate the transfer of btc into and out of the btc blockchain.
In theory any altchain or non btc blockchain could be pegged to btc. When you
deposit btc into the sidechain you gain access to whatever coin or token the
sidechain uses and when you are done you can transfer your assets back and
receive btc. This is called a 2 way peg, and is thought to be an improvement on
the 1 way peg where coins are burned or destroyed for the creation of another
token.
New ideas could be tried on altchains and if successful implemented into btc.

Lightning Network / LN
LN would provide a way to instantly settle txs with some people off the main btc
blockchain.
Smart contracts would be open between two or more parties, those parties can
transact instantly with each other until they want to move their coins back to the
main chain.
Settling the contract on the main chain is recorded as an UXTO and takes space
on the blockchain. Many txs can happen on LN before anything needs to be
recorded on the blockchain. This would be useful for those that regularly transact
with each other without an immediate need to settle.
The contracts can self fulfill if one of the parties disappears, that way coins dont
get locked in contracts with no way out.

Colored Coins
Coins with a layer of metadata can be used for additional purposes. Colored coins
could be the basis for things like digital property deeds, stock or shares in a
company, anti-counterfeit ability, and much more.
The movement of these coins can be tracked and they could even be segregated
based on color so that no 'red' coins mix with 'brown' coins.
Opponents think this might enable governments to divide coins into sanctioned
and unsanctioned coins so that they could refuse service to those with certain
coins.
The Open Assets protocol has been described as an evolution of colored coins
and is used by NASDAQ for private trades.

Colored Coins
Authenticated metadata on currency, can keep the properties of the currency and
give an additional layer of data.
Currently bitcoins are liquid, where any satoshis all mix together. Colored coins
would maintain their separation to some but not everyone, as not everyone has to
accept the color. As metadata it should not affect the coins themselves and miners
and nodes who do not recognize the color scheme would treat them as normal
coins.
The idea of colored coins makes possible many of the potential ideas for bitcoin
and the blockchain.

Record Keeping
Factom is about records and datakeeping. Factom has a blockchain that uses a
token known as Factoids. Their model is to act as a notary using the blockchain by
publishing timestamped hashes of documents, each acting as a proof of existence
by at least that point in time.
Chainpoint, formerly known as Hashserv and from the Storj project, works with the
blockchain directly without a token.
These ideas could be used with land, autos, livestock, anything there is a deed or
claim to. Online record keeping could make it easy for people to resolve disputes
or show ownership that cant be tampered with by anyone including governments
and corporations.

More Record Keeping

The blockchain could track originality in addition to ownership. Artistic creations
like songs, videos, and painting (physical or digital) could be integrated with. The
art could be verified as original and not a copy and the creator could receive
royalties or credit. This could extend beyond artist and art to companies and
products, companies have proposed things such as authenticating sneakers.
French Engineering School Teams Up With Local Startup To Certify Diplomas
Using The Bitcoin Blockchain
Secure voting records that could be verified by individuals but they couldnt be
forced to disclose their vote and others couldnt see it.

More Record Keeping

Factom, the blockchain-based record verification and auditing infrastructure
provider, is working with technology consulting firm iSoftStone to shape a smart
city strategy, which will roll out data storage, auditing, and verification service for
several regions in China. ... Factom's Blockchain-based systems will be deployed
in 80 smart cities in China.
BitFury is working with the government in the country of Georgia on similar goals.
Omni Layer / Mastercoin and Counterparty are examples of networks built on top
of the Bitcoin network, with more advanced features.

Multi-party lotteries
In a simple bet, Alice and Bob bet on a coin toss. As long as the coin toss is fair
and the loser pays the winner what they had agreed upon as the bet, the bet
works.
For an online bet we would want to be sure that the bet is fair and that all parties
will pay. There are problems with trusting people but algorithms can be trusted as
they can be verified as fair.
Timelocked outputs or inaction activated smart contracts could be used to fulfill the
contract in the event one party dies or simply stops responding.
Having programmable money and the ability to easily use money in programs
means ideas like this may soon be possible.

Easy Addresses
Instead of sending a friend a confusing jumble of letters and numbers, what if you
could send them something more recognizable like an email address? Well that
idea has long been in the works.
Netki is working on a way to make this happen and BIP 70 could help.
Namecoin, based on hypothetical system BitDNS, is used to register names and
store associated values in the namecoin blockchain. The namecoin blockchain
was probably the first fork of the Bitcoin code and can be searched for values.
This data can be stored on the .bit domain name, similar to .com or .org but
outside the control of any other group.
NameID was launched for Namecoin as a method for establishing reputations.

Online Reputations
A reputation system may be important for P2P systems like OpenBazzar. Better
reputations mean a higher level of trust and those with higher reputations will often
do more sales which increases their reputation.
While people may interact with screen names or private keys they can often still
be linked to habits or tendencies over time. Some projects aim to increase
anonymity and privacy for the end user.

Analytics
With Bitcoin being an open pseudonymous system it is possible to track the
movement of satoshis from one address to another. An increasing number of
companies are arising to perform this action for banks and regulators who want to
comply with AML/ KYC regulations.
This opens the door to blacklisted coins and so many in the community are
against such actions, but as long as they can happen they will.
Analytics may be thwarted in the future at the protocol level by increasing
anonymity and thus fungibility. Some banks have stated they dont want to use a
currency without the ability to have users spending patterns analyzed and they
are currently working in part with alternative protocols like ripple and ethereum.

Elliptic data from

News piece

Fungibility and Anonymity

Different than a mixing service CoinJoin and JoinMarket aim to gather many
people into one tx to make it harder to track satoshis to people.
Darkwallet is an open source wallet that uses coinjoin and runs with or in your
browser.
BIP47 Reusable Payment Codes a payment code is an address that you can
safely reuse because each sender uses your code to derive up to 2 billion deposit
addresses unique to them.
Aggregated txs could help with censorship resistance if they could be applied to
Bitcoin without compromising the speed and security of the network.

Obfuscating the Transactions

Stealth Transactions are a way to give out one address that cant be tracked.
Payers make a special tx using information given and create a new special
address that can be paid to.
Addresses shouldnt be reused. If a company only accepted payments from one
address everyone could see who bought from them, and if they ever moved coins
from that address they would need to reprint a new address.
Confidential transactions hide the amount of satoshis being sent and can improve
results from CoinJoin. The participants can still see the amounts and designate
others to see too. CT txs can still be verified on the network. From the whitepaper,
CT is possible due to the cryptographic technique of additively
homomorphic commitments.

Throughput Increase Ideas

Invertible Bloom Lookup Tables or IBLT, thin blocks, and extreme thin blocks are
all ways to reduce data broadcast over the network. By the time a new block is
found miners should already have most of the same txs in their memepool and
they dont necessarily need to re-download the txs they already have.
Changing the block data cap so a higher volume of txs could be mined at once.
SNs idea to just increase the limit whenever it was hit can be abused so people
have come up with ideas that are harder to manipulate.
Some sort of dynamic block limit or flexcap seems far more ideal than a static
upgrade. The problem in designing a flexcap is what metrics should be tied to it
that cant be readily abused? A recent suggestion by BitPay has gained some
traction.

Subchains
Subchains are a way to give security to 0-confirmation txs and reduce orphan rates for
miners. Txs are confirmed with weak blocks right away that are then confirmed in
strong (normal) blocks.
From the abstract: This paper considers a technique for using fractional-difficulty
blocks (weak blocks) to build subchains bridging adjacent pairs of full-difficulty blocks
(strong blocks). Subchains both reduce orphaning risk by propagating block contents
over the entire block interval, and add security to zero-confirmation transactions due to
the weak blocks built above them. By nesting subchains, weak block confirmation
times approaching the theoretical limits imposed by speed-of-light constraints would
become possible with future technology improvements.
See a visualization here.

Faster Stronger
Phased blocks can reduce advantages of large pool in favor of smaller miners by
splitting blocks into shards or pieces. This increases the rate at which some txs
are mined without giving some miners an advantage that faster full block
confirmation time would do.
Finding ways to compress the network data without any compromises would allow
nodes and miners with bandwidth constraints to more actively participate in the
network, thus making it stronger.
Similarly, finding better ways to for the actual processing to happen can speed up
data validation and lower energy requirements.

Peer To Peer / P2P

In the vein of Bitcoin and Bittorrent, other applications and ideas are centered around
the idea of people interacting directly with each other through a protocol and not a
centralized clearinghouse.
Maidsafe is a proposal for a decentralized internet. This network is made up of
individual users who contribute storage, computing power, and bandwidth to form a
world-wide autonomous system.
StorJ is a decentralized cloud or online storage site, files are put into the blockchain
and their hashes are used to verify in the future that said document existed at such a
time. A decentralized twist.
Faster downloading of the blockchain during initial node syncing could be done with a
bittorrent style system.

Peer Money
P2P money sending is becoming more common. Money can be sent in btc across
borders and converted by to local fiat by the hosting company.
Banks often neglect or reject small loans since the research they have to peform
on a microloan is the same for a high or expensive loan that would be more
profitable to them. P2P lending is increasing all over the world.
Social media money transmission or tipping has also become more common in the
last few years, though not as popular as some of the creators would have liked.

Remittance
Remittance is the practice of sending money overseas. Often done by those who
wish to support their families or loved ones, some countries rely heavily on the
money from remittances to survive. The Nepalese economy gets over a thrdi of its
money from remittances.
Using cryptos to send money internationally can be far cheaper than wiring money
and even taking the money and exchanging it into a local currency.

Prediction Markets
Prediction markets are being explored with bitcoin and altcoins.
They are similar to polling in that many people submit their prediction and can be
used see probability of events as viewed by some group.
They are a way for people to put money in things they believe in and potentially
get paid for being right. The random sample of who thinks what is worth what
gives a fairly accurate prediction of how that sample will respond to future events.
It would allow people to profit off of ideas and could be powered by bitcoin. The
decentralized project Auger plans to make this happen.

Micropayments
Micropayments are low value payments, how low depends on who you ask. Some
companies say any tx less than $12 but many people might consider a
'micropayment' much less.
Micropayments are a possibility with the use of cryptocurrencies as the low
overhead makes them possible.
These very small payments could number in the Satoshis and be sent for access
to data, listening to a song, viewing an article or advert, or potentially between
machines themselves to pay for power, data, repairs, or physical access.
Micropayments would be needed for the IoT to utilize Bitcoin.

R&D News
Mycelium Gear can be used by businesses to accept btc without intermediary
assistance
Purchase Bitcoin Investment Trust shares through your brokerage account
Overstock wants to use the blockchain to issue shares and bonds
Version bits will enable multiple soft forks at once
OpenBazzar enables a decentralized network where people can create stores and
trade with anyone else on the network.
OP_CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY, nicknamed OP_HODL, allows the creation of
time locked addresses which make funds unspendable until a set date.

R&D News
There are questions on how a crypto exchange can really prove its solvency, what
is stopping them from borrowing funds to meet an audit or a number of other
scenarios.
Btc or another crypto could be used to power the IoT, as the medium of
exchange that machines use between each other. 21.co released micropayment
code for users of 21.co computers.
ASICs embedded within other electronics to give a constant supply of satoshis or
to offset heating costs have been created.
A TEE or trusted execution environment is a like a hardware wallet built into
another device such as a cell phone.

R&D News
Zero knowledge proof is a way to trust that a problem has been solved correctly by
being able to check any random part of it. It should work especially well with digital
goods.
Homomorphic encryption is a similar way to outsource the solving of a problem but
with HE the problem is encrypted first and the solvers solve an encrypted piece
that can be decrypted and used by the one with the problem. In this way studies
could be done on medical records without compromising the identity of patients.
The Blockchain could be used to create a public source of randomness. It could
be used alone or as a seed or salt by an existing RNG. This would be trustable
unlike some other sources used for computers or competitions.

R&D News
ChainDB works to put blockchain characteristics into existing decentralized
databases.
Omni, formerly Mastercoin, is a protocol on top of the blockchain with the idea that
the existing bitcoin protocol can be used as a protocol layer, on top of which new
currency layers with new rules can be built.
Counterparty is platform for financial tools. It uses a turing complete language and
proof-of-burn with OP_RETURN to send to an unspendable address.
Two of the three Counterparty founders have joined with Overstock.com to create
Medici, a security exchange that aims to be used by end users in a P2P fashion.

R&D News
DARPA wants someone to build the DoD a new secure Blockchain based
messaging platform
Bitcoin could become integrated into the internet protocol or at least able to
interact with the internet protocol payment code 402
BitFury announced they would build an energy efficient and carbon neutral
datacenter with immersion cooling.
Replacing ECDSA with the Schnorr Signature Algorithm could lead to an increase
Bitcoin's scalability and privacy, especially with multi-sig addresses.

R&D News
Rootstock allows turning complete contracts to be executed on the Btc blockchain
Multicoin wallets are becoming increasingly common. Allowing user to easily store,
save, and spend a variety of cryptocurrencies lowers the barrier to entry. Some of
these clients even help exchange between the different types.
Open Transactions compliments the Bitcoin protocol by enabling untraceable and
anonymous txs with no latency. Bitcoin is not required, it can be set up with any
asset or currency and funds can hop through.
Weak blocks appear only between peers on the network they are not saved on the
blockchain, by broadcasting blocks before they are successfully mined (or mined
with a lower difficulty) other miners can get a preview of what may be coming.

R&D News
Brave is an internet browser (like chrome or firefox) that stops all advertisements
automatically and replaces them with whitelisted ads that dont track users. Users
can receive micropayments and donate satoshis to block any ads from appears at
all or donate to those they like.
Tree chains is roughly the idea that txs can be mined by increasingly complex
POW blocks that all link to the main chain. Smaller miners could mine less difficult
blocks getting small but frequent rewards that might eliminate the need for mining
pools.
It may be possible to run a pruned full node in your browser by visiting a website
after a successful proof of concept deployment.

Proof of What?
Proof of Work, the idea behind hashcash and an integral part of Bitcoin mining is
done via the SHA-256 hashing algorithm. What if we used a different hashing
algorithm? Or something not similar at all?
SHA-256 may not be the most up to date hashing algorithm but it hasnt been
shown yet to be weak or threatened. However over time it very likely will be, and a
new algorithm would need to be chosen.
Proof of Stake should use less power but blocks dont share a common ancestor
always and the system can be abused. If a system using POS was built atop POW
it may work.
Proof of Authority and Proof of Resource have been suggested but not proven.

Wishlist Developments
Different people value different developments differently. That is to say not everyone agrees on all things
that the system should have. Here is a development wishlist by reddit user procabiak:
private transaction amount

max block size increase

infinite fractioning of the satoshi

utxo database compression

expire unused outputs after human lifespan for

remaining

mempool to disk
synchronized mempool (via sidechains?)

archival nodes

RBF + CPFP (merchant fee burden)

automated and reusable hard fork process

increased zero-conf confidence with RBF

fast block relay (IBLT)

unfederated sidechains

transaction size compression

alternative private key algorithms

optimise throughput bottlenecks

The Future of Computing

Current computer designs are approaching their physical limits which has slowed
Moores law. The general trend of processing power and transistor number
doubling every two years is likely to be broken until new advances in computing
ability arise.
Such advances may come from optical circuits which use photons instead of
electrons to transmit data. Transistors made of these circuits are much faster and
more energy efficient than electron based transistors.
Quantum computers also offer the potential to compute in a new way and not just
more efficiently. By using quantum bits or qubits instead of bits the bit can have
more than two states.

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https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3endct/onebit_enters_alpha_pay_at_any_creditcard/
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3fvdcq/cannabis_smokers_in_california_can_soon_pay_for/

Sources Continued 4
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/graphs/contributors
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pulls
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin_Foundation#cite_note-1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Foundation
https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Bitcoin_Improvement_Proposals
https://bitcoinpaperwallet.com/bip38-password-encrypted-wallets/
https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0038.mediawiki#encryption-when-ec-multiply-mode-is-used
https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0038.mediawiki#encryption-when-ec-multiply-flag-is-not-used
https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=563972.0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZC98s4paYY&feature=youtu.be
https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=25786.msg480826#msg480826
https://medium.com/@octskyward/the-capacity-cliff-586d1bf7715e#.jiwcmrqjy
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2r3ri7/strawpay_cheap_and_secure_micropayments/
https://github.com/OpenAssets/open-assets-protocol/blob/master/specification.mediawiki
https://blog.openbazaar.org/openbazaar-is-entering-a-new-phase-with-funding/
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2mkyrg/we_are_the_founders_of_factom_see_our_white_paper/
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/36j6z6/ama_we_are_factom_working_on_land_title_projects/
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3hvf30/chainpoint_standard_software_for_timestamping/cub1npn
https://letsencrypt.org/
https://github.com/ChristopherA/revocable-self-signed-tls-certificates-hack
https://github.com/psztorc/Truthcoin/blob/master/docs/1_Purpose.pdf
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/2mkd0o/we_are_the_founders_of_counterparty_the_free_and
https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Proof_of_burn
http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/121014/medici-blockchain-stock-exchange.asp
https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/overstock-purchases-stake-stock-brokerage-firm-upcoming-blockchain-based-securities-exchange-1432161417

Sources Continued 5
https://letstalkpayments.com/bank-wise-analysis-of-blockchain-activity/
http://myriadcoin.org/en/home
https://people.xiph.org/~greg/confidential_values.txt
https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/bitcoin-privacy-confidential-transactions-feature-can-fix-some-of-coinjoin-s-problems-1457703275
http://cointelegraph.com/news/blockstream-creates-confidential-transactions-to-boost-bitcoin-security
https://elementsproject.org/
https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/stealth-payments-create-anonymous-bitcoin-transactions/
http://www.coindesk.com/stealth-addresses-secret-bitcoin-privacy/
https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/20701/what-is-a-stealth-address
https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Open_Transactions
https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/7682/what-is-the-different-between-open-transactions-and-ripple
https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/chris-odom-explains-how-open-transactions-makes-altcoins-irrelevant-at-inside-bitcoins-conference/
http://opentransactions.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/1vqrt9/open_transactions_is_coming_of_age/
http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/267089/new-browser-offers-brave-solution-to-ad-blocking.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)
http://www.businessinsider.com/newspaper-publishers-send-cease-and-desist-to-brave-browser-2016-4
https://github.com/brave/browser-laptop
https://www.brave.com/
https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1377298.0
https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=290971.0
https://coinreport.net/tree-chains-vs-side-chains-controversy-explained/
https://letstalkbitcoin.com/ltb104-tree-chains-with-peter-todd
https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=586832.0
https://www.mail-archive.com/bitcoin-development%40lists.sourceforge.net/msg03307.html
https://www.mail-archive.com/bitcoin-development@lists.sourceforge.net/msg04388.html
https://blog.greenaddress.it/2014/06/13/sidechains-treechains-the-tldr/

Sources Continued 6
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3alzga/bip47_reusable_payment_codes/
https://medium.com/@BitFuryGroup/the-bitfury-group-announces-launch-of-breakthrough-blockchain-land-titling-project-in-the-republic-2431e499736e#.kht1n3xgs
http://www.businessinsider.com/banks-position-on-bitcoin-and-blockchain-2015-9
https://letstalkpayments.com/blockchain-use-cases-comprehensive-analysis-startups-invoved/
https://blockchaingroup.io/
https://www.scorechain.com/
https://www.chainalysis.com/
https://skry.tech/
http://hivedata.com/blog/blockchain-analytics-betting-your-coins-on-big-data/
http://www.block-chain-analysis.com/
https://channels.theinnovationenterprise.com/articles/the-rise-of-big-data-analytics-for-block-chains
http://cointelegraph.com/news/good-bitcoin-bad-bitcoin-blockchain-analytics-and-fungibility
https://www.elliptic.co/
https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/the-power-of-schnorr-the-signature-algorithm-to-increase-bitcoin-s-scale-and-privacy-1460642496
https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-September/011157.html
http://popeller.io/index.php/2016/01/19/weak-blocks-the-good-and-the-bad/
https://www.reddit.com/r/bitcoinxt/comments/3m3mlb/weak_blocks_make_a_strong_bitcoin_gavin/?
http://popeller.io/index.php/2016/01/19/weak-blocks-the-good-and-the-bad/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonic_integrated_circuit
http://phys.org/news/2014-09-low-energy-optical-circuit-era-technology.html
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/optical-circuits-single-photon-flips-transistor-switch/
http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-bad-reputation-payments-standards-w3c/
https://www.w3.org/Payments/IG/Roadmap/#h-terminology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_0GxYU3SFc&feature=youtu.be&t=2137
https://medium.com/@CryptoIQ.ca/rootstock-smart-contracts-on-the-bitcoin-blockchain-e52b065421a8#.udkak1es4
http://www.coindesk.com/smart-contract-1-million-bitcoin-rootstock/
https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/rootstock-merges-bitcoin-ethereum-help-world-bank-micro-lending/
http://www.rootstock.io/

Sources Continued 7
Uses of blockchains http://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/why-you-should-care-about-blockchains-non-financial-uses-blockchain-technology
Flexible blocksizes https://bitco.in/forum/threads/announcement-bitcoin-project-to-full-fork-to-flexible-blocksizes.933/page-5#post-14664
Satoshis Bitcoin client announcment https://bitco.in/forum/threads/announcement-bitcoin-project-to-full-fork-to-flexible-blocksizes.933/
https://medium.com/@BitFuryGroup/the-bitfury-group-announces-launch-of-breakthrough-blockchain-land-titling-project-in-the-republic-2431e499736e#.e4xks6pe1
https://sbir.defensebusiness.org/(X(1)S(dougahnan4h4d0uuwifnxln5))/topics?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1#topic27859
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4gd5dv/phased_blocks_an_approach_to_increasing_the/
https://twitter.com/slush_pool/status/726072048833990656
https://github.com/OpenAssets
https://www.bigchaindb.com/
DNS/ easy addresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namecoin
https://www.netki.com/#/home
https://namecoin.info/
https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0070
https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0070.mediawiki
Subchains https://bitco.in/forum/threads/subchains-and-other-applications-of-weak-blocks.584/#post-7246
https://chain.com/
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3ydrcc/eli5_bitcoin_subchains/
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3xnbxk/reduce_orphaning_risk_and_improve/
https://bitco.in/forum/threads/subchains-and-other-applications-of-weak-blocks.584/#post-7246
https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/46h4ir/thin_blocks_early_results_messages_are_on_average/?
https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/43iup7/mike_hearn_implemented_a_test_version_of_thin/
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4gd5dv/phased_blocks_an_approach_to_increasing_the/
Search OB from your browser without downloading it https://www.duosear.ch/
http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-25/u-s-wants-its-own-secure-and-self-destructing-messaging-app
http://siliconangle.com/blog/2016/04/25/darpa-wants-someone-to-build-the-dod-a-new-secure-blockchain-based-messaging-platform/
http://insidebitcoins.com/news/reusable-payment-codes-could-make-blockchain-analysis-companies-obsolete/35899

Sources Continued 8
https://github.com/ftrader/bitcoin9000-mirror
http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/267089/new-browser-offers-brave-solution-to-ad-blocking.html
Cloud blockchains https://blog.bitpay.com/bitcore-for-microsoft-azure/
Seg wit benefits https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/01/26/segwit-benefits/
Confidential txs https://people.xiph.org/~greg/confidential_values.txt
Factom in china http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/factom-signs-smart-city-deal-roll-out-blockchain-verification-across-china-1542059
End of moores law http://www.nature.com/news/the-chips-are-down-for-moore-s-law-1.19338
Keep moores law http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/172014-scientists-make-largest-ever-quantum-circuit-board
Keep moores law http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/optical-circuits-single-photon-flips-transistor-switch/
LN analogy https://letstalkbitcoin.com/blog/post/the-lightning-network-elidhdicacs
Clients can outsource large computations to the cloud https://21.co/learn/intelligent-agents-with-bitcoin/
Thin blocks https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/46gtjm/thin_blocks_early_results_messages_are_on_average/?sort=confidence
Lynchfield display could help vr vr seem real but high bandwidth, pressure to cheapen bandwidth https://www.lytro.com/
Proof of authority https://github.com/ethereum/guide/blob/master/poa.md
POA http://paymentsviews.com/2016/02/03/bitcoin-3-0-permissioned-blockchains/#sthash.ATQMV5vx.dpuf
Xtreme thin blocks https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/47quzx/xtreme_thin_blocks_in_action_getting_rid_of/
Zero knowledge payments https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/47rk85/first_successful_zeroknowledge_contingent_payment/
No addresses only IDs https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/48zr20/new_bip_could_be_the_end_of_bitcoin_addresses/
P2P insurance co https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4adnyo/meet_teambrella_the_first_peertopeer_insurance/
Enterprise Support for Bitcore with Blockchain Software Provider Bloq https://blog.bitpay.com/introducing-enterprise-support-for-bitcore-with-bloq/
talk on decentralized DNS using blockchains at Princeton http://blog.onename.com/decentralized-dns-talk-at-princeton-citp/
LN https://t.co/TYTqI4NwIu
Verify records with blockchains http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/in-the-future-the-blockchain-could-verify-our-public-records-online_55e89bcbe4b0b7a9633c51e4
Tonal bitcoin https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Tonal_Bitcoin
Tonal systems https://books.google.com/books?id=aNYGAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false
Vote with signature http://bitcoinocracy.com/
TIp on social media http://protip.is/

Sources Continued 9
https://thestack.com/iot/2016/02/05/intel-william-holt-moores-law-slower-energy-efficient-chips/
https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/the-power-of-schnorr-the-signature-algorithm-to-increase-bitcoin-s-scale-and-privacy-1460642496
https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1378318.msg14021961#msg14021961
http://www.yacy.net/en/
http://e-drexler.com/d/09/00/AgoricsPapers/agoricpapers.html
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4f5i60/smart_contracts_are_coming_to_bitcoin_via/
http://coinjournal.net/french-engineering-school-teams-local-startup-certify-diplomas-using-bitcoin-blockchain/
http://bitcoinist.net/c-bit-everything-wrong-bitcoin-community/
https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-July/009697.html
https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2016-January/012194.html
https://np.reddit.com/r/bitcoinxt/comments/428x0l/bitcoin_xt_0110e_will_allow_2mb_blocks_identical/
https://github.com/gavinandresen/bips/blob/92e1efd0493c1cbde47304c9711f13f413cc9099/bip-bump2mb.mediawiki
https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/6976
http://www.achow101.com/2016/04/Segwit-FUD-Clearup
https://bitcoin.org/en/bitcoin-core/capacity-increases
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/3ybaqj/an_attempt_at_a_fully_comprehensive_look_at_how/
https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/segregated-witness-part-how-a-soft-fork-might-establish-a-block-size-truce-or-not-1451423607
https://bitco.in/forum/threads/buip010-passed-xtreme-thinblocks.774/
http://gavinandresen.ninja/seventyfive-twentyeight
http://gavinandresen.ninja/a-guided-tour-of-the-2mb-fork
https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2016-February/012358.html
https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/4ay25s/github_bitpay_is_probably_going_to_release_very/
https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2015-July/009815.html
https://github.com/ftrader/bitcoin9000-mirror/blob/master/Bitcoin9000.pdf
http://www.playboy.com/articles/chronicled-stops-fake-sneakers
https://bitco.in/forum/threads/subchains-and-other-applications-of-weak-blocks.584/#post-7246
http://blog.samouraiwallet.com/post/137698771697/why-were-bringing-reusable-payment-codes-to-the
http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-bad-reputation-payments-standards-w3c/

Sources Continued 10
https://medium.com/@21/true-micropayments-with-bitcoin-e64fec23ffd8#.8lljt1v8z
0-knowledge notepad https://passphrase.io/ Enter a passphrase, type into the notepad, and click save. Access your notepad again by entering your passphrase.
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/47g89e/next_evolution_in_bitcoin_security_hardware/
https://manishearth.github.io/blog/2016/03/05/exploring-zero-knowledge-proofs/
http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6655915/how-the-blockchain-could-actually-change-the-music-industry
http://musically.com/2015/08/06/blockchain-technology-music-gregor-pryor-benji-rogers/
http://musically.com/2015/07/14/rethink-music-puts-focus-back-music-industry-transparency/
http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-cutting-edge-blockchain-20150809-story.html
https://gear.mycelium.com/
https://github.com/aehaynes/reddit_authorship/blob/master/sock_rankings.txt
http://www.coindesk.com/canadian-pension-funds-venture-arm-exploring-bitcoin-investments/
http://grayscale.co/investors/
https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/jbonneau/provisions-how-bitcoin-exchanges-can-prove-their-solvency/#respond
https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=937058.0
https://shapeshift.io/site/blog/2015/12/01/note-ceo-erik-voorhees-appeal-zero-conf
https://www.orwl.org/wiki/index.php?title=Electrical_Design#Hardware_Security
http://blog.bosch-si.com/categories/business-models/2015/12/21-inc-s-bitcoin-mining-asics-pocket-money-bosch-devices/
https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1130713/000110465915084240/a15-9206_9fwp.htm
https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Non-specialized_hardware_comparison
Decrypt simple cyphers online http://quipqiup.com/
Cryptographic problems for fun http://www.cryptogram.org/solve_cipher.html
https://medium.com/mit-media-lab-digital-currency-initiative/announcing-a-900-000-bitcoin-developer-fund-6e8b7e8b0861#.1alcb2hi6
http://rusty.ozlabs.org/?p=576
https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/the-power-of-schnorr-the-signature-algorithm-to-increase-bitcoin-s-scale-and-privacy-1460642496
Javascript implementation of sha 256 http://www.movable-type.co.uk/scripts/sha256.html
https://coinb.in/#newTimeLocked

Sources Continued 11
http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2016-02-03/germany-unveils-cash-controls-push-ban-transactions-over-%E2%82%AC5000-%E2%82%AC500-euro-note#comment
-7137275
https://twitter.com/RSKsmart/status/727147749339226112
Btc & ether http://btcrelay.org/
http://www.newsbtc.com/2016/05/01/intel-sawtooth-poetic/
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4hm1nq/bitcoindev_mailing_list_matt_corallo_proposes_new/
JP MOrgan may let people hold btc with them https://twitter.com/coindesk/status/727597407836512257
Andreas says POW may add POS from LN by end of 16 http://bitcoinist.net/andreas-antonopoulos-lightning-consensus/
Layers built atop of bitcoin https://holytransaction.com/page/what-is-omni
https://github.com/OmniLayer
http://counterparty.io/docs/about_counterparty/
http://storj.io/
https://medium.com/indiesquare-official-blog/rise-of-bitcoin-and-the-token-economy-in-japan-32471d9a8b0c#.x6jhjmtxr
http://bitcoinist.net/cumberland-mining-bitcoin-auctions/
Base 3 computing used in optical circuits https://www.reddit.com/r/todayilearned/comments/4kun2p/til_there_have_been_computers_programmed_in/d3if5gsbvb
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4kwiiv/why_so_few_use_or_see_a_potential_in_bitid_i/
USPS coin? http://bravenewcoin.com/news/us-postal-service-investigates-four-different-ways-to-use-blockchain-technology-to-improve-services/
PayPal patent trolling?
http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s
1=20160148196.PGNR.&OS=DN/20160148196&RS=DN/20160148196?=Cite_Brian_Cohen
Decentralized arbitration http://bravenewcoin.com/news/third-key-solutions-decentralized-arbitration-and-mediation-network-to-bridge-law-and-smart-contracts/
BIP 151 for increased privacy between peers https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0151.mediawiki
PayPal looking to btc http://www.newsbtc.com/2016/05/27/paypal-will-support-bitcoin/
Drivechain code http://www.truthcoin.info/blog/drivechain-op-code/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterparty_(technology)

https://medium.com/@peter_r/towards-massive-on-chain-scaling-presenting-our-block-propagation-results-with-xthin-da54e55dc0e4#.rhseo04xf
https://medium.com/@peter_r/towards-massive-on-chain-scaling-block-propagation-results-with-xthin-3512f3382276#.1amc8gpks
https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.07524
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4m0g1o/it_is_time_to_reconsider_the_ghost_protocol_for/
https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4m0m2k/everybody_should_check_bitcoin_innovation_coming/
https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/understanding-the-lightning-network-part-building-a-bidirectional-payment-channel-1464710791
In browser full node http://bcoin.io/browser.html
https://bitcoincore.org/en/2016/06/07/compact-blocks-faq/
Falcon network http://www.falcon-net.org/
Eth and xcp http://coinjournal.net/counterparty-ethereum-virtual-machine-smart-contracts-bitcoin-blockchain/
Joinmarket gui https://github.com/coinmix/coinmix
21 machine payable web http://www.coinfox.info/news/5695-21-inc-opublikoval-otkrytyj-kod-dlya-http-raboty-s-bitkoinom-2
CPFP merged https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/commit/66db2d62d59817320c9182fc18e75a93b76828ea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ThinThread
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_execution_environment
SIG-OP attack https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1166928.0
Discrete logarithm problem difficulty going down? http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0301141
Ricardian contracts http://iang.org/papers/ricardian_contract.html
Factom gets $200,000 grant from DHS to help secure the IoT https://news.bitcoin.com/dhs-awards-200k-factom/
PoOwnership https://programmingblockchain.gitbooks.io/programmingblockchain/content/bitcoin_transfer/proof_of_ownership_as_an_authentication_method.html
http://cointelegraph.com/news/bitcoin-to-gain-ethereums-functionality-through-counterparty-launch-by-autumn
http://insidebitcoins.com/news/when-will-bitcoin-finally-get-better-privacy/36321
FLARE https://medium.com/@BitFuryGroup/the-bitfury-group-releases-white-paper-flare-an-approach-to-routing-in-lightning-network-8bc263dcdc92#.st19uuice
FIBRE http://bluematt.bitcoin.ninja/2016/07/07/relay-networks/
FIBRE relay network http://bitcoinfibre.org/

http://www.coindesk.com/bitfury-flare-lightning-network-routing/
http://www.scmp.com/tech/innovation/article/1943015/schools-are-recording-students-results-using-bitcoin-tech
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vl3bUzfn2lg
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAxlA8G5aqUcBcCoLPaBmHgIXYvWrmDEc
https://elementsproject.org/
Sweeden tests land registry program using blockchain tech http://www.reuters.com/article/us-sweden-blockchain-idUSKCN0Z22KV
Mycelium wallet adds hooks for other tokens http://coremedia.info/index.php/blockchain-news/item/272-mycelium-and-waves-platform-announce-shared-roadmap
RIFFLE network more secure than Tor? https://news.mit.edu/2016/stay-anonymous-online-0711
http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/blockchain-powered-real-estate-platform-ubitquity-does-first-property-ownership-transfer-bitcoin-1569980?platform=hootsuite
https://www.qubes-os.org/news/2016/07/13/qubes-distributed-fund/
https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/12/steem-digital-currency-steemit-value-soars
STEEM with btc https://steemit.com/journalism/@fabz89/bitcoin-and-steem-could-integrate-in-an-autonomous-network-of-journal-publishing
Braided blockchains https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/4srtfs/braiding_the_blockchain_bob_mcelrath_phd_if_two/
https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/4su1gf/braiding_the_blockchain_32_min_qa_we_cant_remove/
Overview of blockchain tech so far http://blog.coinfabrik.com/overview-of-blockchain-technologies/
Attempt to explain LN easily https://github.com/yoursnetwork/yours-channels/blob/master/docs/gentle-lightning.md
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_error_correction
Banks and ideas for blockchains https://tpbit.blogspot.ca/2015/11/sample-bankchain-feature-set.html
Blockchain audits https://tpbit.blogspot.ca/2016/01/positive-and-negative-proofs-in.html
Conceal keys in pictures https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1562481.msg15680124
ABSDCO https://steemit.com/crypto-news/@dana-edwards/attention-based-stigmergic-distributed-collaborative-organizations

On cracking brainwallets https://speakerdeck.com/filosottile/stealing-bitcoin-with-math-hope-xi

BOLT draft https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/lightning-dev/2016-July/000556.html
Block flags https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4uip05/some_reasons_to_add_sync_flags_to_bitcoin/
Visa working to allow small sales pf btc http://www.coindesk.com/visa-europe-bitcoin-micropayments/
https://petertodd.org/2016/block-publication-incentives-for-miners
/theymoss plan to changing and developing Bitcoin https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4vr7cx/contentious_bitcoin_fork_will_create_a_split/d60rrsr
RSK teams up with over 20 btc companies http://bravenewcoin.com/news/rsk-federation-finds-support-from-24-leading-bitcoin-industry-companies/
MIMBLEWIMBLE https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitcoin/comments/4vub3y/mimblewimble_noninteractive_coinjoin_and_better/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-quantum_cryptography
ChainCode camp http://bluematt.bitcoin.ninja/2016/08/08/chaincode/
MaidSafe ready for alpha https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/12/after-a-decade-of-rd-maidsafes-decentralized-network-opens-for-alpha-testing/
https://www.reddit.com/r/btc/comments/4xow2v/combining_weak_blocks_and_transaction_compression/
Attempt at a standard for using btc to stamp https://medium.com/@WayneVaughan/chainpoint-a-standard-blockchain-proof-protocol-79def1c37189#.o854udvgp
IoT Payment Layers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvJpWt5gapQ
Standard for wallets https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2016-August/013008.html
Ad netwrok https://www.esixteen.co/apps/adcentse16
Bitfury paper on untangling mixed send txs
https://medium.com/@BitFuryGroup/the-bitfury-group-issues-new-white-paper-on-shared-send-untangling-in-bitcoin-blockchain-dfdacbf86108#.on3vlewd0