Pat+o Nouerai

3/7/2012

l/u

TEGANGAN PADA
ELEIVIEN TUIESIN

Review of Statics

3/7/zotz

The structure is designed

to support a 30 kN load.

The structure consists of

boom and rod joined by pins

(zero moment connections)

at the junctions
su

pports

and

Perform a static analysis to

determine the internal force

in each structural member

and the reaction forces at

the supports

Structure is

detached from supports and

the loads and reaction forces
are indicated
Conditions for static equilibrium:

z Mc

=0=

l,

(0.6

m)_ (:orN[o.sm)

l, = 40kN
IF, = 0 =A,+C,
Cr=-A,=-40kN
LFy=O=Ar+Cr-30kN=0
Ar+Cr=30kN

30

kN

A, and C, can not be determined from

tirese equations

3/7/zotz

.
.

Each component must satis$r

the conditions
for static equilibrium
Free-body diagram for
the boom:

LMa=O=-,lr(O.tm)
AY=o
Substitute to the equilibrium
equation
cY = 3okN

'

Results:
,4

l()

= 40kN

-+

C, = 40kN

<_

Cr, =

i0kN

Reaction forces are directed

along boom
and rod

k\

The members are subjected

to only two forces
which are applied at member
ends

For equilibrium, the forces

must be parallel to
to an axis befween th
equar in,,ugn

ir,a",'u;

J"JT#JJIff :.nTj',

Joints must satisry the

conditions for static
equilibrium which may

form ofa force triangle:

be expressed in

IFB=o

++)3= Fs! =30 kN

FAB =

40kN

faC =50kN

the

3/t/2012

Can the structure safely support the 30

kN
load?

From a statics analysis

Fnu: 40 kN (compression)

Frr= 50 kN (rension)

. At

any section through member BC,

thE

internal force is 50 kN- rvith a force intensity

or stress of

dur:20 mm

50xl03N

%=q.:::i,t*ffi,*_:.
aoequate

.
.

Design of new structures requires selection

of
appropriate materials and component
dimensions
to meet performance requirements

For reasons based on cos;t, weight, availability,

etc., the choice is made to construct
the

aluminum

(ooF 100 Mpa).

rod from

What

.is

appropriate choice for the rod diameter?

^,._P
--.A
w7tt

an

50xl03N
,
A=,olt l00x t0bpa

=500x10-6m2

,W

=2.52x10-2n= 25.2mm

An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter

adequate

is

3/t/2012

A uniform distribution of

stress in a section
infers that the line ofaction for the resultant of

the internal forces passes through the centroid

ofthe section.

uniform distribution of stress is only

if the concentrated loads on the end

possible

sections of two-force members are applied at

the section centroids. This is referred to as

centric loading.

If a trvo-force member is eccentrically loaded,

then the resultant ofthe stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and

moment.
The stress distributions in eccentricaliy loaded
members cannot be uniform or syrnmetric.,

Forces P and P' are applied transversely to the

memberlB.
Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
ofsection C and are called shearing forces.
The resultant ofthe internal shear force
distribution is defined asthe shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
The corresponding average shear stress is,
tave -

Yr

P
/
A

Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the

member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.

The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to

be uniform10

3/1/2072

Single Shear

Double Shear

-5*r
'ave -

P
A,

tave =

PF

j=

Bolts, rivets, and pins create

stresses on the points ofcontact
or bearing surfaces ofthe
members they connect.

The resultant of the force

distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.

Corresponding average force

rnrensrry rs called the bearing
stress,

o,=!=P
"

..q td

3/1/zotz

rc> rt/=zstrh

h,/\

-10

Would Iike to determLne the

slresses in the members and
connections of the strucfure

urnr

TOP VIETV OF ROD 6(:

shoun.

From a statics analysis:

Fnu: 40 kN (compression)

Fr.:
.

50 kN (tension)

Must consider maximum

normal stresses n AB and

BC. and the shearing stress

and bearing stress at each

pimed comection

. From the
properties for

material

steel,

the

allorvable stress is
oall = 165 N{Pa

ToP \.18\1:OF BOO:II tB

13

.
'c7 d,=u^*

0A ,/\

The rod is in tension with

an axial force of 50 kN.

At the rod center, the average

normal stress in the

circu.tar cross-section

: ir+xLo"m;t;;r. :

+159

At the flattened rod ends, the

smallest cross_sectional
area occurs at the pin centerline,
/ = (20mmx40mm - 25mm) = 300x l0-6m2
oBC.end=

1,<

r= so't03'v
A 3oo,t16#

= I67MPa

The

boom is in comnression with

an axial force of 40
kN and average normal srress
ot__26.; M;;.'
The minimum area sections
at the boom ends are
unstressed since the boom
is i, .on.,p."rr;on.

3/1/zotz

The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,

and C,
A = trr2 =

'"'Yt,
lYd

\Z)

]t

= 49rx ro-6m2

= !1rN

{rL |
{
i--*

f,'1*:

,. *:]

r-l

"#

+:

The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod

_
tC.a'e =

."''

{lE@l
!.*.ff

'

r[":lal

f{li<.r=r;r"
F";=FEal

50x l03N

AI, I._TJ

= l02MPa

lB,

P
_
tA.ave =; =

'tr-

iqB=,()!N

The pin at I is in double shear with a

total force equal to the force exerted bv
the boom

P_

^BC,

20kN

*;

_q,

= 40.7 MPa

Divide the pin at ^B into sections to determine

the section with the largest shear force,
Pr = lskN
Pc =25kN (largest)

Evaluate the corresponding average,

shearing stress,

-t B,ave = Pr:= 25kN

7 a*;-;
I t,,

EiP\,,,
,l
.l(l

= r5

t\

= 50.9Mpa

3/1/20t2

To determine the bearing stress at

A inthe boom
we have t: 30 nun and d:25 mm,
40kN
_ -P
-'a = (ro"-,piil)

"u

= 53 3MPa

To determine the bearing stress at

we have t = 2(25mm) = 50 mm

_u ='dP=

"

,{ in the bracket,

and d

4okN

Co,,*Xril,

lB,

:25 ;.

= 32 oMPa

SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the
section
centroid and moment of inertia..

r-r0mm.-l

ffiEl",*,"
ffiT
.ur^,:T?n

ffi
H

*i'*

part is acted upon

Iby*a 3 kN-mmachine
couple. Knowing E = 165
. and negleciing the effects of

^Gf
Irllets,
determine (a) the maximum

tersile. and compressive skesses,

(b)

the rad ius of curvature.

Apply the elastic flexural formula

to

find the

maximum tensile

compressive stresses.

Mc
o*=T

and

3/1/2072

Sample Problem
SOLUTION:

]_:-

l*--

Based on the cross section geometry calculate

the location ofthe section centroid and

e0mil'--

moment of inertia.

l--

y1 = SOrnrn I

Area, mm2

90x

103

24x103

Il

::":::W

y =224-

114x103

zA

}=3rinrm

-ffi

= 3000

r;

=lf
=

3000

LrA=114x103
= 38 mm

+,<dr):zlimt + aa2)

(1m, zo'+

rs00xl22)+

(1:o*

+0, + rz00xl82)

1 = 868x l03mm = 868x i0-9ma

Sample Problem
Apply the elastic flexural formula to furd the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc

I
_Mrt_3kN.mx0.022m
_
"A- -

_
"

Mcn
I

86eror;a
3kN.mx0.038m
868xlo-9mma

E-+lAoMF;l
los = -131.3 MPal

10

3/t/201.2

For the timber beam loaded as shown in Fig. 2$a, calculate the bending stress at

point

P.

35

kN

i8

kiPi

200 mm
:.5 1r'

LJ

l!

(i6 fi:
=

T-TEI

o|r'u}i[-W)

di p dapat dilihat di
BMD di samping sedangkan sumbu

Momen 1,g terjadi

netral terletak di tengah-tengah potongan

melintang atau 200mm

dari

sehingga y-320-20F120 mm.

bawah,

Mon,en max=2x35 kN=7OkN m

,/2

dA=bdy

If

a.t

r rrl

h/

I =b

[fbdt

_h./
/2

,/2

'av
- = tlLt!-l'
It
)-t
/2
2

JzvJ
L:

T'--__l

l, _ztl n')
l,-3lTl
2

LI

bh3

l2
200x4003

t2

I =1.067

xl}e mma

I'

-!4942!!yy
1.067x10e mma
7.87 N

---,mm'

=-7.87MPa

LL

3/7/2012

la
(,)

Eccentric loading

F=P
M=Pd
at

Stress due to eccentric loading found by

superposing the uniform stress due to a centric
load and linear stress distribution due a pure
bending moment
x = tor,lgsn1r16 +(o1

=!-uvI
Validiry requires sfresses below proportional

limit, deformations have negligible effect on

geomefry, and stresses not evaluated near
points of load application.

,l

Example
SOLUTION:
Find the equivalent centric load and
bending moment
Superpose the uniform stress due to
the centric load and the linear sfress
due to the bending moment.

An open-link chain is obtained

Evaluate ihe maximum tensile and

compressive sfresses at the iruter
and outer edges, respectively, ofthe
superposed srress distribution.
by

bending low-carbon steel rods into

the shape shown. For 160 lb load,
determine (a) maximum tensile and
compressive stresses, (b) distance

Find the neutral axis by determining

the location rvhere the normai stress
is zero.

behveen centroid and neutral axis

t2

3/1/2072

Normal stress due to

[]

centric load

A=rc2 =o(o.zsin)2
= 0.1963in2
v

_- = P=
go

lt
Equivalent centric load
and bending moment
P=

64i5

psi

r60lb
o.l963in2

=8l5psi

cx

Normal stress due to

bending moment

l60lb

M = Pd =(1.601bX0.65in)
= l04lb'in

t =!rc4 =[,(o.zs)4
= -j.06gxl0-3in4

o,,

[]

A! -

(t o+

Iu'inXo.zs in)

.06g x I 0-3 in4

= 8475psi

-5-175 psi

Example

Maximum tensile and compressive

stresses

o=!-MYo

Ot = O0 +On

=815+8475

E=z0p,il

Oc=OO-Om

=815-8475

. Neutral axis location

AI

rsp,i;1$!:1!-3t
=
^ :*=
1s

14

=:iGdFl

Fo--=-oT,old

13

31712012

Sample Problem
The largest ailowable stresses for the cast
iron link are 30 MPa in tension and 120
MPa in compression. Determine the largest
force P which can be applied to the link.

[-*;'* -

SOLUTION:

T-..L Ei.ff
I.I rrrnl30

bending moment.

40 mrn

, l,l

I0

rnni

.
From Sample Problem

l=3x10-3m2
1-

= 0.038m

1=

Determine an equivalent centric load and

Superpose the stress due to a cenkic load

and the stress due to bending.
Evaluate the critical loads for the allowable
tensile and compressive stresses.

The largest allowable load is the smallest

of the two critical loads.

868x10-9 ma

Sample Problem
Determine an equivalent centric and bending loads.
d=0.038-0.010=0.028m
P =centricload

M = Pd =0.028P=bendingmoment
Superpose stresses due to centric and bending-loads

.al

--r--

-T

0.O22 m

ce =

O-03I1

ce

ffi=.

*Mrt -_ P
o,=_L
"

3rlo-' 868xlo-' =$j7p

p __(0.028px0.q22)=_l55ep
o--Al3*lo-r868xlo-e
=_! _Mrn =_
A /

-+(0.028PX0.q22)

-T
rr

Fjj"
Ldi

Evaluate critical loads for allowable stresses.

---a-q*

'm'

6t=+377 P =30MPa
oa = -1559 P =

-l20MPa

The largest allowable load

P=79.6kN
P = 76.97kN

IPJ-iTIN]

14

3/7/2012

Tentukan besarnya tegangan di titik A, B, C dan D dari gambar di bawah

4.80 kN

4.80 kN

M, = 4.80kN(40mm) =t92Nm
M, = 4.E0 kN (60 mm - 35 mm) = 120 Nm
0.080m(0.120n) =9.6x10-3
I ,= 5.l2xl0-6 ma
,4 =

I .= 11.52x104 mo

m2

o^=L=4.5MPa
"A
M
dr=-:Lz

=l.5MPa

M
6r'=T

=0.625MPa

15

3/U2012

6r=-Oo*Or*Oz
oe

= -0.5 -1.5 -0.625

-2.625MPa

= -l.375MPa
-0.5 dc = -0.5 + 1.5 + 0.625 = +l.625MPa
o o = -0.5 + 1.5 - 0.625 = +0.37 5MPa
oa

1.5 + 0.625

-2.625
(r)

0.375 \4Pa

{- 1.625 N.{Pa

2.625 tvrP

N..{Pa

(1r)

76