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Properties of Expansive-Ultra
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by M. Suzuki, I. Maruyama, and R. Sato
Synopsis: In order to decrease cross sectional area of structural members, ultra high strength
concrete with compressive strength over 150 MPa is required for building structural members,
which needs no steam curing. In the present study, concrete is made of silica fume cement which is
composed of low heat type cement and silica fume and demonstrates high compactability.
Compressive strength of the concrete with water to binder ratio of 0.15 and the effect of hydration
heat of binder on compressive strength are investigated experimentally. Effectiveness of expansive
additive on reduction of autogenous shrinkage is also investigated. According to the experiment,
compressive strength over 150 MPa is gained by adopting appropriate aggregates without steam
curing at early ages, while the strength of full sized specimens decreased about 10 % at the age of
91 days. Autogenous shrinkage was reduced from more than 700x10-6 to 0 by expansive additive
and shrinkage-reducing admixture. However, expansive additive leads to strength reduction of
about 10 %.
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INTRODUCTION
Ultra-high strength concrete, when restrained, may undergo thermal cracking due to excessive
hydration heat when the water to binder ratio is as low as 0.15 that corresponds the unit binder
content of more than 1000 kg/m3. Silica fumes introduced for higher strength often result in larger
autogenous shrinkage strain compared with the ordinary concrete (1). Thus, the reduction of the
autogeneous shrinkage strain is a crucial task to avoid cracking. Application of shrinkage-reducing
agents and expansive additives has been proposed to reduce the autogenous shrinkage strain (2, 3).
Autogenous shrinkage behavior of silica fume admixed high strength concrete with an equivalent
temperature history as that of a real structure has been studied within a limited range (4). However,
little research has been conducted on the reduction of the autogenous shrinkage strain under high
temperature history. Excessive use of expansive agent may sacrice the compressive strength.
This study deals with experiments on the autogenous shrinkage strain of silica fume-admixed, high
strength concrete subjected to the high temperature history. Effects of the differences in temperature
increase on the autogenous shrinkage strain, and of expansive agent and shrinkage reducing agent
on compressive and tensile strengths were examined.
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EXPERIMENTS
Materials used and mix proportions
Materials used in this experiment are shown in Table 1, and the chemical composition of the
cement is shown in Table 2. Silica fume substituted for 10.5 percent of the cement was premixed
with the cement; the density of premix-cement (hereafter referred to as SF-LC) was 3.08 g/cm3.
The expansive agent was a lime type and generally dosed 20 kg per 1 m3. Fine and coarse
aggregates were selected for the use of high strength concrete prior to the experiments. The mix
proportions are shown in Table 3. Dosage of the superplasticizer was determined to produce a
slump flow of 605 cm, an air content of 21 percent. Among three mix proportions, SFLC refers
to the control the mix, SFLC-E refers to a mix where the expansive additive was added, and
SFLC-E-R refers to a mix where expansive additive and a shrinkage reducing admixture were
added. Unit water content and coarse aggregate content were common to all the mixes, 155 kg/m3
and 0.53 m3/m3 taking into account the smooth passage of the aggregate between reinforcing steel
bars. Dosage of the shrinkage reducing admixture was normal while that of the expansive additive
was 1.5 times larger than the standard.
Method of mixing
Method of mixing is shown in Fig. 1. Mortar was mixed for 180 seconds prior to the
introduction of coarse aggregate and subsequently the concrete was mixed for 60 seconds. A
dual-axis mixer with a capacity of 2000 liters was used for the full-scale model column mixing
1100 liters per batch, and a mixer with a capacity of 55 liters was used for specimens mixing 40
liters per batch. The superplasticizer and the anti-foaming agent were introduced with the mixing
water.
Test methods
Two series of tests were executed: different curing condition, and compressive strength and the
autogenous shrinkage strain tests for the specimens using different types of the autogenous
shrinkage strain reducing materials. Method of each test is as follows.
Fresh concrete -- Slump flow test was based on Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 1150 and air
content was determined according to JIS A 1128.
Setting test -- Setting test was performed to identify the time when the autogenous shrinkage strain
starts based on JIS A 6204 appendix 1. Specimens sampled from the fresh concrete were screened
to pass a 5-mm sieve under vibration of a rod vibrator. The initial and the final setting were
(1)
where it is the effective age and ti is the number of day when the temperature is T C (To=1C)
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Behavior of fresh concrete and setting
Properties and setting test results of fresh concrete are shown in Table 4.
Temperature of concretes
Temperature histories at the center of the model column and the specimen cured under the
simplified adiabatic condition for the compressive strength test are shown in Fig. 6. Nearly the
same result can be seen for both concretes in the maximum temperature and in the rate of
temperature increase to the maximum temperature. Difference between the maximum temperature
and temperature of the concrete as mixed was 40C.
Temperature histories of specimens made with the SFLC mix for the autogenous shrinkage strain
measurement and for the compressive strength test subjected to the simplified adiabatic curing are
shown in Fig. 7. The temperature of the specimen for autogenous shrinkage strain measurement is
an average of three specimens. The effective age calculated with Eq. 1 corresponding to the initial
setting is also shown as a dotted line in Fig. 7. Nearly the same temperature history can be seen for
both concretes, and this tendency was also seen in SFLC and in SFLC-E. Difference between the
maximum temperature and mixed-up temperature of concrete as mixed was 45C.
It can be concluded that the specimen cured under the simplified adiabatic condition shows nearly
the same temperature history as the model column whose development of autogenous shrinkage
can be represented by the specimen. It has been reported that the region of a rapid increase in
concrete temperature can be regarded as the initial setting; this was also in this experiment. Thus
the start of autogenous shrinkage strain of the specimen cured under the simplified adiabatic
condition can be evaluated with Eq. 1 in terms of the effective age and the initial and the final
setting at a constant temperature of 20 C.
Mechanical properties
Development of compressive strength of the specimen made with the SFLC mix is shown in Fig.
8. Specimens cured under the standard condition, the simplified adiabatic condition and cored from
the model column are marked in triangle, diamond and round respectively. The marker in white
represents the experiment comparing the specimens cured under the standard condition and those
cured under the simplified adiabatic condition. The marker in black represents the other experiment
including cores sampled from the model column. The 91-day compressive strengths were 170
MPa, 168 MPa and 155 MPa for specimens cured under the standard condition, cured under the
simplified adiabatic condition, and cored from the model column respectively satisfying the
targeted compressive strength of 150 MPa. The other experiment is under way (markers in white);
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in reducing the autogenous shrinkage strain, which was 280x10-6 at the effective age of 40-day
with the expansive additive and 400x10-6 with the expansive additive and shrinkage reducing
admixture for the specimen cured under a constant temperature of 20C. This may be attributed to
a synergetic effect of the admixtures: a direct constraint of the autogenous shrinkage strain by the
expansive additive and reduction of surface tension of free water that may induce the autogenous
shrinkage strain by shrinkage reducing admixture. The autogenous shrinkage strain of specimen
cured under the simplified adiabatic condition was 430 x 10-6 in SFLC-E (solely by the expansive
additive) and 650 x 10-6 in SFLC-E-R (by both) exhibiting a marked difference with those cured
under a constant temperature of 20C. This may imply the effect of temperature history on the
reduction of the autogenous shrinkage strain even though the expansive additive and/or the
shrinkage reducing admixture is introduced.
Effect of the shrinkage reducing admixture by curing conditions is shown in Fig. 12. Effectiveness
was expressed by subtracting the shrinkage reduction of SFLC-E form that of SFLC-E-R.
Shrinkage reducing effect showed maximum at the effective age approx. 2-day and no subsequent
development was observed regardless of the curing conditions. The expansive additive seemed to
contribute to the shrinkage reduction in a sustained manner as no increase in the autogenous
shrinkage was observed in SFLC-E and SFLC-E-R mix.
CONCLUSIONS
Major findings of this study can be summarized as follows.
(1) A high strength concrete of water-binder ratio of 0.15 was prepared with a low-heat portland
cement and a silica fume of 10-percent substitution. The 91-day compressive strength of the
concrete was 170 MPa when cured under the standard condition while that subjected to the high
temperature history of approx. 70 C became 10 percent lower.
(2) Reduction in 28-day compressive strength due to the dosage of the expansive additive, 1.5
times greater than the standard, was 10 percent when cured under the standard condition and 5
percent when cured under the simplified adiabatic condition.
(3) Autogenous shrinkage strain at the effective age of 40-day depended on the curing conditions
and was 700x10-6 when cured under the simplified adiabatic condition whose temperature history
was equivalent to the full-scale model column, and 450x10-6 when cured under the standard
condition at a constant temperature of 20 C.
(4) Both the expansive additive and the shrinkage reducing admixture were able to reduce the
autogenous shrinkage strain to a substantial degree. Depending on the curing condition of
specimens, the autogenous shrinkage strain reducing effect was more notable when the specimen
was cured in the simplified adiabatic condition rather than cured in the standard condition at a
constant temperature of 20 C.
(5) The expansive additive was effective in minimizing the development of the autogenous
shrinkage strain.
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Fig. 2Dimensions of the full-scale model column and the core sampling position
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Fig. 5Autogenous shrinkage strain test under the simplified adiabatic condition
Fig. 6Temperature histories of the model column and the specimen cured under the
simplified insulated condition
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Fig. 9Comparison of the compressive strength between specimens cured under the
standard condition, the simplified adiabatic condition and cored from the model column
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