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Togglenavigation

Psychologists

Behavioral
IvanPavlov
JohnWatson
B.F.Skinner
EdwardThorndike
AlbertBandura
Humanist
AbrahamMaslow
CarlRogers

Cognitive
JeanPiaget
JeromeBruner
EdwardTolman
AnneTreisman
DonaldBroadbent
AlbertEllis
AaronBeck
DavidKolb
WilhelmWundt
LeonFestinger

Psychodynamic
SigmundFreud
ErikErikson
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CarlJung
Social
SolomonAsch
StanleyMilgram
HoflingNurseStudy
PhilipZimbardo
SergeMoscovici
HenriTajfel

Memory
RichardAtkinson
AlanBaddeley
FergusCraik
ElizabethLoftus
Developmental
LevVygostksy
JeromeBruner
MaryAinsworth
JohnBowlby
LawrenceKohlberg
Theories

Behavioral
BehavioristApproach
ClassicalConditioning
OperantConditioning
SchedulesofReinforcement
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LawofEffect
SocialLearningTheory
Humanist
HumanisticPsychology
HierarchyofNeeds
CarlRogers
Personality
PersonalityTheories
TypeA

Cognitive
CognitivePsychology
InformationProcessing
Attention
Perception
CognitiveDissonance
Memory
MemoryIntro
ShortTerm
LongTerm
MultiStoreModel
WorkingMemory
LevelsofProcessing
Forgetting
EyewitnessTestimony

SigmundFreud
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PsychodynamicApproach
Psychoanalysis
Id,Ego,SuperEgo
UnconsciousMind
PsychosexualStages
DefenseMechanisms
Social
SocialPsychology
Conformity
Obedience
Attitudes
SelfConcept
Prejudice

Developmental
JeanPiaget
SensorimotorStage
PreoperationalStage
ConcreteStage
FormalOperationalStage
LevVygostksy
ZPD
JeromeBruner
Attachment
JohnBowlby
KohlbergMoralDev
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PsychosocialStages
Studies

Conformity
AschLineStudy
SherifStudy
JennesBeansStudy
Obedience
MilgramShockStudy
HoflingNurseStudy
ZimbardoPrisonStudy

Attachment
44Thieves
StrangeSituation
Schaffer&Emerson
VanIjzendoorn&Kroonenberg
Harlow'sMonkeys
Hodges&Tizard
Genie

Behavioral
Pavlov'sDogs
LittleAlbert
BoboDoll
Memory
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SerialPositionEffect
LoftusandPalmer
PetersonandPeterson

Stress
KiecoltGlaser
SRRSRahe
Developmental
Scaffolding(ZPD)
HeinzDilemma
ThreeMountainsTask
ObjectPermanence
ResearchMethods

Experimental
LabExperiment
FieldExperiment
NaturalExperiment
ExperimentalDesigns
Variables

NonExperimental
CaseStudy
Interviews
Questionnaire
LikertScales
Observations
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ConductingResearch
Hypotheses
Sampling
ScienificApproach
LabReport
EthicalGuidelines

Data
QualitativeQuantitative
Reliability
Validity
Correlation
Statistics

HomePsychodynamicCarlJung

CarlJung
bySaulMcLeodpublished2014

CarlJungwasanearlysupporterofFreudbecauseoftheirsharedinterestintheunconscious.Hewasan
activememberofthetheViennaPsychoanalyticSociety(formerlyknownastheWednesday
PsychologicalSociety).

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WhentheInternationalPsychoanalyticalAssociationformedin1910Jungbecamepresidentatthe
requestofFreud.
Howeverin1912whileonalecturetourofAmericaJungpubliclycriticizedFreudstheoryofthe
Oedipuscomplexandhisemphasisoninfantilesexuality.Thefollowingyearthisledtoanirrevocable
splitbetweenthemandJungwentontodevelophisownversionofpsychoanalytictheory.
MostofJung'sassumptionsofhisanalyticalpsychologyreflecthistheoreticaldifferenceswithFreud.
Forexample,whileJungagreedwithFreudthatapersonspastandchildhoodexperiencesdetermined
futurebehavior,healsobelievedthatweareshapedbyourfuture(aspirations)too.

DifferencesbetweenJungandFreud

TheoryoftheLibido

Jung(1948)disagreedwithFreudregardingtheroleofsexuality.Hebelievedthelibidowasnotjust
sexualenergy,butinsteadgeneralizedpsychicenergy.
ForJungforpurposeofpsychicenergywastomotivatetheindividualinanumberofimportantways,
includingspiritually,intellectually,andcreatively.
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Itwasalsoanindividualsmotivationalsourceforseekingpleasureandreducingconflict

TheoryoftheUnconscious
LikeFreud(andErikson)Jungregardedthepsycheasmadeupofanumberofseparatebutinteracting
systems.Thethreemainonesweretheego,thepersonalunconsciousandthecollectiveunconscious.
AccordingtoJung,theegorepresentstheconsciousmindasitcomprisesthethoughts,memories,and
emotionsapersonisawareof.Theegoislargelyresponsibleforfeelingsofidentityandcontinuity.
LikeFreud,Jung(1921,1933)emphasizedtheimportanceoftheunconsciousinrelationtopersonality.
However,heproposedthattheunconsciousconsistsoftwolayers.
ThefirstlayercalledthepersonalunconsciousisessentiallythesameasFreudsversionofthe
unconscious.Thepersonalunconsciouscontainstemporalityforgotteninformationandwellasrepressed
memories.Jung(1933)outlinedanimportantfeatureofthepersonalunconsciouscalledcomplexes.A
complexisacollectionofthoughts,feelings,attitudesandmemoriesthatfocusonasingleconcept.
Themoreelementsattachedtothecomplex,thegreateritsinfluenceontheindividual.Jungalso
believedthatthepersonalunconsciouswasmuchnearerthesurfacethanFreudsuggestedandJungian
therapyislessconcernedwithrepressedchildhoodexperiences.Itisthepresentandthefuture,whichin
hisviewwasthekeytoboththeanalysisofneurosisanditstreatment.
HoweverbyfarthemostimportantdifferencebetweenJungandFreudisJungsnotionofthecollective
(ortranspersonal)unconscious.Thisishismostoriginalandcontroversialcontributiontopersonality
theory.Thisisalevelofunconscioussharedwithothermembersofthehumanspeciescomprisinglatent
memoriesfromourancestralandevolutionarypast.Theformoftheworldintowhich[aperson]isborn
isalreadyinborninhim,asavirtualimage(Jung,1953,p.188).
AccordingtoJungthehumanmindhasinnatecharacteristicsimprintedonitasaresultofevolution.
Theseuniversalpredispositionsstemfromourancestralpast.Fearofthedark,orofsnakesandspiders
mightbeexamplesanditisinterestingthatthisideahasrecentlybeenrevivedinthetheoryofprepared
conditioning.Howevermoreimportantthanisolatedtendenciesarethoseaspectsofthecollective
unconsciousthathavedevelopedintoseparatesubsystemsofthepersonality.Jungcalledtheseancestral
memoriesandimagesarchetypes.

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Archetypes
Archetypes(Jung,1947)areimagesandthoughtswhichhaveuniversalmeaningsacrosscultureswhich
mayshowupIdreams,literature,artorreligion.
Jungbelievessymbolsfromdifferentculturesareoftenverysimilarbecausetheyhaveemergedfrom
archetypessharedbythewholehumanrace.ForJung,ourprimitivepastbecomesthebasisofthehuman
psyche,directingandinfluencingpresentbehavior.Jungclaimedtoidentifyalargenumberof
archetypesbutpaidspecialattentiontofour.
Thepersona(ormask)istheoutwardfacewepresenttotheworld.ItconcealsourrealselfandJung
describesitastheconformityarchetype.Thisisthepublicfaceorroleapersonpresentstoothersas
someonedifferenttowhowereallyare(likeanactor).
Anotherarchetypeistheanima/animus.Theanima/animusisthemirrorimageofourbiologicalsex,
thatis,theunconsciousfemininesideinmalesandthemasculinetendenciesinwomen.Eachsex
manifestsattitudesandbehavioroftheotherbyvirtueofcenturiesoflivingtogether.Thepsycheofa
womancontainsmasculineaspects(theanimusarchetype)andthepsycheofamancontainsfeminine
aspects(theanimaarchetype).
Nextistheshadow.Thisistheanimalsideofourpersonality(liketheidinFreud).Itisthesourceof
bothourcreativeanddestructiveenergies.InlinewithevolutionarytheoryitmaybethatJungs
archetypesreflectpredispositionsthatoncehadsurvivalvalue.
Finallythereistheselfwhichprovidesasenseofunityinexperience.ForJungtheultimateaimofevery
individualistoachieveastateofselfhood(similartoselfactualisation)andinthisrespectJung(like
Erikson)ismovinginthedirectionofamorehumanistorientation.
ThatwascertainlyJungsbeliefandinhisbookTheUndiscoveredSelfhearguedthatmanyofthe
problemsofmodernlifearecausedbymansprogressivealienationfromhisinstinctualfoundation.
Oneaspectofthisishisviewsonthesignificanceoftheanimaandtheanimus.
Jungarguesthatthesearchetypesareproductsofthecollectiveexperienceofmenandwomenliving
together.HoweverinmodernWesterncivilizationmenarediscouragedfromlivingtheirfeminineside
andwomenfromexpressingmasculinetendencies.ForJungtheresultwasthatthefullpsychological
developmentbothsexeswasundermined.
TogetherwiththeprevailingpatriarchalcultureofWesterncivilizationthishasledtothedevaluationof
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femininequalitiesaltogetherandthepredominanceofthepersona(themask)haselevatedinsincerityto
awayoflifewhichgoesunquestionedbymillionsintheireverydaylife.

CriticalEvaluation
JungsideashavenotbeenaspopularasFreuds.Thismightbebecausehedidnotwritefromthe
laymanandassuchhisideaswerenotagreatlydisseminatedasFreuds.Itmayalsobebecausehisideas
werealittlemoremysticalandobscure,andlessclearlyexplained.
OnthewholemodernpsychologyhasnotviewedJungstheoryofarchetypeskindly.ErnestJones
(Freudsbiographer)tellsthatJungdescendedintoapseudophilosophyoutofwhichhenever
emergedandtomanyhisideaslookmorelikeNewAgemysticalspeculationthanascientific
contributiontopsychology.
However,whilstJungsresearchintoancientmythsandlegends,hisinterestinastrologyandfascination
withEasternreligioncanbeseeninthatlightitisalsoworthrememberingthattheimageshewas
writingabouthave,asamatterofhistoricalfact,exertedanenduringholdonthehumanmind.
FurthermoreJunghimselfarguesthattheconstantrecurrenceofsymbolsfrommythologyinpersonal
therapyandinthefantasiesofpsychoticssupporttheideaofaninnatecollectiveculturalresidue.Inline
withevolutionarytheoryitmaybethatJungsarchetypesreflectpredispositionsthatoncehadsurvival
value.
However,Jungsworkhasalsocontributedtomainstreampsychologyinatleastonesignificantrespect.
Hewasthefirsttodistinguishthetwomajorattitudesororientationsofpersonalityextroversionand
introversion.Healsoidentifiedfourbasicfunctions(thinking,feeling,sensing,andintuiting)whichina
crossclassificationyieldeightpurepersonalitytypes.
PsychologistslikeHansEysenckandRaymondCattellhavesubsequentlybuiltuponthis.Aswellas
beingaculturaliconforgenerationsofpsychologyundergraduatesJungthereforeputforwardideas
whichwereimportanttothedevelopmentofmodernpersonalitytheory.

Promotedstories

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References
Jung,C.G.(1921).Psychologicaltypes.ThecollectedworksofCGJung,Vol.6BollingenSeriesXX.
Jung,C.G.(1933).Modernmaninsearchofhissoul.
Jung,C.G.(1947).OntheNatureofthePsyche.London:ArkPaperbacks.
Jung,C.G.(1948).Thephenomenologyofthespiritinfairytales.TheArchetypesandtheCollective
Unconscious,9(Part1),207254.
Jung,C.G.(1953).Collectedworks.Vol.12.Psychologyandalchemy.

FurtherInformation
PsychodynamicApproach
SigmundFreud
UnconsciousMind
ListentoaBBCradiobroadcastonCarlJung
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CarlJung|SimplyPsychology

Doarchetypesexist?

Howtocitethisarticle:
McLeod,S.A.(2014).CarlJung.Retrievedfromwww.simplypsychology.org/carljung.html

Comments(11)
Sortby: Date Rating LastActivity
CamillaGhazala 72weeksago

+7

Loveyourwork,howeveryouhaveomittedAlfredAdlerwhowasintrinsicallylinkedwiththeSocietyanddevelopedIndividual
Psychology.

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@SauleKalin 46weeksago

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+1

LovethispieceofJung'swork.ItclearlystateshiscontributionsandmakesgreatconnectionswithhowFreudinfluencedhistheories.
Verywelldone,andwasveryhelpful.

Reply
Maryama 43weeksago

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0

Thanksthishasbeensousefulformyessay:)

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LouiseShepherd 36weeksago

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0

GreatarticlebothaboutJungandFreud:)writingmybachelorfromthemsothankyouforhighlithning:)

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lakshideepika 34weeksago

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+1

Clearlydefined,thankyou...

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Monique 18weeksago

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+1

Clear,concise,easytofollow.Thanks.

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victoria 11weeksago

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0

Coolstuff

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sanjayansuseelan 11weeksago

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0

crystalclearandconcise
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CarlJung|SimplyPsychology

1replyactive10weeksago

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Stephen 6weeksago

IdonotfullysubscribetoJungstheorythatourancestralpastdirectsourfuture...thissimplymeansthatthereisnoorminimalhuman
progressfromthethentothenow...thisbordersonthealienationoftheprogressivemodernexperiences.ThanksStephen

Reply

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Ellie 5weeksago

+1

neededtorefreshmemoryofJung.Thanksforthearticle

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ArticleContent
Introduction
Freudvs.Jung
TheoryoftheLibido
TheoryoftheUnconscious
Archetypes
CriticalEvaluation
References

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