NATIONAL TRANSMISSION &

DESPATCH COMPANY (NTDC) LIMITED

PAKISTAN
High Voltage AND SHORT CIRCUIT
LAB, RAWAT

Internship Report

Submitted By:
Muhammad Mohsin

Contents
Abstract:...........................................................................................................................................2
1.0 Introduction:..............................................................................................................................3
1.1.1 Type Test:............................................................................................................................3
1.1.2 Routine Test:.......................................................................................................................3
1.1.3 Special Test:........................................................................................................................3
1.2 Generator:..................................................................................................................................3
2.0 Observations:.............................................................................................................................5
2.1 Tests:......................................................................................................................................5
2.1.1 Differentiation on the Basis of Test Type:.......................................................................5
2.1.2 Differentiation on the Basis of Section Type:.................................................................5
2.2 Short Circuit Test:......................................................................................................................7
2.2.1 Short Circuit Testing Facilities:..............................................................................................8
2.3 Transformer Turn Ratio Test:.....................................................................................................8
2.4 Resistance:.................................................................................................................................9
2.5 No Load Losses:.....................................................................................................................10
2.6One Minute Power Frequency Withstand Test:........................................................................11
2.7 Induce Over Voltage Test:........................................................................................................12
2.8 lightning impulse Test:.............................................................................................................13
3.0 Conclusion:..............................................................................................................................14
4.0 References:..............................................................................................................................15

Abstract:
In High Voltage And Short Circuit Lab Rawat, different types of
test are performed to check the devices by applying different field
conditions. After the tests, it is checked that either the device has
withstood the test or not. In short Circuit test all the routine
test(Transformer Turn Ratio, Winding Resistance, No Load Losses
etc) are to be performed before and after the short circuit test.
Before short Circuit Routine test confirms that either transformer
is fit for short circuit test or not and After short circuit Routine
test confirms that either the device has withstood short circuit or
not.

1.0 Introduction:
High Voltage and short circuit lab is used to test the different
devices by applying maximum severe condition on the device. If
device withstand with the condition then test is said to be passed
otherwise test is said to be failed. Maximum severe conditions are
those conditions that can actually be happened with device in the
field.
There are two sections in the High Voltage and Short Circuit labs.
1. High Power
2. High Voltage
For confirming the specifications and performances of a
distribution transformer it has to go through numbers of testing
procedures. There are three types of test which are done in HV &
SC Labs.
1. Type Test
2. Routine Test
3. Special Test
1.1.1 Type Test:

Some transformer tests are carried out for confirming the basic
design expectation of that transformer. These tests are done
mainly in a prototype unit not in all manufactured units in a lot.
Type test of transformer confirms main and basic design criteria of
a production lot.
1.1.2 Routine Test:
Routine tests of transformer is mainly for confirming operational
performance of individual unit in a production lot. Routine tests
are carried out on every unit manufactured.
1.1.3 Special Test:
Special tests of transformer is done as per customer requirement
to obtain information useful to the user during operation or
maintenance of the transformer.
1.2 Generator:
Short Circuit Generator in High voltage and short Circuit Lab Can
produce maximum voltages of 16KV(16000V). This means that
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maximum capability of Producing voltages of generator is

16000V.Other Characteristics of the generator are as follows.
1. Speed of Generator is 1500 rpm(Radian Per Minute).
2. Frequency of the Generator is 50Hz.
3. Generator has Three Phases and Four Poles.
4. Maximum Current is 3608A.
5. Field Current is 824A.
6. Exciting Voltages of Generator is 500V.
Before the generator there is a induction motor which is used to
run generator. Initially, generator is run on almost rpm of 2 for 90
to 120 minutes. The initially low rpm is used to maintain the
temperature of oil.

2.0 Observations:
2.1 Tests:
There are different tests which are done in HV & SC Labs. These
tests can be differentiated on the basis of Test type and Section
Type.
2.1.1 Differentiation on the Basis of Test Type:
There are three different types of tests.
Routine Tests:
1. TTR Test(Transformer Turn Ratio Test)
2. Short Circuit Test
3. Resistive LV and HV
4. Winding Resistance(Primary and Secondary)
5. No Load Losses(Iron Losses)
6. Load Losses(Copper Losses)
7. Power Frequency Test
8. Induce Over Voltage Test
Type Test:
1. Temperature Rise Test
2. Di-Electric Type Test
3. Lightning Impulse Test
Special Test:
1. Measurement of Acoustic Noise Level
2. Measurement of the power taken by the fans and oil pumps
2.1.2 Differentiation on the Basis of Section Type:
As we know,there are two sections in High Voltage And Short
Circuit Lab Rawat i.e High Power and High Voltage.
High Power:
1.
2.
3.
4.

TTR (Transformer Turn Ratio) Test

Short Circuit Test.
Load Losses Test
No Load Losses Test
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5. Winding Resistance Test(Primary And Secoandary)

High Voltage:
1. Lightning Impulse Voltage Withstand Test
2. Power Frequency Voltage Withstand Test
3. Induce Over Voltage Withstand Test
4. Partial Discharge Test
5. Radio Influence Voltage
6. Humidity Test
7. Salt Fog Test

2.2 Short Circuit Test:

Sometimes in the field due to some external distortion all the
phases are short circuited. So either it will withstand that short
circuit for some time or not?
In HV & SC lab, this type of shot circuit field is made to test the
device by applying short circuit test. Before short circuit test some
routine tests are to be done to check either transformer is fit for
the short circuit test or not. First of all Temperature of the
transformer is measured. Then, Transformer turn ratio is checked
and then winding resistance and No Load Losses are measured.
After the routine tests short circuit test is to be done. Short Circuit
test is also use to find load losses which are also called copper
losses.
For short circuit test, we need to feed the transformer with rated
current to either HT side of the transformer or to the LT side of the
transformer by keeping the other side short circuited. As it is easy
to attain rated current for HV side because current on HV side is
less than the Current on LV side. So, in short circuit test we will
give Rated Current to the HV side of the Transformer.
Total 9 shots of short circuit are taken. Each shot is applied for
500ms.
The connection diagram for short
circuit test on transformer is shown in
the figure. A voltmeter, wattmeter,
and an ammeter are connected in HV
side of the transformer as shown. The
voltage at rated frequency is applied
to that HV side with the help of a
variac
of
variable
ratio
auto
transformer.
The LV side of the transformer is short
circuited. Now with the help of
variable applied voltage is slowly
increased until the ammeter gives
reading equal to the rated current of
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the HV side. After reaching at rated current of HV side, all three

instruments reading (Voltmeter,
Recorded. The ammeter reading gives the primary equivalent of
full load current. As the voltage applied for full load current in
short circuit test on transformer is quite small compared to the
rated primary voltage of the transformer, the core losses in
transformer can be taken as negligible here.
2.2.1 Short Circuit Testing Facilities:
Short Circuit Generator:
16kv, 50Hz, 3 Phases, 4 Poles, 1500rpm
Backup Circuit Breaker:
3Phases, Indoor Type, 16kV, 50Hz
Making Switch:
3*Single Pole, Indoor Type, Air Blast Type, 16KV, 3KA
Current Limiting Reactor:
16KV, 50Hz X=0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, 0.64,
1.28, 2.56, 5.12
Disconnecting Switch:
Manual Operation with Auxiliary Switches
Short Circuit Transformer:
Single Phase, Outdoor Type, 50 MVA Basis
Low Voltage High Current Transformer:
I Phase, Indoor Type, 16kv/250V*2
Main Capacitor Bank:
Maximum Dc Voltages 480KV at 2.5micro Farad max
capacitance 40micro Farad at 120KV.
Air Core Reactor:
For Adjusting Amplitude and frequency of injection
Current from Main Capacitor Bank

2.3 Transformer Turn Ratio Test:

Transformer Turn ratio test is performed to check the voltage ratio
of primary to secondary windings. In High Voltage And Short
Circuit Lab, Transformer Turn Ratio is measured by using MultiAmp Transformer Ohmmeter. The performance of a transformer
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largely depends upon perfection of specific turns or voltage ratio

of transformer. So transformer ratio test is an essential type test
of transformer. The voltage should be applied only in the high
voltage winding in order to avoid unsafe voltage.
Following is the procedure to perform the test and measure the
Transformer turn Ratio by Voltage Ratio Testing.
1. First, the tap changer of transformer is kept in the lowest
position and LV terminals are kept open
2. Then apply 3 phase 415 V supply on HV terminals. Measure
the voltages applied on each phase (Phase to phase) on HV
and induced voltages at LV terminals simultaneously.
3. After measuring the voltages at HV and LV terminals, the tap
changer of transformer should be raised by one position and
repeat test.
4. Repeat the same for each of the tap position separately.
Following is the procedure to perform the test and measure the
Transformer turn Ratio by Turn Ratio Testing
1. Transformer ratio test can be done by Transformer Turns
Ratio Meter (Multi Amp Transformer Ohmmeter). It has in
built power supply, with the voltages commonly used being
very low, such as 8, 10 V and 50 Hz.
2. The HV and LV windings of one phase of a transformer (i.e. RY & r-n) are connected to the instrument.
3. Values are recorded at each tap in case of tapped windings
and then compared to calculated ratio at the same tap.
Transformer turn ratio is calculated by the following formula:
TTR=

AB
an

The allowable tolerance in the value is +-0.5%.

2.4 Resistance:
Winding resistance measurements in transformers are
fundamental importance for the following purposes:
1. Calculations of the I2R component of conductor losses.

of

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2. Calculation of winding temperature at the end of a temperature

test cycle.
3. As a base for assessing possible damage in the field.
Transformers are subject to vibration. Problems or faults occur
due to poor design, assembly, handing, poor environments,
overloading or poor maintenance. Measuring the resistance of the
windings assures that the connections are correct and the
resistance measurements indicate that there are no severe
mismatches or opens. Many transformers have taps built into
them. These taps allow ratio to be increased or decreased by
fractions of a percent. Any of the ratio changes involve a
mechanical movement of a contact from one position to another.
These tap changes will also be checked during a winding
resistance test.
The resistance of the transformer is measured to check the DC
resistance of the windings of the transformer. The DC voltage
given for this purpose having such magnitude that should not
affect the inter turn insulation of the windings. The resistance is
measured from both HT side of the transformer and also from the
LT side of the transformer. In HV and SC Lab, the output values of
resistance is then converted into @ 20C after the values taken at
ambient temperature in order to compare these values with Post
Short Circuit resistance values.
Before measurement the transformer should be kept in OFF
condition without excitation at least for 3 to 4 hours. During this
time the winding temperature will become equal to its oil
temperature. Measurement is done with DC. To minimize
observation errors, polarity of the core magnetization shall be
kept constant during all resistance readings. Voltmeter leads shall
be independent of the current leads to protect it from high
voltages which may occur during switching on and off the current
circuit. The readings shall be taken after the current and voltage
have reached steady state values. In some cases this may take
several minutes depending upon the winding impedance. The test
current shall not exceed 15% of the rated current of the winding.
Large values may cause inaccuracy by heating the winding and
thereby changing its resistance.
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2.5 No Load Losses:

These are also called iron losses or core losses. The test method
which is used to calculate these losses is called open circuit test.
And to calculate these losses we need to apply rated voltage
either to HT(11000) side or LT(415) side. AS it is easy to attain
415 volts instead of 1100 volts so we will apply rated voltage to
LT side of the transformer. Core is made up of Colled Rollen Grain
Oriented Silicon Steel sheet material. These are fixed losses
irrespective of load.
Iron losses is further classified into losses.
1)HysteresisLosses
To reduce this losses ,silicon steel is used.
2) Eddy Current Losses:
It is directly Propotional to thickness of core. To reduce this
loss laminated core is used.
The connection diagram for open circuit test on transformer is
shown in the figure. A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are
connected in LV side of the transformer as shown. The voltage at
rated frequency is applied to that LV side with the help of a variac
of
variable
ratio
auto
transformer.

The HV side of the transformer is kept open. Now with the help of
variac, applied voltage gets slowly increased until the voltmeter
gives reading equal to the rated voltage of the LV side. After
reaching at rated LV side voltage, all three instruments reading
(Voltmeter, Ammeter and Wattmeter readings) are recorded.
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2.6One Minute Power Frequency Withstand Test:

Electrical equipment must be capable of withstanding
overvoltages during operation. Thus by suitable testing
procedure we must ensure that this is done. High voltage testing
can be broadly classified into testing of insulating materials
(samples of dielectrics) and tests on completed equipment.
The test is basically used to check the insulation level of HV
to LV, HV to body, even oil itself and bushing of transformer.
1)On HV side:
It is required to give 34kV(1phase) for one minute to HV side by
keeping LV side and body grounded. It should withstand 34kV for
one minute. In case the oil is contaminated, or clearances, i.e HV
to LV, HV to body, and HV to core, are less sufficient, then the
voltage will get path towards that weaker point and is detected in
the form of leakage current,and failing the transformer to
withstand the given voltage.
2)On LV Side:
It is required to give 2kV(1phase) for one minute to HV side by
keeping LV side and body grounded. It should withstand 2kV for
one minute. In case the oil is contaminated, or clearances, i.e HV
to LV, HV to body, and HV to core, are less sufficient, then the
voltage will get path towards that weaker point and is detected in
the form of leakage current,and failing the transformer to
withstand the given voltage.
It is assumed that over voltage conditions, at power frequency
cannot be sustained beyond one minute time moreover it is
actually sustained for much less time than one minute duration.
This test is carried out to verify whether the insulation provided in
the main circuit of breaker is capable of withstanding power
frequency over voltages for long one minute duration or not. The
test is performed in dry conditions of the breaker. The power
frequency voltages, applied to the breaker during the test, are
specified in the standard as per the nominal voltage level of the
system.
2.7 Induce Over Voltage Test:

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The test is basically used to check inter turn insulation of the

windings. We need to apply double the voltage and double the
frequency to LV side by keeping HV side open Circuited. Here at
HV&SC Lab, there is 1 phase generator with 200 Hz frequency.
Test voltage applied to LV side can be calculated as follows.
Voltage = 415/ 3 =240*2 =480V
Now 480 test voltage will be applied by keeping frequency 4
times of the rated frequency as shown in figure i.e 50Hz*4 =
200Hz.
The time required for this test is calculated by using following
formula.
T=

Rated Frequency120
Test Frequency

sec

i.e for 100Hz the time required will be 60 sec or 1 minute and i.e
for 200Hz the time will be 30 sec 0r 0.5min.

2.8 lightning impulse Test:

Lighting is a common phenomenon in transmission lines because
of their tall height. This lightning stroke on the line conductor
causes impulse voltage. The terminal equipment of transmission
line such as power transformer then experiences this lightning
impulse voltages. Again during all kind of online switching
operation in the system, there will be switching impulses occur in
the network. The magnitude of the switching impulses may be
about 3.5 times the system voltage.
Insulation is one of the most important constituents of a
transformer. Any weakness in the insulation may cause failure of
transformer. To ensure the effectiveness of the insulation system
of a transformer, it must confirms the dielectric test. But the
power frequency withstand test alone can not be adequate to
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demonstrate the dielectric strength of a transformer. That is why

impulse test of transformer performed on it. Both lightning
impulse test and switching impulse test are included in this
category of testing.
Lightning Impulse:
The lightning impulse is a pure natural phenomenon. So it is very
difficult to predict the actual wave shape of an lightning
disturbance. From the data compiled about natural lightning, it
may be concluded that the system disturbance due to natural
lightning stroke, can be represented by three basic wave shapes.
1) Full wave
2) Chopped wave and
3) Front of wave
Although the actual lightning impulse disturbance may not have
exactly these three shapes but by defining these waves one can
establish a minimum impulse dielectric strength of a transformer.
If lighting disturbance travels some distance along the
transmission line before it reaches the transformer, its wave
shape may approach to full wave.
If during traveling, if flash-over occurs at any insulator of the
transmission line, after the peak of the wave has been reached,
the wave may become in form of chopped wave.
If the lightning stroke directly hits the transformer terminals, the
impulse voltage rises rapidly until it is relieved by a flash over. At
the instant of flash - over the voltage suddenly collapses and may
form
the
front
of
wave
shape.
The effect of these wave forms on the transformer insulation may
be different from each other. We are not going here in detail
discussion of what type of impulse voltage wave forms causes
what type of failure in transformer. But whatever may be the
shape of lightning disturbance voltage wave, all of them can
cause insulation failure in transformer. So lighting impulse test of
transformer is one of the most important type test of
transformer.This test is applied for 1.2 micro sec front time with
30% tolerance and 50 micro second retail time with 20%
tolerance.
Switching Impluse:

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Through studies and observations reveal that the switching over

voltage or switching impulse may have front time of several
hundred microseconds and this voltage may be periodically
damped out. The IEC - 600060 has adopted for their switching
impulse test, a long wave having front time 250 s and time to
half value 2500 s with tolerances.
The purpose of the impulse voltage test is to secure that the
transformer insulation withstand the lightning overvoltage which
may occur in service.

3.0 Conclusion:
In High Voltage And Short Circuit Lab Rawat, different types of
test are performed to check the devices by applying different field
conditions. After the tests, it is checked that either the device has
withstood the test or not. In short Circuit test all the routine
test(Transformer Turn Ratio, Winding Resistance, No Load Losses
etc) are to be performed before and after the short circuit test.
Before short Circuit Routine test confirms that either transformer
is fit for short circuit test or not and After short circuit Routine
test confirms that either the device has withstood short circuit or
not.

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4.0 References:
http://www.electrical4u.com/transformer-winding-resistance-measurement/
WINDING RESISTANCE TEST SET, MODEL WRT-100 Manual

http://www.electrical4u.com/open-and-short-circuit-test-on-transformer/
http://www.electrical4u.com/routine-test-of-circuit-breakers/
http://www.electrical4u.com/insulation-dielectric-test-of-transformer/
http://www.electrical4u.com/basic-insulation-level-definition-table-andcalculation/

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