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In the late 1970s, AT&T Bell laboratories developed the first US cellular
telephone system called AMPS.
AMPS were first deployed in late 1983 in the urban and sub urban areas of
Chicago by USA.
In 1983 the total of 40 MHz of spectrum in the 800 MHz band was
allocated by FCC for AMPS.
In 1989 the demand for cellular telephone service was increased, so the
FCC allocated in addition 10 MHz for cellular telecommunication.
The first AMPS cellular system used large cells and Omnidirectional base
station antenna to minimise initial equipment needs and system was
deployed in Chicago to cover approximately 2100 square miles.
ETACS uses 890MHz to 915MHz for the reverse link and 930 MHz to 960
MHz for the forward link.
The control channel transmission and black & burst data stream are
transmitted at 10 Kbps for AMPS, 8kbps for ETACS.
Each base station has one control channel transmitter, one control channel
receiver and 8 or more FM duplex voice channel.
FVCs carry the portion of the telephone conversation originating from the
landline telephone network caller and going to the cellular subscriber.
RVCs carries the portion of the telephone conversation from the cellular
subscriber and going to the landline telephone network caller.
The actual number of control and voice channels, used at a particular base
station and varies widely in different systems installation depending on
traffic, maturity of the system and location of the base station.
Upon receiving the subscriber acknowledgement the MSC directs the base
station to assign FVC and RVC pair to the subscriber unit so that a new
call can take place on a voice dedicated voice channel .
The base station also assigns the subscriber unit a SAT tone and voice
mobile attenuation code.
Once on the voice channel , wideband FSK data is used by the base station
and a subscriber unit in a blank and burst mode to initiate handoffs ,
change the subscriber transmit power as needed and provide other
system data.
When a new call request arrives from the PSTN or a subscriber and all of
the voice channels in a particular base station are occupied, the MSC will
hold the PSTN line open while instructing the current base station to issue
a direct retry to the subscriber on the FCC.
AMPS and ETACS use different physical rate xhannels for transmission of
voice and control information.
AMPS specification
FDMA
FDD
30 KHZ
1
824-849 MHZ
869-894MHZ
FM
12KHZ
832
ETACS specification
FDMA
FDD
25 KHZ
1
890-915 MHZ
935-960MHZ
FM
10 KHZ
1000
Compander:
In order to accommodate a large speech dynamic range , the input signals
need to be compressed in amplitude range before modulation. The companding
is done by a 2:1 compander which produces a 1 dB increase in output level for
every 2 dB increase in input level.
Pre-emphasis:
Cellular
systems
use
digital
modulation
techniques
offer
large
USDC is a TDMA system which supports three full-rate users or six half
rate users on each AMPS channel.
The USDC standard uses the same 45 MHZ FDD schemes as AMPS.
The USDC system was designed to share the same frequencies , frequency
reuse plan and base station as AMPS, so that base stations and subscriber
units.
In rural areas where immature analog cellular systems are in use , only
666 of the 832 AMPS channels are activated.
The smooth transition from analogy to digital in the same radio band was
a key force in the development of th USDC standard.
USDC Channels:
The USDC Control channels are identical to the analog AMPS control
channels .
USDC voice channel , there are actually 4 data channels which are
provided simultaneously.
The most important data channels as far as the end user is concerned is
the digital traffic channels(DTC) which carries user information and the
other 3 channels carry supervisory information.
RDTC carries speech data from the base station and the FDTC carries user
data from the base station to the subscriber.
The three supervisory channels include the coded digital verification color
code, the slow associated control channel and the fast associated control
channel.
The CDVCC is a 12 bit message sent in every time slot and is similar in
functionality to the SAT used in AMPS.
The SACCH is sent in every time slot and provides a signalling channel in
parallel with the digital speech .
the SACCH carries various control and supervisory messages between the
subscriber unit and base station.
SACCH provides single message over many consecutive time slots and is
used to communicate power level changes or handoff requests.
The FACCH data, when transmitted, takes the place of user information
data ( such as speech ) within a frame.
Slot 1
Slot 2
G
6
R
6
Slot 3
Data
16
Sync
28
Slot 4
Data
122
Slot 5
|
Slot 6
SACCH
CDVCC
12
12
data
122
Mobile to base station slot format
Sync
28
SACCH
12
Data
130
CDVCC
12
Data
130
reserved
12
Modulation :
To be compatible with AMPS ,USDC uses 30KHZ channels .on control
channels ,USDC and AMPS use identical 10 kbps binary FSK with Manchester
coding .On voice channels , the FM modulation is replaced with identical digital
modulation having a gross bits rate of 48.6 kbps .pulse shaping is used to reduce
the transmission bandwidth while limiting the intersymbol interference. At the
transmitter the signal is filtered using a square root raised cosine filter with a roll
off factor equal of 1.62bps/HZ.
Demodulation :
The type of demodulation and decoding used at the receiver is left up to
the manufacture . as shown in chapter 5 , differential detection may be
performed at IF or base band . the latter implementation may be done
conveniently using a simple discrimination or digital signal processor (DSP). This
not only reduces the cost of the demodulator, but also simplifies the RF circuit ry.
DSPs also support the implementation of the USDC equalizer as well as dual
mode functionality
EQUALIZATION :
employing DQPSK modulation at a symbol rate of 24.3Ksps, if the bit error rate
due to intersymbol interference becomes intolerable for a /T value of 0.1 , then
the maximum value of rms delay spread that can be tolerated is 4.12s .
supported services include packet switched protocols and data rates from
300 bps to 9.6 kbps.
Are digital in nature and include call diversion, closed user groups and
caller identification and are not available in analog mobile networks.
The GSM
subsystems that interact between themselves and with the users through
certain network interfaces.
The subsystems are the base station subsystem, network and switching
subsystem and operation support subsystem.
The NSS handles the switching of GSM calls between external networks
and the BSCs in the radio system and is also responsible for managing
and providing external access to several customer databases .
the MSC is the central unit in the NSS and controls the traffic among all of
the BSC.
In the NSS there are three different databases called the home location
register(HLR),
visitor
location
register(VLR),
the
authentication
center(AUC).
The OSS supports one or several operation maintenance centers which are
used to monitor and maintain the performance of each MS,BS,MSC within
GSM system.
The OSS has three function they are, to maintain all telecommunication
hardware and n/w operation with a particular market, manage all charging
and billing procedures and manage all mobile equipment in the system.
specifications
890-915 MHZ
935-960MHZ
0 to 124
4.615ms
8
0.3 GMSK
13.4 kbps
The CT2 system is designed for use in both domestic and office
environments.
CT2 is
When compared with analog phone, CT2 offers good speech quality.
The digital transmission better security. Calls may be made only after
entering.
The CT2 system uses dynamic allocation which minimizes system planning
and organization within a crowded office or urban environment.
The CT2 standard defines how the cordless Fixed Part (CFP) and the
cordless Portable Part (CPP) communicate through a radio link.
The frequencies allocated to CT2 in Europe and Hong Kong are in the
864.10 MHz band. Within this frequency range, forty TDD channels have
been assigned, each with 100 KHz bandwidth.
The CT2 standard defines three air interface signalling layers and the
speech coding techniques.
Layer I defines the TDD technique, data multiplexing and link initiation,
and handshaking. Layer 2 defines data acknowledgment and error
detection as well as link maintenance, Layer 3 defines the protocols used
to connect CT2 to the PSTN. Table 11.7 summarizes the CT2 air interface
specification.
CT2 Radio Specifications Summary
Parameter
Frequency
Specification
Multiple Access
864.15-868.05 MHz
Duplexing
FDMA
Number of Channesl
TDD
Channel Spacing
40
Number of Channel/Carrier
100 KHz
Modulation Type
1
Peak Frequency Deviation Range
14.4-25.2 KHz
Spectral Efficiency
72 Kbps
Bandwidth Efficiency
50 Erlangs/Km2/MHz
Speech Coding
0.72 bps/Hz
Control Channel Rate (net)
1000/2000 bps
Power Control
10mW
Dynamic Channel Allocation
Yes
Receiver sensitivity
Yes
Frame Duration
2ms
Modulation :
All channels use Gaussian binary frequency shift keying (GPSK) with bit
transition constrained to be phase continuous . the most commonly used filter
has a bandwidth- bit period product BT= 0.3 and peak frequency deviation is a
maximum of 25.2 KHZ under all possible data patterns.
Speech coding:
Speech waveforms are coded using ADPCM with abit rate of 32 Kbps. The
algorithm used is compliant with CCITT standard G.721.
Duplexing :
Two-way duplkex conversation is achieved using time division duplex. A
CT2 frame has a 2 ms duration and is divided equally between the forward and
speech is transmitted in a 1ms .
DECT offers excellent quality and services for voice and data applications
.
DECT architecture:
It is designed for radio local loop or metropolitan area access, but may be
used in conjunction with wide area wireless systems such as GSM .
Physical layer:
for
Channel types :
DECT user data is provided in each B-field time slot . three hundred twenty
user bits are provided during each time slot yielding a 32 kbps data stream per
yser.
Speech Coding:
Analog speech is digitized into PCM using a 8 KHZ sampling rate. The
digital speech samples are ADPCM encoded at 32 kbps following CCITT G.721 rec
Channel coding :
For speech signals no channel coding is used since DECT provides
frequency hopping for each time slot . channel coding and interleaving are
avoided because the delay is small and the channel may be modeled as on or
off.
Modulation:
Antenna Diversity:
In DECT , spatial diversity at the RFP receiver is implementerd using two
antennas. The antenna which provides the best signal for each time slot is
selected.
DECT Radio specifications
Parameter
Frequency band
Number of carriers
RF channel bandwidth
Duplex
Frame length
Speech channel
Channel bit rate
specification
1880-1900 MHZ
10
1.78 MHZ
TDD
10 ms
12
1152 kbps
PACS is able to support voice , data and video images for indoor and
microcell use.
The main objective of PACS is to integrate all forms of wireless local loop
communication into one system with full telephone features.
Architecture:
the subscriber unit (SU) which may be fixed or portable, the radio ports
(RPs) which are connected to the radio port control uniot and the access
manager. The PACS PCS standard contains a fixzed distribution network
and networek intelligence.
specification
1880-1900 MHZ
10
1.78 MHZ
TDD
10 ms
12
1152 kbps
Modulation :
PACS uses /4 DQPSK modulation. The RF signal is shaped using a raised cosine
rolloff shaping filter such that 99% of the transmitted signal power is contained
within a channel BW of 288 KHZ.
Speech coding :
WACS uses 32 kbps ADPCM for digital speech encoding . ADPCM provides
low complexity , minimum cost and radio link privacy
PACS channels:
PACS provides system broadcasting
provides alerting and system information for upto 80,000 users . SYN and the
slow channel are used on the forward link to synchronize each subscriber unit.
Multiple axis:
PACS is a TDMA based technology that supports either FDD or TDD.
Power control
The PACS subscriber unit uses adaptive power control to minimize battery
drain during transmissions and to reduce the co-channel interference on the
reverse path.
The pacific digital cellular standard was developed in 1991 to provide for
needed capacity in congested cellular bands in japan. PDC is also known
as Japanese digital cellular (JDC).
PDC is similar to the IS-54 standard, but uses 4-ary modulation for voicxe
and control channels.
A new half-ratte speech and channel coding will support six users per 20
ms frame.
The low PDC band uses 130 MHZ forward/reverse channel splits.
The forward band uses 940 MHZ to (%^ MHZ and the reverse band 810
MHZ to 826 MHZ.
The high PDC uses 48 MHZ channel splits and operate in 1477 MHZ to
1501 MHZ for the forward link and 1429 MHZ to 1453 MHZ for the reverse
link.
PDC mobile assisted handoff(MAHO) and is able to support four cell reuse.