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Culture Documents
Masters Theses
1968
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l~.N UL'~'l.:U~SONIC
BY
DOt~'\LD
E. NA'I'KEJ
I 'f t,tl/
-----A
THESIS
:132919
th~::
.rt..~uir~~n1ents
for the
Deg.ree of
tiJl:,Srf'ER OF
SCIENC~
IN ELECTRICAL E.NGINEEHING
Rc)lla, Hissonri
1968
ii
ABS'l"'RACT
This p-:1.:-x;r
d~scrib.?S
mines
f:c~::quency
of oscillation
<J~finite
iii
ACKNO~LEDGEMENTS
iv
'l'l\BLE OF CO:NTENTS
Page
AC'r
l~BSTH..
ILLUSTRATIONS
INTRODUCTION
ACKNC:vJLEDGEHENrs
LIS'r
oe
I.
rRANSDUCER
II.
CHAP~CTERISTICS
I'.J.
v.
iii
v
6
10
12
ANALYSIS
OSCILLA'l"'OR DE.SCRIP'I'ION
..
12
12
15
18
21
GENEF-'.AL DESCRIPTION
..
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A:
CIRCUIT PARTS LIST
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
VI.
ii
III.
25
26
27
29
APPENDIX C:
CO!v:PUTER PROGR.ll.NS
31
APP:t!NDIX D:
TR.~l\SDUCER
VI'rA
APPE:~DIX
Bs
DATA
39
42
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure
Page
1.
2.
3.
8
9
11
7.
8.
4.
5.
6.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
11
13
13
16
17
19
22
23
I.
An undesi:cable
tran~:;ducers
INTRODUCTION
prcp~rty
frequ~ncy
th~
main
II.
TRhNSDDCt..~R
CI-1'\RACTERISTICS
transducers are
inexpt~nsive
in Fig. 1.
vlaS
exper-
imentally determined.
'l'hre:.:: n1ethods of
det:~nnin:tng m~chanical
resonance were
transducer to a d. c.
pulse~
on(~
trans-
a sine H~ve generator while the response of a second tx-ansduc1z,r ~paced tvro feet a-vray Has obser.<_,'(:~d on the oscilloscope.
'r~e re:::;ul ts of each method
~hov."ed 200 KHz to be t}:e pr:tma:ty ffi8chanical reso~'1ant frequency.
Fig. 2 sho\vS the responsrz- obtained in method three.
ducer va:3 d:rivcn
~Iith
-------I;;-~~~t~::nsdncers
75
Impedance
Magnitude
70
.........
,.Q
u
..........
65
-cv
'U
::3
+'
rt
~
0'1
60
~
Cl)
+10
ro
.........
'0
<ll
0..
s
1-i
55
Ol
Cl)
Q)
-10
tJ'l
Cl)
-30
r-1
-50
'0
Phase
Angle
Cl)
so
tJ'l
s::
~
(l)
Ol
-70
ro
..c
At
45
-90
0
CVl
tO
['
0
0
r-1
0
0
N
0
0
CVl
0
0
Frequency (KHz)
Fig. 1.
40
0 db corresponds
to the 50 KHz
response.
32
24
_..._
,Q
rtJ
..._,
(!)
til
s:
16
a
til
Q)
IY.
+----+----+-+-+-
-8
0
0
CV)
--r
U)
"
I
0
0
r-f
1-
0
0
0
0
CV)
Frequency (KHz)
Fig. 2.
0
0
III.
N(s)
Z(s)
N(s)
= s8
D(s)
+ 0.159138 5 7 + 3.30227 5 6
D(s)
+ 0.0191176 s + 0.104305
3
8
= 10- s [ 1.815 s + 0.288835 57
+ 0.0207038
White
'-l_l_
0\
ro
'-l
1-'
Q)
Q)
1.0
'-l
VI
1-'
1.0
0'\
1-'
N
~1
1-'
61
~T
Shield
'-l
0\
1-'
U1
trr
1.0
tT
Q)
_1_
1.0
Black
.Resistors in ohms, inductors
in mh, capacitors in pf.
Fig. 3.
75
70
Impedance
Magnitude
65
50
45
Fig. 4.
10
IV.
INITIAL CONSIDERA'l'IONS
The block diagram of the first circuit proposed to generate ultrasonic frequencies is shown in Fig. 5.
If the
ga.in of the arnplj.fier and phase of the phase-.shift network
are prop0rly adjusted 1 oscillation can take place at any of
the transducer's resonant frequencies.
A root-locus analysis of this circuit was performed
\vith a capacitor across resistor R providing the proper
phase shift. r..L'he root-locus showed a pole 'vhich remained on
the positive reu.l axis for values of gain sufficient to
cause oscillation. The locus also shoHed that the gain
\vould have to be closely controlled or the frequency would
suddenly change from 200 KHz to 53 KHz.
'I'his circuit was built and tested to gain experience
with correlating root-locus information and actual response.
The circuit could not be made to oscillate reliably due to
ampl.ifier saturation. Even with simple a.g.c. (automatic
gain control), the waveform was non-sinusoidal enough to
make the frequency unstable.
11
Phase
shift
network
Amplifier
Fig. 5.
Output
Transformer
Fig .. 6.
12
V.
FINAL CIRCUIT
GENER..i\L DESCRIPTION
cl.
This arrangement requires the driving amplifier to supply reactive volt amperes to capacitor c 1 Even though c 1
dissipates no power, the transistor dissipation is increased. It is possible to eliminate this by tuning out
this capacitance and c 0 with an inductor. This inductor,
t:he transducer, and c 1 are the frequency determining cle-ments.
Th~ inductor and c
1 help select the 200 KHz resonance and provide enough selectivity to prevent oscillation
at any of the transducer's other resonant frequencies.
The
inductance of the output transformer can be used instead of
an additional inductor if the core material and size will
allow proper transformer operation.
ANALYSIS
13
+E
1:1
z1
Amplifier
gain
=k
L __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~
-E
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
14
For a root-locus analysis of the circuit, it was necessary to reduce the circuit of Fig. 7 to that of Fig. 8
This reduction was accomplished by recognizing thats
z1
z2 z
or
:: ki
err
I err = Il -
!2
H-
-I err
E
15
( k - 1 ) Yl
=(
k + 1 ) Y
+ 4Y 3
than unity
is attrithe fact
the trans-
T2.
star-ting ,..,ith the assumption that the circuit is not
oscillat.:ing (point A essentially grounded), if point A is
suddenly raised above ground by the pulse forming net\"lork,
16
lO
lO
"
r-1
II
II
II
0
lO
lO
.-1
"
II
II
.t.>~
- 1. 50
""'
-;
1.25
1.oo
X
0.75
s normalized
by 10 6
o.so
0.25
Real
axis
-+-
"
,,
lO
0
I
Fig. 9.
II
r-1
0
o.o
I
\.0
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
0
0
T2
Transducer
Dl
AI
'''
I
or
I
II II
'-"\ I I ,..._,
,..._, Ll
D3
D2
I I
c1
02
To pulse
forming
network
Fig. 10.
1-'
'-J
18
charged to +0.7 volt. The output current is therefore controlled by this a.g.c. action and the circuit oscillates at
a frequency de-termined by the transducer and L 1 and c 3
The
output current level and hence the output vol t:age can be
controlled by resistor R1 This resistor determines how
much current must flow through the transistors before a.g.c.
limiting begins. If point A is suddenly grounded, bias is
removed from o1 and 0 2 and with the input current shorted to
ground by the diodes, the circuit quickly stops o~;cillating.
PULSE FORMING NETWORK
Typical requirements for a pulse generator call for a
pulse width of 0.5 to 1.0 msec with a pulse spacing of 40 to
50 msec.
The schematic diagram of the pulse forming network is
given in F'ig. 11. Transistor o3 along with R 2 , R3 and c 4
fonn a conventional unijunction oscillator with R2 and c 4
determining the pulse repetition rate. Transistors 0 4 and
o are connected in a monostable multivibrator configura5
tion. An advantage of this configuration is that no current
is draHn by e5.ther transistor between pulses.
+6
R3
R2
<
Q4
Q3
c4
<..
<
Ra
Rg
Hp
cs
R6
as
R7
To
oscillator
Fig. ll.
......
\0
20
21
RESULTS
The element values for the oscillator and pulse forming
netvlork are tabulated in Appendix A. The circuit has the
follo\Ting characteristics z
d.c. supply voltage
5 - 8 volts
d.c. current
320
7
delivered to
1 2
transducer '
po~,rer
frequency
pulse width
pulse spacing
rna maximum
rna average
KHz
Oo8
msec
45
msec
22
Vertica l
Horizontal
Fig . 12.
20 volts/div .
20 usec/div.
23
vertica l
nori zonta l
Fig . 13 .
20 volts/div .
5 msec/div .
25
VI.
CONCLUSIONS
The t:hree main points of interest regarding the performance of the circuit are&
1.
2.
The circuit efficiency is high with an average battery drain of only 7 rna.
3.
an ultrasonic transducer.
26
BIBLIOGRAPHY
KINSLER, L. E. and A. R. FREY (1962) Fundamentals of
Acoustics. 2nd ed., ~iley, New York,
pp. 333-378.
YASON, W. P.
MASON,
w.
I1ITCHELL,
P.
SINGLE, H.
c.
27
APPENDIX A
CIRCUI'r PAR1'S LIST
Resistors ( Oh.'US)
Rl
R2
R3
R4, Rs
R6
R7
Ra
Rg
2.2
7.5 K
300
200
3.3 K
2.2 K
1.0 K
330
1390
c4
6.8
cs
pf
electrolytic
electrolyt.ic
Inductors
700
uh
Transj_stors
Fairchild
RCA
TI
2N3569
2N2160
2N3703
TI
1N658
uniju:nction
28
'rrc-.nsformers
Primary - 30 turns; secondary - 10
turns each half. bifiler wound on an
Indiana General core no. CF102 of
'f
29
APPENDIX B
'rRl\NSDUCER EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT DERIVATION
Since no existing analytical method was known for finding the equivalent circuit, a set of starting values was obtained which was then modified by trial and error until
acceptable results were achieved.
The initial approximation was made that the Q's of each
resonance v1ere sufficiently high that the series resistors
could be temporarily neglected. The transducer impedance
could be expressed asa
Z(s) -
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
(s +w1 )(s +w 3 )(s +w )(s +w )
5
7
30
corres~~nding
effects were1
1.
2.
3.
.'1\fter
.
each change, the computer program ~;as used to
assess the results. The values found in Fig. 3 were believed to be near optimum for this model.
31
APPENDIX C
COHPU'.rER PROGRAMS
32
PROGIW..M
ro
K=l
DO 10 L=l,N
PI=3.14159
F=FA(L)*lOOO.O
M=NA(L)
FDA=FD(L)*lOOO.O
DO 10 LA=l,M
W=2.0*PI*F
1 YT=O.O
DO 3 I=l,S
3 YT=l.O/(R(I,l)+Vl*R(I,2}*CI+l.O/(W*R(I,3)\-CI))+YT
FF(K)=F/1000.0
ZT=l.O/YT
ZM(K)=CABS(ZT)
ZA (K) =A TAN2 { A.IM.AG ( ZT) , REAL ( ZT) ) *57. 29 58
K=K+l
10 F=F+FDA
K=K-1
~"lRITE ( 3, 50) (FF (I), ZH (I) , ZA (I), I=l ,K)
50 FORMAT(lOX,Fl5.3,Fl0~3,F7.1)
STOP
END
31
B(l2)
R~~D,{R(I),L(I),C(I),I=l,S)
DO 1
DO 1
I=l,S
J=l,l2
A( I, J) :..::0.0
1 D( I I J) =0 0
A(l,l)=l.O
D(1$>2):.=:C(1)
DO 2 I::;2,5
A(I,l)=l.O/L(I)*C(I))
A(I,2)=R(I)/L(I)
Jl.. ( I I 3 ) = 1 0
2 D(I,2)=l.O/L(I)
DO 3 I==l,l2
3 B(I)=O.O
CALL POL(D,l,2,3,4,5)
CALL COM
CALL POL(D,2,1,3,4,5)
CALL COM
CALL POL(D,3,1,2,4,5)
CALL COM
CALL POL(D,4,1,2,3,5)
CA.LL COM
CALL POL(D,5,1,2,3,4)
CALL COM
CALL POL(A,1,2,3,4,5)
ViRITE(3,10)
10 F'O .."UIJ1\ T( '1 TRANSDUCER INPEDANCE EQUATION' I I' COEFF TC IENT
lS OF POVlERS OI!""' S 014' Z( S) 'I/l.8X 1 11 NUHERA TOR' 1 21X, 0 DENOH
2INATOR 'I)
DO 15 I=l,l2
a==r-1
1 5 V.1 RITE ( 3 , 2 0 ) J 1 r ( 4 , I ) 1 B ( I )
20 FORNAT{' S**',I2,2D30.16/)
STOP
END
SUBROUTINE POL(H,MH,HAl,HA2,HA3,MA4)
DOUBLE PRECISION H(5,12),T(5,12),A(5,12),B(l2)
CO.HHON A, T, B
CALL POLM(H,3,MH,A,3,MAl,NT,l)
CALL POLM( T, NT, 1 ,A, 3 ,J-!A2, NT, 2)
CALL FOL!-1 ( T, NT, 2 ,A, 3, tv".wl\3, NT 1 3)
CALL POLM(T,NT,3,A,3,MA4,NT,4)
RETURN
END
34
SUBROUTINE POLM(R,NR,MR,S,NS,HS,NT,MT)
DOUBLE PRECISION R(5,12),S(5,12),T(5,12),A(5,12),B(5,1
12)
C0!1110N A, T, B
NT=NR+NS-1
DO 1 I=l,12
1 T(MT,I)=O.O
DO 2 I=l,NR
P=R(MR,I)
DO 2 J=l,NS
2 'l'(HT, I+J-1) =P*S (HS, J) +T(MT, I+J-1)
RETURN
END
35
PROGRD,H 'IO
NB=lO
.Ml\=9
MB=O
BB(1)=1.0
R=RSTRT
DO 113 IR=1,NUMR
CALL SPEC{R,Nl,Dl,AA,AB,BA)
~-1RITE( 3,190) R
190 FORFJAT( 'OBEGINNING OF SET
R =' ,H'6.0/
1
' ROOT LOCUS PROGRAM')
CALL AXB(AA,2,BA,lO,AAA,11)
\'JRI'l,E { 3,16) (AAA (I), I=l, 11), (AB (I), I=1, 11)
16 FORHAT ( 'ONUHERA'IOR' ,5El8.7/lOX,6E18.7/'0DENOiv1INATOR',
15E18.7/12X,6E18.7)
YJ:<I=KI
MA2=M..~+1
~vRITE ( 3, 200)
200 FORl/';A T ( lHO, 4HGAIN, 24X, 5HROOTS/20X, 4HREAL, 14X,
19HIMAGINARY)
105
KK=I<KI
vJHI'l'E ( 3, 210) KK
210 FO.RI'IA1'(1HO,Ell.4)
DO 106 J=1 ,MA2
BAM ( .J) =I<K*BA ( J)
106 CONTINUE
NA2=NA+1
MA2=!-1A+l
MN2=r,J.\2+NA2-l
C.~~LL AXE ( AA, NA2 , BAM, i-1A2, COZ, HN2)
N'B3=NB+l
MB3=HB+l
MN3=MB3+NB3-l
C'\I...L AXB(AB,NB3,BB,MB3,COP,HN3)
IF{MN3-MN2)107,108,108
107 HN4=MN2
GO TO 109
108 MN4=MN3
109 CALL ADD(COZ,MN2,COP,MN3,COD,MN4)
.t-1N'5~MN4-l
CALL BAIR{COD,MNS)
36
112 CON'l'INUE
Kl<I==KKI+DELTA
IF(KKI-KF)105,113,ll3
113 R==R+RINC
114 STOP
END
100
101
102
103
104
105
SUBROUTINE AXB(A,N,B,M,C,NN)
DIMENSION A(N),B(M),C{NN)
DO 105 K=1,NN
C(K)=O.O
I=1
J=K+1-I
IF(J-1)105,101,101
IF(J-M)l02,102,104
IF(I-N)103,103,105
C(K)=C(K)+A(I)*B(J}
I=I+1
GO TO 100
CON'I'INUE
RETURN
END
SUBROUTI~~
100
101
102
103
104
105
ADD(A,M,B,N,C,NN)
DIMENSION A(M),B{N),C(NN)
IF(M-N)l00,102,104
J=H+1
DO 101 I=J, N
C{I)=B(I)
CONTINUE
DO 103 I=1,M
C{I)=A(I)+B(I)
GO TO 107
DO 105 I=1,N
C(I)=A(I)+B(I)
J::;.;N+1
DO 106 I=J,l-i
C(I)=A(I)
106
107 RE'I'URN
END
SUBROUTINE P.AIR(A,N)
DIMENSION A{24),B(24),C{24)
I''l=N+1
IF(M-3)500,230,255
255 P=O.O
o=o.o
IF(A3)256,257,256
256 P=A(2)/A(3)
Q=A(1)/A(3)
2 57 NA 'l"=M- 2
B(M)=A(M)
180 B(M-1)=A(M-l)-P*B(M)
37
250
260
265
235
270
275
300
305
240
230
400
C(M)==B(M)
C(M-1)==B(M-1)-P*C(M)
DO 250 K==2,NAT
N3==!1-K+l
N4=H-K+2
N2=M-K
B(N2)=A(N2)-P*B(N3)-Q*B(N4)
C(N2)=B(N2)-P*C(N3)-Q*C(N4)
B{1)=A(1)-Q*B(3)
DELP=(B(2)*(C(3)+P*C(4))-B(1)*C(4})
DELP=DELP/(C(3)*(C(3)+P*C(4))-(C(2)-B(2)+P*C(3))*C(4))
DELQ=(C(3)*B(1)-{C(2)-B{2)+P*C(3))*B(2))
DELQ=DELQ/(C{3)*(C(3)+P*C(4))-(C(2)-B(2)+P*C(3))*C(4))
P==P+DELP
Q==Q+DELQ
IF(ABS(DELP)-1.E-5)260,260,180
IF(ABS(DELQ)-1.E-5)265,265,180
E==l.O
IF(P*P-4.0*Q*E)270,275,275
X==-P/(2.0*E)
YA==SQRT(ABS(P*P-4.0*Q*E))/(2.0*E)
YB=-YA
WRITE(3,105)X,YA
~lRITE( 3,105 )X, YB
GO TO 300
X=-P/(2.0*E)+SQRT(P*P-4.0*Q*E)/(2.0*E)
Y=O.O
v1RITE (3, 105) X, Y
X==-P/(2.0*E)-SQRT(P*P-4.0*Q*E)/(2.0*E)
WRITS(3,105)X,Y
11=M-2
IF(M-2)500,400,305
DO 240 I=l,M
A(I)=--=B(I+2)
IF(M-3)230,230,255
E=A(3)
P=A(2)
Q==A(l)
GO TO 235
X==-B{3)/B(4)
Y=O.O
~-J.;~rrE ( 3,105) x, Y
500 COtY.CINUE
105 FOH..t-iAT(14X,2E18.6)
RETURN
END
SUBROUTINE SPEC(R,N1,Dl,D4,AB,BA)
f{l~~AL Nl ( 10) , N2 ( 3) , N3 ( 3)
DIMENSION D1{10),D4(12),AB(l2),BA(l2),AC1(20),
1AC2(20),AC3(20)
N2(1)=0.0
38
N2(:2)~1SSO.OE-6
N3 ( l. ) :;1 0 /R
D4(l.)::::O.O
D4.(2)::::7oo.o
CA~L
CA~L
CA~L
CA~L
CA~L
ADP(N2,2,N3,1,AC1,2)
AXB(Dl,9,D4,2,AC2,10)
AXB(AC1,2,AC2,10,AC3,11)
b%B(Nl,lO,D4,2,AC1,11)
ADP(AC1,11,AC3,11,AC2,11)
DO 2 :t::::l,9
2 AC3(!)::::4.0*Dl(I)
CA~L ADP(AC2,11,AC3,9,AB,11)
PO 1 J>-=1, 10
1
P.Cl(:t):::-Nl(I)
CALL
~DD(N2,2,N3,l,AC2,2)
C~LL
AXB(D1,9,AC2,2,AC3,10)
END
~:t
'1
.,l'"
39
APPENDIX D
TRAl\SDUCER IMPEDANCE DATA
Frequency
(KHz)
Voltage
(volts p-p)
Current
(rna p-p)
10
20.0
2.2
20
20.0
4.2
40
50
52.7
53.8
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
54.2
20.0
20 .. 0
8.8
14
27
10
4.0
5.6
10
13
55
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
125
126
126.7
130
140
141.7
150
155
160
170
1.80
190
200
204
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
15.5
17
20
20
28
33
28
21.5
25.5
32
30
36
34
28
32
35
20.0
20.0
44
52.4
20.0
44
Phase Angle
(degrees)
-90
-90
-90
-85
-46
+10
-32
-75
-85
-85
-85
-85
-85
-85
-80
-70
-55
-65
-80
-75
.. 75
-75
-75
-70
-75
-75
.. 73
-60
-35
c
~'{
40
Frequency
(KHz)
Voltage
(volts p-p)
Current
(rna p-p)
33
36
24
31
38
Phase Angle
(degrees)
207
210
20.0
220
20.0
230
20.0
250
20.0
300
20.0
so
400
20.0
72
-80
-80
-80
500
20.0
92
-80
20.0
-45
-45
-65
-80
41
10 volts p-p
Voltage
(volts p-p)
50
0.02
53
0.22
55
0.04
100
0.02
0.09
125
170
0.15
0.40
195
199.5
1.00
1.60
208
0.60
214
o.so
220
230
0.50
0.10
300
0.06
150
42
VITA
The author vlas born on February 26, 194-1 in Kansas
City, !1issouri.
School in 1962.
132~119