Psychol Stud (July-Sept 2010) 55(3):248255

DOI 10.1007/s12646-010-0027-0

ASSESSMENT

The Positive Personality Traits Questionnaire:

Construction and Estimation of Psychometric Properties
Kamlesh Singh & Shalini Duggal Jha

Received: 27 July 2009 / Accepted: 13 July 2010 / Published online: 1 October 2010
# National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India 2010

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop and

determine the psychometric properties of a scale to assess
perceived positive personality traits that are relevant in an
Indian setting. New items were developed adopting items from
other scales, writing new items and also on the basis of
experience from the field through semi structured interviews
undertaken in related research carried out earlier. The new
scale is called the Positive Personality Traits Questionnaire
(PPTQ) and includes 43 items on four factors: Positive Self
Image, Commitment, Outward/ people orientation and Culture
Identification. Data from two samples comprising of 395 and
198 participants, were analyzed. Results indicated that both the
reliability (internal consistency) and validity (convergent and
discriminant) of the PPTQ were adequate.
Keywords Positive psychology . Positive traits .
Personality . Test construction

Introduction
As positive psychology gathers momentum across the
world, the desire to investigate and document related
K. Singh : S. D. Jha (*)
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences,
Indian Institute of Technology,
Delhi, Hauz Khas,
New Delhi 110016, India
e-mail: shaliniduggal@gmail.com
K. Singh
e-mail: singhk@hss.iitd.ac.in
S. D. Jha
A8/15, Vasant Vihar,
New Delhi 110057, India

constructs appears to be getting more focused and structured. So even though research related to areas in positive
psychology was being carried out for many years before the
term was formally coined in 1998 by Martin Seligman, the
recent emphasis on positive psychology seems to have
spurred relevant theory and research in this area (Seligman
and Csikszentmihalyi 2000).
The emphasis on positive psychology also appears to
have renewed psychologys interest in strengths of character, and research literature is increasingly being devoted to a
variety of positive traits (McCullough and Snyder 2000).
Good character has been described as being essential for
individuals and societies to thrive (Park et al. 2006), and its
classification includes 24 different strengths of character
classified under six core virtues (Park et al. 2006).
In the West, measures have been developed to capture
positive traits, one of the most commonly used instrument
is the Value In Action, Inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS), and
much effort has been undertaken to identify universally
recognized strengths of character and ways of assessing
them, led by the point of view of positive psychology
(Peterson and Seligman 2004).
The growing concern however appears to be regarding
how each of the strengths is ranked in different societies.
One way of viewing this is to see human nature as
pervasive, showing a small set of common values and
virtues that are visible in most people and societies as these
are core for survival and for groups to thrive (Bok 1995;
Schwartz 1994). A different way of looking at this is to say
that cultural and historical reasons determine which
strengths are predominant in which place. It seems obvious
that people in different parts of the world differ from one
another on a host of specific values, attitudes, and
behaviors (Park et al. 2006) and thus, cultural factors may
impinge on individuals, and cross-cultural differences that

Psychol Stud (July-Sept 2010) 55(3):248255

may well influence personal factors differently (Maddi

2006).
Although, Peterson and Seligman (2004) analyzed
different religious, cultural and legal texts from across
the world in an attempt to arrive at this universal
classification of character strengths, in light of the above
observations, central to this paper was to understand what
traits in particular are more prevalent among individuals in
an Indian context. Would they be in line with what
Peterson and Seligman proposed or would they show a
departure from what they suggested. So, the purpose of
this study was to develop a questionnaire tentatively
termed the Positive Personality Traits Questionnaire
(PPTQ) that captured positive psychology traits present
in such a setting.
The second objective of the present study was to
determine the psychometric properties of the PPTQ. It
was hypothesized that there would be significant positive
correlations between the four factors of the PPTQ and the
four of the big five personality factors (extraversion,
agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness), grit and its
factors (interest and effort), and positive affect, while
significant negative correlations would be observed between the four factors of the PPTQ with negative affect
and neuroticism. Grit refers to the character strength of
perseverance. It is defined as perseverance and passion for
long-term goals (Duckworth et al. 2007). Grit has been
reported to have positive correlations with other aspects of
Positive Psychology (Singh and Jha 2008). Correlations
between personality traits and character strengths (VIA)
have also been reported by various researchers (e.g. Costa
and McCrae 1992; Cawley et al. 2000; Haslam et al. 2004;
Park and Peterson 2006; and Singh and Jha 2008). The
correlation between positive and negative affect with
parameters related to positive psychology has been found
by (for e.g., Cheng 2006; Lyubomirsky et al. 2005; Singh
and Jha 2008; and Tversky and Griffin 1991).

Method
Participants
Three different samples were used in this study, the first
was used to develop the items, the second was used to
construct the positive personality traits questionnaire
(PPTQ) and later the third sample was used to evaluate
the psychometric properties of the PPTQ. The details of the
samples are as follows:
Sample 1: It consisted of 400 participants (200 male, 200
female) ranging in age from 17 to 24 (mean=
19.16, SD=1.16 years). They were selected

249

through a random sampling procedure from

various colleges offering undergraduate
courses like BA, B. Sc., BCA, B. Tech etc.
They were administered an open ended questionnaire to draw out various perceived positive personality traits.
Sample 2: It consisted of 395 participants (342 males, 53
females) ranging in age from 18 to 24 years
(mean=21.32, SD=2.70 years). They were
randomly selected from various colleges offering undergraduate courses like BA, B. Sc.,
BCA, B. Tech etc and were administered a 90item questionnaire that was used for the
development of the PPTQ.
Sample 3: It included 198 participants ranging in age from
18 to 24 years (mean=21.34, SD=2.99 years)
selected randomly from various colleges in
Delhi offering the same mix of undergraduate
courses as the previous two samples. Sample 3
was administered the PPTQ and the data
collected was used for the evaluation of its
psychometric properties.
Instrument Development
A pool of 208 items was developed with 77 negative items
and 131 positive items covering various positive personality traits using review of literature, and new items written
with the help of previous experience from the field. The
previous research involved qualitative interviews in Hindi
and English (as applicable) carried out to understand the
types of attributes that are considered meaningful and
valuable in India. Sample 1 as described above was used
for this part of the study. Questions that were put to them
included: identify three strengths that you possess, what
three qualities would you want to develop in yourself, name
three important qualities that you value most in other
people, how do you think people in India are changing as a
result of development and modernization, what qualities do
you think are special about Indians, what qualities do you
think are important in a person to help him/her be
successful in life, what qualities do you think are important
to make the society better, and what do you value the most
in life. The answers were then analyzed and a thematic
analysis revealed the major themes that were utilized in
developing the items for the PPTQ. Some of the major
themes that emerged included: Outward/ people orientation,
hard work and determination, being sociable, orientation
towards family, social welfare, respect for elders and belief
in God attachment with others, tradition and respect for
country, helping others, honesty, cooperation, humor,
patience, hard work, self discipline, love, optimism, loyalty
and success.

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Psychol Stud (July-Sept 2010) 55(3):248255

After the formulation of the items, a panel of 6 experts

in psychology was consulted to refine the items. They
were asked to evaluate the items in terms of their
accurateness and ability to assess the identified positive
personality traits. Lawshes (1975) formula: the content
validity ratio was then applied to analyze the items at this
stage
CVR ne  N=2=N=2
CVR= content validity ratio, ne= number of panelists
indicating essential, N= total number of panelists.
According to Lawshe (1975) greater levels of content
validity exist as larger numbers of panelists agree that a
particular item is essential. He further stated that if there are
up to 7 experts judging the items, the minimum value of
CVR should be kept at 0.99 to ensure that agreement is
unlikely to be due to chance. This value can be reduced as
the number of experts on the panel increases. Thus the
minimum value of the CVR was kept at 0.99 to assess the
CVR.
Subsequently, using their feedback, 90 items were
retained comprising of 76 positive items and 14 negative
items. A questionnaire with these 90 items was then
administered to the sample of 395 students (sample 2).
The responses were rated using a Likert response scale that

ranged from 5: Mostly applies to me, 4: Somewhat applies

to me, 3: Neutral, 2: Applies to me a little 1: Does not apply
to me, to indicate the level of agreement or disagreement
with each of these items.
Items were screened for their tendency to elicit extreme
mean responses, i.e. mean responses of more than four or
less than two (Roussos 2007). The range of means was
found to be between 2.02 and 4.20. However no items were
deleted on this basis as all appeared to have high face
validity with the test. Item total correlations were also
calculated for the scale at this stage. Item total correlations
help in ascertaining the items that are inconsistent with the
scale and which can be then discarded to improve the
strength of the factors (Churchill 1979). In a reliable scale
all items should correlate with the total score of the other
items and a small item correlation coefficient indicates that
the item is measuring a construct different from the other
items in the scale (Field 2006). However a low item
correlation of less than 0.25 indicates that an item does not
correlate well with the scale and maybe dropped (Likert
1932). On the basis of this, 22 items that demonstrated low
item-total correlations (less than 0.25) were discarded at
this stage. 68 items remained. Table 1 lists the details of the
above analysis.
A principal components factor analysis with varimax
rotation was used on the remaining items for factor

Table 1 Mean, standard deviations and corrected item total correlations of retained items (N=395)
Items

Mean

SD

Corrected Item-Total Correlation

Items

Mean

SD

Corrected Item-Total Correlation

3
4
5
6
8
9
10
18
20

4.00
4.03
4.11
3.81
3.97
3.99
3.81
4.12
3.86

1.04
1.08
1.03
1.00
0.97
1.08
1.08
1.03
1.09

0.46
0.46
0.50
0.51
0.51
0.49
0.47
0.52
0.50

60
61
63
66
68
70
71
73
74

3.91
3.79
3.76
4.15
3.69
3.96
3.60
4.03
3.95

1.05
1.02
1.08
1.01
1.06
0.99
1.11
0.93
0.95

0.50
0.43
0.39
0.53
0.44
0.54
0.46
0.29
0.47

22
26
31
34
36
40
41
44
45
49
54
55
58

3.58
3.67
3.68
3.93
3.93
3.56
3.81
3.40
3.51
3.78
3.72
3.88
3.59

1.04
1.21
1.14
1.12
1.04
1.09
1.02
1.05
1.01
1.05
1.11
1.14
1.15

0.39
0.32
0.40
0.57
0.29
0.36
0.46
0.40
0.37
0.41
0.38
0.49
0.47

76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
86
87
89

3.67
3.58
3.79
4.03
4.05
4.13
3.93
3.41
3.73
4.18
3.99
3.48

1.09
1.04
1.03
0.98
1.04
0.97
1.01
1.04
1.09
0.99
1.01
1.33

0.41
0.31
0.41
0.44
0.57
0.43
0.44
0.40
0.52
0.53
0.42
0.28

Psychol Stud (July-Sept 2010) 55(3):248255

analysis. An item was retained only when it loaded greater

than 0.40 on the relevant factor and less than 0.40 on nonrelevant factor(s). These factors were extracted using a
statistical basis and with due reference to the theoretical
base of the items. A three, four and five factor model was
evaluated. On the basis of theoretical soundness, four
factors were retained that accounted for 30.72% of the
variance among the items. Table 2 gives the details of the
factor analysis. There have been many studies in which it
has been found that extracting factors only the basis of the
eigen values being greater than 1 can lead to an over
estimation of the number of retained factors (Henson and
Roberts 2006). So on the basis of this, in this study the
eigen values of the factors retained was taken as being
greater than 1.7. This also reduces the risk of over-factoring
which implies that retaining factors that have little
theoretical basis can lead to misinterpretation and the may
not lead to replicability of results (Gorsuch 1983; Fabrigar
et al. 1999; Henson and Roberts 2006). Also in this case
factor 1 represents the maximum amount of variance i.e.
21.24. However, retaining a one factor solution can lead to
under-factoring as it may cause considerable error (Wood et
al. 1996). Thus the idea is to look for a parsimonious
solution wherein the minimum number of factors account
for the maximum amount of variance. The threshold for
extracting factors is the maximum variance explained (Pett
et al. 2003) which is this case is 30.72 and thus one should
stop extracting factors when the last factor retained
accounts for very less explained variance (Hair et al.
1995). As is evident the four factors represent a mix of
individual and social items.
A detailed description of the four factors follows:
Positive self image: It measures participants orientation towards maintaining a positive self image. It
includes looking at the self and life positively,
looking at the self in relationships in a positive
manner, seeing the self as flexible, emotionally
intelligent, fair, spiritual, honest and self reliant. This
factor contains 11 items like I take pride in being
who I am even if others ridicule me; I strive to be a
self reliant person etc.
Commitment: It includes the tendency to be committed towards the self in terms of beliefs and goals and to
be committed towards others in relationships. It also
includes the inclination to initiate actions towards ones
own life and in response to others. It includes aspects
of goal orientation, of resilience, a desire to learn new
things, independence, originality, gratitude, generosity
and loyalty. This factor contains 11 items like I
believe that nothing in life can be achieved without
working hard; If someone asks for my help I never
refuse etc.

251

Outward/People orientation: This aspect measures

the confidence that a person places in himself/ herself.
This includes the ability to be outgoing and gregarious
in social situations, a zestful approach, self esteem and
the confidence to lead others. This factor contains 11
items like I have a lot of self confidence; I can
inspire others to do as I say etc.
Culture identification: These items mainly look at an
individuals orientation towards ones culture and
country. This includes aspects of orientation towards
ones traditions, patriotism and tolerance towards
others. This factor contains 10 items like I feel
proud of my country; I value my cultural traditions
etc.
Thus, the initial 68 items were reduced to 43 items.
Procedure
All participants were completed paper-and-pencil questionnaires. Participants in Sample 1 were given the
qualitative questionnaire. Sample 2 participants only
responded to the questionnaire with the initial 90 items
and the data collected from these administrations were
used for item analysis only. Participants in Samples 3
were administered the 43-item PPTQ and were also
completed three other scales namely:
Measures:
a) Big five inventory: the big five inventory (BFI; John et
al. 1991; John and Srivastava 1999) is a 44-item
instrument that assesses the big five personality factors
(neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness,
and conscientiousness). Items are scored using a 5point, Likert scale that ranges from disagree strongly to
agree strongly. BFI scales include 810 items each, and
have demonstrated moderate to high internal consistency reliability (alpha range=.79 to .88; median=.82) as
well as substantial convergent/ discriminant relations
with other big five instruments, (John and Srivastava
1999).
b) Grit-R scale developed by Duckworth and Quinn
(2009) is self reporting and consists of 12 items rated
on a 5-point scale from 1not at all like me to 5very
much like me. The scale has high internal consistency
(=0.85), (Duckworth and Quinn 2009).
c) PANAS (Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale): The
PANAS (Watson et al. 1988) consists of two 10-item
mood scales and was developed to provide brief
measures of PA (positive affect) and NA (negative
affect). Respondents are asked to rate the extent to
which they have experienced each particular emotion
within a specified time period, with reference to a 5point scale. The scale points are: 1 very slightly or not

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Psychol Stud (July-Sept 2010) 55(3):248255

Table 2 Varimax-rotated factor loadings of the 43 PPTQ items (N=395)

Item No.

Items

Factors
1
Positive self
image

2
Commitment

3
Outward/People
orientation:

4
Culture
identification

60

I am an optimist

0.52

41

I strive to be a self reliant person.

0.52

58

I can easily adjust to any change

0.48

31

I take pride in being who I am even if others ridicule me

0.47

54

0.46

61

I can place myself in anothers persons position to

understand their feelings
I try to be equal towards everyone when making any decisions

0.46

I believe that there is a deeper and higher meaning in my life

0.45

49

When I say that I will do something, I keep my word.

0.41

63

I try to repay in whatever way I can the good gestures of others

0.40

20

I consider myself to be a fair person

0.40

18

I value close relationships in my life.

0.40

81

There are people in my life who love me despite my shortcomings.

89

New things excite me

0.54

80

Self reliance is an important goal in my life.

0.54

I care deeply about people who are close to me

0.54

86

If someone does something for me, I always thank them

0.53

82

If someone asks for my help I never refuse

0.51

I like to learn new things

0.45

I believe that nothing in life can be achieved without working hard

0.45

87

My familys customs are important to me

0.45

74

My friends say that I am a loyal person

0.44

79

If I dont succeed at something the first time, I try to do it again

0.40

76

People close to me say that I can mix with others easily

0.62

83

0.60

44

In a group where there is no official leader, people often turn

to me for direction
I am good at getting people to do what I want from them

0.60

84

My life is exciting

0.54

73

The decisions that I have made so far in my life have lead to success

0.51

I have a lot of self confidence

0.51

45

I can always find something exciting to do

0.50

22

I can inspire others to do as I say.

0.49

36

I am good at making friends

0.47

78

My friends say I have a good sense of humor.

0.47

77

People describe me as a creative person

0.47

I feel proud of my country.

0.59

70

I value my cultural traditions

0.57

26

I enjoy celebrating festivals

0.54

71

I will gladly sacrifice myself interest for the interest of my country.

0.50

0.56

10

I respect other peoples thoughts and views.

0.45

34

I feel proud when a foreigner praises my country.

0.45

55

I always stand up in respect when I hear my national anthem.

0.44

66

I feel happy when my country achieves something of significance.

0.44

40

I believe that people in my culture are inherently good.

0.43

68

I always look at the bright side of things related to my culture

Eigen values
% of variance (total=30.72%)

0.42
14.45
21.24%

2.75
4.05%

1.90
2.80%

1.79
2.63%

Psychol Stud (July-Sept 2010) 55(3):248255

253

at all, 2 a little, 3 moderately, 4 quite a bit and 5

very much. A number of different time-frames have
been used with the PANAS, but in the current study the
time-frame adopted was during the past week. The
internal consistencies of the PANAS PA and NA scales
were =0.89 for the PA scale, and =0.85 for the NA
scale. (Crawford and Henry 2004)

Results
Data collected through the questionnaires were analyzed
using SPSS 15.0.
Internal Consistency
Analyses of the PPTQ data indicated internal consistency
coefficients of the four factors ranging between 0.77 and
0.80 (Positive self image =0.77, Commitment =0.80,
Outward/People orientation =0.79 and Culture identification =0.79) and 0.91 for the overall questionnaire. The
details of this analysis are given in Table 3. The inter
correlations among the four factors were uniformly positive
and moderate in size, ranging from r=0.46 to r=0.62. The
inter correlations among the four components were uniformly positive, ranging from r=0.46 to r=0.52. These
results indicate that the factors each capture unique portions
of the variance in positive personality traits.
Validity
The concurrent validity of the scale was computed by
correlating the scores on the scale to the participants scores
on three other measures namely the big five factors inventory,
grit scale and PANAS (independent criterion measures). To
this end, PPTQ was administered to Sample 3. It was
hypothesized that the four factors of PPTQ would show

positive correlations with extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, interest, effort, grit and positive
affect and would correlate negatively with negative affect and
neuroticism.
Pearsons correlation was performed on the PPTQ
factors and factors on others instruments. Significant
correlations were found that indicated both convergent
and discriminant validity.
Table 4 summarizes the finding regarding convergent
and discriminant validity. Positive self image showed
significant positive correlations with extraversion (r=
0.174, p<0.05), agreeableness (r=0.42, p<0.01), conscientiousness (r=0.29, p<0.01), openness (r=0.44, p<0.01),
positive affect (r=0.22, p<0.01), interest (r=0.19, p<0.01),
effort (r=0.33, p<0.01) and grit (r=0.34, p<0.01). It
showed a significantly negative correlation with neuroticism (r=0.22, p<0.01) and negative affect (r=0.24,
p<0.01). Commitment demonstrated a significant positive
correlation with extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, positive affect, effort and grit and significantly negative correlation with neuroticism (r=0.30,
P<0.01) and negative affect (r=0.28, p<0.01). Culture
identification showed a significantly positive correlation
with extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, positive affect, effort and grit and significantly
negative correlation with neuroticism and negative affect.
And finally Outward/ people orientation had a significant
positive correlation with extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, positive affect, interest, effort and
grit and significantly negative correlation with neuroticism
(r=0.38, p<0.01).

Discussion
The positive personality traits questionnaire was devised to
assess the prevalence and meaning of positive personality

Table 3 Descriptive data, alpha reliability and intra factor correlations for PPTQ
Factors
M
SD

No. of items
Correlations
Positive self image
Commitment
Outward/ People Orientation
Culture identification
Total
** p<.01

Positive self image

40.47
6.59
0.77
11

Commitment
41.91
6.91
0.80
11

Outward/People orientation
40.05
6.56
0.79
11

.59**

Culture identification
37.05
6.61
0.79
10

.52**
.46**

Total
39.88
6.89
0.91
43

.60**
.62**
.49**

.83**
.83**
.75**
.83**

1
1

23.11
5.02
0.33**
0.39**
0.38**
0.25**
0.45**
22.20
3.44
.19**
0.11
.19**
0.12
.20**
23.84
8.17
0.24**
0.28**
0.12
0.19**
0.26**
31.95
8.79
0.22**
0.31**
0.27**
0.24**
0.32**
33.10
5.40
0.44**
0.42**
0.32**
0.34**
0.47*
22.67
4.50
0.22**
0.31**
0.38**
0.23**
0.35**
28.53
5.82
0.29**
0.36**
0.38**
0.20**
0.38**
30.21
5.26
0.42**
0.53**
0.36**
0.31**
0.50**

* p<.05 (one tailed)

** p<.01 (one tailed)

25.97
5.62
0.17*
0.17*
0.28**
0.19**
0.25**
Mean
SD
Positive self image
Commitment
Outward/People orientation
Culture identification
Overall test

Effort
Interest
Negative affect
Positive affect
Openness
Neuroticism
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness
Extraversion
Constructs

Table 4 Details of Pearsons correlation analysis between PPTQ factors & other measures (N=198)

45.30
6.84
0.34**
0.34**
0.38**
0.24**
0.43**

Psychol Stud (July-Sept 2010) 55(3):248255

Total grit

254

traits in an Indian setting. The PPTQ appears to be a

reliable and valid instrument.
The alpha reliability coefficients for the factors range
between 0.77 and 0.80 and indicate good internal consistency within items of the scale.
The convergent and discriminant validity were satisfactory and the hypothesis was found to be proved. As
expected the factors demonstrated significant positive
relationship with the constructs of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness and negative
correlation with neuroticism. Similar correlations between personality traits and character strengths (VIA)
have been found by Cawley et al. (2000), Park and
Peterson (2006) and Singh and Jha (2008). Costa and
McCrae (1992) noted that conscientiousness is a part of
what was once called character, and that agreeableness and
conscientiousness are the classic dimensions of character,
describing good versus evil and strong-willed versus
weak-willed individuals. Haslam et al. (2004) found that
the five-factor model of personality was conceptually
linked to character strengths. Neuroticism could be
described as the conceptual opposite of hope, and
extraversion could be a key to leadership (Peterson and
Seligman 2004). Honest and humble people are found to
be high in agreeableness (Aston and Lee 2005) and also
high in conscientiousness (Paunonen 2003). Brose et al.
(2005) found forgiveness to be both negatively correlated
with neuroticism and positively correlated with agreeableness and sometimes extroversion.
The correlation between positive and negative affect
with parameters related to positive psychology has been
reported by Cheng (2006), Lyubomirsky et al. (2005),
Singh and Jha (2008), and Tversky and Griffin (1991). Grit
was also reported to have positive correlations with such
parameters (Singh and Jha 2008).
The present instrument helps in capturing traits that are
relevant in the Indian setting and thus has heuristic value in
serving as a reference point for what Indians consider
significant.
This study have implications for positive psychology in
an Indian context to ascertain which traits are more relevant
and how they manifest themselves. This research has
helped in identifying these traits and also in developing a
statistically sound instrument that aids in the assessment of
these positive personality traits among individuals. The
PPTQ can be applied in novel ways, for example, to
investigate positive personality traits among different age
groups, sections of society, and to understand how society
is changing in terms of these traits as a result of socioeconomic forces etc. The PPTQ can also be used in other
settings such as counseling to identify strengths and
encourage people to build upon these and lead a good life.
The PPTQ can be used to develop and test theories by using

Psychol Stud (July-Sept 2010) 55(3):248255

its factors to understand different target populations and by

examining its relationship with other relevant psychological
constructs such as those mentioned above, and outcomes
such as positive relationships. It can also be applied to test
the efficacy of treatments used to promote well being as the
PPTQ represents the positive aspect of personality. It can be
used to promote mental health by identifying and assessing
these positive personality traits. A good starting point
would be to use confirmatory factor analysis to study its
factors, validate the questionnaire on a broader sample and
develop normative data for different occupational, educational, and socioeconomic groups. Adaptation of the
questionnaire into Hindi and other regional languages
would increase the usability of the questionnaire. The
PPTQ could be useful to researchers as they pursue further
research in the area of positive psychology within cultures
similar to India. The factor model can also be examined in
other cultures.

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