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Dipartimento di Ricerche Energetiche ed Ambientali, (D.R.E. AM.), Universita` degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
b
Dipartimento di Informatica, Matematica, Elettronica e Trasporti, Universita` Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria,
Feo di Vito, 89060 Reggio Calabria, Italy
Received 6 January 2004; received in revised form 5 May 2004; accepted 3 June 2004
Abstract
The thermal sensation experienced by a subject in a conned environment is signicantly affected by the radiative heat exchange
between the human body and the surrounding surfaces: it contributes as far as 30% of the whole thermal exchanges of the subject.
Besides, the presence of high-intensity radiation sources like, for example, the sun, may appreciably modify the radiant eld to
which people are exposed. As a consequence, this could alter notably the comfort conditions.
In order of properly taking into account this issue, a simple analytical method is introduced in this work, that allows the easy
evaluation of the thermal radiant eld induced by the presence of the solar radiation.
An application to a typical thermal comfort computation is nally presented.
r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Mean radiant temperature; Thermal comfort; PMV; PPD; Radiative heat exchange
1. Introduction
People usually spend a relevant part of time in
conned environments, where an articial climate is
supposed to be present. This is generally induced by
mechanical equipments that govern the indoor conditions of buildings in terms of thermal, hygrometry and
quality of air parameters. With the increasing of the lifestyle levels, the performances required by people from
the buildings (both envelope and climatisation system)
are becoming more advanced. In turn, methods for
evaluating the behaviours of microclimate parameters of
buildings need to suitably match these requisites.
As far thermal sensations of people are in question,
the modelling of four objective parameters (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air velocity, relaCorresponding author. Tel.: +39-091-236210; fax: +39-091484425.
E-mail address: gfrizzo@unipa.it (G. Rizzo).
0360-1323/$ - see front matter r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.06.019
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M. La Gennusa et al. / Building and Environment 40 (2005) 367375
368
4
T r T 41 F p!1 T 42 F p!2 T 4i F p!i
T 4N F p!N :
(2)
where
t A Ba=c;
g C Db=c Ea=c:
(6)
(7)
(8)
being FI!O the angle factor between the inside and the
external body.
By replacing Eqs. (7) and (8) in Eq. (6), we obtain
QI AI J I F I!O J O :
(9)
(10)
(12)
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M. La Gennusa et al. / Building and Environment 40 (2005) 367375
(15)
8
QI QI2O :
(13)
(14)
369
2
4
where s (=5.67
10 Wm K ) is the StefanBoltzmann constant, eS is the emissivity of the human body,
Ar is the effective area of the human body and Tcl is the
mean temperature of the surface of the clothing
ensemble. The effective area is dened as the area of
the smallest convex surface that contains the body.
3.1.2. Low frequency radiation, QA!S
The radiation coming from the surfaces of the indoor
environment may be computed by means of the
relationship
QA!S
N
X
F i!S Ai sei T 4i ri Gi ;
(16)
i1
(17)
being FS!i the angle factor between the subject and the
ith surface of the envelope.
Since the internal surfaces of the building can be
considered as black bodies, characterised by ei =1 and
ri =0, the Eq. (16) can be rearranged in the following
form:
QA!S sAr
N
X
F S!i T 4i :
(18)
i1
QAS
Q0S
QbS
Qd!S
M
X
F j!S Aj I d;j ;
(19)
j1
(20)
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370
M
X
F S!j I d;j
j1
(22)
N
X
F S!i T 4i
i1
Ar
M
X
F S!j I d;j Ap I b
23
j1
(25)
Ap I b
N
X
F S!i T 4i Ar
i1
M
X
F S!j I d;j
j1
4
Ar eS sT 4cl T r
eS
eS s
aS Ap I b
4
T r :
A r eS s
26
27
T r
F S!i T i
eS s
eS s
i1
(28)
that provides the value of the uniform temperature of a
black enclosure in which a subject would exchange the
same heat ow by radiation as in the actual environment. In other words, this represents the mean radiant
temperature.
In order of better characterising the features of the
solar radiation, we introduce here two more coefcients:
the daynight coefcient Cdn (equal to 1 in the daytime
period and equal to 0 in the night period) and the
shading coefcient CS (equal to 1 when the subject is
directly hit by the solar beam and equal to 0 in the other
cases).
1
This assumption refers to the so-called moderate thermal environments, where thermal comfort conditions can be reached by means of
HVAC systems.
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M. La Gennusa et al. / Building and Environment 40 (2005) 367375
371
v
!
u N
M
X
X
u
C
4
dn
4
t
airr;d
F S!i T i
F S!j I d;j C S airr;b f p I b :
eS s
i1
j1
29
5. An application
Table 1
Co-ordinates of the points in the building module utilised for the
evaluation of the comfort conditions
Point
X (m)
Y (m)
Z (m)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1.00
1.00
1.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
(30)
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Table 2
Diffuse solar radiation on the south exposure and direct solar radiation on the beam direction; daynight and shading coefcients for each selected
point of the environment in the daytime period (Palermo, 21st December)
Time (h)
Ib;out Wm2
Id;out Wm2
Cdn
CS 1
CS 2
CS 3
CS 4
CS 5
CS 6
CS 7
CS 8
CS 9
7.30
7.45
8.00
8.15
8.30
8.45
9.00
9.15
9.30
9.45
10.00
10.15
10.30
10.45
11.00
11.15
11.30
11.45
12.00
12.15
12.30
12.45
13.00
13.15
13.30
13.45
14.00
14.15
14.30
14.45
15.00
15.15
15.30
15.45
16.00
16.15
16.30
6
86
173
239
288
325
353
374
392
405
416
425
433
438
443
446
449
450
450
450
449
446
443
438
433
425
416
405
392
374
353
325
288
239
173
86
6
8
20
35
52
68
84
100
115
128
141
153
163
172
180
186
192
195
197
198
197
195
192
186
180
172
163
153
141
128
115
100
84
68
52
35
20
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
N
X
PPDi
Dti
PPDlimit
i1
(31)
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Azimuth angle
Altitude angle
f p (-)
9.30
9.45
10.00
10.15
10.30
10.45
11.00
11.15
11.30
11.45
12.00
12.15
12.30
12.45
13.00
13.15
13.30
13.45
14.00
14.15
14.30
14.45
15.00
15.15
143.7
146.9
150.3
153.7
157.2
160.8
164.5
168.3
172.2
176.1
180.0
176.1
172.2
168.3
164.5
160.8
157.2
153.7
150.3
146.9
143.7
140.7
137.7
134.8
19.2
20.9
22.4
23.8
25.0
26.1
27.0
27.7
28.2
28.5
28.6
28.5
28.2
27.7
27.0
26.1
25.0
23.8
22.4
20.9
19.2
17.4
15.4
13.4
0.229
0.223
0.216
0.210
0.205
0.199
0.194
0.190
0.185
0.182
0.179
0.182
0.185
0.190
0.194
0.199
0.205
0.210
0.216
0.223
0.229
0.234
0.240
0.245
373
6. Conclusions
In this paper, it has been introduced a simple method
for the evaluation of the mean radiant temperature for a
human subject placed in a conned environment, and
irradiated by solar radiation, direct as well diffuse.
The proposed relationship requires the knowledge of:
(a) the temperature of the internal surfaces of the
environment; (b) the intensity of the diffuse and direct
solar radiation entering the room through the glazed
surfaces; (c) the angle factor between the opaque and
glazed surfaces of the environment and the subject; (d)
the projected area factor of the subject in the solar beam
direction.
Such detailed computation of the mean radiant
temperature allows the evaluation of the time and
space changes of the indoor thermal conditions. This
kind of information, in turn, can be utilised for suitably
sizing the HVAC systems and, nally, for a better
management of the energy sources for climatisation
purposes.
Fig. 4. Mean radiant temperature for an irradiated subject placed in the points of Table 1.
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374
Fig. 5. Predicted mean vote for the irradiated subject placed in the points of Table 1.
Fig. 6. Predicted percentage of dissatised for the irradiated subject placed in the points of Table 1.
Table 4
Adopted parameters for the evaluation of the comfort conditions
Subjective conditions
Thermal insulation of clothing (clo)
1.1
Temperature C
22.0
Velocity (m/s)
0.10
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6.0
5.39
5.40
5.34
5.0
4.0
3.87
3.15
3.0
2.0
1.61
1.37
1.06
1.0
0.00
0.0
1
5
Points
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