Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Samples
Paired Design 1
With paired data, we are
interested in comparing the
responses within each pair. We
will analyze the differences of
the responses that form each
pair.
Paired Data: Response = Annual Salary (in $1000s)
Wife Response
Husband Response
15
20
15 - 20 = -5
45
31
45 - 31 = 14
50
50
50 - 50 = 0
16
30
16 - 30 = -14
56
72
56 - 72 = -16
Mean Difference = -4.2
Paired
Design 2
DEFINITION:
We have paired or matched samples when we know, in
advance, that an observation in one data set is directly
related to a specific observation in the other data set. It
may be that the related sets of units are each measured
Men Response
15
20
45
31
50
50
16
30
56
72
DEFINITION:
We have two independent samples when two unrelated
sets of units are measured, one sample from each
trained to perform the same task using a rewardpunishment method. The investigator of this study will
have two sets of data: the learning times for the dogs
trained with the reward method and the learning times
for the dogs trained with the reward-punishment
method.
Is this a paired or independent samples
design?
Circle one:
Paired
Independent
Explain:
p. 676
Lets Do It! 2 Design a Study
For each of the following research questions, briefly
describe how you might design a study to address the
question (discuss whether paired or independent samples
would be obtained):
(a) Do freshmen students use the library to study more
often than senior students?
Paired Samples
In a paired design, units in each par are alike (in fact, they
may be the same unit), whereas units in different pairs
may be quite dissimilar.
observation for
treatment 1
observation for
treatment 2
Example
Weight Change
1
154
148
6
2
181
176
5
3
151
153
-2
4
120
116
4
5
131
129
2
6
130
128
2
7
121
120
1
8
128
132
-4
p. 629
Solution
(a) The sample mean difference is
The t-Test
Paired T-Test
Paired
Hypotheses:
versus
versus
versus
Data:
or
or
.
d 0
sD
n
t(n-1) distribution.
p-value: We find the p-value for the test using the t(n - 1) distribution.
The direction of extreme will depend on how the alternative
hypothesis is expressed.
Decision: A p-value less than or equal to leads to rejection of H0
Notes:
If we are interested in assessing if D is equal to some
hypothesized value that is not 0, we would replace 0 in the test
statistic expression with this other null value.
The test statistic is the same no matter how the alternative
hypothesis is expressed.
1
2
9
10
61 60
53 56
67 62
62 57
52
74
64
75
42
63
54
83
60
89
44
67
Mean = 60
Mean =64.5
(a) Explain why we have paired data here and not two
independent samples.
(b) We are interested in examining the differences in the
scores for each child. Compute the differences and
find the sample mean difference and the sample
standard deviation of the differences.
1
8
d = After - Before 6
4
2
3
9 10
2
2
9 1
-4
14
(d)
t
The
observed
4.5 0
2.78
.
5126
.
10
t-test
statistic
is
given
by
Lets Do It!
Two creams are available by prescription for treating
moderate skin burns.
A study to compare the
effectiveness of the two creams is conducted using 15
patients with moderate burns on their arms. Two spots of
the same size and degree of burn are marked on each
patients arm. One of the two creams is selected at
16 2
14 4
2
-2
10 7
10 4
0
3
6
5
1
10 5
12 5
-2 0
4
6
-2
1
0
19 7
23 10
-4 -3
1
1
12
12
0
1
2
9
7
2
1
3
10
11
-1
1
4
20
24
-4
1
5
12
10
2