Professional Documents
Culture Documents
o Formation of adverbs
For 1st and 2nd declension adj.- take base and add
o Future of 3rd, 3rd i, and 4th conjugation verbs
Stem + endings:
1st
2nd
3rd
s.
-am
-s
-et
pl.
-mus
-tis
-ent
o Imperfect tense
Stem + endings:
1st
2nd
3rd
s.
-bam
-bs
-bat
pl.
-bmus
-btis
-bant
o Past tenses
Translations:
Perfect- (past tense of word), was, were, have (verb)
Imperfect- was, were, used to, kept on
o Passive Voice
Appropriate stem + endings
1st and 2nd conjugations
Present
st
1
2nd
3rd
s.
-r
-ris
-tur
pl.
-mur
-min
-ntur
Imperfect
st
1
2nd
3rd
s.
-bar
-bris
-btur
pl.
-bmur
-bmin
-bantur
Future
1st
2nd
s.
-bor
-beris
pl.
-bimur
-bimin
3rd
-bitur
-buntur
1
2nd
3rd
s.
-r
-ris
-tur
pl.
-mur
-min
-ntur
Imperfect
st
1
2nd
3rd
s.
-bar
-bris
-btur
pl.
-bmur
-bmin
-bantur
Future
st
1
2nd
3rd
s.
-ar
-ris
-tur
pl.
-mur
-min
-entur
1
2nd
s.
-eram
-ers
pl.
-ermus
-ertis
3rd
-ert
-ernt
Translation: had (action)
Future Perfect (perfect stem + -eri- + personal endings)
s.
pl.
-er
-erimus
-eris
-eritis
-erit
-erint
Translation: will have
o Personal Pronouns
1st
2nd
3rd
s.
pl.
s.
Nom.
ego I
ns we
t you
Gen.(dont use)
me of me
nstrum of me
tu of you
Dat.
mihi to me
nbis to us
tibi to you
Acc.
m me
ns us
t you
Abl.
m with me
nbis with us
t with you
Abl. Forms + cum at end = with (meaning)
o Possesive Adjectives- used in place of the genitive for personal pronouns
meus-my, my own, mine
noster- our, our own, ours
tuus- your, your own, yours
vester- your, your own, yours
o Infinitives as Objects- have acc. subjects
Subject (verb) acc (<=d/o; sub=>) infinitive
o Perfect Passive Tenses
4th principle part (-us, -a, -um) + endings:
Perfect passive(was, were, have been)
1
2nd
3rd
s.
pl.
sum
sumus
es
estis
est
sunt
Pluperfect passive(had been)
1st
2nd
3rd
s.
pl.
eram
ermus
ers
ertis
erat
erant
Future Perfect passive (will have been)
st
st
1
2nd
3rd
s.
er
eris
erit
pl.
erimus
eritis
erunt
pl.
vs you
vestrum of you
vbis to you
vs you
vbis with you
m.
qu
cuius
cui
quem
qu
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
n.
quod
cuius
cui
quod
qu
m.
qu
qurum
quibus
qus
quibus
pl.
f.
quae
qurum
quibus
qus
quibus
m., f.
n.
Nom. who, which, that
which, that what
Gen. whose, of whom, of which whose, of which
Dat.
to whom, which
to which
Acc. whom, which, that
which, that, what
Abl.
by, with etc.,
by, with etc.
Antecedent- gives number and gender
Relative clause- gives case
-is used as an interrogative when following word is a verb
o Interrogative Adjective- is used when the following word is an object
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
s.
m., f.
quis who
cuius
whose
cui to
whom
quem
whom
qu by
whom
n.
quid what
cuius of
what
cui to
what
quid what
m.
qu
qurum
pl.
f.
quae
qurum
quibus
quibus
quibus
qus
qus
quae
qu by
what
quibus
quibus
quibus
o Ablative of Manner
How a phrase is done- uses a preposition to introduce it
(Cum) abl. form of noun
o Third Declension
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
s.
-is
-
pl.
-s
-um
-ibus
n.
quae
qurum
n.
quae
qurum
quibus
quae
quibus
Acc.
Abl.
-em
-e
-s
-ibus
o Conjugation of possum
Prefix =pos- or pot- . Pos- if the form begins with s, pot- if form begins with letter other
than s.
Add to respective forms of sum. (Ex: present= prefix + present forms of sum)
o Participles used as clauses
Translations- expand on literal meaning
4 clauses:
Relative- who, which
Temporal (time)- when, after
Causal- since, because
Adversative/Concessive- although, if
o Ablative Absolute
-usually determined by being located at front of sentence or enclosed in two commas
-consider the literal meaning and then expand into clause beginning with:
- When
- Once
- Since
- After
- Because
- If
- although