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DOI 10.1007/s10040-014-1166-5
Introduction
In many countries, groundwater is the primary resource
for irrigation and domestic supply. For this reason,
preserving its availability and quality is crucial for the
future (UNESCO 1998). One of the major issues that
needs to be addressed by hydrogeological research
concerns the denition of the most suitable sites for the
drilling of new boreholes, especially in areas where water
resources are scarce or under environmental pressure.
Thus, the selection of sites for drinking-water pumping
boreholes should be based on the analysis of a large
amount of high-quality data. The most often used methods
for site selection consist of analog approaches, regression
models, location allocation models, and checklist
methods. In addition, articial intelligence techniques
such as articial neural networks (Lee et al. 2004) and
fuzzy logic (Ercanoglu and Gokceoglu 2002) have been
used in site selection.
Decision support systems (DSS) are computerized
systems, which include models and databases that are
used in decision-making. They are useful tools that help
scientists and administrators in choosing the best (economic, social or environmental) and/or alternative solutions (Leung 1997; Manos et al. 2007).
Geographic information systems (GIS) and decision
support systems (DSS) offer strong facilities for groundwater resources management (Manos et al. 2007). DSS
featuring mechanisms for the input and use of spatial
information, as well as for the output of thematic maps,
are known as spatial decision support systems (SDSS)
(Vacik and Lexer 2001). The SDSS could be based on
multiple criteria decision-making techniques (Hwang and
Yoon 1981; Zhu et al. 1998).
Models used for the site selection process are usually
prescriptive. These models involve the application of a set
of criteria that are set out as good engineering practice and
may result from a blend of scientic, economic and social
factors. In the case of site selection for the drilling of new
boreholes, there are several criteria and, in most cases,
they are independent. The most important of these criteria
relate to the productivity of the aquifer system (hydraulic
characteristics, recharge, groundwater balance, etc.),
groundwater quality, aquifer pollution potential, and
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&
&
&
&
&
&
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Fig. 2 Geological map and geological cross section of the study area
Groundwater quality
Based on previous hydrochemical investigations
(Voudouris et al. 2000; Panagopoulos et al. 2002), the
water of the study area is of various hydrochemical types:
CaHCO3 is the predominant water type in freshwaters
near the recharge zones of the aquifer system. This type of
water occurs along the southern part of the studied area.
NaHCO3 type, as well NaSO4 and NaCl types are
apparent downstream of the recharge zones indicating
excessive mixing and ion exchange processes and seawater intrusion.
The distribution of chloride shows a general increase of
concentration down gradient, to the north towards the
coastline. So far, saline water intrusion is mainly exhibited
at specic zones along the coastline and especially the
Lecheo and Vrachati areas. Nitrate pollution is the second
Hydrogeology Journal (2014) 22: 17631776
Methodology
Choice of the criteria
The architecture and main components of the SDSS are
shown in Fig. 3. Twelve parameters were nally involved
in the model, prearranged in three categories:
1. Criteria of borehole yield
2. Criteria of groundwater quality
3. Economic-technical criteria
The choice of the criteria included in the model was
based on the particular hydrological, hydrogeological and
hydrochemical conditions of the study area. The rst
category of criteria indicates that in order for a site to be
appropriate for the drilling of a new borehole, it must
DOI 10.1007/s10040-014-1166-5
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&
&
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Fig. 4 Maps of the study area showing the distribution of the four parameters concerning borehole yield: a parameter 1a: aquifer
transmissivity, b parameter 1b: borehole density, c parameter 1c: aquifer recharge, d parameter 1d: distance from river network
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Fig. 5 Maps of the study area showing the distribution of the four parameters concerning groundwater quality and vadose zone thickness:
a parameter 2a: groundwater electrical conductivity (EC), b parameter 2b: aquifer specic vulnerability, c parameter 2c: distance from the
coastline. d parameter 3a: vadose zone thickness
Hydrogeology Journal (2014) 22: 17631776
DOI 10.1007/s10040-014-1166-5
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8
x a
< 0;
x x; a < x < b
:
1;
x b
Fig. 6 Maps of the study area showing the distribution of the four remaining economical-technical criteria: a parameter 3b: distance from
road network, b parameter 3c: surface slope, c parameter 3d: distance from existing boreholes, d parameter 3e: distance from springs
Hydrogeology Journal (2014) 22: 17631776
DOI 10.1007/s10040-014-1166-5
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2 x
1
f 1
1
f 1
x
f2
x
f2
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Table 1 Dispersion indices and central points of membership functions used by the model
Parameter
2
Transmissivity (m /day)
Recharge (net inltration) (mm/year)
Distance from the surface water bodies (m)
Electrical conductivity of groundwater (S/cm)
Aquifer specic vulnerability
Distance from the coastline (m)
Vadose zone thickness (m)
Distance from the road network (m)
Surface slope (degree)
Distance from the existing boreholes (m)
Distance of springs (m)
Density of boreholes (boreholes/km2)
Hydrogeology Journal (2014) 22: 17631776
Membership function
Dispersion index f1
Central point f2
4(x)
1(x)
5(x)
2(x)
5(x)
4(x)
6(x)
6(x)
5(x)
1(x)
1(x)
1(x)
1
4
1
5
5
4
4
3
5
5
5
3
5
250
500
1,000
80
1,000
30
1,000
10
500
1,000
10
DOI 10.1007/s10040-014-1166-5
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Fig. 9 Graphs of membership functions used for all the model parameters in the study area
Results
Figure 11 shows the suitability map, expressing the
degree of suitability for drilling new production boreholes, using fuzzy logic. Suitability ranges from 0 to 1.
As shown in Fig. 11, a large part of the study area has
suitability values of 0, indicating that these areas are
completely unsuitable for drilling new boreholes. This
result can be attributed to the fact that in many areas at
least one of the model factors has a value of 0 (e.g. areas
very close to existing boreholes and springs or areas with
Hydrogeology Journal (2014) 22: 17631776
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Fig. 11 Map of the distribution of suitability for drilling new production boreholes
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DOI 10.1007/s10040-014-1166-5